Past Perfect Simple

S+HAD+V3 S+HADNT+V3 HAD+S+V3?

The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form of Past Perfect Simple

Positive Negative Question

no differences I had spoken. I had not spoken. Had I spoken?

or irregular verbs! use the past participle form . or regular verbs! "ust add ed.

Exceptions in Spelling

!en Adding ed #xample

#xceptions in Spelling $hen %dding ed

after final e! onl& add d

love ' loved

final consonant after a short! stressed vo$el admit ' admitted or l as final consonant after a vo$el is doubled travel ' travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i

hurr& ' hurried

"se of Past Perfect

action taking place before a certain time in the past (putting emphasis onl& on the fact! not the duration) #xample* +efore I came here! I had spoken to ,ack.

-onditional Sentences T&pe III (condition that $as not given in the past) #xample* If I had seen him! I $ould have talked to him.

Signal #ords

alread&! "ust! never! not &et! once! until that da& ($ith reference to the past! not the present) If.Sat/ T&p III (If I had talked! 0)