I / PAST PERFECT TENSE

The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action
in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
We form the Past Perfect with had and the past participle
Had + Past participle
Positive Sentence:
S + had + past participle + …
Example:
 She had finished the quiz.
Negative Sentence:
S + had not/hadn’t + past participle + …
Example:
 She hadn’t finished the quiz.
Question form:
Had + S + past participle + …?
Example:
 Had she finished the quiz?

How to Use the Past Perfect Tense :
The Past Perfect Tense is used:
1. To describe an action finished before another past action
Example:
 Anis had gone out when his wife arrived in the office.
2. To describe an action that happened before a specific time in the past
Example:
 Anis had never been to an opera before last night.
3. To describe cause and effect (combine with Past Simple)
Example:
 I got stuck in traffic because there had been an accident.
4. To emphasize the result of activity in the past
Example:
 I had been to London twice by the time I got a job in New York.
Time Expressions Used with the Past Perfect Tense
 Already
 Yet
 For
 Since
 Just
 After
 Before
 Until
 The moment that
 …
 II / PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Past Perfect Continuous tense is like the Past Perfect tense, but it expresses
longer actions in the past before another action in the past.
We form the Past Perfect Contiuous with had been and the -ing form of the verb
Had been + V-ing
Positive Sentence:
S + had + been + V-ing (present participle) +…
Example:
 They had been launching rockets.

Negative Sentence:
S + had not/ hadn’t + been +V-ing (present participle) +…
Example:
 They hadn’t been launching rockets.

Question Form:
Had + S + been + V-ing (present participle)?
Example:
 Had they been launching rockets?

How to Use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

The Past Perfect Progressive is used:
 To describe a past action, already started and continued up to another action
or time in the past
Example:
 the boys had been running in the streets for about an hour when it started to rain.

 To express the duration before something in the past

Example:
 I needed a breack because I had been working hard for staight 8 hours.
 To describe the cause of something in the past
Example:
 He was exhausted because he had been working.
Adverbs of Time
 When
 Before
 By the time
 For
 Since…
III / THE DIFRENSE BETWEEN THE TWO