Introduction To Programming

J.E.D.I.
Introduction to Programming II
Version 2.0 May 2006
Page 1
J.E.D.I.
Author Rebecca Ong Team Joyce A estro !"orence #a"agtas Romme" !eria Rebecca Ong Jo$n Pau" Petines %un Microsystems %un P$i"i&&ines
Requirements For the Laboratory Exercises

Minimum Hardware Con iguration
Microso t !indows o"erating systems '
Processor' (00 M)* Inte" Pentium III +or,station or e-ui a"ent Memory' ./0 megabytes #is$ s"ace' 12( megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Processor* (00 M)* 2"tra 603 %un#"ade 1(03 or e-ui a"ent +or,station Memory' (12 megabytes #is$ s"ace' 1(0 megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Processor* AMD O&teron 100 series %un 2"tra 20 +or,station or e-ui a"ent Memory' (12 megabytes #is$ s"ace* 1(0 megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Processor' (00 M)* Inte" Pentium III +or,station or e-ui a"ent Memory' ./0 megabytes #is$ s"ace* 12( megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Processor' Po+erP4 50 Memory' (12 megabytes
%o&arisTM o"erating system '%PARC (ersion)*
%o&arisTM o"erating system 'x+, (ersion)*
Linux o"erating system '
Macintosh -% . o"erating system*
#is$ s"ace' 12( megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Recommended Hardware Con iguration
Microso t !indows o"erating systems ' Processor' 6/0 M)* Inte" Pentium III +or,station or e-ui a"ent Memory' (12 megabytes #is$ s"ace' 12( megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Processor' 2"tra%PAR4 IIIi 1.( 5)* %un#"ade 1(00 +or,station or e-ui a"ent Memory' 1 gigabyte #is$ s"ace' 1(0 megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Processor' AMD O&teron 100 series %un 2"tra 20 +or,station or e-ui a"ent Memory' 1 gigabyte #is$ s"ace* 1(0 megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace Processor' /00 M)* Inte" Pentium III +or,station or e-ui a"ent Memory' (12 megabytes #is$ s"ace* /01 megabytes o Processor' Po+erP4 5( Memory' 1 gigabyte ree dis$ s"ace
%o&arisTM o"erating system '%PARC (ersion)*
%o&arisTM o"erating system 'x+, (ersion)*
Linux o"erating system '
Macintosh -% . o"erating system*
#is$ s"ace' 12( megabytes o1 1ree dis, s&ace -"erating %ystem 7et#eans IDE runs on o&erating systems t$at su&&ort t$e Ja a8M VM. #e"o+ is a "ist o1 &"at1orms t$at 7et#eans IDE $as been tested on.
Mac O% : 10.0 %o tware 7et#eans IDE runs on t$e J2%E JD@ (.0 ;Ja a8M 2 JD@3 %tandard Edition>3 +$ic$ consists o1 t$e Ja a Runtime En ironment &"us de e"o&ers too"s 1or com&i"ing3 debugging3 and running a&&"ications +ritten in t$e Ja a8M "anguage. 7et#eans IDE (.0 $as a"so runs on J2%E %D@ ersion 1.0.23 but it $as on"y been tested on JD@ (.0. !or more in1ormation3 &"ease isit' $tt&'AA+++.netbeans.orgAcommunityAre"easesA(0Are"notes.$tm"
Microso1t 9indo+s :P Pro1essiona" %P2 %o"aris o&erating system ;%PAR4< and =/6 P"at1orm Editions> ersions /3 ?3 and 10 Red )at !edora 4ore .
Tab&e o Contents
1 Re ie+ o1 #asic 4once&ts in Ja a........................................................................10 1.1 ObBecti es................................................................................................10 1.2 ObBectCOriented 4once&ts...........................................................................10 1.2.1 ObBectCOriented Design....................................................................... 10
Page 2
J.E.D.I.
1.2.2 4"ass.................................................................................................10 1.2.. ObBect...............................................................................................1( 1.2.0 Attribute............................................................................................1( 1.2.( Met$od..............................................................................................1( 1.2.6 4onstructor........................................................................................1( 1.2.6 Pac,age ............................................................................................1( 1.2./ Enca&su"ation.....................................................................................1( 1.2.? Abstraction........................................................................................1( 1.2.10 In$eritance....................................................................................... 16 1.2.11 Po"ymor&$ism...................................................................................16 1.2.12 Inter1ace..........................................................................................16 1.. Ja a Program %tructure..............................................................................16 1...1 Dec"aring Ja a 4"asses.........................................................................16 1...2 Dec"aring Attributes............................................................................ 16 1.... Dec"aring Met$ods.............................................................................. 1/ 1...0 Dec"aring a 4onstructor.......................................................................1/ 1...( Instantiating a 4"ass............................................................................ 1? 1...6 Accessing ObBect Members...................................................................1? 1...6 Pac,ages...........................................................................................1? 1.../ 8$e Access Modi1iers........................................................................... 20 1...? Enca&su"ation.....................................................................................20 1...10 In$eritance....................................................................................... 21 1...11 O erriding Met$ods...........................................................................21 1...12 Abstract 4"asses and Met$ods.............................................................22 1...1. Inter1ace..........................................................................................2. 1...10 8$e t$is @ey+ord..............................................................................20 1...1( 8$e su&er @ey+ord............................................................................2( 1...16 8$e static @ey+ord............................................................................26 1...16 8$e 1ina" @ey+ord.............................................................................26 1...1/ Inner 4"asses....................................................................................2/ 1.0 E=ercises..................................................................................................2? 1.0.1 Mu"ti&"ication 8ab"e.............................................................................2? 1.0.2 5reatest 4ommon !actor ;54!>............................................................2? 1.0.. %$a&es..............................................................................................2? 1.0.0 Anima"s.............................................................................................2? 2 E=ce&tions and Assertions..................................................................................0 2.1 ObBecti es.................................................................................................0 2.2 9$at are E=ce&tionsD..................................................................................0 2.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................0 2.2.2 8$e Error and E=ce&tion 4"asses........................................................... .0 2.2.. An E=am&"e.........................................................................................1 2.. 4atc$ing E=ce&tions....................................................................................1 2...1 8$e tryCcatc$ %tatements......................................................................1 2...2 8$e 1ina""y @ey+ord..............................................................................0 2.0 8$ro+ing E=ce&tions...................................................................................6 2.0.1 8$e t$ro+ @ey+ord..............................................................................6 2.0.2 8$e t$ro+s @ey+ord.............................................................................6 2.( E=ce&tion 4ategories...................................................................................6 2.(.1 E=ce&tion 4"asses and )ierarc$y............................................................6 2.(.2 4$ec,ed and 2nc$ec,ed E=ce&tions...................................................... ./ 2.(.. 2serCDe1ined E=ce&tions......................................................................./ 2.6 Assertions................................................................................................. .? 2.6.1 9$at are AssertionsD............................................................................? 2.6.2 Enab"ing or Disab"ing Assertions........................................................... .?
Introduction to Programming II Page .
J.E.D.I.
2.6.. Assert %ynta=.....................................................................................0. 2.6 E=ercises..................................................................................................0( 2.6.1 )e=adecima" to Decima".......................................................................0( 2.6.2 Printing a Diamond.............................................................................0( Ad anced Programming 8ec$ni-ues....................................................................06 ..1 ObBecti es................................................................................................06 ..2 Recursion.................................................................................................06 ..2.1 9$at is RecursionD..............................................................................06 ..2.2 Recursion Vs. Iteration........................................................................06 ..2.. !actoria"s' An E=am&"e........................................................................06 ..2.0 Print n in any #ase' Anot$er E=am&"e....................................................0? ... Abstract Data 8y&es...................................................................................(1 ....1 9$at is an Abstract Data 8y&eD............................................................(1 ....2 %tac,s...............................................................................................(1 ..... Eueues..............................................................................................(1 ....0 %e-uentia" and Fin,ed Re&resentation................................................... (2 ....( %e-uentia" Re&resentation o1 an Integer %tac,........................................(. ....6 Fin,ed Fists........................................................................................(( ....6 Fin,ed Re&resentation o1 an Integer %tac,............................................. (6 ..../ Ja a 4o""ections..................................................................................(/ ..0 E=ercises..................................................................................................61 ..0.1 5reatest 4ommon !actor..................................................................... 61 ..0.2 %e-uentia" Re&resentation o1 an Integer Eueue...................................... 61 ..0.. Fin,ed Re&resentation o1 an Integer Eueue............................................61 ..0.0 Address #oo,.....................................................................................61 8our o1 t$e Ba a."ang Pac,age............................................................................62 0.1 ObBecti es................................................................................................62 0.2 8$e Mat$ 4"ass..........................................................................................62 0.. 8$e %tring and t$e %tring#u11er 4"ass...........................................................6( 0...1 %tring 4onstructors.............................................................................6( 0...2 %tring Met$ods...................................................................................6( 0.... 8$e %tring#u11er 4"ass.........................................................................6/ 0.0 8$e 9ra&&er 4"asses..................................................................................60 0.( 8$e Process and t$e Runtime 4"ass..............................................................61 0.(.1 8$e Process 4"ass............................................................................... 61 0.(.2 8$e Runtime 4"ass..............................................................................61 0.(.. O&ening t$e Registry Editor..................................................................61 0.6 8$e %ystem 4"ass......................................................................................62 0.6 E=ercises..................................................................................................60 0.6.1 E a"uate E=&ression............................................................................60 0.6.2 Pa"indrome......................................................................................... 60 0.6.. 7ote&ad............................................................................................. 60 8e=tC#ased A&&"ications....................................................................................6( (.1 ObBecti es................................................................................................6( (.2 4ommandCFine Arguments and %ystem Pro&erties......................................... 6( (.. Reading 1rom %tandard In&ut......................................................................66 (.0 !i"e )and"ing.............................................................................................6/ (.0.1 Reading 1rom a !i"e.............................................................................6? (.0.2 9riting to a !i"e................................................................................../0 (.( E=ercises................................................................................................../2 (.(.1 %&aces to 2nderscore........................................................................../2 (.(.2 Dra+ 8riang"e...................................................................................../2 %orting A"gorit$ms.........................................................................................../. 6.1 ObBecti es................................................................................................/.
Page 0
J.E.D.I.
6.2 Insertion %ort............................................................................................ /. 6.2.1 8$e A"gorit$m..................................................................................... /. 6.2.2 An E=am&"e......................................................................................../0 6.. %e"ection %ort.........................................................................................../0 6...1 8$e A"gorit$m..................................................................................... /0 6...2 An E=am&"e......................................................................................../( 6.0 Merge %ort................................................................................................ /( 6.0.1 Di ideCandC4on-uer Paradigm............................................................../( 6.0.2 2nderstanding Merge %ort..................................................................../( 6.0.. 8$e A"gorit$m..................................................................................... /6 6.0.0 An E=am&"e......................................................................................../6 6.( Euic,sort................................................................................................../6 6.(.1 8$e A"gorit$m..................................................................................... /6 6.(.2 An E=am&"e......................................................................................../6 6.6 E=ercises................................................................................................../? 6.6.1 Insertion %ort...................................................................................../? 6.6.2 %e"ection %ort...................................................................................../? 6.6.. Merge %ort ......................................................................................../? 6.6.0 Euic,sort...........................................................................................?0 6 Abstract 9indo+ing 8oo",it and %+ing................................................................?1 6.1 ObBecti es................................................................................................?1 6.2 Abstract 9indo+ing 8oo",it ;A98> s. %+ing.................................................?1 6.. A98 52I 4om&onents................................................................................?1 6...1 !undamenta" 9indo+ 4"asses...............................................................?1 6...2 5ra&$ics............................................................................................?. 6.... More A98 4om&onents........................................................................?( 6.0 Fayout Managers.......................................................................................?6 6.0.1 8$e !"o+Fayout Manager......................................................................?6 6.0.2 8$e #orderFayout Manager...................................................................?? 6.0.. 8$e 5ridFayout Manager....................................................................100 6.0.0 Pane"s and 4om&"e= Fayouts...............................................................101 6.( %+ing 52I 4om&onents............................................................................10. 6.(.1 %etting 2& 8o&CFe e" 4ontainers.........................................................100 6.(.2 A J!rame E=am&"e.............................................................................100 6.(.. A JO&tionPane E=am&"e..................................................................... 10( 6.6 E=ercises................................................................................................106 6.6.1 8icC8acC8oe......................................................................................106 6.6.2 4a"cu"ator........................................................................................106 / 52I E ent )and"ing........................................................................................10/ /.1 ObBecti es............................................................................................... 10/ /.2 8$e De"egation E ent Mode"......................................................................10/ /.2.1 Registration o1 Fisteners.....................................................................10? /.. E ent 4"asses..........................................................................................110 /.0 E ent Fisteners........................................................................................111 /.0.1 ActionFistener Met$od........................................................................111 /.0.2 MouseFistener Met$ods......................................................................111 /.0.. MouseMotionFistener Met$ods.............................................................112 /.0.0 9indo+Fistener Met$ods....................................................................112 /.0.( 5uide"ines 1or 4reating A&&"ications )and"ing 52I E ents.......................112 /.0.6 Mouse E ents E=am&"e...................................................................... 11. /.0.6 4"ose 9indo+ E=am&"e......................................................................116 /.( Ada&ter 4"asses.......................................................................................11/ /.(.1 4"ose 9indo+ E=am&"e......................................................................11/ /.6 Inner 4"asses and Anonymous Inner 4"asses............................................... 11?
Introduction to Programming II Page (
J.E.D.I.
/.6.1 Inner 4"asses....................................................................................11? /.6.2 4"ose 9indo+ E=am&"e......................................................................11? /.6.. Anonymous Inner 4"asses.................................................................. 120 /.6.0 4"ose 9indo+ E=am&"e......................................................................120 /.6 E=ercises................................................................................................121 /.6.1 8icC8acC8oe......................................................................................121 /.6.2 4a"cu"ator........................................................................................121 ? 8$reads......................................................................................................... 122 ?.1 ObBecti es............................................................................................... 122 ?.2 8$read De1inition and #asics.....................................................................122 ?.2.1 8$read De1inition..............................................................................122 ?.2.2 8$read %tates...................................................................................12. ?.2.. Priorities..........................................................................................12. ?.. 8$e 8$read 4"ass.....................................................................................120 ?...1 4onstructor......................................................................................120 ?...2 4onstants......................................................................................... 120 ?.... Met$ods...........................................................................................120 ?...0 A 8$read E=am&"e.............................................................................12( ?.0 4reating 8$reads.....................................................................................126 ?.0.1 E=tending t$e 8$read 4"ass................................................................126 ?.0.2 Im&"ementing t$e Runnab"e Inter1ace..................................................126 ?.0.. E=tending s. Im&"ementing...............................................................12/ ?.0.0 An E=am&"e 2sing t$e Boin Met$od...................................................... 12? ?.( %ync$roni*ation.......................................................................................1.0 ?.(.1 An 2nsync$roni*ed E=am&"e...............................................................1.0 ?.(.2 Foc,ing an ObBect............................................................................. 1.1 ?.(.. !irst %ync$roni*ed E=am&"e................................................................1.1 ?.(.0 %econd %ync$roni*ed E=am&"e............................................................1.2 ?.6 Intert$read 4ommunication.......................................................................1.0 ?.6.1 ProducerC4onsumer E=am&"e..............................................................1.( ?.6 4oncurrency 2ti"ities................................................................................1.? ?.6.1 8$e E=ecutor Inter1ace.......................................................................1.? ?.6.2 8$e 4a""ab"e Inter1ace........................................................................100 ?./ E=ercises................................................................................................102 ?./.1 #anner............................................................................................. 102 10 7et+or,ing..................................................................................................10. 10.1 #asic 4once&ts on 7et+or,ing.................................................................10. 10.1.1 IP Address......................................................................................10. 10.1.2 Protoco".......................................................................................... 10. 10.1.. Ports.............................................................................................. 100 10.1.0 8$e 4"ientA%er er Paradigm..............................................................100 10.1.( %oc,ets..........................................................................................10( 10.2 8$e Ja a 7et+or,ing Pac,age..................................................................10( 10.2.1 8$e %er er%oc,et and t$e %oc,et 4"ass..............................................10( 10.2.2 8$e Mu"ticast%oc,et and t$e DatagramPac,et 4"ass............................. 10? 10.. E=ercises..............................................................................................1(2 10...1 8ri ia %er er...................................................................................1(2 11 A&&"ets........................................................................................................ 1(. 11.1 ObBecti es.............................................................................................1(. 11.2 4reating A&&"ets....................................................................................1(. 11.2.1 )e""o 9or"d A&&"et...........................................................................1(. 11.. A&&"et Met$ods......................................................................................1(0 11...1 8$e A&&"et Fi1e 4yc"e....................................................................... 1(( 11...2 8$e &aint Met$od............................................................................1(6
Introduction to Programming II Page 6
J.E.D.I.
11.... 8$e s$o+%tatus Met$od................................................................... 1(6
Page 6
J.E.D.I.
1.0 Anima"s...............................................................................................1?0 4$a&ter 2 E=ercises........................................................................................1?( 2.1 )e=adecima" to Decima".........................................................................1?( 2.2 Printing a Diamond...............................................................................1?6 4$a&ter . E=ercises........................................................................................1?6 ..1 5reatest 4ommon !actor.......................................................................1?6 ..2 %e-uentia" Re&resentation o1 an Integer Eueue........................................ 1?6 ... Fin,ed Re&resentation o1 an Integer Eueue..............................................1?? ..0 Address #oo,.......................................................................................200 4$a&ter 0 E=ercises........................................................................................201 0.1 E a"uate E=&ression..............................................................................201 0.2 Pa"indrome........................................................................................... 201 0.. 7ote&ad............................................................................................... 201 4$a&ter ( E=ercises........................................................................................202 (.1 %&aces to 2nderscore............................................................................202 (.2 Dra+ 8riang"e.......................................................................................20. 4$a&ter 6 E=ercises........................................................................................200 6.1 Insertion %ort.......................................................................................200 6.2 %e"ection %ort.......................................................................................200 6.. Merge %ort ..........................................................................................20( 6.0 Euic, %ort............................................................................................ 206 4$a&ter 6 E=ercises........................................................................................206 6.1 8icC8acC8oe..........................................................................................206 6.2 4a"cu"ator............................................................................................20/ 4$a&ter / E=ercises........................................................................................210 /.1 8icC8acC8oe..........................................................................................210 /.2 4a"cu"ator............................................................................................21. 4$a&ter ? E=ercises........................................................................................21/ ?.1 #anner................................................................................................21/ 4$a&ter 10 E=ercises......................................................................................21? 10.1 8ri ia %er er....................................................................................... 21? 4$a&ter 11 E=ercises......................................................................................222 11.1 OneCP"ayer 8icC8acC8oe A&&"et..............................................................222 4$a&ter 12 E=ercises......................................................................................226 12.1 %im&"e Encry&tion...............................................................................226 4$a&ter 1. E=ercises......................................................................................22/ 1..1 %+a&&ing...........................................................................................22/ A&&endi= # ' Mac$ine Prob"ems........................................................................... 22? Mac$ine Prob"em 1' Po"ynomia" Arit$metic........................................................ 22? Mac$ine Prob"em 2' My DominoG......................................................................2.0
Page /
J.E.D.I.
/ Re(iew o 2asic Conce"ts in 3a(a

1.1 Objectives
#e1ore mo ing on to ot$er interesting 1eatures o1 Ja a3 "et us 1irst re ie+ some o1 t$e t$ings youH e "earned in your 1irst &rogramming course. 8$is "esson &ro ides a brie1 discussion o1 t$e di11erent obBectCoriented conce&ts in Ja a. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. E=&"ain and use t$e basic obBectCoriented conce&ts in your &rograms c"ass obBect attribute met$od constructor &ac,age enca&su"ation abstraction in$eritance &o"ymor&$ism inter1ace
2. Describe ad anced obBectCoriented conce&ts and a&&"y t$em in &rogramming as +e""
.. Describe and use this3 super3 final and static ,ey+ords 0. Di11erentiate bet+een met$od o er"oading and met$od o erriding
1.2 Object-Oriented Concepts

1.2.1 Object-Oriented Design
ObBectCoriented design is a tec$ni-ue t$at 1ocuses design on obBects and c"asses based on rea" +or"d scenarios. It em&$asi*es state3 be$a ior and interaction o1 obBects. It &ro ides t$e bene1its o1 1aster de e"o&ment3 increased -ua"ity3 easier maintenance3 en$anced modi1iabi"ity and increase so1t+are reuse.
1.2.2 Class
A c"ass a""o+s you to de1ine ne+ data ty&es. It ser es as a b"ue&rint3 +$ic$ is a mode" 1or t$e obBects you create based on t$is ne+ data ty&e. 8$e tem&"ate student is an e=am&"e o1 a c"ass. 9e can de1ine e ery student to $a e a set o1 -ua"ities suc$ as name3 student number and sc$oo" "e e". 9e can a"so de1ine students
Introduction to Programming II Page ?
J.E.D.I.
to $a e t$e abi"ity to enro"" and to attend sc$oo".
1.2.3 Object
An obBect is an entity t$at $as a state3 be$a ior and identity +it$ a +e""Cde1ined ro"e in &rob"em s&ace. It is an actua" instance o1 a c"ass. 8$us3 it is a"so ,no+n as an instance. It is created e erytime you instantiate a c"ass using t$e new ,ey+ord. In a student registration system3 an e=am&"e o1 an obBect +ou"d be a student entity3 say Anna. Anna is an obBect o1 t$e c"ass student. 8$us3 t$e -ua"ities and abi"ities de1ined in t$e student tem&"ate are a"" a&&"icab"e to Anna. !or sim&"icity3 you can t$in, o1 a c"ass as a more genera" term com&ared to an obBect.
1.2.4 Attribute
An attribute re1ers to t$e data e"ement o1 an obBect. It stores in1ormation about t$e obBect. It is a"so ,no+n as a data member3 an instance ariab"e3 a &ro&erty or a data 1ie"d. 5oing bac, to t$e student registration system e=am&"e3 some attributes o1 a student entity inc"ude name3 student number and sc$oo" "e e".
1.2.5 Method
A met$od describes t$e be$a ior o1 an obBect. It is a"so ca""ed a 1unction or a &rocedure. !or e=am&"e3 &ossib"e met$ods a ai"ab"e 1or a student entity are enro"" and attend sc$oo".
1.2.
Constructor
A constructor is a s&ecia" ty&e o1 met$od used 1or creating and initia"i*ing a ne+ obBect. Remember t$at constructors are not members ;i.e.3 attributes3 met$ods or inner c"asses o1 an obBect>.
1.2.! "ac#age
A &ac,age re1ers to a grou&ing o1 c"asses andAor sub&ac,ages. Its structure is ana"ogous to t$at o1 a directory.
1.2.$ %ncapsulation
Enca&su"ation re1ers to t$e &rinci&"e o1 $iding design or im&"ementation in1ormation t$at are not re"e ant to t$e current obBect.
1.2.& Abstraction
9$i"e enca&su"ation is $iding t$e detai"s a+ay3 abstraction re1ers to ignoring as&ects o1 a subBect t$at are not re"e ant to t$e current &ur&ose in order to concentrate more 1u""y on t$ose t$at are.
Page 10
J.E.D.I.
1.2.1' (nheritance
In$eritance is a re"ations$i& bet+een c"asses +$erein one c"ass is t$e su&erc"ass or t$e &arent c"ass o1 anot$er. It re1ers to t$e &ro&erties and be$a iors recei ed 1rom an ancestor. It is a"so ,no+ as a IisCaI re"ations$i&. 4onsider t$e 1o""o+ing $ierarc$y.
SuperHero
FlyingSuperHero
UnderwaterSuperHero
Figure 1.1: Example of Inheritance
SuperHero is t$e su&erc"ass o1 FlyingSuperHero and UnderwaterSuperHero c"asses. 7ote t$at FlyingSuperHero IisCaI SuperHero. UnderwaterSuperHero IisCaI SuperHero as +e"".
1.2.11 "ol)*orphis*
Po"ymor&$ism is t$e abi"ity o1 an obBect to assume may di11erent 1orms. Fitera""y3 I&o"yI means many +$i"e Imor&$I means 1orm. Re1erring to t$e &re ious e=am&"e 1or in$eritance3 +e see t$at a SuperHero obBect can a"so be a FlyingSuperHero obBect or an UnderwaterSuperHero obBect.
1.2.12 (nter+ace
An inter1ace is a contract in t$e 1orm o1 a co""ection o1 met$od and constant dec"arations. 9$en a c"ass implements an inter1ace3 it &romises to im&"ement a"" o1 t$e met$ods dec"ared in t$at inter1ace.
Page 11
J.E.D.I.
1.3 ,ava "rogra* -tructure

8$is section summari*es t$e basic synta= used in creating Ja a a&&"ications.
1.3.1 Declaring ,ava Classes

<classDeclaration> ::= <modifier> class <name> { <attributeDeclaration>* <constructorDeclaration>* <methodDeclaration>* } +$ere <modifier is an access modi1ier3 +$ic$ may be combined +it$ ot$er ty&es o1 modi1ier.
Coding .uidelines/ 0 means that there may !e " or more occurrences of the line where it was applied to. <description indicates that you ha#e to su!stitute an actual #alue for this part instead of typing it as ease. $emem!er that for a top%le#el class& the only #alid access modifiers are pu!lic and pac'age (i.e.& if no access modifier prefixes the class 'eyword). 8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e dec"ares a SuperHero b"ue&rint. class SuperHero { String superPowers !" #oid setSuperPowers$String superPowers !% { this&superPowers = superPowers" } #oid printSuperPowers$% { for $int i = '" i < superPowers&length" i((% { S)stem&out&println$superPowers i!%" } } }
1.3.2 Declaring Attributes

<attributeDeclaration> ::= <modifier> <t)pe> <name> = <default*#alue>!" <t)pe> ::= b)te + short + int + long + char + float + double + boolean + <class> Coding .uidelines/ *+ indicates that this part is optional. )ere is an e=am&"e. public class ,ttributeDemo { pri#ate String stud-um" public boolean graduating = false" protected float units.a/en = '&'f"
J.E.D.I.
String college"
1.3.3 Declaring Methods

<methodDeclaration> ::= <modifier> <return.)pe> <name>$<parameter>*% { <statement>* } <parameter> ::= <parameter*t)pe> <parameter*name> 0! !or e=am&"e' class 1ethodDemo { int data" int getData$% { return data" } #oid setData$int data% { this&data = data" } #oid set1a2Data$int data30 int data4% { data = $data3>data4%5 data3 : data4" } }
1.3.4 Declaring a Constructor

<constructorDeclaration> ::= <modifier> <class-ame> $<parameter>*% { <statement>* } I1 no constructor is e=&"icit"y &ro ided3 a de1au"t constructor is automatica""y created 1or you. 8$e de1au"t constructor ta,es no arguments and its body contains no statements. Coding .uidelines/ ,he name of the constructor should !e the same as the class name. ,he only #alid <modifier for constructors are pu!lic& protected& and pri#ate. -onstructors do not ha#e return #alues. 4onsider t$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e. class 6onstructorDemo { pri#ate int data" public 6onstructorDemo$% { data = 3''" } 6onstructorDemo$int data% { this&data = data" } }
Page 1.
J.E.D.I.
1.3.5 (nstantiating a Class

8o instantiate a c"ass3 +e sim&"y use t$e new ,ey+ord 1o""o+ed by a ca"" to a constructor. FetHs go direct"y to an e=am&"e. class 6onstruct7b8 { int data" 6onstruct7b8$% { 9* initiali:e data *9 } public static #oid main$String args !% { 6onstruct7b8 ob8 = new 6onstruct7b8$%" } }
99instantiation
1.3.
Accessing Object Me*bers
8o access members o1 an obBect3 +e use t$e IdotI notation. It is used as 1o""o+s' <ob8ect>&<member> 8$e ne=t e=am&"e is based on t$e &re ious one +it$ additiona" statements 1or accessing members and an additiona" met$od. class 6onstruct7b8 { int data" 6onstruct7b8$% { 9* initiali:e data *9 } #oid setData$int data% { this&data = data" } public static #oid main$String args !% { 6onstruct7b8 ob8 = new 6onstruct7b8$%" 99instantiation ob8&setData$3'%" 99access setData$% S)stem&out&println$ob8&data%" 99access data } } 8$e e=&ected out&ut o1 t$e gi en code is 1".
1.3.! "ac#ages
8o indicate t$at t$e source 1i"e be"ongs to a &articu"ar &ac,age3 +e use t$e 1o""o+ing synta=' <pac/ageDeclaration> ::= pac/age <pac/age-ame>" 8o im&ort ot$er &ac,ages3 +e use t$e 1o""o+ing synta=' <importDeclaration> ::= import <pac/age-ame&element,ccessed>"
Page 10
J.E.D.I.
9it$ t$is3 your source code s$ou"d $a e t$e 1o""o+ing 1ormat' <pac/ageDeclaration>! <importDeclaration>* <classDeclaration>( Coding .uidelines/ . indicates that there may !e 1 or more occurrences of the line where it was applied to. )ere is an e=am&"e. pac/age registration&reports" import registration&processing&*" 99imports all classes in registration&processing pac/age import 8a#a&util&;ist" import 8a#a&lang&*" 99imported b) default 99imports all classes in 8a#a&lang class 1)6lass { 9* details of 1)6lass *9 }
1.3.$ 1he Access Modi+iers

8$e 1o""o+ing tab"e summari*es t$e access modi1iers in Ja a. private %ame c"ass %ame &ac,age Di11erent &ac,age ;subc"ass> Di11erent &ac,age ;nonCsubc"ass>
,a!le 1: /ccess 0odifiers
de1au"tA&ac,age Jes Jes
protected Jes Jes Jes
public Jes Jes Jes Jes
Jes
1.3.& %ncapsulation
)iding e"ements o1 t$e im&"ementation o1 a c"ass can be done by ma,ing t$e members t$at you +ant to $ide &ri ate. 8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e $ides t$e secret 1ie"d. 7ote t$at t$is 1ie"d is indirect"y accessed by ot$er &rograms using t$e getter and setter met$ods. class <ncapsulation { pri#ate int secret" 99hidden field public boolean setSecret$int secret% { if $secret < 3 ++ secret > 3''% { return false" } this&secret = secret" return true" }
Introduction to Programming II Page 1(
J.E.D.I.
public getSecret$% { return secret" }
I1 you do not +ant ot$er c"asses to modi1y t$e secret 1ie"d3 you can set t$e access modi1ier o1 t$e setSecret() met$od to be pri#ate.
1.3.1' (nheritance
8o create a c$i"d c"ass or a subc"ass based on an e=isting c"ass3 +e use t$e e=tends ,ey+ord in dec"aring t$e c"ass. A c"ass can on"y e=tend one &arent c"ass. !or e=am&"e3 t$e 1oint c"ass be"o+ is t$e su&erc"ass o1 t$e -olored1oint c"ass. import 8a#a&awt&*" class Point { int 2" int )" } class 6oloredPoint e2tends Point { 6olor color" }
1.3.11 Overriding Methods

A subc"ass met$od o errides a su&erc"ass met$od +$en a subc"ass de1ines a met$od +$ose signature is identica" to a met$od in t$e su&erc"ass. 8$e signature o1 a met$od is Bust t$e in1ormation 1ound in t$e met$od $eader de1inition. 8$e signature inc"udes t$e return ty&e3 t$e name and t$e &arameter "ist o1 t$e met$od but it does not inc"ude t$e access modi1iers and t$e ot$er ty&es o1 ,ey+ords suc$ as final and static. 8$is is di11erent 1rom met$od o er"oading. Met$od o er"oading is brie1"y discussed in t$e subsection on t$e this ,ey+ord. class Superclass { #oid displa)$int n% { S)stem&out&println$=super: = ( n%" } } class Subclass e2tends Superclass { #oid displa)$int /% { 99o#erriding method S)stem&out&println$=sub: = ( /%" } } class 7#errideDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { Subclass Sub7b8 = new Subclass$%" Superclass Super7b8 = Sub7b8" Sub7b8&displa)$>%" $$Superclass%Sub7b8%&displa)$?%" } }
Page 16
J.E.D.I.
It &roduces t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut. sub: > sub: ? 8$e met$od ca""ed is determined by t$e actua" data ty&e o1 t$e obBect t$at in o,ed t$e met$od. 8$e access modi1ier 1or t$e met$ods need not be t$e same. )o+e er3 t$e access modi1ier o1 t$e o erriding met$od must eit$er $a e t$e same access modi1ier as t$at o1 t$e o erridden met$od or a "ess restricti e access modi1ier. 4onsider t$e ne=t e=am&"e. 4$ec, out +$ic$ o1 t$e 1o""o+ing o erridding met$ods +ou"d cause a com&i"e time error to occur. class Superclass { #oid o#erridden1ethod$% { } } class Subclass3 e2tends Superclass { public #oid o#erridden1ethod$% { } } class Subclass4 e2tends Superclass { #oid o#erridden1ethod$% { } } class Subclass> e2tends Superclass { protected #oid o#erridden1ethod$% { } } class Subclass? e2tends Superclass { pri#ate #oid o#erridden1ethod$% { } } 8$e o#erridden0ethod() in Superclass $as t$e de1au"tA&ac,age access modi1ier. 8$e on"y modi1ier more restricti e t$an t$is is pri#ate. 8$us3 Su!class2 causes a com&i"er error because it tries to o erride o#erridden0ethod() in Superclass +it$ a more restricti e modi1ier pri#ate.
1.3.12 Abstract Classes and Methods

8$e genera" 1orm 1or an a!stract met$od is as 1o""o+s' abstract <modifier> <return.)pe> <name>$<parameter>*%" A c"ass containing an a!stract met$od s$ou"d be dec"ared as an a!stract c"ass. abstract class <name> { 9* constructors0 fields and methods *9 } 8$e ,ey+ord cannot be a&&"ied to a constructor or a static met$od. It a"so im&ortant to remember t$at a!stract c"asses cannot be instantiated.
J.E.D.I.
4"asses t$at extends an a!stract c"ass s$ou"d im&"ement a"" a!stract met$ods. I1 not t$e subc"ass itse"1 s$ou"d be dec"ared a!stract. Coding .uidelines/ 3ote that declaring an a!stract method is almost similar to declaring a normal class except that an a!stract method has no !ody and the header is immediately terminated !y a semicolon (4). !or e=am&"e' abstract class SuperHero { String superPowers !" #oid setSuperPowers$String superPowers !% { this&superPowers = superPowers" } #oid printSuperPowers$% { for $int i = '" i < superPowers&length" i((% { S)stem&out&println$superPowers i!%" } } abstract #oid displa)Power$%" } class @nderwaterSuperHero e2tends SuperHero { #oid displa)Power$% { S)stem&out&println$=6ommunicate with sea creatures&&&=%" S)stem&out&println$=Aast swimming abilit)&&&=%" } } class Al)ingSuperHero e2tends SuperHero { #oid displa)Power$% { S)stem&out&println$=Al)&&&=%" } }
1.3.13 (nter+ace
Dec"aring an inter1ace is basica""y dec"aring a c"ass but instead o1 using t$e class ,ey+ord3 t$e interface ,ey+ord is used. )ere is t$e synta=. <interfaceDeclaration> ::= <modifier> interface <name> { <attributeDeclaration>* <modifier> <return.)pe> <name>$<parameter>*%"!* } Members are pu!lic +$en t$e inter1ace is dec"ared pu!lic. Coding .uidelines/ /ttri!utes are implicitly static and final and must !e initiali5ed with a constant #alue. 6i'e in declaring a top%le#el class& the only #alid access modifiers are pu!lic and pac'age (i.e.& if no access modifier prefixes the class 'eyword). A c"ass can im&"ement an e=isting inter1ace by using t$e implements ,ey+ord. 8$is c"ass is 1orced to im&"ement a"" o1 t$e inter1aceHs met$ods. A c"ass may im&"ement more t$an one inter1ace.
Introduction to Programming II Page 1/
J.E.D.I.
8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e demonstrates $o+ to dec"are and use an inter1ace. interface 1)Bnterface { #oid i1ethod$%" } class 1)6lass3 implements 1)Bnterface { public #oid i1ethod$% { S)stem&out&println$=Bnterface method&=%" } #oid m)1ethod$% { S)stem&out&println$=,nother method&=%" }
class 1)6lass4 implements 1)Bnterface { public #oid i1ethod$% { S)stem&out&println$=,nother implementation&=%" } } class BnterfaceDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { 1)6lass3 mc3 = new 1)6lass3$%" 1)6lass4 mc4 = new 1)6lass4$%" mc3&i1ethod$%" mc3&m)1ethod$%" mc4&i1ethod$%"
)ere is t$e e=&ected out&ut' Bnterface method& ,nother method& ,nother implementation&
1.3.14 1he this 2e)3ord

8$e t$is ,ey+ord can be used 1or t$e 1o""o+ing reasons' 1. Disambiguate "oca" attribute 1rom a "oca" ariab"e 2. Re1er to t$e obBect t$at in o,ed t$e nonCstatic met$od .. Re1er to ot$er constructors As an e=am&"e 1or t$e 1irst &ur&ose3 consider t$e 1o""o+ing code +$erein t$e data ser es as an attribute and a "oca" &arameter at t$e same time. class .hisDemo3 { int data" #oid method$int data% { this&data = data" 9* this&data refers to the attribute while data refers to the local #ariable *9 } } 8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e demonstrates $o+ this obBect is im&"icit"y re1erred to +$en its nonCstatic members are in o,ed.
Introduction to Programming II Page 1?
ariab"e
J.E.D.I.
class .hisDemo4 { int data" #oid method$% { S)stem&out&println$data%" 99this&data } #oid method4$% { method$%" 99this&method$%" } } #e1ore "oo,ing at anot$er e=am&"e3 "etHs 1irst re ie+ t$e meaning o1 met$od o er"oading. A constructor "i,e a met$od can a"so be o er"oaded. Di11erent met$ods +it$in a c"ass can s$are t$e same name &ro ided t$eir &arameter "ists are di11erent. O er"oaded met$ods must di11er in t$e number andAor ty&e o1 t$eir &arameters. 8$e ne=t e=am&"e $as o er"oaded constructors and t$e this re1erence can be used to re1er to ot$er ersions o1 t$e constructor. class .hisDemo> { int data" .hisDemo>$% { this$3''%" } .hisDemo>$int data% { this&data = data" } } Coding .uidelines/ -all to this() should !e the first statement in the constructor.
1.3.15 1he super 2e)3ord

8$e use o1 t$e super ,ey+ord is re"ated to in$eritance. It used to in o,e su&erc"ass constructors. It can a"so be used "i,e t$e this ,ey+ord to re1er to members o1 t$e su&erc"ass. 8$e 1o""o+ing &rogram demonstrates $o+ t$e super re1erence is used to ca"" su&erc"ass constructors. class Person { String first-ame" String last-ame" Person$String fname0 String lname% { first-ame = fname" last-ame = lname" } } class Student e2tends Person { String stud-um" Student$String fname0 String lname0 String s-um% { super$fname0 lname%" stud-um = s-um" } } Coding .uidelines/
Page 20
J.E.D.I.
super() refers to the immediate superclass. It should !e the first statement in the su!class7s constructor. 8$e ,ey+ord can a"so be used to re1er to su&erc"ass members as s$o+n in t$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e. class Superclass{ int a" #oid displa)*a$%{ S)stem&out&println$=a = = ( a%" } } class Subclass e2tends Superclass { int a" #oid displa)*a$%{ S)stem&out&println$=a = = ( a%" } #oid set*super*a$int n%{ super&a = n" } #oid displa)*super*a$%{ super&displa)*a$%" } } class SuperDemo { public static #oid main$String args !%{ Superclass Super7b8 = new Superclass$%" Subclass Sub7b8 = new Subclass$%" Super7b8&a = 3" Sub7b8&a = 4" Sub7b8&set*super*a$>%" Super7b8&displa)*a$%" Sub7b8&displa)*a$%" Sub7b8&displa)*super*a$%" S)stem&out&println$Sub7b8&a%" } } 8$e a = a = a = 4 &rogram dis&"ays t$e 1o""o+ing resu"t. 3 4 >
1.3.1
1he static 2e)3ord
8$e static ,ey+ord can be a&&"ied to t$e members o1 a c"ass. 8$e ,ey+ord a""o+s static or c"ass members to be accessed e en be1ore any instance o1 t$e c"ass is created. A c"ass ariab"e be$a es "i,e a g"oba" accessed by a"" instances o1 t$e c"ass. ariab"e. 8$is means t$at t$e ariab"e can be
4"ass met$ods may be in o,ed +it$out creating an obBect o1 its c"ass. )o+e er3 t$ey can on"y access static members o1 t$e c"ass. In addition to t$is3 t$ey cannot re1er to this or super.
Page 21
J.E.D.I.
8$e static ,ey+ord can a"so be a&&"ied to b"oc,s. 8$ese are ca""ed static b"oc,s. 8$ese b"oc,s are e=ecuted on"y once3 +$en t$e c"ass is "oaded. 8$ese are usua""y used to initia"i*e c"ass ariab"es. class Demo { static int a = '" static #oid static1ethod$int i% { S)stem&out&println$i%" } static { 99static bloc/ S)stem&out&println$=.his is a static bloc/&=%" a (= 3" } } class StaticDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { S)stem&out&println$Demo&a%" Demo&static1ethod$C%" Demo d = new Demo$%" S)stem&out&println$d&a%" d&static1ethod$'%" Demo e = new Demo$%" S)stem&out&println$e&a%" d&a (= >" S)stem&out&println$Demo&a(=0 = (d&a (=0 = (e&a%" } } 8$e out&ut 1or t$e source code is s$o+n be"o+. .his is a static bloc/& 3 C 3 ' 3 ?0 ?0 ?
1.3.1! 1he +inal 2e)3ord

8$e final ,ey+ord can be a&&"ied to ariab"es3 met$ods and c"asses. 8o remember t$e 1unction o1 t$e ,ey+ord3 Bust remember t$at it sim&"y restricts +$at +e can do +it$ t$e ariab"es3 met$ods and c"asses. 8$e a"ue o1 a 1ina" ariab"e can no "onger be modi1ied once its e=am&"e3 final int data = 3'" 8$e 1o""o+ing statement +i"" cause a com&i"ation error to occur' data((" A 1ina" met$od cannot be o erridden in t$e c$i"d c"ass. final #oid m)1ethod$% { 99in a parent class } my0ethod can no "onger be o erridden in t$e c$i"d c"ass. A 1ina" c"ass cannot be in$erited un"i,e ordinary c"asses. final public class 1)6lass {
a"ue $as been set. !or
J.E.D.I.
} Coding .uidelines/ 8rder of typing the final and pu!lic 'eyword may !e interchanged. )a ing t$is statement +i"" cause a com&i"ation error to occur since 0y-lass can no "onger be e=tended. public Drong6lass e2tends 1)6lass { }
1.3.1$ (nner Classes

An inner c"ass is sim&"y a c"ass dec"ared +it$in anot$er c"ass. class 7uter6lass { int data = C" class Bnner6lass { int data4 = 3'" #oid method$% { S)stem&out&println$data%" S)stem&out&println$data4%" } } public static #oid main$String args !% { 7uter6lass oc = new 7uter6lass$%" Bnner6lass ic = oc&new Bnner6lass$%" S)stem&out&println$oc&data%" S)stem&out&println$ic&data4%" ic&method$%" } } )ere is t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 t$e gi en code' C 3' 8o be ab"e to access t$e members o1 t$e inner c"ass3 +e need an instance o1 t$e inner c"ass. Met$ods o1 t$e inner c"ass can direct"y access members o1 t$e outer c"ass.
Page 2.
J.E.D.I.
0 Exce"tions and Assertions

2.1 Objectives
#asic e=ce&tion $and"ing $as been introduced to you in your 1irst &rogramming course. 8$is "esson &ro ides a dee&er understanding o1 e=ce&tions and a"so introduces assertions as +e"". A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. )and"e e=ce&tions by using try3 catc$ and 1ina""y 2. Di11erentiate bet+een t$e use o1 t$ro+ and t$ro+s .. 2se e=isting e=ce&tion c"asses 0. Di11erentiate bet+een c$ec,ed and unc$ec,ed e=ce&tions (. De1ine your o+n e=ce&tion c"asses 6. E=&"ain t$e bene1its o1 using assertions 6. 2se assertions
2.2 4hat are %5ceptions6

2.2.1 (ntroduction
#ugs or errors in &rograms are ery "i,e"y to occur e en i1 +ritten by a ery s,i""1u" and organi*ed &rogrammer. 8o a oid $a ing to s&end more time on errorCc$ec,ing rat$er t$an +or,ing on t$e actua" &rob"em itse"13 Ja a $as &ro ided us +it$ an e=ce&tion $and"ing mec$anism. E=ce&tions are s$ort 1or e=ce&tiona" e ents. 8$ese are sim&"y errors t$at occur during runtime3 causing t$e norma" &rogram 1"o+ to be disru&ted. 8$ere are di11erent ty&e o1 errors t$at can occur. %ome e=am&"es are di ide by *ero errors3 accessing t$e e"ements o1 an array beyond its range3 in a"id in&ut3 $ard dis, cras$3 o&ening a nonCe=istent 1i"e and $ea& memory e=$austed.
2.2.2 1he %rror and %5ception Classes

A"" e=ce&tions are subc"asses3 +$et$er direct"y or indirect"y3 o1 t$e root c"ass ,hrowa!le. Immediate"y under t$is c"ass are t$e t+o genera" categories o1 e=ce&tions' t$e Error c"ass and t$e Exception c"ass. 8$e Exception c"ass is re1er to conditions t$at user &rograms can reasonab"y dea" +it$. 8$ese are usua""y t$e resu"t o1 some 1"a+s in t$e user &rogram code. E=am&"e o1 Exceptions are t$e di ision by *ero error and t$e array outCo1Cbounds error. 8$e Error c"ass3 on t$e ot$er $and3 is used by t$e Ja a runCtime system to $and"e errors occurring in t$e runCtime en ironment. 8$ese are genera""y beyond t$e contro" o1 user &rograms since t$ese are caused by t$e runCtime en ironment. E=am&"es inc"ude out o1 memory errors and $ard dis, cras$.
Page 20
J.E.D.I.
2.2.3 An %5a*ple
4onsider t$e 1o""o+ing &rogram' class Di#E)Fero { public static #oid main$String args !% { S)stem&out&println$>9'%" S)stem&out&println$GPls& print me&H%" } } Running t$e code +ou"d dis&"ay t$e 1o""o+ing error message. <2ception in thread =main= 8a#a&lang&,rithmetic<2ception: 9 b) :ero at Di#E)Fero&main$Di#E)Fero&8a#a:>% 8$e message &ro ides t$e in1ormation on t$e ty&e o1 e=ce&tion t$at $as occurred and t$e "ine o1 code +$ere t$e e=ce&tion $ad originated 1rom. 8$is is $o+ t$e de1au"t $and"er dea"s +it$ uncaug$t e=ce&tions. 9$en no user code $and"es t$e occurring e=c&etion3 t$e de1au"t $and"er goes to +or,. It 1irst &rints out t$e descri&tion o1 t$e e=ce&tion t$at occured. Moreo er3 it a"so &rints t$e stac, trace t$at indicates t$e $ierarc$y o1 met$ods +$ere t$e e=ce&tion $a&&ened. Fast"y3 t$e de1au"t $and"er causes t$e &rogram to terminate. 7o+3 +$at i1 you +ant to $and"e t$e e=ce&tion in a di11erent mannerD !ortunate"y3 t$e Ja a &rogramming "anguage is incor&orated +it$ t$ese t$ree im&ortant ,ey+ords 1or e=ce&tion $and"ing3 t$e try3 catch and finally ,ey+ords.
2.3 Catching %5ceptions

2.3.1 1he tr)-catch -tate*ents
As mentioned in t$e &receding section3 t$e ,ey+ords try3 catch and finally are used to $and"e di11erent ty&es o1 e=ce&tions. 8$ese t$ree ,ey+ords are used toget$er but t$e finally b"oc, is o&tiona". It +ou"d be good to 1irst 1ocus on t$e 1irst t+o reser ed +ords and Bust go bac, to t$e finally "ater on. 5i en be"o+ is t$e genera" synta= 1or +riting a tryCcatc$ statement. tr) { <code to be monitored for e2ceptions> } catch $<<2ception.)pe3> <7b8-ame>% { <handler if <2ception.)pe3 occurs> } &&& } catch $<<2ception.)pe-> <7b8-ame>% { <handler if <2ception.)pe- occurs> } Coding .uidelines/ ,he catch !loc' starts after the close curly !race of the preceding try or catch !loc'. Statements within the !loc' are indented. A&&"ying t$is to Di #yKero &rogram youL e studies ear"ier3 class Di#E)Fero {
J.E.D.I.
public static #oid main$String args !% { tr) { S)stem&out&println$>9'%" S)stem&out&println$GPlease print me&H%" } catch $,rithmetic<2ception e2c% { 99reaction to the e#ent S)stem&out&println$e2c%" } S)stem&out&println$G,fter e2ception&H%" }
8$e di ide by *ero error is an e=am&"e o1 an /rithmeticException. 8$us3 t$e e=ce&tion ty&e indicated in t$e catc$ c"ause is t$is c"ass. 8$e &rogram $and"es t$e error by sim&"y &rinting out t$e descri&tion o1 t$e &rob"em. 8$e out&ut o1 t$e &rogram t$is time +ou"d be as 1o""o+s' 8a#a&lang&,rithmetic<2ception: 9 b) :ero ,fter e2ception& A &articu"ar code monitored in t$e try b"oc, may cause more t$an one ty&e o1 e=ce&tion to occur. In t$is case3 t$e di11erent ty&es o1 errors can be $and"ed using se era" catch b"oc,s. 7ote t$at t$e code in t$e try b"oc, may on"y t$ro+ one e=ce&tion at a time but may cause di11erent ty&es o1 e=ce&tions to occur at di11erent times. )ere is an e=am&"e o1 a code t$at $and"es more t$an one ty&e o1 e=ce&tion. class 1ultiple6atch { public static #oid main$String args !% { tr) { int den = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" 99line ? S)stem&out&println$>9den%" 99line C } catch $,rithmetic<2ception e2c% { S)stem&out&println$GDi#isor was '&H%" } catch $,rra)Bnde27ut7fEounds<2ception e2c4% { S)stem&out&println$G1issing argument&H%" } S)stem&out&println$G,fter e2ception&H%" } } In t$is e=am&"e3 "ine 0 may t$ro+ /rrayIndex8ut8f9oundsException +$en t$e user 1orgets to in&ut an argument +$i"e "ine ( t$ro+s an /rithmeticException i1 t$e user enters 0 as an argument. %tudy user' a> b> c> +$at $a&&ens to t$e &rogram +$en t$e 1o""o+ing arguments are entered by t$e 7o argument 1 0
I1 no argument +as &assed3 t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut +i"" be dis&"ayed' 1issing argument& ,fter e2ception& Passing 1 as argument gi es t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut' >
J.E.D.I.
,fter e2ception& Mean+$i"e3 &assing t$e argument " +i"" gi e t$is out&ut' Di#isor was '& ,fter e2ception& 7ested trys are a"so a""o+ed in Ja a. class -ested.r)Demo { public static #oid main$String args !%{ tr) { int a = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" tr) { int b = Bnteger&parseBnt$args 3!%" S)stem&out&println$a9b%" } catch $,rithmetic<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$GDi#ide b) :ero errorI=%" } } catch $,rra)Bnde27ut7fEounds<2ception e2c% { S)stem&out&println$G4 parameters are reJuiredI=%" } } } Ana"y*e +$at $a&&ens to t$e code +$en t$ese arguments are &assed to t$e &rogram' a> 7o argument b> 1( c> 1( . d> 1( 0 )ere are t$e e=&ected out&ut 1or eac$ sam&"e argument set' a> 7o argument 4 parameters are reJuiredI b> 1( 4 parameters are reJuiredI c> 1( . C d> 1( 0 Di#ide b) :ero errorI 8$e code be"o+ $as a nested try in disguise +it$ t$e use o1 met$ods. class -ested.r)Demo4 { static #oid nested.r)$String args !% { tr) { int a = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" int b = Bnteger&parseBnt$args 3!%" S)stem&out&println$a9b%" } catch $,rithmetic<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$=Di#ide b) :ero errorI=%" } } public static #oid main$String args !%{ tr) { nested.r)$args%" } catch $,rra)Bnde27ut7fEounds<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$=4 parameters are reJuiredI=%" } }
J.E.D.I.
} 9$at is t$e out&ut o1 t$is &rogram +$en tested on t$e 1o""o+ing argumentsD a> 7o argument b> 1( c> 1( . d> 1( 0 8$e e=&ected out&ut 1or 3ested,ry:emo; is simi"ar to t$at o1 3ested,ry:emo.
2.3.2 1he +inall) 2e)3ord

!ina""y3 youL"" no+ incor&orate t$e finally ,ey+ord to tryCcatc$ statementsG )ere is $o+ t$is reser ed +ord 1its in' tr) { <code to be monitored for e2ceptions> } catch $<<2ception.)pe3> <7b8-ame>% { <handler if <2ception.)pe3 occurs> } &&& } finall) { <code to be e2ecuted before the tr) bloc/ ends> } Coding .uidelines/ /gain& same coding con#ention applies to the finally !loc' as in the catch !loc'. It starts after the close curly !race of the preceding catch !loc'.Statements within this !loc' are also indented. 8$e 1ina""y b"oc, contains t$e code 1or c"eaning u& a1ter a try or a catch. 8$is b"oc, o1 code is a"+ays e=ecuted regard"ess o1 +$et$er an e=ce&tion is t$ro+n or not in t$e try b"oc,. 8$is remains true e en i1 return3 continue or !rea' are e=ecuted. !our di11erent scenarios are &ossib"e in a tryCcatc$C1ina""y b"oc,. !irst3 a 1orced e=it occurs +$en t$e &rogram contro" is 1orced to s,i& out o1 t$e try b"oc, using a return3 a continue or a !rea' statement. %econd3 a norma" com&"etion $a&&ens +$en t$e t$e tryCcatc$C1ina""y statement e=ecutes norma""y +it$out any error occurring. 8$ird3 t$e &rogram code may $a e s&eci1ied in a &articu"ar catch b"oc, t$e e=ce&tion t$at +as t$ro+n. 8$is is ca""ed t$e caug$t e=ce&tion t$ro+n scenario. Fast3 t$e o&&osite o1 t$e t$ird scenario is t$e uncaug$t e=ce&tion t$ro+n. In t$is case3 t$e e=ce&tion t$ro+n +as not s&eci1ied in any catch b"oc,. 8$ese scenarios are seen in t$e 1o""o+ing code. class Ainall)Demo { static #oid m)1ethod$int n% throws <2ception{ tr) { switch$n% { case 3: S)stem&out&println$=first case=%" return" case >: S)stem&out&println$=third case=%" throw new Kuntime<2ception$=third case demo=%" case ?: S)stem&out&println$=fourth case=%" throw new <2ception$=fourth case demo=%" case 4: S)stem&out&println$=second case=%" } } catch $Kuntime<2ception e% { S)stem&out&print$=Kuntime<2ception caught: =%" S)stem&out&println$e&get1essage$%%" } finall) {
J.E.D.I.
} public static #oid main$String args !%{ for $int i=3" i<=?" i((% { tr) { Ainall)Demo&m)1ethod$i%" } catch $<2ception e%{ S)stem&out&print$=<2ception caught: =%" S)stem&out&println$e&get1essage$%%" } S)stem&out&println$%" } }
S)stem&out&println$=tr)Lbloc/ is entered&=%"
8$e 1o""o+ing "ines are t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 t$is &rogram. first case tr)Lbloc/ is entered& second case tr)Lbloc/ is entered& third case Kuntime<2ception caught: third case demo tr)Lbloc/ is entered& fourth case tr)Lbloc/ is entered& <2ception caught: fourth case demo
Page 2?
J.E.D.I.
2.4 1hro3ing %5ceptions

2.4.1 1he thro3 2e)3ord
#esides catc$ing e=ce&tions3 Ja a a"so a""o+s user &rograms to t$ro+ e=ce&tions ;i.e.3 cause an e=ce&tiona" e ent to occur>. 8$e synta= 1or t$ro+ing e=ce&tions is sim&"e. )ere is it. throw <e2ception ob8ect>" 4onsider t$is e=am&"e. 9* .hrows an e2ception when the input is Gin#alid inputH& *9 class .hrowDemo { public static #oid main$String args !%{ String input = Gin#alid inputH" tr) { if $input&eJuals$Gin#alid inputH%% { throw new Kuntime<2ception$=throw demo=%" } else { S)stem&out&println$input%" } S)stem&out&println$=,fter throwing=%" } catch $Kuntime<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$=<2ception caught here&=%" S)stem&out&println$e%" } } } 8$e sam&"e code gi es t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut' <2ception caught here& 8a#a&lang&Kuntime<2ception: throw demo
2.4.2 1he thro3s 2e)3ord

In t$e case t$at a met$od can cause an e=ce&tion but does not catc$ it3 t$en it must say so using t$e throws ,ey+ord. 8$is ru"e on"y a&&"ies to c$ec,ed e=ce&tions. JouL"" "earn more about c$ec,ed and unc$ec,ed e=ce&tions in t$e 1o""o+ing section on ME=ce&tion 4ategoriesN. )ere is t$e synta= 1or using t$e throws ,ey+ord' <t)pe> <method-ame> $<parameter;ist>% throws <e2ception;ist> { <methodEod)> } A met$od is re-uired to eit$er catc$ or "ist a"" e=ce&tions it mig$t t$ro+3 but it may omit t$ose o1 ty&e Error or RuntimeE=ce&tion3 or t$eir subc"asses. 8$is e=am&"e indicates t$at my0ethod does not $and"e -lass3otFoundException. class .hrowing6lass { static #oid m)1ethod$% throws 6lass-otAound<2ception { throw new 6lass-otAound<2ception $=8ust a demo=%" } }
Introduction to Programming II Page .0
J.E.D.I.
class .hrowsDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { tr) { .hrowing6lass&m)1ethod$%" } catch $6lass-otAound<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$e%" } } } 8$e &rogram gi es t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut' 8a#a&lang&6lass-otAound<2ception: 8ust a demo
2.5 %5ception Categories

2.5.1 %5ception Classes and 7ierarch)
As mentioned ear"ier3 t$e root c"ass o1 a"" e=ce&tion c"asses is t$e 8$ro+ab"e c"ass. Presented be"o+ is t$e e=ce&tion c"ass $ierarc$y. 8$ese e=ce&tions are a"" de1ined in t$e <a#a.lang &ac,age. Exce"tion C&ass Hierarchy 8$ro+ab"e Error Fin,ageError3 ... Virtua"Mac$ineError3 ... E=ce&tion 4"ass7ot!oundE=ce&tion3 4"one7ot%u&&ortedE=ce&tion3 I""ega"AccessE=ce&tion3 InstantiationE=ce&tion3 Interru&tedE=ce&tion3 IOE=ce&tion3 RuntimeE=ce&tion3
EO!E=ce&tion3 !i"e7ot!oundE=ce&tion3 ... Arit$meticE=ce&tion3 Array%toreE=ce&tion3 4"ass4astE=ce&tion3 I""ega"ArgumentE=ce&tion3 ;I""ega"8$read%tateE=ce&tion and 7umber!ormatE=ce&tion as subc"asses> I""ega"Monitor%tateE=ce&tion3 Inde=OutO1#oundsE=ce&tion3 7egati eArray%i*eE=ce&tion3 7u""PointerE=ce&tion3 %ecurityE=ce&tion
...
,a!le ;: Exception -lass Hierarchy
7o+ t$at youLre -uite 1ami"iar +it$ se era" e=ce&tion c"asses3 it is time to introduce to t$is ru"e' Mu"ti&"e catc$es s$ou"d be ordered 1rom subc"ass to su&erc"ass. class 1ultiple6atch<rror {
J.E.D.I.
public static #oid main$String args !%{ tr) { int a = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" int b = Bnteger&parseBnt$args 3!%" S)stem&out&println$a9b%" } catch $<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$e%" } catch $,rra)Bnde27ut7fEounds<2ception e4% { S)stem&out&println$e4%" } S)stem&out&println$=,fter tr)LcatchLcatch&=%" }
4om&i"ing t$e code +ou"d &roduce t$is error message since t$e Exception c"ass is a su&erc"ass o1 t$e /rrayIndex8ut8f9oundsException c"ass. 1ultiple6atch<rror&8a#a:M: e2ception 8a#a&lang&,rra)Bnde27ut7fEounds<2ception has alread) been caught } catch $,rra)Bnde27ut7fEounds<2ception e4% {
2.5.2 Chec#ed and 8nchec#ed %5ceptions

An e=ce&tion is eit$er c$ec,ed or unc$ec,ed. A c$ec,ed e=ce&tions is Bust an e=ce&tion t$at is c$ec,ed by Ja a com&i"er. 8$e com&i"er ma,es sure t$at t$e &rogram eit$er catc$es or "ists t$e occurring e=ce&tion in t$e throws c"ause. I1 t$e c$ec,ed e=ce&tion is neit$er caug$t nor "isted3 t$en a com&i"er error +i"" occur. 2n"i,e c$ec,ed e=ce&tions3 unc$ec,ed e=ce&tions are not subBect to com&i"eCtime c$ec,ing 1or e=ce&tion $and"ing. 8$e bui"tCin unc$ec,ed e=ce&tion c"asses are Error3 RuntimeE=ce&tion3 and t$eir subc"asses. 8$us3 t$ese ty&e o1 e=ce&tions are no "onger c$ec,ed because $and"ing a"" suc$ e=ce&tions may ma,e t$e &rogram c"uttered and may most "i,e"y become a nuisance.
2.5.3 8ser-De+ined %5ceptions

A"t$oug$ se era" e=ce&tion c"asses a"ready e=ist in t$e Ba a."ang &ac,age3 t$e bui"tCin e=ce&tion c"asses are not enoug$ to co er a"" &ossib"e ty&es o1 e=ce&tion t$at may occur. )ence3 it is ery "i,e"y t$at youL"" +ant to create your o+n e=ce&tion. !or creating your o+n e=ce&tion3 youL"" Bust $a e to create a c"ass t$at e=tends t$e RuntimeE=ce&tion ;or E=ce&tion> c"ass. 8$en3 it is u& to you to customi*e t$e c"ass according to t$e &rob"em you are so" ing. Members and constructors may be added to your e=ce&tion c"ass. )ere is an e=am&"e. class HateString<2ception e2tends Kuntime<2ception{ 9* -o longer add an) member or constructor *9 } class .estHateString { public static #oid main$String args !% {
J.E.D.I.
String input = =in#alid input=" tr) { if $input&eJuals$=in#alid input=%% { throw new HateString<2ception$%" } S)stem&out&println$=String accepted&=%" } catch $HateString<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$=B hate this string: = ( input ( =&=%" }
)ere is t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 t$e code' B hate this string: in#alid input&
2.
Assertions
2. .1 4hat are Assertions6

Assertions a""o+ t$e &rogrammer to 1ind out i1 an assum&tion +as met. !or e=am&"e3 a date +it$ a mont$ +$ose range is not bet+een 1 and 12 s$ou"d be considered as in a"id. 8$e &rogrammer may assert t$at t$e mont$ s$ou"d "ie bet+een t$is range. A"t$oug$ it is &ossib"e to use ot$er constructs to simu"ate t$e 1unctiona"y o1 assertions3 it +ou"d be $ard to do t$is in suc$ a +ay t$at t$e assertion 1eature cou"d be disab"ed. 8$e nice t$ing about assertions is t$at t$e user $as t$e o&tion to turn it o11 or on at runtime. Assertions can be considered as an e=tension o1 comments +$erein t$e assert statement in1orms t$e &erson reading t$e code t$at a &articu"ar condition s$ou"d a"+ays be satis1ied. 9it$ assertions3 t$ere is no need to read t$roug$ eac$ o1 t$e comments to 1ind out t$e assum&tions made in t$e code. Instead3 running t$e &rogram itse"1 +i"" in1orm you i1 t$e assertions made are true or not. In t$e case t$at an assertion is not true3 an /ssertionError +i"" be t$ro+n.
2. .2 %nabling or Disabling Assertions

2sing assertions does not re-uire im&orting t$e <a#a.util.assert &ac,age. 8$ey are idea""y used to c$ec, t$e &arameters o1 nonC&ub"ic met$ods since &ub"ic met$ods can direct"y be accessed by any ot$er c"asses. It is &ossib"e t$at t$e aut$ors o1 t$ese ot$er c"asses are not a+are t$at t$ey +i"" $a e assertions enab"ed. 8$e &rogram may not +or, &ro&er"y in t$is case. !or nonC&ub"ic met$ods3 t$ese are genera""y ca""ed by codes +ritten by &eo&"e +$o $a e access to t$e met$ods. 8$us3 t$ey are a+are t$at +$en running t$eir code3 assertion s$ou"d be enab"ed. 8o com&i"e 1i"es t$at use assertions3 an e=tra command "ine &arameter is re-uired as s$o+n be"o+. 8a#ac Nsource 3&? 1)Program&8a#a I1 you +ant to run t$e &rogram +it$out t$e assertion 1eature3 Bust run t$e &rogram norma""y. 8a#a 1)Program )o+e er3 i1 you +ant to enab"e assertions3 you need to use t$e =ena!leassertions or =ea
Introduction to Programming II Page ..
J.E.D.I.
s+itc$. 8a#a Nenableassertions 1)Program 8o enab"e runtime assertion c$ec,ing in 7et#eans IDE3 sim&"y 1o""o+ t$ese ste&s' 1. Foo, 1or t$e &roBect name in t$e 1ro<ects &ane" on t$e "e1t. Rig$t c"ic, on t$e &roBect name or icon. 2. %e"ect 1roperties. 8$is is t$e "ast o&tion o1 t$e dro&Cdo+n menu. .. 4"ic, on $un 1rom t$e 4ategories &ane" on t$e "e1t. 0. Enter %ea 1or >0 8ptions te=t 1ie"d. (. 4"ic, on 8? button. 6. 4om&i"e and run t$e &rogram as usua". 8$e 1o""o+ing screen s$ots +i"" $e"& you understand t$e gi en ste&s'
Figure ;.1: Ena!ling /ssertions with 3et9eans = Steps 1 @ ;
Page .0
J.E.D.I.
Figure ;.;: Ena!ling /ssertions with 3et9eans = Step A
Page .(
J.E.D.I.
Figure ;.A: Ena!ling /ssertions with 3et9eans = Step 2
Page .6
J.E.D.I.
2. .3 Assert -)nta5
8$e assert statement $as t+o 1orms. 8$e sim&"er 1orm $as t$e 1o""o+ing synta=' assert <e2pression3>" +$ere <expression1 is t$e condition t$at is asserted to be true. 8$e ot$er 1orm uses t+o e=&ressions and t$e synta= 1or t$is 1ormat is s$o+n be"o+. assert <e2pression3> : <e2pression4>" +$ere <expression1 is t$e condition t$at is asserted to be true and <expression; some in1ormation $e"&1u" in diagnosing +$y t$e statement 1ai"ed. )ere is an e=am&"e t$at uses t$e sim&"e 1orm o1 assert. class ,ge,ssert { public static #oid main$String args !% { int age = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" assert$age>'%" 9* if age is #alid $i&e&0 age>'% *9 if $age >= 3O% { S)stem&out&println$G6ongratsI PouQre an adultI =%H%" } } } 8$is code t$ro+s an /ssertionError +$en t$e &assed argument3 i.e.3 args*"+3 $as an integer a"ue "ess t$an 1 since t$e code asserts t$at age s$ou"d be greater t$an 0. In t$is case3 t$e 1o""o+ing error message is dis&"ayed at runtime. <2ception in thread =main= 8a#a&lang&,ssertion<rror at ,ge,ssert&main$,ge,ssert&8a#a:?% Ra#a Kesult: 3 Passing an argument a"ue t$at is greater t$an 0 but "ess t$an 1/ causes t$e &rogram to dis&"ay no out&ut. !or an argument a"ue at "east e-ua" to 1/3 t$e 1o""o+ing is t$e e=&ected out&ut' 6ongratsI PouQre an adultI =% 8$e succeeding code is simi"ar to t$e &re ious e=am&"e e=ce&t t$at is gi es additiona" in1ormation on t$e e=ce&tion t$at $as occurred. 8$is uses t$e second assert synta=. class ,ge,ssert { public static #oid main$String args !% { int age = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" assert$age>'% : =age should at least be 3=" 9* if age is #alid $i&e&0 age>'% *9 if $age >= 3O% { S)stem&out&println$G6ongratsI PouQre an adultI =%H%" } } } 9$en t$e user in&uts an argument "ess t$an 13 an /ssertionError occurs and additiona" in1ormation on t$e e=ce&tion is dis&"ayed. !or t$is scenario3 t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut is
is
J.E.D.I.
dis&"ayed. <2ception in thread =main= 8a#a&lang&,ssertion<rror: age should at least be 3 at ,ge,ssert&main$,ge,ssert&8a#a:?% Ra#a Kesult: 3 !or t$e ot$er cases3 t$is &rogram gi es simi"ar out&ut to t$e &re ious e=am&"e.
Page ./
J.E.D.I.
2.! %5ercises
2.!.1 7e5adeci*al to Deci*al
5i en a $e=adecima" number as in&ut. 4on ert t$is number to its decima" e-ui a"ent. De1ine your o+n e=ce&tion c"ass and $and"e t$e case +$erein t$e user in&uts an in a"id $e=adecima" number.
2.!.2 "rinting a Dia*ond

5i en a &ositi e integer as in&ut. Print out a diamond using asteris,s based on t$e number entered by t$e user. 9$en t$e user enters a nonC&ositi e integer3 use assertions to $and"e t$is &rob"em. !or e=am&"e3 i1 t$e user in&uts t$e integer .3 your &rogram s$ou"d &rint out a diamond in t$e +it$ t$is 1ormat. O OOO OOOOO OOO O
Page .?
J.E.D.I.
4 Ad(anced Programming Techniques

3.1 Objectives
8$is modu"e introduces some ad anced &rogramming tec$ni-ues. Jou +i"" "earn about recursion and abstract data ty&es in t$is section. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. De1ine and a&&"y recursion in &rogramming 2. Di11erentiate bet+een stac,s and -ueues 2. Im&"ement se-uentia" im&"ementation o1 stac,s and -ueues .. Im&"ement "in,ed im&"ementation o1 stac,s and -ueues 0. 2se e=isting -ollection c"asses
3.2 9ecursion
3.2.1 4hat is 9ecursion6
Recursion is a &o+er1u" &rob"emCso" ing tec$ni-ue t$at can be a&&"ied +$en t$e nature o1 t$e &rob"em is re&etiti e. Indeed3 t$is ty&e o1 &rob"ems are so" ab"e using iteration ;i.e.3 using "oo&ing constructs suc$ as for3 while and doC+$i"e>. In 1act3 iteration is a more e11icient too" com&ared to recursion but recursion &ro ides a more e"egant so"ution to t$e &rob"em. In recursion3 met$ods are a""o+ed to ca"" u&on itse"1. 8$e data &assed into t$e met$od as arguments are stored tem&orari"y onto a stac, unti" ca""s to t$e met$od $a e been com&"eted.
3.2.2 9ecursion :s. (teration

!or a better understanding o1 recursion3 "et us "oo, at $o+ it aries 1rom t$e tec$ni-ue o1 iteration. )and"ing &rob"ems +it$ re&etiti e nature using iteration re-uires e=&"icit use o1 re&etition contro" structures. Mean+$i"e3 1or recursion3 t$e tas, is re&eated by ca""ing a met$od re&etiti e"y. 8$e idea $ere is to de1ine t$e &rob"em in terms o1 sma""er instances o1 itse"1. 4onsider com&uting 1or t$e 1actoria" o1 a gi en integer. ItLs recursi e de1inition can be described as 1o""o+s' 1actoria";n> P 1actoria";nC1> O nQ 1actoria";1> P 1. !or e=am&"e3 t$e 1actoria" o1 2 is e-ua" to t$e 1actoria";1>O23 +$ic$ in turn is e-ua" to 2. 8$e 1actoria" o1 . is 63 +$ic$ is e-ua" to t$e 1actoria";2>O..
Page 00
J.E.D.I.
Figure A.1: Factorial Example
9it$ iteration3 t$e &rocess terminates +$en t$e "oo& condition 1ai"s. In t$e case o1 using recursion3 t$e &rocess ends once a &articu"ar condition ca""ed t$e base case is satis1ied. 8$e base case is sim&"y t$e sma""est instance o1 t$e &rob"em. !or e=am&"e3 as seen in t$e recursi e de1inition o1 1actoria"3 t$e sim&"est case is +$en t$e in&ut is 1. 1 1or t$is &rob"em is t$e base case. 8$e use o1 iteration and recursion can bot$ "ead to in1inite "oo&s i1 t$ese are not used correct"y. IterationLs ad antage o er recursion is good &er1ormance. It is 1aster com&ared to recursion since &assing o1 &arameters to a met$od causes ta,es some 4P2 time. )o+e er3 recursion encourages good so1t+are engineering &ractice because t$is tec$ni-ue usua""y resu"t in s$orter code t$at is easier to understand and it a"so &romotes reusabi"ity o1 a &re ious"y im&"emented so"ution. 4$oosing bet+een iteration and recursion is a matter o1 ba"ancing good &er1ormance and good so1t+are engineering.
3.2.3 ;actorials/ An %5a*ple

8$e 1o""o+ing code s$o+s $o+ to com&ute 1or t$e nt$ 1actoria" using t$e tec$ni-ue o1 iteration. class AactorialBter { static int factorial$int n% { int result = 3" for $int i = n" i > 3" iLL% { result *= i" } return result" } public static #oid main$String args !% { int n = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" S)stem&out&println$factorial$n%%" } }
Page 01
J.E.D.I.
)ere is t$e e-ui a"ent code t$at uses t$e recursion too" instead. class AactorialKecur { static int factorial$int n% { if $n == 3% { 9* .he base case *9 return 3" } 9* Kecursi#e definition" SelfLin#ocation *9 return factorial$nL3%*n" } public static #oid main$String args !% { int n = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" S)stem&out&println$factorial$n%%" } } 4onsider t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 t$e gi en codes 1or some integers. 8race +$at $a&&ens in t$e code 1or some in&ut. )ere are some sam&"e integers +it$ t$eir corres&onding out&ut. a> In&ut' 1 3 b> In&ut' . S c> In&ut' ( 34'
Page 02
J.E.D.I.
3.2.4 "rint n in an) <ase/ Another %5a*ple

7o+3 consider t$e &rob"em o1 &rinting a decima" number in a base s&eci1ied by t$e user. Reca"" t$at t$e so"ution 1or t$is is to use re&etiti e di ision and to +rite t$e remainders in re erse. 8$e &rocess terminates +$en t$e di idend is "ess t$an t$e base. Assume t$at t$e in&ut decima" number is 10 and +e +ant to con ert it to base /. )ere is t$e so"ution using &en and &a&er.
!rom t$e so"ution abo e3 10 is e-ui a"ent to 12 base /. )ere is anot$er e=am&"e. 8$e in&ut decima" is 16( to be con erted to base 16.
16( is e-ui a"ent to A( base 16. 7ote' AP10. 8$is is t$e iterati e so"ution 1or t$is &rob"em. class Dec.o7thers { public static #oid main$String args !% { int num = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" int base = Bnteger&parseBnt$args 3!%" printEase$num0 base%" } static #oid printEase$int num0 int base% { int rem = 3" String digits = ='34>?CSTOMabcdef=" String result = ==" 9* the iterati#e step *9 while $numI='% { rem = numUbase" num = num9base" result = result&concat$digits&char,t$rem%(==%" } 9* printing the re#erse of the result *9 for$int i = result&length$%L3" i >= '" iLL% { S)stem&out&print$result&char,t$i%%" } } }
Page 0.
J.E.D.I.
7o+3 t$is is t$e recursi e e-ui a"ent o1 t$e so"ution abo e. class Dec.o7thersKecur { static #oid printEase$int num0 int base% { String digits = ='34>?CSTOMabcdef=" 9* Kecursi#e step*9 if $num >= base% { printEase$num9base0 base%" } 9* Ease case: num < base *9 S)stem&out&print$digits&char,t$numUbase%%" } public static #oid main$String args !% { int num = Bnteger&parseBnt$args '!%" int base = Bnteger&parseBnt$args 3!%" printEase$num0 base%" } } 8o gain a better understanding o1 t$e code3 trace it 1or a set o1 in&ut. )ere are some sam&"e in&ut. a> 7um' 103 base' 2 3'3' b> 7um' 1003 base' / 3?? c> 7um' 2003 base' ? 4?4
Page 00
J.E.D.I.
3.3 Abstract Data 1)pes

3.3.1 4hat is an Abstract Data 1)pe6
An abstract data ty&e ;AD8> is a co""ection o1 data e"ements &ro ided +it$ a set o1 o&erations t$at are de1ined on t$e data e"ements. %tac,s3 -ueues and binary trees are some e=am&"es o1 AD8. In t$is section3 you +i"" be "earning about stac,s and -ueues.
3.3.2 -tac#s
A stac, is a set o1 data e"ements +$erein mani&u"ation o1 t$e e"ements is a""o+ed on"y at t$e to& o1 t$e stac,. It is a "inear"y ordered co""ection o1 data on +$ic$ t$e disci&"ine o1 M"ast in3 1irst outN ;FI!O> is im&osed. %tac,s are use1u" 1or a ariety o1 a&&"ications suc$ as &attern recognition and con ersion among in1i=3 &ost1i= and &re1i= notations. 8$e t+o o&erations associated +it$ stac,s are t$e &us$ and &o& o&erations. Pus$ sim&"y means inserting at t$e to& o1 t$e stac, +$ereas &o& re1ers to remo ing t$e e"ement at t$e to& o1 t$e stac,. 8o understand $o+ t$e stac, +or,s3 imagine $o+ you +ou"d add or remo e a &"ate 1rom a stac, o1 &"ates. Jour instinct +ou"d te"" you to add or remo e on"y at t$e to& o1 t$e stac, because ot$er+ise3 t$ere is a danger o1 causing t$e stac, o1 &"ates to 1a"". )ere is a sim&"e i""ustration o1 $o+ a stac, "oo,s "i,e. nC1 ... 6 ( 0 . 2 1 0
Jay* @4 JoBo 8oto @y"a DM:
top
botto*
,a!le A: Stac' illustration
8$e stac, is 1u"" i1 t$e to& reac$es t$e ce"" "abe"ed nC1. I1 t$e to& is e-ua" to C13 t$is indicates t$at t$e stac, is em&ty.
3.3.3 =ueues
8$e -ueue is anot$er e=am&"e o1 an AD8. It is a "inear"y ordered co""ection o1 e"ements +$ic$ 1o""o+ t$e disci&"ine o1 M1irstCin3 1irstCoutN. Its a&&"ications inc"ude Bob sc$edu"ing in o&erating system3 to&o"ogica" sorting and gra&$ tra ersa". En-ueue and de-ueue are t$e o&erations associated +it$ -ueues. En-ueue re1ers to inserting at t$e end o1 t$e -ueue +$ereas de-ueue means remo ing 1ront e"ement o1 t$e -ueue. 8o remember $o+ a -ueue +or,s3 t$in, o1 t$e -ueueLs "itera" meaning R a "ine. Imagine yourse"1 "ining u& to get t$e c$ance meeting your 1a orite star u& c"ose. I1 a ne+ &erson +ou"d "i,e to Boin t$e "ine3 t$is &erson +ou"d $a e to go to t$e end o1 t$e "ine. Ot$er+ise3 t$ere +ou"d &robab"y be some 1ig$t. 8$is is $o+ en-ueue +or,s. 9$o gets to meet $isA$er 1a orite star 1irst among t$ose +$o are +aiting in t$e "ineD It s$ou"d $a e
J.E.D.I.
been t$e 1irst &erson in t$e "ine. 8$is &erson gets to "ea e t$e "ine 1irst. Re"ate t$is to $o+ de-ueue +or,s. )ere is a sim&"e i""ustration o1 $o+ a -ueue "oo,s "i,e. 0 1 2 E e +ront . Jay* 0 @4 ( JoBo 6 8oto 6 @y"a / DM: end ? ... Insert De"ete nC1
,a!le 2: Bueue illustration
8$e -ueue is em&ty i1 end is "ess t$an 1ront. Mean+$i"e3 it is 1u"" +$en t$e end is e-ua" to nC1.
3.3.4 -e>uential and ?in#ed 9epresentation

AD8s can genera""y be re&resented using se-uentia" and "in,ed re&resentation. It is easier to create t$e se-uentia" re&resentation +it$ t$e use o1 arrays. )o+e er3 t$e &rob"em +it$ an array is its "imited si*e3 ma,ing it in1"e=ib"e. Memory s&ace is eit$er +asted or not enoug$ +it$ use o1 arrays. 4onsider t$is scenario. JouL e created an array and dec"ared it to be ab"e to store a ma=imum o1 (0 e"ements. I1 t$e user on"y inserts e=act"y ( e"ements3 ta,e note t$at 0( s&aces +ou"d $a e been +asted. On t$e ot$er $and3 i1 t$e user +ants to insert (1 e"ements3 t$e s&aces &ro ided in t$e array +ou"d not $a e been enoug$. 4om&ared to se-uentia" re&resentation3 t$e "in,ed re&resentation may be a "itt"e more di11icu"t to im&"ement but it is more 1"e=ib"e. It ada&ts to t$e memory need o1 t$e user. A more detai"ed e=&"anation on "in,ed re&resentation are discussed in a "ater section.
Page 06
J.E.D.I.
3.3.5 -e>uential 9epresentation o+ an (nteger -tac#

class SeJStac/ { int top = L3" 9* initiall)0 the stac/ is empt) *9 int memSpace !" 9* storage for integers *9 int limit" 9* si:e of memSpace *9 SeJStac/$% { memSpace = new int 3'!" limit = 3'" } SeJStac/$int si:e% { memSpace = new int si:e!" limit = si:e" } boolean push$int #alue% { top((" 9* chec/ if the stac/ is full *9 if $top < limit% { memSpace top! = #alue" } else { topLL" return false" } return true" } int pop$% { int temp = L3" 9* chec/ if the stac/ is empt) *9 if $top >= '% { temp = memSpace top!" topLL" } else { return L3" } return temp" } public static #oid main$String args !% { SeJStac/ m)Stac/ = new SeJStac/$>%" m)Stac/&push$3%" m)Stac/&push$4%" m)Stac/&push$>%" m)Stac/&push$?%" S)stem&out&println$m)Stac/&pop$%%" S)stem&out&println$m)Stac/&pop$%%" S)stem&out&println$m)Stac/&pop$%%" S)stem&out&println$m)Stac/&pop$%%" } }
Page 06
J.E.D.I.
8$e 1o""o+ing 1igure gi es a trace o1 SeCStac'Hs main met$od.
Figure A.;:,race of SeCStac'
Page 0/
J.E.D.I.
3.3.
?in#ed ?ists
#e1ore im&"ementing t$e "in,ed re&resentation o1 stac,s. FetLs 1irst study $o+ to create "in,ed re&resentation. In &articu"ar3 +eL"" be "oo,ing at "in,ed "ists. 8$e "in,ed "ist is a dynamic structure as o&&osed to t$e array3 +$ic$ is a static structure. 8$is means t$at t$e "in,ed "ist can gro+ and s$rin, in si*e de&ending on t$e need o1 t$e user. A "in,ed "ist is de1ined as a co""ection o1 nodes3 eac$ o1 +$ic$ consists o1 some data and a "in, or a &ointer to t$e ne=t node in t$e "ist. 8$e 1igure be"o+ s$o+s $o+ a node "oo,s "i,e.
Figure A.A: / node
)ere is an e=am&"e o1 a nonCem&ty "in,ed "ist +it$ t$ree nodes.
Figure A.2: / non%empty lin'ed list with three nodes
)ere is $o+ t$e node c"ass is im&"emented. 8$is c"ass can be used to create "in,ed "ists. class -ode { int data" -ode ne2t-ode" } 9* integer data contained in the node *9 9* the ne2t node in the list *9
class .est-ode { public static #oid main$String args !% { -ode empt);ist = null" 9* create an empt) list *9 9* head points to 3st node in the list *9 -ode head = new -ode$%" 9* initiali:e 3st node in the list *9 head&data = C" head&ne2t-ode = new -ode$%" head&ne2t-ode&data = 3'" 9* null mar/s the end of the list *9 head&ne2t-ode&ne2t-ode = null" 9* print elements of the list *9 -ode curr-ode = head" while $curr-ode I= null% { S)stem&out&println$curr-ode&data%" curr-ode = curr-ode&ne2t-ode" } } }
Page 0?
J.E.D.I.
)ere is a trace o1 ,est3odeHs main met$od.
Figure A.D: ,race of ,est3ode
Page (0
J.E.D.I.
3.3.! ?in#ed 9epresentation o+ an (nteger -tac#

7o+ t$at youL e "earned about "in,ed "ist. JouLre no+ ready to a&&"y +$at youL e "earned to im&"ement t$e "in,ed re&resentation o1 a stac,. class D)namicBntStac/{ pri#ate BntStac/-ode top" 9* head or top of the stac/ *9 class BntStac/-ode { 9* node class *9 int data" BntStac/-ode ne2t" BntStac/-ode$int n% { data = n" ne2t = null" } } #oid push$int n%{ 9* no need to chec/ for o#erflow *9 BntStac/-ode node = new BntStac/-ode$n%" node&ne2t = top" top = node" } int pop$% { if $is<mpt)$%% { return L3" 9* ma) throw a userLdefined e2ception *9 } else { int n = top&data" top = top&ne2t" return n" } } boolean is<mpt)$%{ return top == null" } public static #oid main$String args !% { D)namicBntStac/ m)Stac/ = new D)namicBntStac/$%" m)Stac/&push$C%" m)Stac/&push$3'%" 9* print elements of the stac/ *9 BntStac/-ode curr-ode = m)Stac/&top" while $curr-odeI=null% { S)stem&out&println$curr-ode&data%" curr-ode = curr-ode&ne2t" } S)stem&out&println$m)Stac/&pop$%%" S)stem&out&println$m)Stac/&pop$%%" } } Here is the e2pected output of the code:
Figure A.E: Expected 8utput of :ynamicStac'
Page (1
J.E.D.I.
Figure A.F: ,race of :ynamicStac'
Page (2
J.E.D.I.
3.3.$ ,ava Collections

JouH e no+ been introduced to t$e 1oundations o1 abstract data ty&es. In &articu"ar3 youH e "earned about t$e basics o1 "in,ed "ists3 stac,s and -ueues. A good ne+s is t$ese abstract data ty&es $a e a"ready been im&"emented and inc"uded in Ja a. 8$e Stac' and 6in'ed6ist c"asses are a ai"ab"e 1or use +it$out a 1u"" understanding o1 t$ese conce&ts. )o+e er3 as com&uter scientists3 it is im&ortant t$at +e understand t$e abstract data ty&es. 8$us3 a detai"ed e=&"anation +as sti"" gi en in t$e &receding section. 9it$ t$e re"ease o1 J2%E(.03 t$e Bueue inter1ace +as a"so made a ai"ab"e. !or t$e detai"s on t$ese c"asses and inter1ace3 &"ease re1er to t$e Ja a API documentation. Ja a $as &ro ided us +it$ ot$er -ollection c"asses and inter1aces3 +$ic$ are a"" 1ound in t$e <a#a.util &ac,age. E=am&"es o1 -ollection c"asses inc"ude 6in'ed6ist3 /rray6ist3 HashSet and ,reeSet. 8$ese c"asses are actua""y im&"ementations o1 di11erent co""ection inter1aces. At t$e root o1 t$e co""ection inter1ace $ierarc$y is t$e -ollection inter1ace. A co""ection is Bust a grou& o1 obBects t$at are ,no+n as its e"ements. 4o""ections may a""o+ du&"icates and re-uires no s&eci1ic ordering. 8$e %D@ does not &ro ide any bui"tCin im&"ementations o1 t$is inter1ace but direct subinter1aces3 t$e Set inter1ace and t$e 6ist inter1ace3 are a ai"ab"e. 7o+3 +$at is t$e di11erence bet+een t$ese t+o inter1aces. A set is an unordered co""ection t$at contains no du&"icates. Mean+$i"e3 a "ist is an ordered co""ection o1 e"ements +$ere du&"icates are &ermitted. HashSet3 6in'edHashSet and ,reeSet are some ,no+n im&"ementing c"asses o1 t$e inter1ace Set. /rray6ist3 6in'ed6ist and >ector are some o1 t$e c"asses im&"ementing t$e inter1ace 6ist. <root interface -ollection
<interface Set <implementing classes )as$%et Fin,ed)as$%et 8ree%et
<interface 6ist <implementing classes ArrayFist Fin,edFist Vector
,a!le D: Ga#a collections
8$e 1o""o+ing is a "ist o1 some o1 t$e -ollection met$ods &ro ided in t$e 4o""ections API o1 Ja a 2 P"at1orm %E 1.0.1. In Ja a 2 P"at1orm %E .1.(.03 t$ese met$ods +ere modi1ied to accomodate generic ty&es. %ince generic ty&es $a e not been discussed yet3 it is ad isab"e to consider t$ese met$ods 1irst. It is ad ised t$at you re1er to ne+er -ollection met$ods once you understand t$e generic ty&es3 +$ic$ is discussed in a "atter c$a&ter. Co&&ection Methods public boolean add$7b8ect o% Inserts t$e 8!<ect o to t$is co""ection. Returns true i1 o +as success1u""y added to t$e co""ection. public #oid clear$% Remo es a"" e"ements o1 t$is co""ection. public boolean remo#e$7b8ect o% Remo es a sing"e instance o1 t$e 8!<ect o 1rom t$is co""ection3 i1 it is &resent. Returns true i1 o +as 1ound and remo ed 1rom t$e co""ection. public boolean contains$7b8ect o% Returns true i1 t$is co""ection contains t$e 8!<ect o. public boolean is<mpt)$% Returns true i1 t$is co""ection does not contain any obBect or e"ement.
Introduction to Programming II Page (.
J.E.D.I.
public int si:e$% Returns t$e number o1 e"ements in t$is co""ection. public Bterator iterator$% Returns an iterator t$at a""o+s us to go t$roug$ t$e contents o1 t$is co""ection. public boolean eJuals$7b8ect o% Returns true i1 t$e 8!<ect o is e-ua" to t$is co""ection. public int hash6ode$% Returns t$e $as$ code a"ue ;i.e.3 t$e ID> 1or t$is co""ection. %ame obBects or co""ections $a e t$e same $as$ code a"ue or ID.
,a!le E: 0ethods of class -ollection
P"ease re1er to t$e API documentation 1or a com&"ete "ist o1 t$e met$ods 1ound in t$e -ollection3 6ist and Set inter1ace. 9eL"" no+ "oo, at some co""ection c"asses. P"ease re1er to t$e API 1or t$e "ist o1 met$ods inc"uded in t$ese c"asses. In a &receding section3 youL e seen $o+ to im&"ement a "in,ed "ist on your o+n. 8$e Ja a %D@ a"so $as &ro ided us +it$ a bui"tCin im&"ementation o1 t$e "in,ed "ist. 8$e 6in'ed6ist c"ass contains met$ods t$at a""o+s "in,ed "ists to be used as stac,s3 -ueues or some ot$er AD8. 8$e 1o""o+ing code s$o+s $o+ to use t$e 6in'ed6ist c"ass. import 8a#a&util&*" class ;in/ed;istDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { ;in/ed;ist list = new ;in/ed;ist$%" list&add$new Bnteger$3%%" list&add$new Bnteger$4%%" list&add$new Bnteger$>%%" list&add$new Bnteger$3%%" S)stem&out&println$list ( =0 si:e = = ( list&si:e$%%" list&addAirst$new Bnteger$'%%" list&add;ast$new Bnteger$?%%" S)stem&out&println$list%" S)stem&out&println$list&getAirst$% ( =0 = ( list&get;ast$%%" S)stem&out&println$list&get$4% ( =0 = ( list&get$>%%" list&remo#eAirst$%" list&remo#e;ast$%" S)stem&out&println$list%" list&remo#e$new Bnteger$3%%" S)stem&out&println$list%" list&remo#e$>%" S)stem&out&println$list%" list&set$40 =one=%" S)stem&out&println$list%" } } 8$e /rray6ist is a resi*ab"e Ana"y*e t$e 1o""o+ing code. import 8a#a&util&*" class ,rra);istDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { ,rra);ist al = new ,rra);ist$4%"
Introduction to Programming II Page (0
ersion an ordinary array. It im&"ements t$e 6ist inter1ace.
J.E.D.I.
} } 8$e HashSet is an im&"ementation o1 t$e Set inter1ace t$at uses a $as$ tab"e. 8$e use o1 a $as$ tab"e a""o+s easier and 1aster "oo, u& o1 e"ements. 8$e tab"e uses a 1ormu"a to determine +$ere an obBect is stored. 8race t$is &rogram t$at uses t$e HashSet c"ass. import 8a#a&util&*" class HashSetDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { HashSet hs = new HashSet$C0 '&Cf%" S)stem&out&println$hs&add$=one=%%" S)stem&out&println$hs&add$=two=%%" S)stem&out&println$hs&add$=one=%%" S)stem&out&println$hs&add$=three=%%" S)stem&out&println$hs&add$=four=%%" S)stem&out&println$hs&add$=fi#e=%%" S)stem&out&println$hs%" } } 8$e ,reeSet is an im&"ementation o1 t$e Set inter1ace t$at uses a tree. 8$is c"ass ensures t$at t$e sorted set +i"" be arranged in ascending order. 4onsider $o+ t$e ,reeSet c"ass +as used in t$e 1o""o+ing source code. import 8a#a&util&*" class .reeSetDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { .reeSet ts = new .reeSet$%" ts&add$=one=%" ts&add$=two=%" ts&add$=three=%" ts&add$=four=%" S)stem&out&println$ts%" } }
S)stem&out&println$al ( =0 si:e = = ( al&si:e$%%" al&add$=K=%" al&add$=@=%" al&add$=7=%" S)stem&out&println$al ( =0 si:e = = ( al&si:e$%%" al&remo#e$=@=%" S)stem&out&println$al ( =0 si:e = = ( al&si:e$%%" ;istBterator li = al&listBterator$%" while $li&has-e2t$%% S)stem&out&println$li&ne2t$%%" 7b8ect a ! = al&to,rra)$%" for $int i='" i<a&length" i((% S)stem&out&println$a i!%"
Page ((
J.E.D.I.
Figure A.H: ,reeSet Example
Page (6
J.E.D.I.
5 Tour o the java.lang Pac$age

4.1 Objectives
Ja a comes in +it$ many bui"tCin c"asses t$at you may 1ind use1u". FetHs e=&"ore t$ese c"asses. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. A&&reciate and use e=isting Ja a c"asses 0ath String String9uffer 9ra&&er 1rocess System
4.2 1he Math Class

Ja a $as a"so &ro ided you +it$ &rede1ined constants and met$ods 1or &er1orming di11erent mat$ematica" o&erations suc$ as trigonometric 1unctions and "ogarit$ms. %ince t$ese met$ods are a"" static3 you can use t$em +it$out $a ing t$e need to instantiate a 0ath obBect. !or t$e com&"ete "ist o1 t$ese constants and met$ods3 &"ease re1er to t$e Ja a API documentation. Mean+$i"e3 $ere are some o1 t$e common met$ods you may 1ind use1u".
Page (6
J.E.D.I.
Math Methods public static double abs$double a% Returns t$e &ositi e a"ue o1 t$e &arameter. An o er"oaded met$od. 4an a"so ta,e in a 1"oat or an integer or a "ong integer as a &arameter3 in +$ic$ case t$e return ty&e is eit$er a 1"oat or an integer or a "ong integer3 res&ecti e"y. public static double random$% Returns a random &osti e a"ue greater t$an or e-ua" to 0.0 but "ess t$an 1.0. public static double ma2$double a0 double b% Returns t$e "arger a"ue bet+een t+o dou!le a"ues3 a and !. An o er"oaded met$od. 4an a"so ta,e in 1"oat or integer or "ong integer a"ues as &arameters3 in +$ic$ case t$e return ty&e is eit$er a 1"oat or an integer or a "ong integer3 res&ecti e"y. public static double min$double a0 double b% Returns t$e sma""er a"ue bet+een t+o dou!le a"ues3 a and !. An o er"oaded met$od. 4an a"so ta,e in 1"oat or integer or "ong integer a"ues as &arameters3 in +$ic$ case t$e return ty&e is eit$er a 1"oat or an integer or a "ong integer3 res&ecti e"y. public static double ceil$double a% Returns t$e sma""est integer greater t$an or e-ua" to t$e s&eci1ied &arameter a. public static double floor$double a% Returns t$e "argest integer t$at is "esser t$an or e-ua" to t$e s&eci1ied &arameter a. public static double e2p$double a% Returns Eu"erHs number e raised to t$e &o+er o1 t$e &assed argument a. public static double log$double a% Returns t$e natura" "ogarit$m ;base e> o1 a3 t$e dou!le a"ue &arameter. public static double pow$double a0 double b% Returns t$e dou!le a"ue o1 a raised to t$e dou!le a"ue o1 !. public static long round$double a% Returns t$e nearest long to t$e gi en argument. An o er"oaded met$od. 4an a"so ta,e in a float as an argument and returns t$e nearest int in t$is case. public static double sJrt$double a% Returns t$e s-uare root o1 t$e argument a. public static double sin$double a% Returns t$e trigonometric sine o1 t$e gi en ang"e a. public static double toDegrees$double angrad% Returns t$e degree a"ue a&&ro=imate"y e-ui a"ent to t$e gi en radian a"ue. public static double toKadians$double angdeg% Returns t$e radian a"ue a&&ro=imate"y e-ui a"ent to t$e gi en degree a"ue.
,a!le F: Some methods of class 0ath
Page (/
J.E.D.I.
8$e 1o""o+ing &rogram demonstrates $o+ t$ese met$ods are used. class 1athDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { S)stem&out&println$=absolute #alue of LC: = ( 1ath&abs$LC%%" S)stem&out&println$=absolute #alue of C: = ( 1ath&abs$LC%%" S)stem&out&println$=random number$ma2 #alue is 3'%: = ( 1ath&random$%*3'%" S)stem&out&println$=ma2 of >&C and 3&4: = ( 1ath&ma2$>&C0 3&4%%" S)stem&out&println$=min of >&C and 3&4: = ( 1ath&min$>&C0 3&4%%" S)stem&out&println$=ceiling of >&C: = ( 1ath&ceil$>&C%%" S)stem&out&println$=floor of >&C: = ( 1ath&floor$>&C%%" S)stem&out&println$=e raised to 3: = ( 1ath&e2p$3%%" S)stem&out&println$=log 3': = ( 1ath&log$3'%%" S)stem&out&println$=3' raised to >: = ( 1ath&pow$3'0>%%" S)stem&out&println$=rounded off #alue of pi: = ( 1ath&round$1ath&PB%%" S)stem&out&println$=sJuare root of C = = ( 1ath&sJrt$C%%" S)stem&out&println$=3' radian = = ( 1ath&toDegrees$3'% ( = degrees=%" S)stem&out&println$=sin$M'%: = ( 1ath&sin$1ath&toKadians$M'%%%" } } )ere is a sam&"e out&ut o1 t$e gi en &rogram. 8ry running t$e &rogram yourse"1 and 1ee" 1ree to e=&eriment +it$ t$e gi en arguments. absolute #alue of LC: C absolute #alue of C: C random number$ma2 #alue is 3'%: ?&'OCC>>4>>C?TTS'C ma2 of >&C and 3&4: >&C min of >&C and 3&4: 3&4 ceiling of >&C: ?&' floor of >&C: >&' e raised to 3: 4&T3O4O3O4O?CM'?CC log 3': 4&>'4COC'M4MM?'?S 3' raised to >: 3'''&' rounded off #alue of pi: > sJuare root of C = 4&4>S'STMTT?MMTM 3' radian = CT4&MCTTMC3>'O4>4 degrees sin$M'%: 3&'
Page (?
J.E.D.I.
4.3 1he -tring and the -tring<u++er Class

8$e %tring c"ass &ro ided by t$e Ja a %D@ re&resents combinations o1 c$aracter "itera"s. 2n"i,e in ot$er &rogramming "anguages "i,e 4 or 4SS3 strings can be re&resented using an array o1 c$aracters or by sim&"y using t$e String c"ass. 8a,e note t$at a String obBect di11ers 1rom an array o1 c$aracters.
4.3.1 -tring Constructors

8$e String c"ass $as 11 constructors. 8o see $o+ some o1 t$ese constructors3 consider t$e gi en e=am&"e t$at 1o""o+s. 9* .his e2ample is ta/en from Dr& <ncarnacionQs notes& *9 class String6onstructorsDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { String s3 = new String$%" 99 creates an empt) string char chars ! = { QhQ0 QeQ0 QlQ0 QlQ0 QoQ}" String s4 = new String$chars%" 99 s4 = =hello=" b)te b)tes ! = { QwQ0 QoQ0 QrQ0 QlQ0 QdQ }" String s> = new String$b)tes%" 99 s> = =world= String s? = new String$chars0 30 >%" String sC = new String$s4%" String sS = s4" S)stem&out&println$s3%" S)stem&out&println$s4%" S)stem&out&println$s>%" S)stem&out&println$s?%" S)stem&out&println$sC%" S)stem&out&println$sS%" } } )ere is t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 t$e gi en &rogram' hello world ell hello hello
4.3.2 -tring Methods

8$e 1o""o+ing is a "ist o1 some String met$ods. %tring Methods public char char,t$int inde2% Returns t$e c$aracter "ocated in t$e s&eci1ied index. public int compare.o$String anotherString% 4om&ares t$is string +it$ t$e s&eci1ied &arameter. Returns a negati e a"ue i1 t$is string comes "e=icogra&$ica""y be1ore t$e ot$er string3 0 i1 bot$ o1 t$e strings $a e t$e same a"ue and a &osti e a"ue i1 t$is string comes a1ter t$e ot$er string "e=icogra&$ica""y. public int compare.oBgnore6ase$String str% Fi,e com&are8o but ignores t$e case used in t$is string and t$e s&eci1ied string.
Page 60
J.E.D.I.
%tring Methods public boolean eJuals$7b8ect an7b8ect% Returns true i1 t$is string $as t$e same se-uence o1 c$aracters as t$at o1 t$e 8!<ect s&eci1ied3 +$ic$ s$ou"d be a String obBect. Ot$er+ise3 i1 t$e s&eci1ied &arameter is not a String obBect or i1 it doesnHt matc$ t$e se-uence o1 symbo"s in t$is string3 t$e met$od +i"" return 1a"se. public boolean eJualsBgnore6ase$String anotherString% Fi,e e-ua"s but ignores t$e case used in t$is string and t$e s&eci1ied string. public #oid get6hars$int srcEegin0 int src<nd0 char ! dst0 int dstEegin% 5ets t$e c$aracters 1rom t$is string starting at t$e src9egin inde= u& to t$e srcEnd inde= and co&ies t$ese c$aracters to t$e dst array starting at t$e dst9egin inde=. public int length$% Returns t$e "engt$ o1 t$is string. public String replace$char old6har0 char new6har% Returns t$e string +$erein a"" occurrences o1 t$e old-har in t$is string is re&"aced +it$ new-har. public String substring$int beginBnde20 int endBnde2% Returns t$e substring o1 t$is string starting at t$e s&eci1ied !eginIndex inde= u& to t$e endIndex inde=. public char ! to6har,rra)$% Returns t$e c$aracter array e-ui a"ent o1 t$is string. public String trim$% Returns a modi1ied co&y o1 t$is string +$erein t$e "eading and trai"ing +$ite s&ace are remo ed. public static String #alue7f$L% 8a,es in a sim&"e data ty&e suc$ as boo"ean3 integer or c$aracter3 or it ta,es in an obBect as a &arameter and returns t$e String e-ui a"ent o1 t$e s&eci1ied &arameter.
,a!le H: Some methods of class String
4onsider $o+ t$ese met$ods +ere used in t$e 1o""o+ing &rogram. class StringDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { String name = =Ronathan=" S)stem&out&println$=name: = ( name%" S)stem&out&println$=>rd character of name: = ( name&char,t$4%%" 9* character that first appears alphabeticall) has lower unicode #alue *9 S)stem&out&println$=Ronathan compared to Solomon: = ( name&compare.o$=Solomon=%%" S)stem&out&println$=Solomon compared to Ronathan: = ( =Solomon=&compare.o$=Ronathan=%%" 9* QRQ has lower unicode #alue compared to Q8Q *9 S)stem&out&println$=Ronathan compared to 8onathan: = ( name&compare.o$=8onathan=%%" S)stem&out&println$=Ronathan compared to 8onathan $ignore
J.E.D.I.
case%: = ( name&compare.oBgnore6ase$=8onathan=%%" S)stem&out&println$=Bs Ronathan eJual to Ronathan5 = ( name&eJuals$=Ronathan=%%" S)stem&out&println$=Bs Ronathan eJual to 8onathan5 = ( name&eJuals$=8onathan=%%" S)stem&out&println$=Bs Ronathan eJual to 8onathan $ignore case%5 = ( name&eJualsBgnore6ase$=8onathan=%%" char char,rr ! = =Hi VV=&to6har,rra)$%" 9* -eed to add 3 to the endSrc inde2 of get6hars *9 =Ronathan=&get6hars$'0 40 char,rr0 >%" S)stem&out&print$=get6hars method: =%" S)stem&out&println$char,rr%" S)stem&out&println$=;ength of name: = ( name&length$%%" S)stem&out&println$=Keplace aQs with eQs in name: = ( name&replace$QaQ0 QeQ%%" 9* -eed to add 3 to the endBnde2 parameter of substring*9 S)stem&out&println$=, substring of name: = ( name&substring$'0 4%%" S)stem&out&println$=.rim W= a b c d e f W=: W== ( = a b c d e f =&trim$% ( =W==%" S)stem&out&println$=String representation of boolean e2pression 3'>3': = ( String&#alue7f$3'>3'%%" 9* toString method is implicitl) called in the println method*9 S)stem&out&println$=String representation of boolean e2pression 3'<3': = ( $3'<3'%%" 9* -ote thereQs no change in the String ob8ect name e#en after appl)ing all these methods& *9 S)stem&out&println$=name: = ( name%"
)ereHs t$e out&ut o1 t$e gi en &rogram. name: Ronathan >rd character of name: n Ronathan compared to Solomon: LM Solomon compared to Ronathan: M Ronathan compared to 8onathan: L>4 Ronathan compared to 8onathan $ignore case%: ' Bs Ronathan eJual to Ronathan5 true Bs Ronathan eJual to 8onathan5 false Bs Ronathan eJual to 8onathan $ignore case%5 true content of char,rr after get6hars method: Hi Ro ;ength of name: O Keplace aQs with eQs in name: Ronethen , substring of name: Ro .rim = a b c d e f =: =a b c d e f= String representation of boolean e2pression 3'>3': false String representation of boolean e2pression 3'<3': false name: Ronathan
Page 62
J.E.D.I.
4.3.3 1he -tring<u++er Class

Once a String obBect is created3 it can no "onger be modi1ied. A String9uffer obBect is simi"ar to a String obBect3 e=ce&t 1or t$e 1act t$at t$e String9uffer obBect is mutab"e or can be modi1ied. 9$ereas a String obBect is immutab"e3 String9uffer obBects are mutab"e. Its "engt$ and content may be c$anged t$roug$ some met$od ca""s. )ere are some o1 t$e met$ods in t$e String9uffer c"ass. P"ease re1er to t$e Ja a API documentation. %tring2u er Methods public int capacit)$% Returns t$e current ca&acity o1 t$is String9uffer obBect. public StringEuffer append$L% A&&ends t$e string re&resentation o1 t$e argument to t$is String9uffer obBect. 8a,es in a sing"e &arameter +$ic$ may be o1 t$ese data ty&es' !oolean& char& char *+& dou!le& float& int& long& 8!<ect& String and String9uffer. %ti"" $as anot$er o er"oaded ersion. public char char,t$int inde2% Returns t$e c$aracter "ocated in t$e s&eci1ied index. public #oid get6hars$int srcEegin0 int src<nd0 char ! dst0 int dstEegin% 5ets t$e c$aracters 1rom t$is obBect starting at t$e src9egin inde= u& to t$e srcEnd inde= and co&ies t$ese c$aracters to t$e dst array starting at t$e dst9egin inde=. public StringEuffer delete$int start0 int end% De"etes t$e c$aracters +it$in t$e s&eci1ied range. public StringEuffer insert$int offset0 L% Inserts t$e string re&resentation o1 t$e second argument at t$e s&eci1ied o11set. An o er"oaded met$od. Possib"e data ty&es 1or t$e second argument' !oolean& char& char *+& dou!le& float& int& long& 8!<ect and String. %ti"" $as anot$er o er"oaded ersion. public int length$% Returns t$e number o1 c$aracters in t$is String9uffer obBect. public StringEuffer replace$int start0 int end0 String str% Re&"aces &art o1 t$is obBect3 as s&eci1ied by t$e 1irst t+o arguments3 +it$ t$e s&eci1ied string str. public String substring$int start0 int end% Returns t$e substring o1 t$is string starting at t$e s&eci1ied start inde= u& to t$e end inde=. public String toString$% 4on erts t$is obBect to its string re&resentation.
,a!le I: Some methods of class String9uffer
Page 6.
J.E.D.I.
8$e &rogram be"o+ demonstrates t$e use o1 t$ese met$ods. class StringEufferDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { StringEuffer sb = new StringEuffer$=Ronathan=%" S)stem&out&println$=sb = = ( sb%" 9* initial capacit) is 3S *9 S)stem&out&println$=capacit) of sb: = ( sb&capacit)$%%" S)stem&out&println$=append WQ7WQ to sb: = ( sb&append$=7=%%" S)stem&out&println$=sb = = ( sb%" S)stem&out&println$=>rd character of sb: = ( sb&char,t$4%%" char char,rr ! = =Hi VV=&to6har,rra)$%" 9* -eed to add 3 to the endSrc inde2 of get6hars *9 sb&get6hars$'0 40 char,rr0 >%" S)stem&out&print$=get6hars method: =%" S)stem&out&println$char,rr%" S)stem&out&println$=Bnsert WQ8oWQ at the >rd cell: = ( sb&insert$40 =8o=%%" S)stem&out&println$=Delete WQ8oWQ at the >rd cell: = ( sb&delete$40?%%" S)stem&out&println$=length of sb: = ( sb&length$%%" S)stem&out&println$=replace: = ( sb&replace$>0 M0 = 7ng=%%" 9* -eed to add 3 to the endBnde2 parameter of substring*9 S)stem&out&println$=substring $3st two characters%: = ( sb&substring$'0 >%%" S)stem&out&println$=implicit toString$%: = ( sb%" } } )ereHs t$e out&ut o1 t$e gi en &rogram. Again3 1ee" 1ree to e=&eriment +it$ t$e code since t$e best +ay to "earn t$ese synta= is t$roug$ actua" use. sb = Ronathan capacit) of sb: 4? append Q7Q to sb: Ronathan7 sb = Ronathan7 >rd character of sb: n get6hars method: Hi Ro Bnsert Q8oQ at the >rd cell: Ro8onathan7 Delete Q8oQ at the >rd cell: Ronathan7 length of sb: M replace: Ron 7ng substring $3st two characters%: Ron implicit toString$%: Ron 7ng
Page 60
J.E.D.I.
4.4 1he 4rapper Classes

Ob ious"y3 t$e &rimiti e data ty&es suc$ as int3 char and long are not obBects. 8$us3 ariab"es o1 t$ese data ty&es cannot access met$ods o1 t$e 8!<ect c"ass. On"y actua" obBects3 +$ic$ are dec"ared to be o1 re1erence data ty&e3 can access met$ods o1 t$e 8!<ect c"ass. 8$ere are cases3 $o+e er3 +$en you need an obBect re&resentation 1or t$e &rimiti e ty&e ariab"es in order to use Ja a bui"tCin met$ods. !or e=am&"e3 you may +ant to add &rimiti e ty&e ariab"es to a -ollection obBect. 8$is is +$ere t$e +ra&&er c"asses comes in. 9ra&&er c"asses are sim&"y obBect re&resentations o1 sim&"e nonCobBect ariab"es. )ereHs t$e "ist o1 t$e +ra&&er c"asses. "ri*itive Data 1)pe boo"ean c$ar byte s$ort int "ong 1"oat doub"e Corresponding 4rapper Class #oo"ean 4$aracter #yte %$ort Integer Fong !"oat Doub"e
,a!le 1": 1rimiti#e data types and their corresponding wrapper class
8$e names o1 t$e di11erent +ra&&er c"asses are -uite easy to remember since t$ey are ery simi"ar to t$e &rimiti e data ty&es. A"so3 note t$at t$e +ra&&er c"asses are Bust ca&ita"i*ed and s&e""ed out ersions o1 t$e &rimiti e data ty&es. )ereHs an e=am&"e o1 using t$e +ra&&er c"ass 1or !oolean. class EooleanDrapper { public static #oid main$String args !% { boolean booleanXar = 3>4" Eoolean boolean7b8 = new Eoolean$=.Kue=%" 9* primiti#e to ob8ect" can also use #alue7f method *9 Eoolean boolean7b84 = new Eoolean$booleanXar%" S)stem&out&println$=booleanXar = = ( booleanXar%" S)stem&out&println$=boolean7b8 = = ( boolean7b8%" S)stem&out&println$=boolean7b84 = = ( boolean7b84%" S)stem&out&println$=compare 4 wrapper ob8ects: = ( boolean7b8&eJuals$boolean7b84%%" 9* ob8ect to primiti#e *9 booleanXar = boolean7b8&booleanXalue$%" S)stem&out&println$=booleanXar = = ( booleanXar%" } } 8$e sam&"e code gi es t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut' booleanXar = false boolean7b8 = true boolean7b84 = false compare 4 wrapper ob8ects: false
J.E.D.I.
booleanXar = true
4.5 1he "rocess and the 9unti*e Class

4.5.1 1he "rocess Class
8$e 1rocess c"ass &ro ides met$ods 1or mani&u"ating &rocesses suc$ as ,i""ing t$e &rocess3 running t$e &rocess and c$ec,ing t$e status o1 t$e &rocess. 8$is c"ass re&resents running &rograms. )ere are some met$ods in t$e c"ass. Process Methods public abstract #oid destro)$% @i""s t$e current &rocess. public abstract int waitAor$% throws Bnterrupted<2ception Does not e=it unti" t$is &rocess terminates.
,a!le 11: Some methods of class 1rocess
4.5.2 1he 9unti*e Class

On t$e ot$er $and3 t$e $untime c"ass re&resents t$e runtime en ironment. 8+o im&ortant met$ods in t$e c"ass are t$e get$untime and t$e exec met$od. Runtime Methods public static Kuntime getKuntime$% Returns t$e runtime en ironment associated +it$ t$e current Ja a a&&"ication. public Process e2ec$String command% throws B7<2ception 4auses t$e s&eci1ied command to be e=ecuted. A""o+s you to e=ecute ne+ &rocesses.
,a!le 1;: Some methods of class $un,ime
4.5.3 Opening the 9egistr) %ditor

8$is &rogram o&ens t$e registry editor +it$out e=&"icit"y ty&ing t$e necessary command 1rom t$e command &rom&t. class KuntimeDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { Kuntime rt = Kuntime&getKuntime$%" Process proc" tr) { proc = rt&e2ec$=regedit=%" proc&waitAor$%" 99tr) remo#ing this line } catch $<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$=regedit is an un/nown command&=%" } } }
Page 66
J.E.D.I.
Figure 2.1: ,he opened registry editor
4.
1he -)ste* Class
8$e %ystem c"ass &ro ides many use1u" 1ie"ds and met$ods suc$ as t$e standard in&ut3 t$e standard out&ut and a uti"ity met$od 1or 1ast co&ying o1 a &art o1 an array. )ere are some interesting met$ods 1rom t$e c"ass. 7ote t$at a"" t$e c"assHs met$ods are static. %ystem Methods public static #oid arra)cop)$7b8ect src0 int srcPos0 7b8ect dest0 int destPos0 int length% 4o&ies length items 1rom t$e source array src starting at src1os to dest starting at inde= dest1os. !aster t$an manua""y &rogramming t$e code 1or t$is yourse"1. public static long current.ime1illis$% Returns t$e di11erence bet+een t$e current time and January 13 1?60 284. 8ime returned is measured in mi""iseconds. public static #oid e2it$int status% @i""s t$e Ja a Virtua" Mac$ine ;JVM> running current"y. A nonC*ero con ention indicates an abnorma" e=it. public static #oid gc$% Runs t$e garbage co""ector3 +$ic$ rec"aims unused memory s&ace 1or recyc"ing. public static #oid setBn$BnputStream in% 4$anges t$e stream associated +it$ System.in3 +$ic$ by de1au"t re1ers to t$e ,eyboard. public static #oid set7ut$PrintStream out% 4$anges t$e stream associated +it$ System.out3 +$ic$ by de1au"t re1ers to t$e conso"e.
,a!le 1A: Some methods of class System
a"ue 1or status by
Page 66
J.E.D.I.
)ereHs a demo on some o1 t$ese met$ods. import 8a#a&io&*" class S)stemDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% throws B7<2ception { int arr3 ! = new int C''''''!" int arr4 ! = new int C''''''!" long start.ime0 end.ime" 9* initiali:e arr3 *9 for $int i = '" i < arr3&length" i((% { arr3 i! = i ( 3" } 9* cop)ing manuall) *9 start.ime = S)stem&current.ime1illis$%" for $int i = '" i < arr3&length" i((% { arr4 i! = arr3 i!" } end.ime = S)stem&current.ime1illis$%" S)stem&out&println$=.ime for manual cop): = ( $end.imeLstart.ime% ( = ms&=%" 9* using the cop) utilit) pro#ided b) 8a#a N the arra)cop) method *9 start.ime = S)stem&current.ime1illis$%" S)stem&arra)cop)$arr30 '0 arr40 '0 arr3&length%" end.ime = S)stem&current.ime1illis$%" S)stem&out&println$=.ime w9the use of arra)cop): = ( $end.imeLstart.ime% ( = ms&=%" S)stem&gc$%" 99force garbage collector to wor/ S)stem&setBn$new AileBnputStream$=temp&t2t=%%" 9* in -etEeans0 temp&t2t should be located in the pro8ect folder *9 S)stem&e2it$'%" } } 8$e &rogram gi es arying out&ut. It may generate t$e 1o""o+ing sam&"e out&ut' .ime for manual cop): >4 ms& .ime w9the use of arra)cop): >3 ms&
Page 6/
J.E.D.I.
1 Text62ased A""&ications
5.1 Objectives
In t$is "esson3 a re ie+ on using commandC"ine arguments is 1ound in t$is section. Moreo er3 you +i"" "earn more about using streams to get in&ut 1rom t$e user during runtime and to mani&u"ate 1i"es. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. 5et in&ut 1rom t$e commandC"ine 2. E=&"ain $o+ to mani&u"ate system &ro&erties 2. Read 1rom t$e standard in&ut 0. Read and +rite to 1i"es
5.2 Co**and-?ine Argu*ents and -)ste* "roperties

As you $a e seen be1ore in your &re ious &rogramming course3 Ba a a""o+s user to in&ut data 1rom t$e command "ine. !or instance3 to &ass t$e arguments 1 and ; to t$e Ba a &rogram named -alculate3 you can ty&e t$e 1o""o+ing "ine on t$e command &rom&t' 8a#a 6alculate 3 4 In t$is e=am&"e3 t$e data 1 is stored in t$e ariab"e args*"+ +$ereas t$e data ; is stored in args*1+. 9it$ t$is3 t$e &ur&ose o1 dec"aring String args*+ as a &arameter in t$e main met$od becomes c"ear. I1 youHre using 7et#eans3 $ere are t$e ste&s 1or &assing commandC"ine arguments. 1. Foo, 1or t$e &roBect name in t$e 1ro<ects &ane" on t$e "e1t. Rig$t c"ic, on t$e &roBect name or icon. 2. %e"ect 1roperties. 8$is is t$e "ast o&tion o1 t$e dro&Cdo+n menu. .. 4"ic, on $un 1rom t$e 4ategories &ane" on t$e "e1t. 0. Enter t$e arguments se&arated by s&ace 1or /rguments te=t 1ie"d. (. 4"ic, on 8? button. 6. 4om&i"e and run t$e &rogram as usua". 8o understand t$ese ste&s more easi"y3 t$e 1o""o+ing screen s$ots are &ro ided'
Page 6?
J.E.D.I.
Figure D.1: 1assing -ommand%line /rguments with 3et9eans = Steps 1 @ ;
Page 60
J.E.D.I.
Figure D.;: 1assing -ommand%line /rguments with 3et9eans = Step A
Page 61
J.E.D.I.
Figure D.A: 1assing -ommand%line /rguments with 3et9eans = Step 2
Page 62
J.E.D.I.
#esides &assing arguments to t$e main met$od3 you can a"so mani&u"ate system &ro&erties 1rom t$e command "ine. %ystem &ro&erties are -uite simi"ar to en ironment ariab"es but t$e 1ormer not being &"at1ormCde&endent. A &ro&erty is sim&"y a ma&&ing bet+een t$e &ro&erty name to its corres&onding a"ue. 8$is is re&resented in Ja a +it$ t$e 1roperties c"ass. 8$e System c"ass &ro ides a met$ods 1or determining t$e current system &ro&erties3 t$e get1roperties met$od t$at returns a 1roperties obBect. 8$e same c"ass a"so &ro ides 1or t$e get1roperty met$od t$at $as t+o 1orms. public static String getPropert)$String /e)% 8$is ersion returns string a"ue o1 t$e system &ro&erty indicated by t$e s&eci1ied 'ey. It returns nu"" i1 t$ere is no &ro&erty +it$ t$e s&eci1ied 'ey. public static String getPropert)$String /e)0 String def% 8$is ersion a"so returns string a"ue o1 t$e system &ro&erty indicated by t$e s&eci1ied 'ey. It returns def3 a de1au"t a"ue3 i1 t$ere is no &ro&erty +it$ t$e s&eci1ied 'ey.
,a!le 12: get1roperty() methods of class System
9e +i"" no "onger d+e"" on t$e detai"s o1 system &ro&erties but go straig$t to mani&u"ating system &ro&erties a&&"ied. I1 you are interested in "earning more about system &ro&erties3 you can re1er to t$e API documentation. Jou can use t$e CD o&tion +it$ t$e Ba a command 1rom t$e commandC"ine to inc"ude a ne+ &ro&erty. 8a#a LD<name>=#alue !or e=am&"e3 to set t$e system &ro&erty user.home to $a e a t$e 1o""o+ing command' 8a#a LDuser&home=philippines 8o dis&"ay t$e "ist o1 system &ro&erties a ai"ab"e in your system and t$eir corres&onding a"ues3 you can use t$e get1roperties met$od as 1o""o+s' S)stem&getProperties$%&list$S)stem&out%" )ere is a sam&"e "ist o1 system &ro&erties' LL listing properties LL 8a#a&runtime&name=Ra#a$.1% 4 Kuntime <n#ironment0 Stand&&& sun&boot&librar)&path=6:WProgram AilesWRa#aW8d/3&C&'*'SW8re&&& 8a#a&#m&#ersion=3&C&'*'SLb'C 8a#a&#m&#endor=Sun 1icros)stems Bnc& 8a#a&#endor&url=http:998a#a&sun&com9 path&separator=" 8a#a&#m&name=Ra#a HotSpot$.1% 6lient X1 file&encoding&p/g=sun&io user&countr)=@S sun&os&patch&le#el=Ser#ice Pac/ 4 8a#a&#m&specification&name=Ra#a Xirtual 1achine Specification user&dir=6:WDocuments and SettingsWbeccaW-este&&& 8a#a&runtime&#ersion=3&C&'*'SLb'C
Introduction to Programming II Page 6.
a"ue o1 philippines3 use
J.E.D.I.
8a#a&awt&graphicsen#=sun&awt&Din>4Yraphics<n#ironment 8a#a&endorsed&dirs=6:WProgram AilesWRa#aW8d/3&C&'*'SW8re&&& os&arch=2OS 8a#a&io&tmpdir=6:WD76@1<Z3WbeccaW;76,;SZ3W.empW line&separator= 8a#a&#m&specification&#endor=Sun 1icros)stems Bnc& user&#ariant= os&name=Dindows VP sun&8nu&encoding=6p34C4 8a#a&librar)&path=6:WProgram AilesWRa#aW8d/3&C&'*'SW8re&&& 8a#a&specification&name=Ra#a Platform ,PB Specification 8a#a&class&#ersion=?M&' sun&management&compiler=HotSpot 6lient 6ompiler os&#ersion=C&3 user&home=6:WDocuments and SettingsWbecca user&time:one= 8a#a&awt&printer8ob=sun&awt&windows&DPrinterRob file&encoding=6p34C4 8a#a&specification&#ersion=3&C user&name=becca 8a#a&class&path=6:WDocuments and SettingsWbeccaW-este&&& 8a#a&#m&specification&#ersion=3&' sun&arch&data&model=>4 8a#a&home=6:WProgram AilesWRa#aW8d/3&C&'*'SW8re 8a#a&specification&#endor=Sun 1icros)stems Bnc& user&language=en awt&tool/it=sun&awt&windows&D.ool/it 8a#a&#m&info=mi2ed mode0 sharing 8a#a&#ersion=3&C&'*'S 8a#a&e2t&dirs=6:WProgram AilesWRa#aW8d/3&C&'*'SW8re&&& sun&boot&class&path=6:WProgram AilesWRa#aW8d/3&C&'*'SW8re&&& 8a#a&#endor=Sun 1icros)stems Bnc& file&separator=W 8a#a&#endor&url&bug=http:998a#a&sun&com9cgiLbin9bugreport&&& sun&cpu&endian=little sun&io&unicode&encoding=@nicode;ittle sun&des/top=windows sun&cpu&isalist=
5.3 9eading +ro* -tandard (nput

Instead o1 getting user in&ut 1rom t$e commandC"ine3 most users &re1er in&utting data +$en &rom&ted by t$e &rogram +$i"e it is a"ready in e=ecution. One +ay o1 doing t$is is +it$ t$e use o1 streams. A stream is an abstraction o1 a 1i"e or a de ice t$at a""o+s a series o1 items to be read or +ritten. %treams are connected to &$ysica" de ices suc$ as ,eyboards3 conso"es and 1i"es. 8$ere are t+o genera" ,inds o1 streams3 byte streams and c$aracter streams. #yte streams are 1or binary data +$i"e c$aracter streams are 1or 2nicode c$aracters. System.in and System.out are t+o e=am&"es o1 &rede1ined byte streams in Ba a. 8$e 1irst one by de1au"t re1ers to t$e ,eyboard and t$e "atter re1ers to t$e conso"e. 8o read c$aracters 1rom t$e ,eyboard3 you can use t$e System.in byte stream +ar&ed in a #u11eredReader obBect. 8$e 1o""o+ing "ine s$o+s $o+ to do t$is' EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$S)stem&in%%"
Page 60
J.E.D.I.
8$e read met$od o1 t$e #u11eredReader obBect is t$en used to read 1rom t$e in&ut de ice. ch = $int% br&read$%" 8ry out t$is sam&"e code. import 8a#a&io&*" class Aa#orite6haracter { public static #oid main$String args !% throws B7<2ception { S)stem&out&println$=Hi0 whatQs )our fa#orite character5=%" char fa#6har" EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$S)stem&in%%" fa#6har = $char% br&read$%" S)stem&out&println$fa#6har ( = is a good choiceI=%" } } Running t$is code +it$ t$e c$aracter a as in&ut generates t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut' Hi0 whatQs )our fa#orite character5 a a is a good choiceI I1 you &re1er reading an entire "ine instead o1 reading one c$aracter at a time3 you can use t$e readFine met$od. str = br&read;ine$%" )ere is a &rogram a"most simi"ar to t$e &receding e=am&"e but reads an entire string instead o1 Bust one c$aracter. import 8a#a&io&*" class Yreet@ser { public static #oid main$String args !% throws B7<2ception { S)stem&out&println$=Hi0 whatQs )our name5=%" String name" EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$S)stem&in%%" name = br&read;ine$%" S)stem&out&println$=-ice to meet )ou0 = ( name ( =I :%=%" } } )ere is t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 JreetUser +$en t$e user in&uts re!ecca' Hi0 whatQs )our name5 rebecca -ice to meet )ou0 rebeccaI :% 9$en using streams3 donHt 1orget to im&ort t$e <a#a.io &ac,age as s$o+n be"o+' import 8a#a&io&*" One more reminder3 reading 1rom streams may cause c$ec,ed e=ce&tions to occur. DonHt 1orget to $and"e t$ese e=ce&tions using tryCcatc$ statements or by indicating t$e
99read method returns an integer
J.E.D.I.
e=ce&tion in t$e t$ro+s c"ause o1 t$e met$od.
5.4 ;ile 7andling

In some cases3 data in&uts are stored in 1i"es. Moreo er3 t$ere are a"so instances +$en +e +ant to store t$e out&ut o1 a certain &rogram to a 1i"e. In a com&uteri*ed enro""ment system3 t$e student data t$at may be used as an in&ut to t$e system is most &robab"y stored in a &articu"ar 1i"e. 8$en3 one &ossib"e out&ut o1 t$e system is t$e in1ormation about t$e subBects enro""ed in by t$e students. Again3 t$e out&ut in t$is case may &re1erab"y be stored in a 1i"e. As seen in t$is a&&"ication3 t$ere is a need 1or reading 1rom a 1i"e and +riting to a 1i"e. Jou +i"" "earn about 1i"e in&ut and out&ut in t$is section.
5.4.1 9eading +ro* a ;ile

8o read 1rom a 1i"e3 you can use t$e FileInputStream c"ass. )ere is one o1 t$e constructors o1 t$is c"ass. AileBnputStream$String filename% 8$e constructor creates a connection to an actua" 1i"e +$ose 1i"ename is s&eci1ied as an argument. A File3otFoundException is t$ro+n +$en t$e 1i"e does not e=ist or it cannot be o&ened 1or reading. A1ter creating an in&ut stream3 you can no+ use t$e stream to read 1rom t$e associated 1i"e using t$e read met$od. 8$e read met$od returns an integer and it returns C1 +$en t$e end o1 t$e 1i"e is reac$ed. )ere is an e=am&"e. import 8a#a&io&*" class KeadAile { public static #oid main$String args !% throws B7<2ception { S)stem&out&println$=Dhat is the name of the file to read from5=%" String filename" EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$S)stem&in%%" filename = br&read;ine$%" S)stem&out&println$=-ow reading from = ( filename ( =&&&=%" AileBnputStream fis = null" tr) { fis = new AileBnputStream$filename%" } catch $Aile-otAound<2ception e2% { S)stem&out&println$=Aile not found&=%" } tr) { char data" int temp" do { temp = fis&read$%" data = $char% temp" if $temp I= L3% {
J.E.D.I.
S)stem&out&print$data%" } } while $temp I= L3%" } catch $B7<2ception e2% { S)stem&out&println$=Problem in reading from the file&=%" }
Assuming temp.txt e=ists and it contains t$e te=t temporary file3 $ere is a sam&"e out&ut o1 t$is &rogram' Dhat is the name of the file to read from5 temp&t2t -ow reading from temp&t2t&&& temporar) file
5.4.2 4riting to a ;ile

!or +riting to a 1i"e3 you can use t$e File8utputStream c"ass. )ere is one o1 t$e constructors you can use. Aile7utputStream$String filename% 8$e constructor "in,s an out&ut stream to an actua" 1i"e to +rite File3otFoundException is t$ro+n +$en t$e 1i"e cannot be o&ened 1or +riting. to. A
Once t$e out&ut stream is created3 you can no+ use t$e stream to +rite to t$e "in,ed 1i"e using t$e write met$od. 8$e met$od $as t$e 1o""o+ing signature' #oid write$int b% 8$e &arameter ! re1ers to t$e data to be +ritten to t$e actua" 1i"e associated to t$e out&ut stream. 8$e 1o""o+ing &rogram demonstrates +riting to a 1i"e. import 8a#a&io&*" class DriteAile { public static #oid main$String args !% throws B7<2ception { S)stem&out&println$=Dhat is the name of the file to be written to5=%" String filename" EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$S)stem&in%%" filename = br&read;ine$%" S)stem&out&println$=<nter data to write to = ( filename ( =&&&=%" S)stem&out&println$=.)pe J[ to end&=%" Aile7utputStream fos = null" tr) { fos = new Aile7utputStream$filename%" } catch $Aile-otAound<2ception e2% { S)stem&out&println$=Aile cannot be opened for writing&=%" }
J.E.D.I.
tr) { boolean done = false" int data" do { data = br&read$%" if $$char%data == QJQ% { data = br&read$%" if $$char%data == Q[Q% { done = true" } else { fos&write$QJQ%" fos&write$data%" } } else { fos&write$data%" } } while $Idone%" } catch $B7<2ception e2% { S)stem&out&println$=Problem in reading from the file&=%" }
)ere is a sam&"e run o1 KriteFile' Dhat is the name of the file to be written to5 temp&t2t <nter data to write to temp&t2t&&& .)pe J[ to end& what a wonderful world 30 40 step J[ 9$en you o&en temp.txt3 it s$ou"d contain t$e 1o""o+ing' what a wonderful world 30 40 step
Page 6/
J.E.D.I.
5.5 %5ercises
5.5.1 -paces to 8nderscore
4reate a &rogram t$at ta,es in t+o strings as arguments R t$e source and destination 1i"enames3 res&ecti e"y. 8$en3 read 1rom t$e source 1i"e and +rite its content to t$e destination 1i"e +it$ a"" occurrences o1 s&aces ;H H> con erted to underscores ;HTH>.
5.5.2 Dra3 1riangle

4reate a &rogram t$at ta,es in t+o arguments R an integer and a 1i"ename3 res&ecti e"y. Dra+ a triang"e based on t$e in&ut integer and out&ut it to t$e in&ut 1i"e. %am&"e Run' AO &assed arguments' 0 tri.t=t OA * * * * * * * * * *
Page 6?
J.E.D.I.
, %orting A&gorithms
.1 Objectives
%orting is t$e tas, o1 arranging e"ements in a &articu"ar order and it is im&"emented in a ariety o1 a&&"ications. 4onsider a ban,ing a&&"ication3 +$ic$ dis&"ays t$e "ist o1 acti e c"ient accounts3 1or instance. 2sers o1 t$is system most &robab"y &re1er $a ing t$e "ist in an ascending order 1or con enience. %e era" sorting a"gorit$ms $a e been in ented because t$e tas, is so 1undamenta" and a"so 1re-uent"y used. !or t$ese reasons3 e=amining e=isting a"gorit$ms +ou"d be ery bene1icia". A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. E=&"ain t$e a"gorit$ms used in insertion sort3 se"ection sort3 merge sort and -uic,sort 2. 5i e your o+n im&"ementation o1 t$ese a"gorit$ms
.2 (nsertion -ort
One o1 t$e sim&"est a"gorit$ms de e"o&ed is t$e insertion sort. 8$e idea 1or t$e a"gorit$m is -uite intuiti e and is ana"agous to a +ay o1 arranging a co""ection o1 cards. 8$e 1o""o+ing scenario describes $o+ insertion sort +or,s 1or arranging a set o1 cards. %ay you +ant to arrange a standard dec, o1 cards 1rom "o+est to $ig$est ran,. A"" cards are initia""y "aid on a tab"e3 ca"" t$is 1st tab"e3 1ace u& in an order"y 1as$ion 1rom "e1t to rig$t3 to& to bottom. 9e $a e anot$er tab"e3 ca"" t$is 2 nd tab"e3 +$ere t$e arranged cards +ou"d be &ositioned. Pic, t$e 1irst a ai"ab"e card 1rom u&&er "e1t corner o1 t$e 1st tab"e and &"ace t$is card in its &ro&er ;i.e.3 sorted> &osition on t$e 2nd tab"e. Pic, t$e ne=t a ai"ab"e card 1rom t$e 1st tab"e and com&ared t$is +it$ t$e cards on t$e 2nd tab"e and &"ace it in its &ro&er &osition. 8$e &rocess continues unti" a"" cards are &"aced on t$e 2nd tab"e. 8$e insertion sort a"gorit$m basica""y di ides t$e data e"ements to be sorted into t+o grou&s3 t$e unsorted ;ana"ogous to t$e 1st tab"e> and t$e sorted ;ana"ogous to t$e 2nd tab"e> sections. 8$e 1irst a ai"ab"e e"ement is se"ected 1rom t$e unsorted section o1 t$e array and it is &ro&er"y &ositioned in t$e sorted section o1 t$e array. 8$is ste& is re&eated unti" t$ere are no more e"ements "e1t in t$e unsorted &art o1 t$e array.
.2.1 1he Algorith*

#oid insertionSort$7b8ect arra) !0 int startBd20 int endBd2% { for $int i = startBd2" i < endBd2" i((% { int / = i" for $int 8 = i ( 3" 8 < endBd2" 8((% { if $$$6omparable% arra) /!%&compare.o$arra) 8!%>'% { / = 8" } } swap$arra) i!0 arra) /!%" } }
Page /0
J.E.D.I.
.2.2 An %5a*ple
.iven Mango A&&"e Peac$ Orange #anana 1st "ass Mango A&&"e Peac$ Orange #anana 2nd "ass A&&"e Mango Peac$ Orange #anana 3rd "ass A&&"e Mango Orange Peac$ #anana 4th "ass A&&"e #anana Mango Orange Peac$
Figure E.1: Insertion sort example
At t$e end o1 t$is modu"e3 you +i"" be as,ed to gi e your o+n Ja a im&"ementation o1 t$e di11erent sorting a"gorit$ms discussed in t$is section.
.3 -election -ort
I1 you +ere assigned to in ent your o+n sorting a"gorit$m3 you +ou"d &robab"y come u& +it$ an a"gorit$m simi"ar to t$e se"ection sort a"gorit$m. Fi,e t$e insertion sort a"gorit$m3 t$is a"gorit$m is ery intuiti e and easy to im&"ement. Again3 "et us obser e $o+ t$is a"gorit$m +ou"d +or, on a standard dec, o1 cards. Assume t$at t$e cards are to be arranged in ascending order. Initia""y3 t$e set o1 cards are arranged "inear"y on t$e tab"e 1rom "e1t to rig$t and to& to bottom. 4$ec, t$e ran, o1 eac$ card and se"ect t$e card +it$ t$e "o+est ran,. E=c$ange t$e &osition o1 t$is card +it$ t$e &osition o1 t$e 1irst card on t$e u&&er "e1t corner. 7e=t3 1ind t$e card +it$ t$e "o+est ran, among t$e remaining cards e=c"uding t$e 1irst c$osen card. %+a& t$e ne+"y se"ected card +it$ t$e card in t$e second &osition. Re&eat t$e same ste& unti" t$e second to t$e "ast &osition on t$e tab"e is c$a""enged and may be s+a&&ed by a card +it$ a "o+er a"ue. 8$e main idea be$ind t$e se"ection sort a"gorit$m is to se"ect t$e e"ement +it$ t$e "o+est a"ue and t$en s+a& t$e c$osen e"ement +it$ t$e e"ement in t$e it$ &osition. 8$e a"ue o1 i starts 1rom 1 to n3 +$ere n is t$e tota" number o1 e"ements minus 1.
.3.1 1he Algorith*

#oid selectionSort$7b8ect arra) !0 int startBd20 int endBd2% { int min" for $int i = startBd2" i < endBd2" i((% { min = i" for $int 8 = i ( 3" 8 < endBd2" 8((% { if $$$6omparable% arra) min!%&compare.o$arra) 8!%>'% { min = 8" } } swap$arra) min!0 arra) i!%" } }
Page /1
J.E.D.I.
.3.2 An %5a*ple
.iven 0aricar Vanessa Margau= Hannah Ro+ena 1st "ass )anna$ >anessa 0argaux Maricar Ro+ena 2nd "ass )anna$ Margau= >anessa 0aricar Ro+ena 3rd "ass )anna$ Margau= Maricar >anessa $owena 4th "ass )anna$ Margau= Maricar Ro+ena Vanessa
Figure E.;: Selection sort example
.4 Merge -ort
#e1ore e=amining t$e Merge sort a"gorit$m3 "et us 1irst $a e a -uic, "oo, at t$e di ideC andCcon-uer &aradigm since Merge sort c"ose"y 1o""o+s t$is a&&roac$.
.4.1 Divide-and-Con>uer "aradig*

%e era" a"gorit$ms use recursion to so" e a gi en &rob"em. 8$e origina" &rob"em is s&"it into sub&rob"ems3 t$en t$e so"utions to t$e sub&rob"ems "ead to t$e so"ution o1 t$e main &rob"em. 8$is ty&e o1 a"gorit$ms ty&ica""y 1o""o+s t$e di ideCandCcon-uer &aradigm. At eac$ "e e" o1 recursion3 t$e &aradigm consists o1 t$ree ste&s. 1. Di ide Di ide t$e main &rob"em into sub&rob"ems. 2. 4on-uer 4on-uer t$e sub&rob"ems by recursi e"y so" ing t$em. In t$e case t$at t$e su&rob"ems are sim&"e and sma"" enoug$3 a straig$t1or+ard manner o1 so" ing t$em +ou"d be better. .. 4ombine 4ombine t$e so"utions to t$e su&rob"ems3 +$ic$ +ou"d "ead to t$e so"ution o1 t$e main &rob"em.
.4.2 8nderstanding Merge -ort

As &re ious"y mentioned3 Merge sort uses t$e di ideCandCcon-uer tec$ni-ue. 8$us3 t$e descri&tion o1 its a"gorit$m is &atterned a1ter t$e t$ree ste&s in t$e di ideCandCcon-uer &aradigm. )ere is $o+ Merge sort +or,s. 1. Di ide Di ide t$e se-uence o1 data e"ements into t+o $a" es. 2. 4on-uer 4on-uer eac$ $a"1 by recursi e"y ca""ing t$e Merge sort &rocedure. .. 4ombine 4ombine or merge t$e t+o $a" es recursi e"y to come u& +it$ t$e sorted se-uence. Recursion sto&s +$en t$e base case is reac$ed. 8$is is t$e case +$erein t$e $a"1 to be
Introduction to Programming II Page /2
J.E.D.I.
sorted $as e=act"y one e"ement. %ince on"y one e"ement is "e1t to be sorted3 t$is $a"1 is a"ready arranged in its &ro&er se-uence.
.4.3 1he Algorith*

#oid mergeSort$7b8ect arra) !0 int startBd20 int endBd2% { if $arra)&length I= 3% { Di#ide the arra) into two hal#es0 left,rr and right,rr mergeSort$left,rr0 startBd20 midBd2%" mergeSort$right,rr0 midBd2(30 endBd2%" combine$left,rr0 right,rr%" } }
.4.4 An %5a*ple
5i en'
6 2 ( 6
Di ide gi en array into t+o' 6eft/rr $ight/rr
7 2
5 6
Page /.
J.E.D.I.
Di ide 6eft/rr o1 gi en into t+o' 6eft/rr $ight/rr
Page /0
J.E.D.I.
4ombine
2 6
Di ide $ight/rr o1 gi en into t+o' 6eft/rr $ight/rr
Page /(
J.E.D.I.
4ombine
( 6
4ombine 6eft/rr and $ight/rr o1 t$e gi en.
2 ( 6 6
Figure E.A: 0erge sort example
.5 =uic#sort
Euic,sort +as in ented by 4.A.R. )oare. Fi,e merge sort3 t$is a"gorit$m is a"so based on t$e di ideCandCcon-uer &aradigm. #ut instead o1 $a ing t$ree &$ases3 it in o" es t$e 1o""o+ing &$ases on"y' 1. Di ide Partition t$e array into t+o subarrays AU&...-C1V and AU-S1...rV suc$ t$at eac$ e"ement in AU&...-C1V is "ess t$an or e-ua" to AU-V and eac$ e"ement in AU-S1...rV is greater t$an or e-ua" to AU-V. AU-V is ca""ed t$e &i ot. 4om&utation o1 - is &art o1 t$e &artitioning &rocedure. 2. 4on-uer %ort t$e subarrays by recursi e"y ca""ing t$e Cuic'Sort met$od. 8$ere is no "onger any I4ombineI &$ase since t$e subarrays are sorted in &"ace.
.5.1 1he Algorith*

#oid Juic/Sort$7b8ect arra) !0 int leftBd20 int rightBd2% { int pi#otBd2" 9* .ermination conditionI *9 if $rightBd2 > leftBd2% { pi#otBd2 = partition$arra)0 leftBd20 rightBd2%" Juic/Sort$arra)0 leftBd20 pi#otBd2L3%" Juic/Sort$arra)0 pi#otBd2(30 rightBd2%" } }
.5.2 An %5a*ple
5i en array'
Page /6
J.E.D.I.
4$oose t$e 1irst e"ement to be t$e &i ot P .. 4 1 0 1 ( ?
Initia"i*e "e1t to &oint to t$e second e"ement and rig$t to &oint to t$e "ast e"ement. "e1t rig$t 4 1 0 1 ( ? 2 6 ( . ( /
Mo e t$e "e1t &ointer to t$e rig$t direction unti" +e 1ind a a"ue "arger t$an t$e &i ot. Mo e t$e rig$t &ointer to t$e "e1t direction unti" +e 1ina a"ue not "arger t$an t$e &i ot. "e1t rig$t 4 1 0 1 ( ? 2 6 ( . ( /
%+a& e"ements re1erred to by t$e "e1t and rig$t &ointers. "e1t 4 1 . 1 ( ? 2 6 (
rig$t 0 ( /
Mo e t$e "e1t and rig$t &ointers again. "e1t 4 1 . 1 ( ?
rig$t 2 6 ( 0 ( /
%+a& e"ements. "e1t 4 1 . 1 2 ? rig$t ( 6 ( 0 ( /
Mo e t$e "e1t and rig$t &ointers again. rig$t "e1t 4 1 . 1 2 ? ( 6 ( 0 ( /
Obser e t$at t$e "e1t and rig$t &ointers $a e crossed suc$ t$at rig$t W "e1t. In t$is case3 s+a& &i ot +it$ rig$t. &i ot 0 1 . 1 4 ? ( 6 ( 0 ( /
Figure E.2: Buic'sort example
Pi oting is no+ com&"ete. Recursi e"y sort subarrays on eac$ side o1 t$e &i ot.
Page /6
J.E.D.I.
7 Abstract !indowing Too&$it and %wing

!.1 Objectives
9it$out "earning about gra&$ica" user inter1ace ;52I> APIs3 you +ou"d sti"" be ab"e to create -uite a descent range o1 di11erent &rograms. )o+e er3 your a&&"ications are ery "i,e"y to be b"and and una&&ea"ing to t$e users. )a ing a good 52I a11ects t$e usage o1 your a&&"ication. 8$is resu"ts in ease o1 use and enBoyment o1 use 1or t$e users o1 your &rogram. Ja a &ro ides too"s "i,e Abstract 9indo+ing 8oo",it ;A98> and %+ing to de e"o& interacti e 52I a&&"ications. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. E=&"ain simi"arities and di11erences bet+een A98 and %+ing 2. Di11erentiate bet+een com&onents and containers .. Design 52I a&&"ications using A98 0. Design 52I a&&"ications using %+ing (. Describe $o+ 1"o+ "ayout3 border "ayout and grid "ayout &osition 52I com&onents 6. 4reate com&"e= "ayouts in designing 52I a&&""ications
!.2 Abstract 4indo3ing 1ool#it @A41A vs. -3ing

8$e Ja a !oundation 4"asses ;J!4s>3 +$ic$ is an im&ortant &art o1 t$e Ja a %D@3 re1ers to a co""ection o1 APIs t$at sim&"i1ies t$e de e"o&ment Ja a 52I a&&"ications. It &rimari"y consists o1 1i e APIs inc"uding A98 and %+ing. 8$e t$ree ot$er APIs are Ja a2D3 Accessibi"ity3 and Drag and Dro&. A"" t$ese APIs assist de e"o&ers in designing and im&"ementing isua""yCen$anced a&&"ications. #ot$ A98 and %+ing &ro ides 52I com&onents t$at can be used in creating Ja a a&&"ications and a&&"ets. Jou +i"" "earn about a&&"ets in a "atter section. 2n"i,e some A98 com&onents t$at use nati e code3 %+ing is +ritten entire"y using t$e Ja a &rogramming "anguage. As a resu"t3 %+ing &ro ides a &"at1ormCinde&endent im&"ementation ensuring t$at a&&"ications de&"oyed across di11erent &"at1orms $a e t$e same a&&earance. A983 $o+e er3 does ensure t$at t$e "oo, and 1ee" o1 an a&&"ication run on t+o di11erent mac$ines be com&arab"e. 8$e %+ing API is bui"t around a number o1 APIs t$at im&"ement arious &arts o1 t$e A98. As a resu"t3 A98 com&onents can sti"" be used +it$ %+ing com&onents.
!.3 A41 .8( Co*ponents

!.3.1 ;unda*ental 4indo3 Classes
In de e"o&ing 52I a&&"ications3 t$e 52I com&onents suc$ as buttons or te=t 1ie"ds are &"aced in containers. 8$ese are t$e "ist o1 im&ortant container c"asses &ro ided in t$e A98.
Page //
J.E.D.I.
A41 Class 4om&onent 4ontainer Pane" 9indo+ !rame
Description An abstract c"ass 1or obBects t$at can be dis&"ayed on t$e conso"e and interact +it$ t$e user. 8$e root o1 a"" ot$er A98 c"asses. An abstract subc"ass o1 t$e -omponent c"ass. A com&onent t$at can contain ot$er com&onents. E=tends t$e -ontainer c"ass. A 1rame or +indo+ +it$out t$e tit"ebar3 t$e menubar nor t$e border. %u&erc"ass o1 t$e /pplet c"ass. A"so e=tends -ontainer c"ass. A to&C"e e" +indo+3 +$ic$ means t$at it cannot be contained in any ot$er obBect. )as no borders and no menubar. E=tends t$e Kindow c"ass. A +indo+ +it$ a tit"e3 menubar3 border3 and resi*ing corners. )as 1our constructors3 t+o o1 +$ic$ $a e t$e 1o""o+ing signatures' Arame$% Arame$String title%
,a!le 1D: /K, -ontainer classes
8o set t$e si*e o1 t$e +indo+3 t$e o er"oaded set%i*e met$od is used. #oid setSi:e$int width0 int height% Resi*es t$is com&onent to t$e width and height &ro ided as &arameters. #oid setSi:e$Dimension d% Resi*es t$is com&onent to d.width and d.height based on t$e :imension d s&eci1ied. A +indo+ by de1au"t is not isib"e un"ess you set its 1or t$e set>isi!le met$od. #oid setXisible$boolean b% isibi"ity to true. )ere is t$e synta=
In designing 52I a&&"ications3 Frame obBects are usua""y used. )ereHs an e=am&"e o1 $o+ to create suc$ an a&&"ication. import 8a#a&awt&*" public class SampleArame e2tends Arame { public static #oid main$String args !% { SampleArame sf = new SampleArame$%" sf&setSi:e$3''0 3''%" 99.r) remo#ing this line sf&setXisible$true%" 99.r) remo#ing this line } } )ere is t$e e=&ected out&ut 1or running SampleFrame'
Figure F.1: $unning SampleFrame
7ote t$at t$e c"ose button o1 t$e 1rame doesnHt +or, yet because no e ent $and"ing
Introduction to Programming II Page /?
J.E.D.I.
mec$anism $as been added to t$e &rogram yet. JouH"" "earn about e ent $and"ing in t$e ne=t modu"e.
!.3.2 .raphics
%e era" gra&$ics met$od are 1ound in t$e Jraphics c"ass. )ere is t$e "ist o1 some o1 t$ese met$ods. dra+Fine;> 1i""Rect;> dra+Rect;> c"earRect;> dra+Po"y"ine;> dra+Po"ygon;> 1i""Po"ygon;> get4o"or;> set4o"or;> get!ont;> set!ont;> dra+%tring;>
,a!le 1E: Some methods of class Jraphics
Re"ated to t$is c"ass is t$e -olor c"ass3 +$ic$ $as t$ree constructors. Constructor ;or*at 4o"or;int r3 int g3 int b> 4o"or;int rgbVa"ue> Description Integer a"ue is 1rom 0 to 2((. Va"ue range 1rom 0 to 220C1 ;b"ac, to +$ite>. Red' bits 16C2. 5reen' bits /C1( #"ue' bits 0C6
,a!le 1F: -olor constructors
4o"or;1"oat r3 1"oat g3 1"oat b> !"oat a"ue is 1rom 0.0 to 1.0.
)ere is a sam&"e &rogram t$at uses some o1 t$e met$ods in t$e Jraphics c"ass. import 8a#a&awt&*" public class YraphicsPanel e2tends Panel { YraphicsPanel$% { setEac/ground$6olor&blac/%" 99constant in 6olor class } public #oid paint$Yraphics g% { g&set6olor$new 6olor$'04CC0'%%" 99green g&setAont$new Aont$=Hel#etica=0Aont&P;,B-03S%%" g&drawString$=Hello Y@B DorldI=0 >'0 3''%" g&set6olor$new 6olor$3&'f0'0'%%" 99red g&fillKect$>'0 3''0 3C'0 3'%" } public static #oid main$String args !% { Arame f = new Arame$=.esting Yraphics Panel=%" YraphicsPanel gp = new YraphicsPanel$%" f&add$gp%" f&setSi:e$S''0 >''%" f&setXisible$true%" } }
Introduction to Programming II Page ?0
J.E.D.I.
!or a &ane" to become isib"e3 it s$ou"d be &"aced inside a isib"e +indo+ "i,e a 1rame. Running t$e gi en code gi es t$e 1o""o+ing e=&ected out&ut'
Figure F.;: $unning Jraphics1anel
Page ?1
J.E.D.I.
!.3.3 More A41 Co*ponents

)ere is a "ist o1 A98 contro"s. 4ontro"s are com&onents suc$ as buttons or te=t 1ie"ds t$at a""o+ t$e user to interact +it$ a 52I a&&"ication. 8$ese are a"" subc"asses o1 t$e -omponent c"ass. Fabe" 8e=t!ie"d 8e=tArea #utton 4$ec,bo= 4$ec,bo=5rou&
,a!le 1H: /K, -omponents
4$oice Fist %cro""bar
8$e 1o""o+ing &rogram creates a 1rame +it$ contro"s contained in it. import 8a#a&awt&*" class ArameD6ontrols e2tends Arame { public static #oid main$String args !% { ArameD6ontrols fwc = new ArameD6ontrols$%" fwc&set;a)out$new Alow;a)out$%%" 99more on this later fwc&setSi:e$S''0 S''%" fwc&add$new Eutton$=.est 1eI=%%" fwc&add$new ;abel$=;abe=%%" fwc&add$new .e2tAield$%%" 6hec/bo2Yroup cbg = new 6hec/bo2Yroup$%" fwc&add$new 6hec/bo2$=ch/3=0 cbg0 true%%" fwc&add$new 6hec/bo2$=ch/4=0 cbg0 false%%" fwc&add$new 6hec/bo2$=ch/>=0 cbg0 false%%" ;ist list = new ;ist$>0 false%" list&add$=1.X=%" list&add$=X=%" fwc&add$list%" 6hoice chooser = new 6hoice$%" chooser&add$=,#ril=%" chooser&add$=1onica=%" chooser&add$=Eritne)=%" fwc&add$chooser%" fwc&add$new Scrollbar$%%" fwc&setXisible$true%" } }
Page ?2
J.E.D.I.
)ere is a sam&"e screen s$ot o1 running FrameK-ontrols'
Page ?.
J.E.D.I.
Figure F.A: $unning FrameK-ontrols
Page ?0
J.E.D.I.
!.4 ?a)out Managers

8$e &osition and si*e o1 t$e com&onents +it$in eac$ container is determined by t$e "ayout manager. 8$e "ayout managers go erns t$e "ayout o1 t$e com&onents in t$e container. 8$ese are some o1 t$e "ayout managers inc"uded in Ja a. 1. !"o+Fayout 2. #orderFayout .. 5ridFayout 0. 5rid#agFayout (. 4ardFayout 6. 8$e "ayout manager can be set using t$e set6ayout met$od o1 t$e -ontainer c"ass. 8$e met$od $as t$e 1o""o+ing signature. #oid set;a)out$;a)out1anager mgr% I1 you &re1er not to use any "ayout manager at a""3 you &ass nu"" as an argument to t$is met$od. #ut t$en3 you +ou"d $a e to &osition t$e e"ements manua""y +it$ t$e use o1 t$e set9ounds met$od o1 t$e -omponent c"ass. public #oid setEounds$int 20 int )0 int width0 int height% 8$e met$od contro"s t$e &osition based on t$e arguments x and y3 and t$e si*e based on t$e s&eci1ied width and height. 8$is +ou"d be -uite di11icu"t and tedious to &rogram i1 you $a e se era" -omponent obBects +it$in t$e -ontainer obBect. JouH"" $a e to ca"" t$is met$od 1or eac$ com&onent. In t$is section3 youH"" "earn about t$e 1irst t$ree "ayout managers.
!.4.1 1he ;lo3?a)out Manager

8$e Flow6ayout is t$e de1au"t manager 1or t$e 1anel c"ass and its subc"asses3 inc"uding t$e /pplet c"ass. It &ositions t$e com&onents in a "e1t to rig$t and to& to bottom manner3 starting at t$e u&&erC"e1t$and corner. Imagine $o+ you ty&e using a &articu"ar +ord editor. 8$is is $o+ t$e Flow6ayout manager +or,s. It $as t$ree constructors +$ic$ are as "isted be"o+. ;lo3?a)out Constructors Alow;a)out$% 4reates a ne+ !"o+Fayout obBect +it$ t$e center a"ignment and (Cunit $ori*onta" and ertica" ga& a&&"ied to t$e com&onents by de1au"t. Alow;a)out$int align% 4reates a ne+ !"o+Fayout obBect +it$ t$e s&eci1ied a"ignment and t$e de1au"t (Cunit $ori*onta" and ertica" ga& a&&"ied to t$e com&onents. Alow;a)out$int align0 int hgap0 int #gap% 4reates a ne+ !"o+Fayout obBect +it$ t$e 1irst argument as t$e a"ignment a&&"ied and t$e hgapCunit $ori*onta" and gapCunit ertica" ga& a&&"ied to t$e com&onents.
,a!le 1I: Flow6ayout constructors
8$e ga& re1ers to t$e s&acing bet+een t$e com&onents and is measured in &i=e"s. 8$e
Introduction to Programming II Page ?(
J.E.D.I.
a"ignment argument s$ou"d be one o1 t$e 1o""o+ing' 1. !"o+Fayout.FE!8 2. !"o+Fayout.4E78ER .. !"o+Fayout.RI5)8 9$at is t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 t$e 1o""o+ing &rogramD import 8a#a&awt&*" class Alow;a)outDemo e2tends Arame { public static #oid main$String args !% { Alow;a)outDemo fld = new Alow;a)outDemo$%" fld&set;a)out$new Alow;a)out$Alow;a)out&KBYH.0 3'0 3'%%" fld&add$new Eutton$=7-<=%%" fld&add$new Eutton$=.D7=%%" fld&add$new Eutton$=.HK<<=%%" fld&setSi:e$3''0 3''%" fld&setXisible$true%" } } %$o+n be"o+ is a sam&"e out&ut running on 9indo+s &"at1orm.
Figure F.2: $unning Flow6ayout:emo
Page ?6
J.E.D.I.
!.4.2 1he <order?a)out Manager

8$e #orderFayout di ides t$e -ontainer into 1i e &artsC nort$3 sout$3 east3 +est and t$e center. Eac$ com&onents is added to a s&eci1ic region. 8$e nort$ and sout$ regions stretc$ $ori*onta""y +$ereas t$e east and +est regions adBust ertica""y. 8$e center region3 on t$e ot$er $and3 adBusts in bot$ $ori*onta""y and ertica""y. 8$is "ayout is t$e de1au"t 1or Kindow obBects3 inc"uding obBects o1 KindowHs subc"asses Frame and :ialog ty&e. <order?a)out Constructors Eorder;a)out$% 4reates a ne+ #orderFayout obBect +it$ no s&acing a&&"ied among t$e di11erent com&onents. Eorder;a)out$int hgap0 int #gap% 4reates a ne+ #orderFayout obBect +it$ hgapCunit $ori*onta" and #gapCunit s&acing a&&"ied among t$e di11erent com&onents.
,a!le ;": 9order6ayout constructors
Fi,e in t$e Flow6ayout manager3 t$e &arameters hgap and #gap $ere a"so re1ers to t$e s&acing bet+een t$e com&onents +it$in t$e container. 8o add a com&onent to a s&eci1ied region3 use t$e add met$od and &ass t+o arguments' t$e com&onent to add and t$e region +$ere t$e com&onent is to be &ositioned. 7ote t$at on"y one com&onent can be &"aced in one region. Adding more t$an one com&onent to a &articu"ar container resu"ts in dis&"aying on"y t$e "ast com&onent added. 8$e 1o""o+ing "ist gi es t$e a"id regions are &rede1ined 1ie"ds in t$e 9order6ayout c"ass. 1. 2. .. 0. (. #orderFayout.7OR8) #orderFayout.%O28) #orderFayout.EA%8 #orderFayout.9E%8 #orderFayout.4E78ER
)ere is a sam&"e &rogram demonstrating $o+ t$e 9order6ayout +or,s. import 8a#a&awt&*" class Eorder;a)outDemo e2tends Arame { public static #oid main$String args !% { Eorder;a)outDemo bld = new Eorder;a)outDemo$%" bld&set;a)out$new Eorder;a)out$3'0 3'%%" 99ma) remo#e bld&add$new Eutton$=-7K.H=%0 Eorder;a)out&-7K.H%" bld&add$new Eutton$=S7@.H=%0 Eorder;a)out&S7@.H%" bld&add$new Eutton$=<,S.=%0 Eorder;a)out&<,S.%" bld&add$new Eutton$=D<S.=%0 Eorder;a)out&D<S.%" bld&add$new Eutton$=6<-.<K=%0 Eorder;a)out&6<-.<K%" bld&setSi:e$4''0 4''%" bld&setXisible$true%" } } )ere is a sam&"e out&ut o1 t$is &rogram. 8$e second 1igure s$o+s t$e e11ect o1 resi*ing
Introduction to Programming II Page ?6
J.E.D.I.
t$e 1rame.
Page ?/
J.E.D.I. Figure F.D: $unning 9order6ayout:emo
!.4.3 1he .rid?a)out Manager

9it$ t$e Jrid6ayout manager3 com&onents are a"so &ositioned 1rom "e1t to rig$t and to& to bottom as in t$e Flow6ayout manager. In addition to t$is3 t$e Jrid6ayout manager di ides t$e container into a number o1 ro+s and co"umns. A"" t$ese regions are e-ua""y si*ed. It a"+ays ignores t$e com&onentHs &re1erred si*e. 8$e 1o""o+ing is t$e a ai"ab"e constructors 1or t$e Jrid6ayout c"ass. .rid?a)out Constructors Yrid;a)out$% 4reates a ne+ 5ridFayout obBect +it$ a sing"e ro+ and a sing"e co"umn by de1au"t. Yrid;a)out$int rows0 int cols% 4reates a ne+ 5ridFayout obBect +it$ t$e s&eci1ied number o1 ro+s and co"umns. Yrid;a)out$int rows0 int cols0 int hgap0 int #gap% 4reates a ne+ 5ridFayout obBect +it$ t$e s&eci1ied number o1 ro+s and co"umns. hgapC unit $ori*onta" and gapCunit ertica" s&acings are a&&"ied to t$e com&onents.
,a!le ;1: Jrid6ayout constructors
8ry out t$is &rogram. import 8a#a&awt&*" class Yrid;a)outDemo e2tends Arame { public static #oid main$String args !% { Yrid;a)outDemo gld = new Yrid;a)outDemo$%" gld&set;a)out$new Yrid;a)out$40 >0 ?0 ?%%" gld&add$new Eutton$=7-<=%%" gld&add$new Eutton$=.D7=%%" gld&add$new Eutton$=.HK<<=%%" gld&add$new Eutton$=A7@K=%%" gld&add$new Eutton$=ABX<=%%" gld&setSi:e$4''0 4''%" gld&setXisible$true%" } } 8$is is t$e out&ut o1 t$e &rogram. Obser e t$e e11ect o1 resi*ing t$e 1rame.
Page ??
J.E.D.I.
Figure F.E: $unning Jrid6ayout:emo
!.4.4 "anels and Co*ple5 ?a)outs

8o create more com&"e= "ayouts3 you can combine t$e di11erent "ayout managers +it$ t$e use o1 &ane"s. Remember t$at a 1anel is a -ontainer and a -omponent at t$e same time. Jou can insert -omponents into t$e 1anel and t$en add t$e 1anel to a s&eci1ied region in t$e -ontainer.
Obser e t$e tec$ni-ue used in t$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e. import 8a#a&awt&*" class 6omple2;a)out e2tends Arame { public static #oid main$String args !% { 6omple2;a)out cl = new 6omple2;a)out$%" Panel panel-orth = new Panel$%" Panel panel6enter = new Panel$%" Panel panelSouth = new Panel$%" 9* -orth Panel *9 99Panels use Alow;a)out b) default panel-orth&add$new Eutton$=7-<=%%" panel-orth&add$new Eutton$=.D7=%%" panel-orth&add$new Eutton$=.HK<<=%%" 9* 6enter Panel *9 panel6enter&set;a)out$new Yrid;a)out$?0?%%" panel6enter&add$new .e2tAield$=3st=%%" panel6enter&add$new .e2tAield$=4nd=%%" panel6enter&add$new .e2tAield$=>rd=%%" panel6enter&add$new .e2tAield$=?th=%%" 9* South Panel *9 panelSouth&set;a)out$new Eorder;a)out$%%"
J.E.D.I.
panelSouth&add$new 6hec/bo2$=6hoose meI=%0 Eorder;a)out&6<-.<K%" panelSouth&add$new 6hec/bo2$=BQm hereI=%0 Eorder;a)out&<,S.%" panelSouth&add$new 6hec/bo2$=Pic/ meI=%0 Eorder;a)out&D<S.%" 9* ,dding the Panels to the Arame container *9 99Arames use Eorder;a)out b) default cl&add$panel-orth0 Eorder;a)out&-7K.H%" cl&add$panel6enter0 Eorder;a)out&6<-.<K%" cl&add$panelSouth0 Eorder;a)out&S7@.H%" cl&setSi:e$>''0>''%" cl&setXisible$true%"
)ere is t$e out&ut o1 t$e &rogram.
Page 101
J.E.D.I. Figure F.F: $unning -omplex6ayout
!.5 -3ing .8( Co*ponents

Fi,e t$e A98 &ac,age3 t$e %+ing &ac,age &ro ides c"asses 1or creating 52I a&&"ications. 8$e &ac,age is 1ound in <a#ax.swing. 8$e main di11erence bet+een t$ese t+o is t$at %+ing com&onents are +ritten entire"y using Ja a +$ereas t$e "atter is not. As a resu"t3 52I &rograms +ritten using c"asses 1rom t$e %+ing &ac,age $a e t$e same "oo, and 1ee" e en +$en e=ecuted on di11erent &"at1orms. Moreo er3 %+ing &ro ides more interesting com&onents suc$ as t$e co"or c$ooser and t$e o&tion &ane. 8$e names o1 t$e %+ing 52I com&onents are a"most simi"ar to t$at o1 t$e A98 52I com&onents. An ob ious di11erence is in t$e naming con entions o1 t$e com&onents. #asica""y3 t$e name o1 %+ing com&onents are Bust t$e name o1 A98 com&onents but +it$ an additiona" &re1i= o1 J. !or e=am&"e3 one com&onent in A98 is t$e 9utton c"ass. 8$e corres&onding com&onent 1or t$is in t$e %+ing &ac,age is t$e G9utton c"ass. Pro ided be"o+ is t$e "ist o1 some o1 t$e %+ing 52I com&onents.
-3ing Co*ponent J4om&onent J#utton J4$ec,#o= J!i"e4$ooser J8e=t!ie"d J!rame
Description 8$e root c"ass 1or a"" %+ing com&onents3 e=c"uding to&C"e e" containers. A I&us$I button. 4orres&onds to t$e 9utton c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age. An item t$at can be se"ected or dese"ected by t$e user. 4orres&onds to t$e -hec'!ox c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age. A""o+s user to se"ect a 1i"e. 4orres&onds to t$e File-hooser c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age. A""o+s 1or editing o1 a sing"eC"ine te=t. 4orres&onds to ,extField c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age. E=tends and corres&onds to t$e Frame c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age but t$e t+o are s"ig$t"y incom&atib"e in terms o1 adding com&onents to t$is container. 7eed to get t$e current content &ane be1ore adding a com&onent. E=tends G-omponent. A sim&"e container c"ass but not to&C"e e". 4orres&onds to 1anel c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age.
JPane"
Page 102
J.E.D.I.
-3ing Co*ponent JA&&"et
Description E=tends and corres&onds to t$e /pplet c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age. A"so s"ig$t"y incom&atib"e +it$ t$e /pplet c"ass in terms o1 adding com&onents to t$is container. E=tends G-omponent. Pro ides an easy +ay o1 dis&"aying &o&Cu& dia"og bo=. E=tends and corres&onds to t$e :ialog c"ass in t$e A98 &ac,age. 2sua""y used to in1orm t$e user o1 somet$ing or &rom&t t$e user 1or an in&ut.
JO&tionPane JDia"og
J4o"or4$ooser E=tends G-omponent. A""o+ t$e user to se"ect a co"or.

,a!le ;;: Some Swing components
!or t$e com&"ete "ist o1 %+ing com&onents3 &"ease re1er to t$e API documentation.
!.5.1 -etting 8p 1op-?evel Containers

As mentioned3 t$e to&C"e e" containers "i,e GFrame and G/pplet in %+ing are s"ig$t"y incom&atib"e +it$ t$ose in A98. 8$is is in terms o1 adding com&onents to t$e container. Instead o1 direct"y adding a com&onent to t$e container as in A98 containers3 you $a e to 1irst get t$e content &ane o1 t$e container. 8o do t$is3 youH"" $a e to use t$e get-ontent1ane met$od o1 t$e container.
!.5.2 A ,;ra*e %5a*ple

import 8a#a2&swing&*" import 8a#a&awt&*" class SwingDemo { RArame frame" RPanel panel" R.e2tAield te2tAield" REutton button" 6ontainer contentPane" #oid launchArame$% { 9* initiali:ation *9 frame = new RArame$=1) Airst Swing ,pplication=%" panel = new RPanel$%" te2tAield = new R.e2tAield$=Default te2t=%" button = new REutton$=6lic/ meI=%" contentPane = frame&get6ontentPane$%" 9* add components to panelN uses Alow;a)out b) default *9 panel&add$te2tAield%" panel&add$button%" 9* add components to contentPaneN uses Eorder;a)out *9 contentPane&add$panel0 Eorder;a)out&6<-.<K%" frame&pac/$%" 99causes si:e of frame to be based on the components frame&setXisible$true%" } public static #oid main$String args !% {
J.E.D.I.
SwingDemo sd = new SwingDemo$%" sd&launchArame$%"
7ote t$at t$e <a#a.awt &ac,age is sti"" im&orted because t$e "ayout managers in use are de1ined in t$is &ac,age. A"so3 gi ing a tit"e to t$e 1rame and &ac,ing t$e com&onents +it$in t$e 1rame is a&&"icab"e 1or A98 1rames too. Coding .uidelines/ 8!ser#e the coding style applied in this example as opposed to the examples for /K,. ,he components are declared as fields& a launchFrame method is defined& and initiali5ation and addition of components are all done in the launchFrame method. Ke no longer <ust extend the Frame class. ,he ad#antage of using this style would !ecome apparent when we get to e#ent handling. )ere is a sam&"e out&ut.
Figure F.H: $unning Swing:emo
!.5.3 A ,Option"ane %5a*ple

import 8a#a2&swing&*" class R7ptionPaneDemo { R7ptionPane optionPane" #oid launchArame$% { optionPane = new R7ptionPane$%" String name = optionPane&showBnputDialog$=Hi0 whatQs )our name5=%" optionPane&show1essageDialog$null0 =-ice to meet )ou0 = ( name ( =&=0 =Yreeting&&&=0 optionPane&P;,B-*1<SS,Y<%" S)stem&e2it$'%" } public static #oid main$String args !% { new R7ptionPaneDemo$%&launchArame$%" } } %ee $o+ easy it is as, in&ut 1rom t$e user. )ere is t$e sam&"e out&ut 1or t$e gi en &rogram.
Page 100
J.E.D.I.
Figure F.I: $unning G8ption1ane:emo
Page 10(
J.E.D.I.
+ 89I E(ent Hand&ing

$.1 Objectives
In t$is modu"e3 you +i"" "earn $o+ to $and"e e ents triggered +$en t$e user interacts +it$ your 52I a&&"ication. A1ter com&"eting t$is modu"e3 youH"" be ab"e to de e"o& 52I a&&"ications t$at res&onds to user interaction. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. Enumerate t$e de"egation e ent mode" com&onents 2. E=&"ain $o+ t$e de"egation e ent mode" +or,s .. 4reate 52I a&&"ications t$at interact +it$ t$e user 0. Discuss bene1its o1 ada&ter c"asses (. Discuss ad antages o1 using inner and anonymous c"asses
$.2 1he Delegation %vent Model

8$e De"egation e ent mode" describes $o+ your &rogram can res&ond to user interaction. 8o understand t$e mode"3 "et us 1irst study its t$ree im&ortant com&onents. 1. E ent %ource 8$e e ent source re1ers to t$e 52I com&onent t$at generates t$e e ent. !or e=am&"e3 i1 t$e user &resses a button3 t$e e ent source in t$is case is t$e button. 2. E ent FistenerA)and"er 8$e e ent "istener recei es ne+s o1 e ents and &rocesses userHs interaction. 9$en a button is &ressed3 t$e "istener may $and"e t$is by dis&"aying an in1ormation use1u" to t$e user. .. E ent ObBect 9$en an e ent occurs ;i.e.3 +$en t$e user interacts +it$ a 52I com&onent>3 an e ent obBect is created. 8$e obBect contains a"" t$e necessary in1ormation about t$e e ent t$at $as occurred. 8$e in1ormation inc"udes t$e ty&e o1 e ent t$at $as occurred3 say3 t$e mouse +as c"ic,ed. 8$ere are se era" e ent c"asses 1or t$e di11erent categories o1 user action. An e ent obBect $as a data ty&e o1 one o1 t$ese c"asses.
Page 106
J.E.D.I.
)ere no+ is t$e de"egation e ent mode".
Figure H.1: :elegation E#ent 0odel
Initia""y3 a "istener s$ou"d be registered +it$ a source so t$at it can recei e in1ormation about e ents t$at occur at t$e source. On"y registered "isteners can recei e noti1ications o1 e ents. Once registered3 a "istener sim&"y +aits unti" an e ent occurs. 9$en somet$ing $a&&ens at t$e e ent source3 an e ent obBect describing t$e e ent is created. 8$e e ent is t$en 1ired by t$e source to t$e registered "isteners. Once t$e "istener recei es an e ent obBect ;i.e.3 a noti1ication> 1rom t$e source3 it goes to +or,. It deci&$ers t$e noti1ication and &rocesses t$e e ent t$at occurred.
$.2.1 9egistration o+ ?isteners

8$e e ent source registers a "istener t$roug$ t$e add<,ype 6istener met$ods. #oid add<.)pe>;istener$<.)pe>;istener listener7b8% <,ype de&ends on t$e ty&e o1 e ent source. It can be ?ey3 0ouse3 Focus3 -omponent3 /ction and ot$ers. %e era" "isteners can register +it$ one e ent source to recei e e ent noti1ications.
J.E.D.I.
A registered "istener can a"so be unregistered using t$e remo#e<,ype 6istener met$ods. #oid remo#e<.)pe>;istener$<.)pe>;istener listener7b8%
$.3 %vent Classes

An e ent obBect $as an e ent c"ass as its re1erence data ty&e. At t$e root o1 e ent c"ass $eirarc$y is t$e E#ent8!<ect c"ass3 +$ic$ is 1ound in t$e <a#a.util &ac,age. An immediate subc"ass o1 t$e E#ent8!<ect c"ass is t$e /K,E#ent c"ass. 8$e /K,E#ent c"ass is de1ined in Ba a.a+t &ac,age. It is t$e root o1 a"" A98Cbased e ents. )ere are some o1 t$e A98 e ent c"asses.
%vent Class
Description
4om&onentE ent E=tends /K,E#ent. Instantiated +$en a com&onent is mo ed3 resi*ed3 made isib"e or $idden. In&utE ent ActionE ent ItemE ent @eyE ent MouseE ent E=tends -omponentE#ent. 8$e abstract root e ent c"ass 1or a"" com&onentC"e e" in&ut e ent c"asses. E=tends /K,E#ent. Instantiated +$en a button is &ressed3 a "ist item is doub"eCc"ic,ed3 or a menu item is se"ected. E=tends /K,E#ent. Instantiated +$en an item is se"ected or dese"ected by t$e user3 suc$ as in a "ist or a c$ec,bo=. E=tends InputE#ent. Instantiated +$en a ,ey is &ressed3 re"eased or ty&ed. E=tends InputE#ent. Instantiated +$en a mouse button is &ressed3 re"eased3 or c"ic,ed ;&ressed and re"eased>3 or +$en a mouse cursor enteres or e=its a isib"e &art o1 a com&onent. E=tends /K,E#ent. Instantiated +$en t$e te=t area is c$anged. a"ue o1 a te=t 1ie"d or a
8e=tE ent 9indo+E ent
E=tends -omponentE#ent. Instantiated +$en a Kindow obBect is o&ened3 c"osed3 acti ated3 deacti ated3 iconi1ied3 deiconi1ied3 or +$en 1ocus is trans1erred into or out o1 t$e +indo+.
,a!le ;A: E#ent classes
8a,e note t$at a"" /K,E#ent subc"asses 1o""o+ t$is naming con ention' <.)pe><#ent
Page 10/
J.E.D.I.
$.4 %vent ?isteners

E ent "isteners are Bust c"asses t$at im&"ement t$e <,ype 6istener inter1aces. 8$e 1o""o+ing tab"e s$o+s some o1 t$e "istener inter1aces common"y used. %vent ?isteners ActionFistener MouseFistener MouseMotionFistener 9indo+Fistener Recei es action e ents. Recei es mouse e ents. Recei es mouse motion e ents3 +$ic$ inc"ude dragging and mo ing t$e mouse. Recei es +indo+ e ents.
,a!le ;2: E#ent 6isteners
Description
$.4.1 Action?istener Method

8$e ActionFistener inter1ace contains on"y one met$od. Action?istener Method public #oid actionPerformed$,ction<#ent e% 4ontains t$e $and"er 1or t$e /ctionE#ent e t$at occurred.
,a!le ;D: ,he /ction6istener method
$.4.2 Mouse?istener Methods

8$ese are t$e 0ouse6istener met$ods t$at s$ou"d be o erriden by t$e im&"ementing c"ass. Mouse?istener Methods public #oid mouse6lic/ed$1ouse<#ent e% 4ontains t$e $and"er 1or t$e e ent +$en t$e mouse is c"ic,ed ;i.e.3 &ressed and re"eased>. public #oid mouse<ntered$1ouse<#ent e% 4ontains t$e code 1or $and"ing t$e case +$erein t$e mouse enters a com&onent. public #oid mouse<2ited$1ouse<#ent e% 4ontains t$e code 1or $and"ing t$e case +$erein t$e mouse e=its a com&onent. public #oid mousePressed$1ouse<#ent e% In o,ed +$en t$e mouse button is &ressed on a com&onent. public #oid mouseKeleased$1ouse<#ent e% In o,ed +$en t$e mouse button is re"eased on a com&onent.
,a!le ;E: ,he 0ouse6istener methods
Page 10?
J.E.D.I.
$.4.3 MouseMotion?istener Methods

8$e 0ouse0otion6istener $as t+o met$ods to be im&"emented. Mouse?istener Methods public #oid mouseDragged$1ouse<#ent e% 4ontains t$e code 1or $and"ing t$e case +$erein t$e mouse button is &ressed on a com&onent and dragged. 4a""ed se era" times as t$e mouse is dragged. public #oid mouse1o#ed$1ouse<#ent e% 4ontains t$e code 1or $and"ing t$e case +$erein t$e mouse cursor is mo ed onto a com&onent3 +it$out t$e mouse button being &ressed. 4a""ed mu"ti&"e times as t$e mouse is mo ed.
,a!le ;F: ,he 0ouse0otion6istener methods
$.4.4 4indo3?istener Methods

8$ese are t$e met$ods o1 t$e Kindow6istener inter1ace. 4indo3?istener Methods public #oid window7pened$Dindow<#ent e% 4ontains t$e code 1or $and"ing t$e case +$en t$e Kindow obBect is o&ened ;i.e.3 made isib"e 1or t$e 1irst time>. public #oid window6losing$Dindow<#ent e% 4ontains t$e code 1or $and"ing t$e case +$en t$e user attem&ts to c"ose Kindow obBect 1rom t$e obBectHs system menu. public #oid window6losed$Dindow<#ent e% 4ontains t$e code 1or $and"ing t$e case +$en t$e Kindow obBect +as c"osed a1ter ca""ing dis&ose ;i.e.3 re"ease o1 resources used by t$e source> on t$e obBect. public #oid window,cti#ated$Dindow<#ent e% In o,ed +$en a Kindow obBect is t$e acti e +indo+ ;i.e.3 t$e +indo+ in use>. public #oid windowDeacti#ated$Dindow<#ent e% In o,ed +$en a Kindow obBect is no "onger t$e acti e +indo+. public #oid windowBconified$Dindow<#ent e% 4a""ed +$en a Kindow obBect is minimi*ed. public #oid windowDeiconified$Dindow<#ent e% 4a""ed +$en a Kindow obBect re erts 1rom a minimi*ed to a norma" state.
,a!le ;H: ,he Kindow6istener methods
$.4.5 .uidelines +or Creating Applications 7andling .8( %vents

8$ese are t$e ste&s you need to remember +$en creating a 52I a&&"ication +it$ e ent $and"ing.
J.E.D.I.
1. 4reate a c"ass t$at describes and dis&"ays t$e a&&earance o1 your 52I a&&"ication. 2. 4reate a c"ass t$at im&"ements t$e a&&ro&riate "istener inter1ace. 8$is c"ass may re1er to t$e same c"ass as in t$e 1irst ste&. .. In t$e im&"ementing c"ass3 o erride AFF met$ods o1 t$e a&&ro&riate "istener inter1ace. Describe in eac$ met$od $o+ you +ou"d "i,e t$e e ent to be $and"ed. Jou may gi e em&ty im&"ementations 1or met$ods you donHt +ant to $and"e. 0. Register t$e "istener obBect3 t$e instantiation o1 t$e "istener c"ass in ste& 23 +it$ t$e source com&onent using t$e add<,ype 6istener met$od.
$.4.
Mouse %vents %5a*ple
import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&awt&e#ent&*" public class 1ouse<#entsDemo e2tends Arame implements 1ouse;istener0 1ouse1otion;istener { .e2tAield tf" public 1ouse<#entsDemo$String title%{ super$title%" tf = new .e2tAield$S'%" add1ouse;istener$this%" } public #oid launchArame$% { 9* ,dd components to the frame *9 add$tf0 Eorder;a)out&S7@.H%" setSi:e$>''0>''%" setXisible$true%" } public #oid mouse6lic/ed$1ouse<#ent me% { String msg = =1ouse clic/ed&=" tf&set.e2t$msg%" } public #oid mouse<ntered$1ouse<#ent me% { String msg = =1ouse entered component&=" tf&set.e2t$msg%" } public #oid mouse<2ited$1ouse<#ent me% { String msg = =1ouse e2ited component&=" tf&set.e2t$msg%" } public #oid mousePressed$1ouse<#ent me% { String msg = =1ouse pressed&=" tf&set.e2t$msg%" } public #oid mouseKeleased$1ouse<#ent me% { String msg = =1ouse released&=" tf&set.e2t$msg%" } public #oid mouseDragged$1ouse<#ent me% { String msg = =1ouse dragged at = ( me&getV$% ( =0= ( me&getP$%" tf&set.e2t$msg%" } public #oid mouse1o#ed$1ouse<#ent me% { String msg = =1ouse mo#ed at = ( me&getV$% ( =0= ( me&getP$%" tf&set.e2t$msg%"
J.E.D.I.
} public static #oid main$String args !% { 1ouse<#entsDemo med = new 1ouse<#entsDemo$=1ouse <#ents Demo=%" med&launchArame$%" }
)ere are some screen s$ots o1 0ouseE#ents:emo'
Figure H.;: $unning 0ouseE#ents:emo
Figure H.A: $unning 0ouseE#ents:emo: 0ouse enters the Frame Introduction to Programming II Page 112
J.E.D.I.
Figure H.2: $unning 0ouseE#ents:emo: 0ouse exits the Frame
Page 11.
J.E.D.I.
$.4.! Close 4indo3 %5a*ple

import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&awt&e#ent&*" class 6loseArame e2tends Arame implements Dindow;istener { ;abel label" 6loseArame$String title% { super$title%" label = new ;abel$=6lose the frame&=%" this&addDindow;istener$this%" } #oid launchArame$% { setSi:e$>''0>''%" setXisible$true%" } public #oid window,cti#ated$Dindow<#ent e% { } public #oid window6losed$Dindow<#ent e% { } public #oid window6losing$Dindow<#ent e% { setXisible$false%" S)stem&e2it$'%" } public #oid windowDeacti#ated$Dindow<#ent e% { } public #oid windowDeiconified$Dindow<#ent e% { } public #oid windowBconified$Dindow<#ent e% { } public #oid window7pened$Dindow<#ent e% { } public static #oid main$String args !% { 6loseArame cf = new 6loseArame$=6lose Dindow <2ample=%" cf&launchArame$%" } }
Page 110
J.E.D.I.
Running t$is &rogram sim&"y dis&"ays a 1rame "i,e t$e 1o""o+ing screen s$ot'
Figure H.D: $unning -loseFrame
Page 11(
J.E.D.I.
$.5 Adapter Classes

Im&"ementing a"" met$ods o1 an inter1ace ta,es a "ot o1 +or,. More o1ten t$an not3 you are interested in im&"ementing some met$ods o1 t$e inter1ace on"y. !ortunate"y3 Ja a &ro ides us +it$ ada&ter c"asses t$at im&"ement a"" met$ods o1 eac$ "istener inter1ace +it$ more t$an one met$od. 8$e im&"ementations o1 t$e met$ods are a"" em&ty.
$.5.1 Close 4indo3 %5a*ple

import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&awt&e#ent&*" class 6loseArame e2tends Arame{ ;abel label" 6A;istener w = new 6A;istener$this%" 6loseArame$String title% { super$title%" label = new ;abel$=6lose the frame&=%" this&addDindow;istener$w%" } #oid launchArame$% { setSi:e$>''0>''%" setXisible$true%" } public static #oid main$String args !% { 6loseArame cf = new 6loseArame$=6lose Dindow <2ample=%" cf&launchArame$%" }
class 6A;istener e2tends Dindow,dapter{ 6loseArame ref" 6A;istener$ 6loseArame ref %{ this&ref = ref" } public #oid window6losing$Dindow<#ent e% { ref&dispose$%" S)stem&e2it$3%"
Page 116
J.E.D.I.
$.
(nner Classes and Anon)*ous (nner Classes
8$is section gi es you a re ie+ o1 a conce&t youH e a"ready "earned in your 1irst &rogramming course. Inner c"asses and anonymous inner c"asses are ery use1u" in 52I e ent $and"ing.
$. .1 (nner Classes
)ere is a brie1 re1res$er on inner c"asses. An inner c"ass3 as its name im&"ies3 is a c"ass dec"ared +it$in anot$er c"ass. 8$e use o1 inner c"asses +ou"d $e"& you sim&"i1y your &rograms3 es&ecia""y in e ent $and"ing as s$o+n in t$e succeeding e=am&"e.
$. .2 Close 4indo3 %5a*ple

import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&awt&e#ent&*" class 6loseArame e2tends Arame{ ;abel label" 6loseArame$String title% { super$title%" label = new ;abel$=6lose the frame&=%" this&addDindow;istener$new 6A;istener$%%" } #oid launchArame$% { setSi:e$>''0>''%" setXisible$true%" } class 6A;istener e2tends Dindow,dapter { public #oid window6losing$Dindow<#ent e% { dispose$%" S)stem&e2it$3%" } } public static #oid main$String args !% { 6loseArame cf = new 6loseArame$=6lose Dindow <2ample=%" cf&launchArame$%" }
Page 116
J.E.D.I.
$. .3 Anon)*ous (nner Classes

7o+3 anonymous inner c"asses are unnamed inner c"asses. 2se o1 anonymous inner c"asses +ou"d 1urt$er sim&"i1y your codes. )ere is a modi1ication o1 t$e e=am&"e in t$e &receding section.
$. .4 Close 4indo3 %5a*ple

import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&awt&e#ent&*" class 6loseArame e2tends Arame{ ;abel label" 6loseArame$String title% { super$title%" label = new ;abel$=6lose the frame&=%" this&addDindow;istener$new Dindow,dapter$% { public #oid window6losing$Dindow<#ent e%{ dispose$%" S)stem&e2it$3%" } }%" } #oid launchArame$% { setSi:e$>''0>''%" setXisible$true%" } public static #oid main$String args !% { 6loseArame cf = new 6loseArame$=6lose Dindow <2ample=%" cf&launchArame$%" }
Page 11/
J.E.D.I.
: Threads
&.1 Objectives
JouH e been accustomed to &rograms t$at e=ecute se-uentia""y. A se-uentia" &rogram re1ers to a &rogram t$at $as one 1"o+ o1 e=ecution. It $as a a starting &oint o1 e=ecution3 an e=ecution se-uence3 and an end. During runtime3 t$ere is e=act"y a sing"e &rocess being e=ecuted. )o+e er3 in rea" +or"d situations3 t$ere is a need to $and"e concurrent &rocesses. 8$ese are &rocesses running at t$e same time. 8$is is +$ere t$reads come in. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. De1ine +$at t$reads are 2. Enumerate t$e di11erent t$read states .. E=&"ain t$e conce&t o1 &riorities in t$reads 0. 2se t$e met$ods in t$e ,hread c"ass 0. 4reate your o+n t$reads (. 2se sync$roni*ation 1or concurrent"y running t$reads t$at are de&endent on eac$ ot$er 6. A""o+ t$reads to communicate +it$ ot$er concurrent"y running t$reads 6. 2se t$e concurrency uti"ities
&.2 1hread De+inition and <asics

&.2.1 1hread De+inition
A t$read re1ers to a sing"e se-uentia" 1"o+ o1 contro" +it$in a &rogram. !or sim&"icity3 t$in, o1 t$reads as &rocesses being e=ecuted +it$in t$e conte=t o1 a certain &rogram. 4onsider modern o&erating systems t$at a""o+ you to run mu"ti&"e &rograms at once. 9$i"e ty&ing a document on your com&uter using a te=t editor3 you can "isten to music at t$e same time and sur1 t$roug$ t$e net on your P4. 8$e o&erating system insta""ed in your com&uter a""o+s mu"titas,ing. Fi,e+ise3 a &rogram ;ana"ogous to your P4> can a"so e=ecute se era" &rocesses ;ana"ogous to t$e di11erent a&&"ications you run on your P4> simu"taneous"y. An e=am&"e o1 suc$ an a&&"ication is t$e )otJa a +eb bro+ser3 +$ic$ a""o+s you to bro+se t$roug$ a &age +$i"e do+n"oading some obBect suc$ as an image3 or &"ay animation and a"so audio 1i"es at t$e same time.
Page 11?
J.E.D.I. Figure I.1: ,hreads
&.2.2 1hread -tates

A t$read can in one o1 se era" &ossib"e states' 1. Running 8$e t$read is current"y being e=ecuted and is in contro" o1 t$e 4P2. 2. Ready to run 8$e t$read can no+ be e=ecuted but is not yet gi en t$e c$ance to do so. .. Resumed A1ter being &re ious"y b"oc,edAsus&ended3 t$e state is no+ ready to run. 0. %us&ended A t$read o"untari"y gi es u& contro" o er t$e 4P2 to a""o+ ot$er t$reads to run. (. #"oc,ed A b"oc,ed t$read is one t$at is not ab"e to run because it is +aiting 1or a resource to be a ai"ab"e or an e ent to $a&&en.
&.2.3 "riorities
8o determine +$ic$ t$read recei es 4P2 contro" and gets to be e=ecuted 1irst3 eac$ t$read is assigned a &riority. A &riority is an integer a"ue ranging 1rom 1 to 10. 8$e $ig$er t$e t$read &riority3 t$e "arger c$ance t$at t$e t$read gets to be e=ecuted 1irst. !or instance3 assume t$at t$ere are t+o t$reads and bot$ are ready to run. 8$e 1irst t$read is assigned a &riority o1 ( +$i"e t$e second t$read $as a &riority o1 10. %ay t$at t$e 1irst t$read is a"ready running +$en t$e second t$read comes in. 8$en3 t$e second t$read +ou"d recei e contro" o1 t$e 4P2 and gets to be e=ecuted since it $as a $ig$er &riority com&ared to t$e current"y running t$read. 8$is scenario is an e=am&"e o1 a conte=t s+itc$. A conte=t s+itc$ occurs +$en a t$read snatc$es t$e contro" o1 4P2 1rom anot$er t$read. 8$ere are se era" +ays on $o+ a conte=t s+itc$ may occur. One scenario is +$en a running t$read o"untari"y re"in-uis$es 4P2 contro" to gi e ot$er t$reads o&&ortunities to run. In t$is case3 t$e $ig$est &riority t$read t$at is ready to run recei es 4P2 contro". Anot$er +ay 1or conte=t s+itc$ to occur is +$en a running t$read is &reem&ted by a $ig$er &riority t$read as seen in t$e e=am&"e t$at +as Bust gi en. It may a"so be &ossib"e t$at +$en t$e 4P2 becomes a ai"ab"e3 t$ere is more t$an one $ig$est &riority t$read t$at is ready to run. !or deciding +$ic$ o1 t+o t$reads +it$ t$e same &riority recei es 4P2 contro" de&ends on t$e o&erating system. 9indo+s ?(A?/A78 uses timeCs"iced roundCrobin to $and"e t$is case. Eac$ t$read o1 same &riority is gi en a "imited amount o1 time to e=ecute be1ore &assing t$e 4P2 contro" to ot$er t$reads o1 e-ua" &riority. On t$e ot$er $and3 %o"aris a""o+s a t$read to e=ecute unti" it com&"etes its +or, or unti" it o"untari"y re"in-uis$es 4P2 contro".
Page 120
J.E.D.I.
&.3 1he 1hread Class

&.3.1 Constructor
8$e t$read $as eig$t constructors. Fet us $a e a -uic, "oo, at some o1 t$ese constructors. 1hread Constructors .hread$% 4reates a ne+ ,hread obBect. .hread$String name% 4reates a ne+ ,hread obBect +it$ t$e s&eci1ied name. .hread$Kunnable target% 4reates a ne+ ,hread obBect based on a $unna!le obBect. target re1ers to t$e obBect +$ose run met$od is ca""ed. .hread$Kunnable target0 String name% 4reates a ne+ ,hread obBect +it$ t$e s&eci1ied name and based on a $unna!le obBect.
,a!le ;I: ,hread constructors
&.3.2 Constants
8$e ,hread c"ass a"so &ro ides constants 1or &riority 1ie"d summary o1 t$e ,hread c"ass. 1hread Constants public final static int 1,V*PKB7KB.P 8$e ma=imum &riority a"ue3 10. public final static int 1B-*PKB7KB.P 8$e minimum &riority a"ue3 1. public final static int -7K1*PKB7KB.P 8$e de1au"t &riority a"ue3 (.
,a!le A": ,hread constants
a"ues. 8$e 1o""o+ing tab"e gi es a
&.3.3 Methods
7o+3 t$ese are some o1 t$e met$ods &ro ided in t$e ,hread c"ass. 1hread Methods public static .hread current.hread$% Returns a re1erence to t$e t$read t$at is current"y running. public final String get-ame$% Returns t$e name o1 t$is t$read. public final #oid set-ame$String name%
J.E.D.I.
1hread Methods Renames t$e t$read to t$e s&eci1ied argument name. May t$ro+ SecurityException. public final int getPriorit)$% Returns t$e &riority assigned to t$is t$read. public final boolean is,li#e$% Indicates +$et$er t$is t$read is running or not. public final #oid 8oin$ long millis0 int nanos!!% An o er"oaded met$od. 8$e current"y running t$read +ou"d $a e to +ait unti" t$is t$read dies ;i1 no &arameter is s&eci1ied>3 or unti" t$e s&eci1ied time is u&. public static #oid sleep$long millis% %us&ends t$e t$read 1or millis amount o1 time. May t$ro+ InterruptedException. public #oid run$% 8$read e=ecution begins +it$ t$is met$od. public #oid start$% 4auses t$read e=ecution to begin by ca""ing t$e run met$od.
,a!le A1: ,hread methods
&.3.4 A 1hread %5a*ple

Jour 1irst t$read e=am&"e is a sim&"e counter. import 8a#a2&swing&*" import 8a#a&awt&*" class 6ountDownY@B e2tends RArame { R;abel label" 6ountDownY@B$String title% { super$title%" label = new R;abel$=Start countI=%" setDefault6lose7peration$RArame&<VB.*7-*6;7S<%" get6ontentPane$%&add$new Panel$%0 Eorder;a)out&D<S.%" get6ontentPane$%&add$label%" setSi:e$>''0>''%" setXisible$true%" } #oid start6ount$% { tr) { for $int i = 3'" i > '" iLL% { .hread&sleep$3'''%" label&set.e2t$i ( ==%" } .hread&sleep$3'''%" label&set.e2t$=6ount down complete&=%" .hread&sleep$3'''%" } catch $Bnterrupted<2ception ie% { } label&set.e2t$.hread&current.hread$%&toString$%%" } public static #oid main$String args !% { 6ountDownY@B cdg = new 6ountDownY@B$=6ount down Y@B=%"
J.E.D.I.
cdg&start6ount$%"
8$e -ount:ownJui &rogram sim&"y counts do+n 1rom 10 to 1 and t$en &rints in1ormation about t$e current"y running t$read. )ere are some screen s$ots 1rom running t$e code.
Figure I.;: -ount:ownJui Screen shots
&.4 Creating 1hreads

8$reads can eit$er be created by e=tending t$e ,hread c"ass or by im&"ementing t$e $unna!le inter1ace.
Page 12.
J.E.D.I.
&.4.1 %5tending the 1hread Class

8$e ne=t e=am&"e is a userCde1ined ,hread c"ass t$at &rints t$e name o1 a t$read obBect 1or 100 times. class Print-ame.hread e2tends .hread { Print-ame.hread$String name% { super$name%" start$%" 99runs the thread once instantiated } public #oid run$% { String name = get-ame$%" for $int i = '" i < 3''" i((% { S)stem&out&print$name%" } } } class .est.hread { public static #oid Print-ame.hread Print-ame.hread Print-ame.hread Print-ame.hread } } main$String args !% { pnt3 = new Print-ame.hread$=,=%" pnt4 = new Print-ame.hread$=E=%" pnt> = new Print-ame.hread$=6=%" pnt? = new Print-ame.hread$=D=%"
Obser e t$at t$e re1erence ariab"es pnt13 pnt;3 pntA3 and pnt2 are sim&"y used once. !or t$is a&&"ication3 t$ere is rea""y no need to use ariab"es to re1er to eac$ t$read. Jou can re&"ace t$e body o1 t$e main met$od +it$ t$e 1o""o+ing statements' new new new new Print-ame.hread$=,=%" Print-ame.hread$=E=%" Print-ame.hread$=6=%" Print-ame.hread$=D=%"
8$e &rogram &roduces di11erent out&uts 1or eac$ run. )ere is a sam&"e out&ut. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D, E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D ,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6 D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6D,E6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6 DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6 DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6DE6D
&.4.2 (*ple*enting the 9unnable (nter+ace

Anot$er +ay o1 creating userCde1ined t$reads is to im&"ement t$e $unna!le inter1ace. 8$e on"y met$od t$at t$e $unna!le inter1ace re-uires you to im&"ement is t$e run met$od. 8$in, o1 t$e run met$od as t$e main met$od o1 t$e t$reads you create. 8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e is simi"ar to t$e "ast e=am&"e you studies but uses t$e second +ay o1 creating t$reads instead. class Print-ame.hread implements Kunnable { .hread thread" Print-ame.hread$String name% { thread = new .hread$this0 name%" thread&start$%"
J.E.D.I.
} public #oid run$% { String name = thread&get-ame$%" for $int i = '" i < 3''" i((% { S)stem&out&print$name%" } }
class .est.hread { public static #oid main$String args !% { new Print-ame.hread$=,=%" new Print-ame.hread$=E=%" new Print-ame.hread$=6=%" new Print-ame.hread$=D=%" } }
&.4.3 %5tending vs. (*ple*enting

O1 t$e t+o +ays o1 creating t$reads3 c$oosing bet+een t$ese t+o is a matter o1 taste. Im&"ementing t$e $unna!le inter1ace may ta,e more +or, since +e sti"" $a e to dec"are a ,hread obBect and ca"" t$e ,hread met$ods on t$is obBect. E=tending t$e ,hread c"ass3 $o+e er3 +ou"d mean t$at your c"ass can no "onger e=tend any ot$er c"ass since Ja a &ro$ibits mu"ti&"e in$eritance. A tradeCo11 bet+een ease o1 im&"ementation and &ossibi"ity o1 e=tending t$e c"ass is made +it$ t$e sty"e you se"ected. 9eig$ out +$ic$ is more im&ortant to you because t$e c$oice is yours.
Page 12(
J.E.D.I.
&.4.4 An %5a*ple 8sing the join Method

7o+ t$at youH e "earned $o+ to create t$reads3 "etHs see $o+ t$e <oin met$od +or,s. 8$e e=am&"e be"o+ uses t$e ersion o1 t$e <oin met$od +it$out any argument. As a re ie+3 t$e met$od ;+$en ca""ed +it$ no argument> causes t$e current"y running t$read to +ait unti" t$e t$read t$at ca""s t$is met$od 1inis$es e=ecution. class Print-ame.hread implements Kunnable { .hread thread" Print-ame.hread$String name% { thread = new .hread$this0 name%" thread&start$%" } public #oid run$% { String name = thread&get-ame$%" for $int i = '" i < 3''" i((% { S)stem&out&print$name%" } } } class .est.hread { public static #oid main$String args !% { Print-ame.hread pnt3 = new Print-ame.hread$=,=%" Print-ame.hread pnt4 = new Print-ame.hread$=E=%" Print-ame.hread pnt> = new Print-ame.hread$=6=%" Print-ame.hread pnt? = new Print-ame.hread$=D=%" S)stem&out&println$=Kunning threads&&&=%" tr) { pnt3&thread&8oin$%" pnt4&thread&8oin$%" pnt>&thread&8oin$%" pnt?&thread&8oin$%" } catch $Bnterrupted<2ception ie% { } S)stem&out&println$=Wn.hreads /illed&=%" 99printed lastI } } 8ry running t$is &rogram yourse"1. 9$at $a e you noticedD 8$roug$ t$e <oin met$od ca""s3 +e are assured t$at t$e "ast statement is e=ecuted at t$e "ast &art. )ere is a sam&"e out&ut o1 running t$e code' Running t$reads... AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA############################## ############################################################4D#4D #4D#4D#4#4#4#4#4#4D#DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD4444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444 8$reads ,i""ed. 7o+3 comment out t$e tryCcatch b"oc, +$ere t$e Boin met$od +as in o,ed. Is t$ere any di11erence in t$e &rogram out&utD
Page 126
J.E.D.I.
&.5 -)nchroniBation
%o 1ar3 youH e seen e=am&"es o1 t$reads t$at are running concurrent"y but are inde&endent o1 eac$ ot$er. 8$at is3 t$reads run at t$eir o+n &ace +it$out concern 1or t$e status and acti ities o1 t$e ot$er concurrent"y running t$reads. In t$is instances3 eac$ t$read do not re-uire any outside resources or met$ods and as a resu"t3 does not need to communicate +it$ ot$er t$reads. In many interesting situations3 $o+e er3 concurrent"y running t$reads may re-uire outside resources or met$ods. 8$us3 t$ere is a need to communicate +it$ ot$er concurrent"y running t$reads to ,no+ t$ere status and acti ities. A &o&u"ar e=am&"e on t$is scenario is t$e ProducerC4onsumer &rob"em. 8$e &rob"em in o" es t+o main obBects3 t$e &roducer and t$e consumer. 8$e +or, o1 t$e &roducer is to generate a"ues or streams o1 data t$at t$e consumer in turn +ou"d recei e or consume.
&.5.1 An 8ns)nchroniBed %5a*ple

Fet us 1irst consider a sim&"e code t$at sim&"y &rints out a se-uence o1 strings in a &articu"ar order. )ere is t$e &rogram. class .woStrings { static #oid print$String str30 String str4% { S)stem&out&print$str3%" tr) { .hread&sleep$C''%" } catch $Bnterrupted<2ception ie% { } S)stem&out&println$str4%" } } class PrintStrings.hread implements Kunnable { .hread thread" String str30 str4" PrintStrings.hread$String str30 String str4% { this&str3 = str3" this&str4 = str4" thread = new .hread$this%" thread&start$%" } public #oid run$% { .woStrings&print$str30 str4%" } } class .est.hread { public static #oid main$String args !% { new PrintStrings.hread$=Hello =0 =there&=%" new PrintStrings.hread$=How are =0 =)ou5=%" new PrintStrings.hread$=.han/ )ou =0 =#er) muchI=%" } } 8$e &rogram is e=&ected to &rint out t$e t+o arguments o1 t$e Runnab"e obBects consecuti e"y. 8$e &rob"em3 $o+e er3 is t$e in ocation o1 t$e sleep met$od causes ot$er t$reads to be e=ecuted +$en some ot$er t$read is not yet 1inis$ed +it$ t$e e=ecution o1 t$e print met$od o1 t$e ,woStrings c"ass. )ere is a sam&"e out&ut. Hello How are .han/ )ou there&
J.E.D.I.
)ou5 #er) muchI In t$is run3 t$e t$ree t$reads got to $a e t$eir 1irst string argument &rinted be1ore $a ing t$eir second argument &rinted. 8$is resu"ts in a cry&tic out&ut. Actua""y3 t$e e=am&"e $ere doesnHt &ose a ery serious &rob"em but 1or ot$er a&&"ications3 t$is may cause some e=ce&tions or &rob"ems to occur.
&.5.2 ?oc#ing an Object

8o assure t$at on"y one t$read gets to access a &articu"ar met$od3 Ja a a""o+s t$e "oc,ing o1 an obBect inc"uding its met$ods +it$ t$e use o1 monitors. 8$e obBect enters t$e im&"icit monitor +$en t$e obBectHs sync$roni*ed met$od is in o,ed. Once an obBect is in t$e monitor3 t$e monitor ma,es sure t$at no ot$er t$read accesses t$e same obBect. As a conse-uence3 t$is ensures t$at on"y one t$read at a time gets to e=ecute t$e met$od o1 t$e obBect. !or sync$roni*ing a met$od3 t$e synchroni5ed ,ey+ord can be &re1i=ed to t$e $eader o1 t$e met$od de1inition. In t$e case t$at you cannot modi1y t$e source code o1 t$e met$od3 you can sync$roni*e t$e obBect o1 +$ic$ t$e met$od is a member o1. 8$e synta= 1or sync$roni*ing an obBect is as 1o""o+s' s)nchroni:ed $<ob8ect>% { 99statements to be s)nchroni:ed } 9it$ t$is3 t$e obBectHs met$ods can on"y be in o,ed by one t$read at a time.
&.5.3 ;irst -)nchroniBed %5a*ple

)ere no+ is t$e modi1ied code +$erein t$e print met$od o1 t$e ,woStrings c"ass is no+ sync$roni*ed. class .woStrings { s)nchroni:ed static #oid print$String str30 String str4% { S)stem&out&print$str3%" tr) { .hread&sleep$C''%" } catch $Bnterrupted<2ception ie% { } S)stem&out&println$str4%" } } class PrintStrings.hread implements Kunnable { .hread thread" String str30 str4" PrintStrings.hread$String str30 String str4% { this&str3 = str3" this&str4 = str4" thread = new .hread$this%" thread&start$%" } public #oid run$% { .woStrings&print$str30 str4%"
J.E.D.I.
class .est.hread { public static #oid main$String args !% { new PrintStrings.hread$=Hello =0 =there&=%" new PrintStrings.hread$=How are =0 =)ou5=%" new PrintStrings.hread$=.han/ )ou =0 =#er) muchI=%" } } 8$e &rogram no+ &roduces t$e correct statements. Hello there& How are )ou5 .han/ )ou #er) muchI
&.5.4 -econd -)nchroniBed %5a*ple

)ere is sti"" anot$er ersion o1 t$e &receding code. Again3 t$e print met$od $ere o1 t$e ,woStrings c"ass is no+ sync$roni*ed. #ut3 instead o1 a&&"ying t$e synchroni5ed ,ey+ord to a met$od3 it is a&&"ied to an obBect instead. class .woStrings { static #oid print$String str30 String str4% { S)stem&out&print$str3%" tr) { .hread&sleep$C''%" } catch $Bnterrupted<2ception ie% { } S)stem&out&println$str4%" } } class PrintStrings.hread implements Kunnable { .hread thread" String str30 str4" .woStrings ts" PrintStrings.hread$String str30 String str40 .woStrings ts% { this&str3 = str3" this&str4 = str4" this&ts = ts" thread = new .hread$this%" thread&start$%" } public #oid run$% { s)nchroni:ed $ts% { ts&print$str30 str4%" } } } class .est.hread { public static #oid main$String args !% { .woStrings ts = new .woStrings$%" new PrintStrings.hread$=Hello =0 =there&=0 ts%" new PrintStrings.hread$=How are =0 =)ou5=0 ts%" new PrintStrings.hread$=.han/ )ou =0 =#er) muchI=0 ts%"
J.E.D.I.
8$is &rogram a"so out&uts t$e correct statements.
Page 1.0
J.E.D.I.
&.
(nterthread Co**unication
In t$is section3 youH"" "earn about t$e basic met$ods used to a""o+ t$reads to communicate +it$ ot$er concurrent"y running t$reads. Methods +or (nterthread Co**unication public final #oid wait$% 4auses t$is t$read to +ait unti" some ot$er t$read ca""s t$e notify or notify/ll met$od on t$is obBect. May t$ro+ InterruptedException. public final #oid notif)$% 9a,es u& a t$read t$at ca""ed t$e wait met$od on t$e same obBect. public final #oid notif),ll$% 9a,es u& a"" t$reads t$at ca""ed t$e wait met$od on t$e same obBect.
,a!le A;: 0ethods for Interthread -ommunication
!or a c"earer understanding o1 t$ese met$ods3 "et us consider t$e +aiterCcustomer scenario. In a restaurant scenario3 t$e +aiter waits unti" a customer enters t$e &"ace instead o1 continua""y as,ing &eo&"e i1 t$ey +ant to order or need anyt$ing. 9$en a customer comes in3 t$is signi1ies t$e customerHs interest in ordering 1ood 1rom t$e restaurant. In a +ay3 t$e customer by entering t$e restaurant notifies t$e +aiter t$at $e is need o1 $is ser ice. )o+e er3 it is not a"+ays t$e case t$at t$e customer is immediate"y ready +it$ $is order. It +ou"d be annoying i1 t$e +aiter continua""y as,s t$e customer i1 $eHs ready +it$ $is order e ery once in a +$i"e. Instead3 t$e +aiter waits unti" t$e customer notifies $im t$at $eHs ready. Once t$e customer 1inis$ed gi ing $is orders3 it +ou"d be annoying 1or $im to continua""y nag t$e +aiter i1 $eHs order is ready. 7orma""y3 a customer +ou"d +ait unti" t$e +aiter notifies $im and ser es t$e 1ood. Obser e t$at in t$is scenario3 a &arty t$at +aits on"y +a,es u& once t$e ot$er &arty noti1ies $im. 8$e same is true 1or t$reads.
Page 1.1
J.E.D.I.
Figure I.A: Kaiter%customer scenario
&. .1 "roducer-Consu*er %5a*ple

8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e is an im&"ementation o1 t$e ProducerC4onsumer &rob"em. A c"ass +$ic$ &ro ides t$e met$ods 1or generating and consuming an integer a"ue is se&arated 1rom t$e Producer and t$e 4onsumer t$read c"asses. class SharedData { int data" s)nchroni:ed #oid set$int #alue% { S)stem&out&println$=Yenerate = ( #alue%" data = #alue" } s)nchroni:ed int get$% { S)stem&out&println$=Yet = ( data%" return data" } } class Producer implements Kunnable { SharedData sd" Producer$SharedData sd% { this&sd = sd" new .hread$this0 =Producer=%&start$%" } public #oid run$% { for $int i = '" i < 3'" i((% {
Introduction to Programming II Page 1.2
J.E.D.I.
sd&set$$int%$1ath&random$%*3''%%"
class 6onsumer implements Kunnable { SharedData sd" 6onsumer$SharedData sd% { this&sd = sd" new .hread$this0 =6onsumer=%&start$%" } public #oid run$% { for $int i = '" i < 3' " i((% { sd&get$%" } } } class .estProducer6onsumer { public static #oid main$String args !% throws <2ception { SharedData sd = new SharedData$%" new Producer$sd%" new 6onsumer$sd%" } } )ere is a sam&"e out&ut o1 t$e &rogram. Yenerate Yenerate Yenerate Yenerate Yet SC Yenerate Yet 4> Yenerate Yet ?M Yenerate Yet >C Yenerate Yet >M Yenerate Yet OC Yet OC Yet OC Yenerate Yet >C Yet >C O ?C C4 SC 4> ?M >C >M OC
>C
8$is is not +$at +e +anted t$e &rogram to do. !or e ery a"ue &roduced by t$e &roducer3 +e e=&ect t$e consumer to get eac$ a"ue. )ere is t$e out&ut +e e=&ect instead. Yenerate Yet TS Yenerate Yet 4C Yenerate Yet >? Yenerate TS 4C >? O?
Page 1..
J.E.D.I.
Yet O? Yenerate Yet ?O Yenerate Yet 4M Yenerate Yet 4S Yenerate Yet OS Yenerate Yet SC Yenerate Yet >O Yenerate Yet ?S
?O 4M 4S OS SC >O ?S
8o 1i= t$e &rob"em +it$ t$is code3 +e use t$e met$ods 1or intert$read communication. 8$e 1o""o+ing im&"ementation o1 t$e ProducerC4onsumer &rob"em uses t$e met$ods 1or intert$read communication. class SharedData { int data" boolean #alueSet = false" s)nchroni:ed #oid set$int #alue% { if $#alueSet% { 99has 8ust produced a #alue tr) { wait$%" } catch $Bnterrupted<2ception ie% { } } S)stem&out&println$=Yenerate = ( #alue%" data = #alue" #alueSet = true" notif)$%" } s)nchroni:ed int get$% { if $I#alueSet% { 99producer hasnQt set a #alue )et tr) { wait$%" } catch $Bnterrupted<2ception ie% { } } S)stem&out&println$=Yet = ( data%" #alueSet = false" notif)$%" return data" } } 9* .he remaining part of the code doesnQt change& *9 class Producer implements Kunnable { SharedData sd" Producer$SharedData sd% { this&sd = sd" new .hread$this0 =Producer=%&start$%" } public #oid run$% { for $int i = '" i < 3'" i((% { sd&set$$int%$1ath&random$%*3''%%" } }
J.E.D.I.
} class 6onsumer implements Kunnable { SharedData sd" 6onsumer$SharedData sd% { this&sd = sd" new .hread$this0 =6onsumer=%&start$%" } public #oid run$% { for $int i = '" i < 3' " i((% { sd&get$%" } } } class .estProducer6onsumer { public static #oid main$String args !% throws <2ception { SharedData sd = new SharedData$%" new Producer$sd%" new 6onsumer$sd%" } }
Page 1.(
J.E.D.I.
&.! Concurrenc) 8tilities

9it$ t$e re"ease o1 J2%E(.03 ne+ t$reading contro" and concurrency 1eatures +ere added to Ja a. 8$ese ne+ 1eatures are 1ound in t$e <a#a.util.concurrent &ac,age. In t$is section3 t+o o1 t$ese concurrency 1eatures are e=&"ained.
&.!.1 1he %5ecutor (nter+ace

One o1 t$e most im&ortant en$ancement 1eatures 1or de e"o&ing mu"tit$readed a&&"ications is t$e Executor 1rame+or,. 8$e inter1ace is inc"uded in t$e <a#a.util.concurrent &ac,age. ObBects o1 t$is ty&e e=ecutes t$e $unna!le tas,s. 9it$out t$e use o1 t$is inter1ace3 +e e=ecute $unna!le tas,s by creating ,hread instances and ca""ing t$e start met$od o1 t$e t$e ,hread obBect. 8$e 1o""o+ing code demonstrates a +ay o1 doing t$is' new .hread$<aKunnable7b8ect>%&start$%" 9it$ t$e a ai"abi"ity o1 t$is ne+ inter1ace3 submitted $unna!le obBects are e=ecuted using its execute met$od as 1o""o+s' <an<2ecutor7b8ect>&e2ecute$<aKunnable7b8ect>%" 8$e ne+ Executor 1rame+or, is use1u" 1or mu"tit$readed a&&"ications. #ecause t$reads need stac, and $ea& s&ace3 t$read creation can be e=&ensi e. As a resu"t3 creation o1 se era" t$reads may cause out o1 memory errors. A +ay to get around t$is &rob"em is +it$ t$read &oo"ing. In t$read &oo"ing3 a t$read is -ueued to t$e &oo" a1ter it com&"etes its assigned tas, rat$er t$an dying or terminating. )o+e er3 im&"ementing a +e""C designed t$read &oo"ing sc$eme is not sim&"e. Anot$er &rob"em +as t$e di11icu"ty in cance""ation and s$utting do+n o1 t$reads. 8$e Executor 1rame+or, so" es t$ese &rob"ems by decou&"ing tas, submission 1rom t$e mec$anics o1 $o+ eac$ tas, +i"" be run3 inc"uding detai"s o1 t$read use3 sc$edu"ing and ot$ers. It is norma""y used instead o1 e=&"icit"y creating t$reads. Rat$er t$an creating a t$read and running it ia t$e start met$od 1or eac$ set o1 tas,3 it is more ad isab"e to use t$e 1o""o+ing code 1ragment instead' <2ecutor <e2ecutor-ame> = <an<2ecutor7b8ect>" <e2ecutor-ame>&e2ecute$new <Kunnable.as/3>$%%" <e2ecutor-ame>&e2ecute$new <Kunnable.as/4>$%%" &&& %ince Executor is an inter1ace3 it cannot be instantiated. 8o create an Executor obBect3 one $as to create a c"ass im&"ementing t$is inter1ace or use a 1actory met$od &ro ided in t$e Executors c"ass. 8$is c"ass is a"so a ai"ab"e in t$e same &ac,age as t$e Executor inter1ace. 8$e Executors c"ass a"so &ro ide 1actory met$ods 1or sim&"e t$read &oo" management. )ere is a summary o1 some o1 t$ese 1actory met$ods' Executors Factory Methods public static <2ecutorSer#ice new6ached.hreadPool$% 4reates a t$read &oo" t$at creates ne+ t$reads as needed3 but +i"" reuse &re ious"y constructed t$reads +$en t$ey are a ai"ab"e. An o er"oaded met$od3 +$ic$ a"so ta,es in a 8$read!actory obBect as an argument. public static <2ecutorSer#ice newAi2ed.hreadPool$int n.hreads%
Page 1.6
J.E.D.I.
4reates a t$read &oo" t$at reuses a 1i=ed set o1 t$reads o&erating o11 a s$ared unbounded -ueue. An o er"oaded met$od3 +$ic$ ta,es in a 8$read!actory obBect as an additiona" &arameter. public static Scheduled<2ecutorSer#ice newScheduled.hreadPool$int corePoolSi:e% 4reates a t$read &oo" t$at can sc$edu"e commands to run a1ter a gi en de"ay3 or to e=ecute &eriodica""y. An o er"oaded met$od3 +$ic$ ta,es in a 8$read!actory obBect as an additiona" &arameter. public static <2ecutorSer#ice newSingle.hread<2ecutor$% 4reates an E=ecutor t$at uses a sing"e +or,er t$read o&erating o11 an unbounded -ueue. An o er"oaded met$od3 +$ic$ a"so ta,es in a 8$read!actory obBect as an argument. public static Scheduled<2ecutorSer#ice newSingle.hreadScheduled<2ecutor$% 4reates a sing"eCt$readed e=ecutor t$at can sc$edu"e commands to run a1ter a gi en de"ay3 or to e=ecute &eriodica""y. An o er"oaded met$od3 +$ic$ a"so ta,es in a 8$read!actory obBect as an argument.
,a!le AA: Factory 0ethods of the Executors -lass
8$e $unna!le tas,s are e=ecuted and 1inis$ed under t$e contro" o1 t$e Executor inter1ace. 8o sto& t$e t$reads3 +e can sim&"y in o,e t$e shutdown met$od o1 t$e inter1ace as 1o""o+s' e2ecutor&shutdown$%"
&.!.2 1he Callable (nter+ace

Reca"" t$at t$ere are t+o +ays o1 creating t$reads. 9e can eit$er e=tend t$e ,hread c"ass or im&"ement t$e $unna!le inter1ace. In +$ic$e er tec$ni-ue used3 +e customi*e its 1unctiona"ity by o erriding t$e run met$od. 8$e met$od $as t$e 1o""o+ing signature' public #oid run$% 8$e dra+bac,s in creating t$reads t$is +ay are' 1. 8$e run met$od cannot return a resu"t since it $as #oid as its return ty&e. 2. %econd3 t$e run met$od re-uires you to $and"e c$ec,ed e=ce&tions +it$in t$is met$od since t$e o erriden met$od does not use any throws c"ause. 8$e -alla!le inter1ace is basica""y t$e same as t$e $unna!le inter1ace +it$out its dra+bac,s. 8o get t$e resu"t 1rom a $unna!le tas,3 +e $a e to use some e=terna" means o1 getting t$e resu"t. A common tec$ni-ue o1 +$ic$ is to use an instance ariab"e 1or storing t$e resu"t. 8$e ne=t code s$o+s $o+ t$is can be done. public 1)Kunnable implements Kunnable { pri#ate int result = '" public #oid run$% { &&& result = someXalue" } 9* .he result attribute is protected from changes from other codes accessing this class *9 public int getKesult$% { return result"
J.E.D.I.
9it$ t$e -alla!le inter1ace3 getting t$e resu"t is sim&"e as s$o+n in t$e ne=t e=am&"e. import <a#a.util.concurrent.L4 pu!lic class 0y-alla!le implements -alla!le M pu!lic Integer call() throws <a#a.io.I8Exception M ... return some>alue4 N N 8$e call met$od $as t$e 1o""o+ing signature' X call throws <2ception > $ere is a generic ty&e3 +$ic$ means t$at t$e return ty&e o1 ca"" can be o1 any re1erence ty&e. Jou +i"" "earn more about generic ty&es in a "atter c$a&ter. 8$ere are sti"" more concurrency 1eatures in J2%E(.0. P"ease re1er to t$e API documentation 1or a detai"ed discussion o1 t$ese ot$er 1eatures.
Page 1./
J.E.D.I.
/; <etwor$ing
Ja a a""o+s you to easi"y de e"o& a&&"ications t$at &er1orm a ariety o1 tas,s o er a net+or,. 8$is is one o1 Ja aHs strengt$ since it +as created +it$ t$e Internet in mind. #e1ore "earning about Ja a net+or,ing3 you +i"" 1irst be introduced to some basic conce&ts on net+or,ing. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. E=&"ain basic net+or,ing conce&ts IP address &rotoco" &orts c"ientAser er &aradigm soc,ets 2. 4reate a&&"ications using t$e Ba a net+or,ing &ac,age Ser#erSoc'et Soc'et 0ulticastSoc'et :atagram1ac'et
1'.1 <asic Concepts on Cet3or#ing

As you &robab"y a"ready ,no+3 t$e Internet is a g"oba" net+or, o1 di11erent ty&es o1 com&uters t$at are connected in arious +ays. Des&ite o1 t$e di ersity o1 $ard+are and so1t+are connected toget$er3 it is &retty ama*ing $o+ t$e Internet remains 1unctiona". 8$is is &ossib"e because o1 communication standards de1ined and con1ormed to. 8$ese standards guarantee com&atibi"ity and re"iabi"ity o1 communication among a +ide range o1 systems o er t$e Internet. Fet us ta,e at "oo, at some o1 t$ese standards.
1'.1.1 (" Address

Eac$ o1 t$e com&uters connected to t$e Internet $a e a uni-ue IP address. 8$e IP address is "ogica""y simi"ar to t$e traditiona" mai"ing address in t$e sense t$at an address uni-ue"y identi1ies a &articu"ar obBect. It is a .2Cbit number used to uni-ue"y identi1y eac$ com&uter connected to t$e Internet. 1I;.1.1.1 is an e=am&"e o1 an IP address. 8$ey may a"so come in symbo"ic 1orms suc$ as docs.rinet.ru.
1'.1.2 "rotocol
%ince t$ere are many di11erent ty&es o1 communication t$at may occur o er t$e Internet3 t$ere must a"so be an e-ua" number o1 mec$anisms 1or $and"ing t$em. Eac$ ty&e o1 communication re-uires a s&eci1ic and uni-ue &rotoco". A &rotoco" re1ers to a set o1 ru"es and standards t$at de1ine a certain ty&e o1 Internet communication. It describes t$e 1ormat o1 data being sent o er t$e Internet3 a"ong +it$ $o+ and +$en it is sent. 8$e conce&t o1 a &rotoco" is actua""y not entire"y ne+ to us. 4onsider $o+ many times you $a e used t$is ty&e o1 con ersation'
Introduction to Programming II Page 1.?
J.E.D.I.
OHello.O OHello. Jood afternoon. 0ay I please spea' at GoanPO O8'ay& please wait for a while.O O,han's.O ... 8$is is a socia" &rotoco" used +$en in o" ed in a te"e&$one con ersation. 8$is ty&e o1 &rotoco"s gi es us con1idence and 1ami"iarity o1 ,no+ing +$at to do in certain situations. FetHs no+ ta,e a "oo, at some im&ortant &rotoco"s used o er t$e Internet. 9it$out a doubt3 )y&erte=t 8rans1er Protoco" ;)88P> is one o1 t$e most common"y used &rotoco". It is used to trans1er )8MF documents on t$e 9eb. 8$en3 t$ereHs !i"e 8rans1er Protoco"3 +$ic$ is more genera" com&ared to )88P and a""o+s you to trans1er binary 1i"es o er t$e Internet. #ot$ &rotoco"s $a e t$eir o+n set o1 ru"es and standards on $o+ data is trans1erred. Ja a &ro ides su&&ort 1or bot$ &rotoco"s.
1'.1.3 "orts
7o+3 &rotoco"s on"y ma,e sense +$en used in t$e conte=t o1 a ser ice. !or instance3 )88P &rotoco" is used +$en you are &ro iding 9eb content t$roug$ an )88P ser ice. Eac$ com&uter on t$e Internet can &ro ide a ariety o1 ser ices t$roug$ t$e arious &rotoco"s su&&orted. 8$e &rob"em3 $o+e er3 is t$at t$e ty&e o1 ser ice must be ,no+n be1ore in1ormation can be trans1erred. 8$is is +$ere &orts come in. A &ort is a 16Cbit number t$at identi1ies eac$ ser ice o11ered by a net+or, ser er. 8o use a &articu"ar ser ice and $ence3 estab"is$ a "ine o1 communication t$roug$ a s&eci1ic &rotoco"3 you need to connect to t$e a&&ro&riate &ort. Ports are associated +it$ a number and some o1 t$ese numbers are s&eci1ica""y associated +it$ a &articu"ar ty&e o1 ser ice. %uc$ &orts +it$ s&eci1ic ser ice assignments are ca""ed standard &orts. !or e=am&"e3 t$e !8P ser ice is "ocated on &ort 21 +$i"e t$e )88P ser ice is "ocated on &ort /0. I1 you +ant to &er1orm an !8P 1i"e trans1er3 you need to connect to &ort 21 o1 t$e $ost com&uter. 7o+3 a"" standard ser ice assignments are gi en &ort a"ues be"o+ 1020. Port a"ues abo e 1020 are a ai"ab"e 1or custom communication. In t$e case t$at a &ort a"ue abo e 1020 is a"ready in use by some custom communication3 you must "oo, 1or ot$er unused a"ues.
1'.1.4 1he ClientD-erver "aradig*

8$e 4"ientA%er er &aradigm is t$e basis 1or Ja a net+or,ing 1rame+or,. Ob ious"y3 t$is arrangement in o" es t+o maBor e"ements3 t$e c"ient and t$e ser er. 8$e c"ient re1ers to t$e mac$ine in need o1 some ty&e o1 in1ormation +$i"e t$e ser er is t$e mac$ine storing t$is in1ormation and +aiting to gi e it out. 8$e &aradigm describes a sim&"e scenario. 8y&ica""y3 a c"ient connects to a ser er and -ueries 1or certain in1ormation. 8$e ser er t$en considers t$e -uery and returns in1ormation a ai"ab"e on it to t$e c"ient.
Page 100
J.E.D.I.
Figure 1".1: -lientQSer#er model
1'.1.5 -oc#ets
8$e "ast genera" net+or,ing conce&t +eH"" be "oo,ing at be1ore &"unging into Ja a net+or,ing is regarding soc,ets. Most Ja a net+or, &rogramming uses a &articu"ar ty&e o1 net+or, communication ,no+n as soc,ets. A soc,et is a so1t+are abstraction 1or an in&ut or out&ut medium o1 communication. It is t$roug$ t$e use o1 soc,ets t$at Ja a &er1orms a"" o1 its "o+C"e e" net+or, communication. 8$ese are communication c$anne"s t$at enab"e you to trans1er data t$roug$ a &articu"ar &ort. In s$ort3 a soc,et re1ers to an end&oint 1or communication bet+een t+o mac$ines.
1'.2 1he ,ava Cet3or#ing "ac#age

8$e <a#a.net &ac,age &ro ides c"asses use1u" 1or de e"o&ing net+or,ing a&&"ications. !or a com&"ete "ist o1 net+or, c"asses and inter1aces3 &"ease re1er to t$e Ja a API documentation. 9eH"" Bust 1ocus on t$ese 1our c"asses' Ser#erSoc'et3 Soc'et3 0ulticastSoc'et3 and :atagram1ac'et c"asses.
1'.2.1 1he -erver-oc#et and the -oc#et Class

8$e Ser#erSoc'et 4"ass &ro ides t$e basic 1unctiona"ities o1 a ser er. 8$e 1o""o+ing tab"e describes t+o o1 t$e 1our constructors o1 t$e Ser#erSoc'et c"ass'
Page 101
J.E.D.I.
-erver-oc#et Constructors Ser#erSoc/et$int port% Instantiates a ser er t$at is bound to t$e s&eci1ied &ort. A &ort o1 0 assigns t$e ser er to any 1ree &ort. Ma=imum -ueue "engt$ 1or incoming connection is set to (0 by de1au"t. Ser#erSoc/et$int port0 int bac/log% Instantiates a ser er t$at is bound to t$e s&eci1ied &ort. Ma=imum -ueue "engt$ 1or incoming connection is is based on t$e !ac'log &arameter.
,a!le A2: Ser#erSoc'et constructors
)ere no+ are some o1 t$e c"assHs met$ods' -erver-oc#et Methods public Soc/et accept$% 4auses t$e ser er to +ait and "isten 1or c"ient connections3 t$en acce&t t$em. public #oid close$% 4"oses t$e ser er soc,et. 4"ients can no "onger connect to t$e ser er un"ess it is o&ened again. public int get;ocalPort$% Returns t$e &ort on +$ic$ t$e soc,et is bound to. public boolean is6losed$% Indicates +$et$er t$e soc,et is c"osed or not.
,a!le AD: Ser#erSoc'et methods
8$e succeeding e=am&"e is an im&"ementation o1 a sim&"e ser er3 +$ic$ sim&"y ec$oes t$e in1ormation sent by t$e c"ient. import 8a#a&net&*" import 8a#a&io&*" public class <choingSer#er { public static #oid main$String Ser#erSoc/et ser#er = null" Soc/et client" ! args% {
tr) { ser#er = new Ser#erSoc/et$34>?%" 9934>? is an unused port number } catch $B7<2ception ie% { S)stem&out&println$=6annot open soc/et&=%" S)stem&e2it$3%" } while$true% { tr) { client = ser#er&accept$%" 7utputStream client7ut = client&get7utputStream$%" PrintDriter pw = new PrintDriter$client7ut0 true%" BnputStream clientBn = client&getBnputStream$%" EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new
J.E.D.I.
BnputStreamKeader$clientBn%%" pw&println$br&read;ine$%%" } catch $B7<2ception ie% { }
9$i"e t$e %er er%oc,et c"ass im&"ements ser er soc,ets3 t$e %oc,et c"ass im&"ements a c"ient soc,et. 8$e Soc'et c"ass $as eig$t constructors3 t+o o1 +$ic$ are a"ready de&recated. Fet us $a e a -uic, "oo, at t+o o1 t$ese constructors. -oc#et Constructors Soc/et$String host0 int port% 4reates a c"ient soc,et t$at connects to t$e gi en &ort number on t$e s&eci1ied $ost. Soc/et$Bnet,ddress address0 int port% 4reates a c"ient soc,et t$at connects to t$e gi en &ort number at t$e s&eci1ied IP address.
,a!le AE: Soc'et constructors
)ere no+ are some o1 t$e c"assHs met$ods' -oc#et Methods public #oid close$% 4"oses t$e c"ient soc,et. public BnputStream getBnputStream$% Retrie es t$e in&ut stream associated +it$ t$is soc,et. public 7utputStream get7utputStream$% Retrie es t$e out&ut stream associated +it$ t$is soc,et. public Bnet,ddress getBnet,ddress$% Returns t$e IP address to +$ic$ t$is soc,et is connected public int getPort$% Returns t$e remote &ort to +$ic$ t$is soc,et is connected. public boolean is6losed$% Indicates +$et$er t$e soc,et is c"osed or not.
,a!le AF: Soc'et methods
8$e succeeding e=am&"e is an im&"ementation o1 a sim&"e c"ient3 +$ic$ sim&"y sends data to t$e ser er. import 8a#a&io&*" import 8a#a&net&*" public class 1)6lient { public static #oid main$String args !% { tr) { 99Soc/et client = new Soc/et$=3>>&'&'&3=0 34>?%"
J.E.D.I.
Soc/et client = new Soc/et$Bnet,ddress&get;ocalHost$%0 34>?%" BnputStream clientBn = client&getBnputStream$%" 7utputStream client7ut = client&get7utputStream$%" PrintDriter pw = new PrintDriter$client7ut0 true%" EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$clientBn%%" EufferedKeader stdBn = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$S)stem&in%%" S)stem&out&println$=.)pe a message for the ser#er: =%" pw&println$stdBn&read;ine$%%" S)stem&out&println$=Ser#er message: =%" S)stem&out&println$br&read;ine$%%" pw&close$%" br&close$%" client&close$%" } catch $6onnect<2ception ce% { S)stem&out&println$=6annot connect to the ser#er&=%" } catch $B7<2ception ie% { S)stem&out&println$=B97 <rror&=%" }
Running t$e EchoingSer#er ma,es it ready 1or acce&ting message 1rom t$e c"ient. Once a c"ient3 suc$ as 0y-lient3 sends a message to t$e ser er3 t$e ser er ec$oes t$e message bac, to t$e c"ient. )ereHs a sam&"e run o1 0y-lient once EchoingSer#er $as been started' .)pe a message for the ser#er: first message to ser#er Ser#er message: first message to ser#er
Page 100
J.E.D.I.
1'.2.2 1he Multicast-oc#et and the Datagra*"ac#et Class

8$e 0ulticastSoc'et c"ass is use1u" 1or a&&"ications t$at im&"ement grou& communication. IP addresses 1or a mu"ticast grou& "ies +it$in t$e range 220.0.0.0 to 2.?.2((.2((.2((. )o+e er3 t$e address 220.0.0.0 is reser ed and s$ou"d not be used. 8$is c"ass $as t$ree constructors but +eH"" Bust consider one o1 t$ese constructors. Multicast-oc#et Constructors 1ulticastSoc/et$int port% 4reates a mu"ticast soc,et bound to t$e gi en &ort number.
,a!le AH: 0ulticastSoc'et constructor
8$e 1o""o+ing tab"e gi es t$e descri&tion o1 some 0ulticastSoc'et met$ods.
Multicast-oc#et Methods public #oid 8oinYroup$Bnet,ddress mcastaddr% Join a mu"ticast grou& on t$e s&eci1ied address. public #oid lea#eYroup$Bnet,ddress mcastaddr% Fea e a mu"ticast grou& on t$e s&eci1ied address. public #oid send$DatagramPac/et p% An in$erited met$od 1rom t$e :atagramSoc'et c"ass. %ends p 1rom t$is soc,et.
,a!le AI: 0ulticastSoc'et methods
#e1ore one can send a message to a grou&3 one s$ou"d 1irst be a member o1 t$e mu"ticast grou& by using t$e <oinJroup met$od. A member can no+ send messages t$roug$ t$e send met$od. Once youHre done ta",ing +it$ t$e grou&3 you can use t$e lea#eJroup met$od to re"in-uis$ your members$i&. #e1ore "oo,ing at an e=am&"e o1 using t$e 0ulticastSoc'et c"ass3 "etHs 1irst $a e a -uic, "oo, at t$e :atagram1ac'et c"ass. Obser e t$at in t$e send met$od o1 t$e
J.E.D.I.
0ulticastSoc'et c"ass3 t$e re-uired &arameter is a :atagram1ac'et obBect. 8$us3 +e need to understand t$is ty&e o1 obBects be1ore using t$e send met$od. 8$e :atagram1ac'et c"ass is used to de"i er data t$roug$ a connection"ess &rotoco" suc$ as a mu"ticast. A &rob"em +it$ t$is is t$at t$e de"i ery o1 &ac,ets is not guaranteed. Fet us no+ consider t+o o1 its si= constructors. Datagra*"ac#et Constructors DatagramPac/et$b)te ! buf0 int length% 4onstructs a datagram &ac,et 1or recei ing &ac,ets +it$ a "engt$ length. length s$ou"d be "ess t$an or e-ua" to t$e si*e o1 t$e bu11er !uf. DatagramPac/et$b)te ! buf0 int length0 Bnet,ddress address0 int port% 4onstructs a datagram &ac,et 1or sending &ac,ets +it$ a "engt$ length to t$e s&eci1ied &ort number on t$e s&eci1ied $ost.
,a!le 2": :atagram1ac'et constructors
)ere are some interesting met$ods o1 t$e :atagram1ac'et c"ass. Datagra*"ac#et Methods public b)te ! getData$% Returns t$e bu11er in +$ic$ data $as been stored. public Bnet,ddress get,ddress$% Returns t$e IP address o1 t$e mac$ine +$ere t$e &ac,et is being sent to or +as recei ed 1rom. public int get;ength$% Returns t$e "engt$ o1 data being sent or recei ed. public int getPort$% Returns t$e &ort number on t$e remote $ost +$ere t$e &ac,et is being sent to or +as recei ed 1rom.
,a!le 21: :atagram1ac'et methods
Our mu"ticast e=am&"e a"so consists o1 t+o c"asses3 a ser er and a c"ient. 8$e ser er recei es messages 1rom t$e c"ient and &rints out t$ese messages. )ere is t$e ser er c"ass. import 8a#a&net&*" public class 6hatSer#er { public static #oid main$String args !% throws <2ception { 1ulticastSoc/et ser#er = new 1ulticastSoc/et$34>?%" Bnet,ddress group = Bnet,ddress&getE)-ame$=4>?&C&S&T=%" 99getE)-ame L returns BP address of the gi#en host ser#er&8oinYroup$group%" boolean infinite = true" 9* Ser#er continuall) recei#es data and prints them *9 while$infinite% { b)te buf ! = new b)te 3'4?!" DatagramPac/et data = new DatagramPac/et$buf0 buf&length%" ser#er&recei#e$data%"
J.E.D.I.
} ser#er&close$%"
String msg = new String$data&getData$%%&trim$%" S)stem&out&println$msg%"
Page 106
J.E.D.I.
)ere is t$e c"ient c"ass. import 8a#a&net&*" import 8a#a&io&*" public class 6hat6lient { public static #oid main$String args !% throws <2ception { 1ulticastSoc/et chat = new 1ulticastSoc/et$34>?%" Bnet,ddress group = Bnet,ddress&getE)-ame$=4>?&C&S&T=%" chat&8oinYroup$group%" String msg = ==" S)stem&out&println$=.)pe a message for the ser#er:=%" EufferedKeader br = new EufferedKeader$new BnputStreamKeader$S)stem&in%%" msg = br&read;ine$%" DatagramPac/et data = new DatagramPac/et$msg&getE)tes$%0 '0 msg&length$%0 group0 34>?%" chat&send$data%" chat&close$%" } } )ere is a sam&"e run o1 -hatSer#er and -hat-lient c"ass3 assuming t$at 4$at%er er +as e=ecuted be1ore running t$e c"ient c"ass' /* Executing ChatServer makes it ready to accept messages from clients */ /* Running ChatClient simply passes message to the server and then terminates */ .)pe a message for the ser#er: first chat message to ser#er /* ChatServer receives message from client and prints this message */ first chat message to ser#er /* Running ChatClient again */ .)pe a message for the ser#er: second chat message to ser#er /* ChatServer receives message from client and prints this message */ second chat message to ser#er
Page 10/
J.E.D.I.
// A""&ets
11.1 Objectives
A&&"ets are one o1 t$e most interesting 1eatures in Ja a. 8$is re1ers to &rograms you run o er ia a +eb bro+ser. Jou +i"" "earn about creating a&&"ets in t$is "esson. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. De1ine +$at an a&&"et is 2. 4reate your o+n a&&"ets .. E=&"ain t$e a&&"et "i1e cyc"e init start stop destroy paint showStatus Met$ods 1or &"aying an audio c"i&
0. 2se ot$er a&&"et met$ods
(. 2se t$e a&&"et $tm" tag
11.2 Creating Applets

An a&&"et is a s&ecia" ty&e o1 Ba a &rogram t$at is e=ecuted ia t$e Internet. It is ty&ica""y run on a +eb bro+ser suc$ as 7etsca&e 7a igator3 Mo*i""a3 or Microso1t Internet E=&"orer. )o+e er3 com&ared to norma" Ja a a&&"ications3 a&&"ets are not a""o+ed access to t$e com&uter on +$ic$ t$ey are being run 1or security reasons. 8$is ma,es a&&"ets -uite restricted com&ared to Ja a a&&"ications. In t$is modu"e3 you +i"" "earn about creating a&&"ets using t$e A98.
11.2.1 7ello 4orld Applet

8$e /pplet c"ass is a subc"ass o1 t$e 1anel c"ass de1ined in t$e A98. 8$e best +ay to understand $o+ to create an a&&"et is t$roug$ e=am&"es. %o3 $ere is a sim&"e a&&"et t$at dis&"ays I)e""o +or"dGI. import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&applet&*" 9* insert this part in the html code <applet code==,ppletDemo= width=>'' height=3''> <9applet> *9
Page 10?
J.E.D.I.
public class ,ppletDemo e2tends ,pplet { public #oid paint$Yraphics g% { g&drawString$=Hello worldI=0 O'0 4C%" } } A1ter com&i"ation3 try running t$is e=am&"e using t$e <a#a command. 9$at $a&&ensD Remember t$at a&&"ets are s&ecia" Ja a a&&"ications. 8$ey are not e=ecuted using t$e <a#a command. Instead3 t$e a&&"et is run on a +eb bro+ser or using t$e a&&"et ie+er. 8o o&en t$e a&&"et t$roug$ a +eb bro+ser3 sim&"y o&en t$e )8MF document in +$ic$ t$e a&&"et is embedded using t$e a&&"et )8MF tag ;t$e commented out code in t$e )e""o 9or"d e=am&"e>. Anot$er +ay o1 running an a&&"et is t$roug$ t$e a&&"et ie+er command. %im&"y 1o""o+ t$is synta=' applet#iewer <8a#a filename> !or e=am&"e3 to run t$e gi en a&&"et e=am&"e3 use' applet#iewer ,ppletDemo&8a#a 8$e )8MF tag in t$e gi en e=am&"e indicates t$at an a&&"et be created +it$ a +idt$ o1 .00 &i=e"s and a $eig$t o1 100 &i=e"s. 8$en3 t$e dra+%tring met$od dra+s t$e I)e""o +or"dGI string at t$e &i=e" &osition ;/032(> counting do+n t$en rig$t.
Figure 11.1: /pplet example
9$en creating an a&&"et3 it is necessary to e=tend t$e /pplet c"ass. As mentioned &re ious"y3 t$e c"ass is 1ound in t$e <a#a.applet &ac,age. )ence3 im&orting t$e <a#a.applet &ac,age is a must. A"so3 it +as mentioned be1ore t$at t$e /pplet c"ass is a subc"ass o1 t$e 1anel c"ass. 8$is im&"ies t$at some met$ods o1 t$e A&&"et c"ass are 1ound in t$e 1anel c"ass. 8o access met$ods or 1ie"ds in t$e 1anel c"ass or ot$er ancestor c"asses3 it is necessary to im&ort t$e <a#a.awt &ac,age.
11.3 Applet Methods

8$is section discusses a&&"et met$ods youH"" 1ind use1u".
11.3.1 1he Applet ?i+e C)cle

Instead o1 starting e=ecution at t$e main met$od "i,e in ty&ica" Ja a a&&"ications3 t$e
Introduction to Programming II Page 1(0
J.E.D.I.
bro+ser or t$e a&&"et ie+er interacts +it$ t$e a&&"et t$roug$ t$e 1o""o+ing met$ods' 1. init() init is t$e 1irst met$od ca""ed. It is in o,ed e=act"y once +$en t$e a&&"et is "oaded. ;. start() A1ter t$e in o,ing t$e init met$od3 start is t$e ne=t met$od ca""ed. It is in o,ed e erytime t$e a&&"etHs )8MF document is dis&"ayed. E=ecution resumes +it$ t$is met$od +$en t$e a&&"et is redis&"ayed. A. stop() 9$en t$e +eb bro+ser "ea es t$e a&&"etHs )8MF document3 t$is met$od is ca""ed to in1orm t$e a&&"et t$at it s$ou"d sto& its e=ecution. 2. destroy() 8$is met$od is ca""ed +$en t$e a&&"et needs to be remo ed 1rom t$e memory com&"ete"y. 8$e stop met$od is a"+ays ca""ed be1ore t$is met$od is in o,ed.
Page 1(1
J.E.D.I.
9$en creating a&&"ets3 at "east some o1 t$ese met$ods are o erriden. 8$e 1o""o+ing a&&"et e=am&"e o errides t$ese met$ods. import 8a#a&applet&*" import 8a#a&awt&*" 9* <applet code==;ife6)cleDemo= width=>'' height=3''> <9applet> *9 class ;ife6)cleDemo e2tends ,pplet { String msg ===" public #oid init$% { msg (= =initiali:ing&&& =" repaint$%" } public #oid start$% { msg (= =starting&&& =" repaint$%" } public #oid stop$% { msg (= =stopping&&& =" repaint$%" } public #oid destro)$% { msg (= =preparing for unloading&&&=" repaint$%" } public #oid paint$Yraphics g% { g&drawString$msg0 3C0 3C%" } } 8$e 1o""o+ing is a sam&"e $tm" document embedded +it$ a Fi1e4yc"eDemo a&&"et. <H.1;> <.B.;<>;ife 6)cle Demo<9.B.;<> <applet code==;ife6)cleDemo= width=>'' height=3''> <9applet> <9H.1;>
Page 1(2
J.E.D.I.
11.3.2 1he paint Method

Anot$er im&ortant met$od is t$e paint met$od3 +$ic$ t$e /pplet c"ass in$erits 1rom its ancestor c"ass -omponent. It is in o,ed e erytime t$e a&&"etHs out&ut needs to be redra+n. An e=am&"e o1 suc$ an instance is +$en an a&&"et $idden by anot$er +indo+ is made isib"e again. 8$e met$od is usua""y o erriden +$en you +ant to customi*e $o+ your a&&"et s$ou"d "oo, "i,e. In t$e )e""o 9or"d e=am&"e3 t$e a&&"et $as t$e I)e""o +or"dGI string on t$e bac,ground a1ter $a ing o erriden t$e paint met$od.
11.3.3 1he sho3-tatus Method

8$e a&&"et $as a status +indo+3 +$ic$ in1orms you o1 +$at t$e a&&"et is current"y doing. I1 you +ant to out&ut to t$e status +indo+3 sim&"y in o,e t$e showStatus met$od. 8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e is t$e same as t$e )e""o 9or"d e=am&"e but +it$ an additiona" statements t$at modi1ies t$e content o1 t$e status +indo+. import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&applet&*" 9* <applet code==,ppletDemo= width=>'' height=3''> <9applet> *9 public class ,ppletDemo e2tends ,pplet { public #oid paint$Yraphics g% { g&drawString$=Hello worldI=0 O'0 4C%" showStatus$=.his is an important information&=%" } } )ere is a sam&"e out&ut'
Figure 11.;: showStatus() example
Page 1(.
J.E.D.I.
11.3.4 "la)ing Audio Clips

A&&"ets are a"so &ro ided +it$ met$ods t$at a""o+ you to &"ay audio 1i"es. P"aying audio c"i&s in an a&&"et in o" es t+o basic ste&s' 1. 5et t$e audio c"i& using t$e getAudio4"i& met$od. 2. 8o &"ay t$e audio c"i&3 use t$e &"ay or "oo& met$od on t$e audio c"i& obBect. play a""o+s you to &"ay t$e audio once +$ereas loop "oo&s on t$e audio c"i& and sto&s on"y +$en t$e stop met$od is ca""ed. 8$e ne=t e=am&"e continua""y &"ays an audio 1i"e unti" t$e a&&"etHs stop met$od is ca""ed. import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&applet&*" 9* <applet code==,udio,pplet= width=>'' height=3''> <9applet> *9 public class ,udio,pplet e2tends ,pplet { ,udio6lip ac" public #oid init$% { tr) { 9*audio clip is sa#ed in same director) as 8a#a code*9 9* space1usic was downloaded from 8a#a&sun&com *9 ac = get,udio6lip$get6odeEase$%0 =space1usic&au=%" ac&loop$%" } catch $<2ception e% { S)stem&out&println$e%" } } public #oid stop$% { ac&stop$%" } public #oid paint$Yraphics g% { g&drawString$=Pla)ing space musicI=0 O'0 4C%" } }
Page 1(0
J.E.D.I.
11.4 Applet 71M? 1ags

In t$e &receding e=am&"es3 youH e seen $o+ a&&"et )8MF tags are used in t$e )8MF document or t$e Ba a source code. 7o+3 youH"" be introduced to a more com&"ete ersion o1 t$e a&&"et )8MF tag. <,PP;<. 67D<E,S< = codebase@K;! 67D< = appletAile ,.; = alternate.e2t! -,1< = appletBnstance-ame! DBD.H = widthBnPi2els H<BYH. = heightBnPi2els ,;BY- = alignment! XSP,6< = #spaceBnPi2els! HSP,6< = hspaceBnPi2els! > <P,K,1 -,1< = parameter-ame3 X,;@< = parameterXalue3>! <P,K,1 -,1< = parameter-ame4 X,;@< = parameterXalue4>! &&& <P,K,1 -,1< = parameter-amen X,;@< = parameterXaluen>! H.1; that will be dsipla)ed in the absence of Ra#a! <9,PP;<.>
Page 1((
J.E.D.I.
Applet 71M? 1ag 2e)3ords 67D<E,S< Directory +$ere t$e a&&"et c"ass is "ocated. Re1ers to t$e )8MF documentHs directory by de1au"t. 67D< 7ame o1 t$e 1i"e containing t$e a&&"et code. 9it$ or +it$out t$e .<a#a or .class e=tension name. ,;. 8e=t dis&"ayed i1 t$e bro+ser understands a&&"et tags but cannot current"y e=ecute t$e a&&"et. May $a&&en i1 Ja a is disab"ed. -,1< 7ame o1 t$e a&&"et. 2sed to a""o+ ot$er a&&"ets to communicate +it$ t$is a&&"et by re1erring to it by its name. DBD.H0 H<BYH. 9idt$ and $eig$t o1 t$e a&&"et +indo+. %&eci1ied in &i=e"s. ,;BYA"ignment or &ositioning o1 t$e a&&"et. Eit$er I"e1tI3 Irig$tI3 Ito&I3 IbottomI3 Imidd"eI3 Ibase"ineI3 Ite=tto&I3 Iabsmidd"eI3 or IabsbottomI. De1au"t &"acement de&ends on t$e en ironment. Ito&I R to& o1 a&&"et a"igned +it$ ta""est item in t$e current "ine. IbottomI3 base"ine R bottom o1 a&&"et a"igned +it$ bottom o1 ot$er content in t$e current "ine. Imidd"eI C midd"e o1 a&&"et a"igned +it$ bottom o1 ot$er content in t$e current "ine. Ite=tto&I C to& o1 a&&"et a"igned +it$ to& o1 ta""est te=t in t$e current "ine. Iabsmidd"eI C midd"e o1 a&&"et a"igned +it$ current "ine. XSP,6<0 HSP,6< %&ace abo e and be"o+ ;V%PA4E> and on t$e sides ;)%PA4E> o1 t$e a&&"et. P,K,1 -,1<0 X,;@< 8o s&eci1y &arameters t$at can be &assed to a&&"etsQ a&&"ets can in o,e t$e get1arameter(String param3ame) met$od.
,a!le 2;: /pplet H,06 ,ags
2RF
ertica" midd"e o1 ot$er content in t$e
IabsbottomI C bottom o1 a&&"et a"igned +it$ bottom o1 ot$er content in t$e current "ine
8$e e=am&"e be"o+ demonstrates $o+ to access &arameter s&eci1ied at t$e )8MF tag. import 8a#a&awt&*" import 8a#a&applet&*" 9* <applet code==ParamDemo= width=>'' height=3''> <param name==m)Param= #alue==Hello worldI=> <9applet> *9
Page 1(6
J.E.D.I.
public class ParamDemo e2tends ,pplet { public #oid paint$Yraphics g% { g&drawString$getParameter$=m)Param=%0 O'0 4C%" } } 8$e out&ut o1 t$is &rogram is Bust t$e same as t$at o1 )e""o 9or"d a&&"et. )ereHs a screen s$ot o1 t$e e=&ected out&ut.
Figure 11.A: 1aram:emo Sample $un
Page 1(6
J.E.D.I.
/0 Ad(anced I=- %treams

12.1 Objectives
In a &re ious modu"e3 youH e "earned $o+ to get user in&ut and mani&u"ate 1i"es using streams. Jou +i"" no+ "earn more about streams and ot$er stream c"asses. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. Enumerate t$e genera" stream ty&es 2. 2se t$e !i"e c"ass and its met$ods 4$aracter and #yte %treams In&ut and Out&ut %treams 7ode and !i"ter %treams .. 2se t$e di11erent In&utAOut&ut c"asses $eader Kriter InputStream 8utputStream 0. E=&"ain t$e conce&t o1 stream c$aining (. De1ine seria"i*ation 6. E=&"ain t$e use o1 t$e transient ,ey+ord 6. 9rite and read 1rom an obBect stream
12.2 .eneral -trea* 1)pes

12.2.1 Character and <)te -trea*s
As mentioned be1ore3 t$ere are genera""y t+o ty&es o1 streams3 t$e c$aracter and byte streams. Fet us Bust re ie+ t$e basic di11erence bet+een t$e t+o. #yte streams are 1i"e or de ice abstractions 1or binary data +$i"e c$aracter streams are 1or 2nicode c$aracters. 8$e InputStream c"ass is t$e abstract root c"ass o1 a"" in&ut byte streams +$ereas t$e 8utputStream c"ass is t$e abstract root c"ass o1 a"" out&ut byte streams. !or c$aracter streams3 t$e corres&onding su&erc"ass o1 a"" c"asses are t$e $eader and t$e Kriter c"ass3 res&ecti e"y. #ot$ c"asses are abstract c"asses 1or reading and +riting to c$aracter streams.
12.2.2 (nput and Output -trea*s

%treams are a"so categori*ed on +$et$er t$ey are used 1or reading or +riting to streams. A"t$oug$ it is a"ready -uite ob ious3 a""o+ me to de1ine t$ese ty&es o1 streams. Jou are a""o+ed to read 1rom in&ut streams but not +rite to t$em. On t$e ot$er $and3 you are a""o+ed to +rite to out&ut streams but not read 1rom t$em. 8$e InputStream c"ass and t$e $eader c"ass are t$e su&erc"asses o1 a"" in&ut streams. 8$e 8utputStream c"ass and t$e Kriter c"ass are t$e root c"asses o1 a"" out&ut streams. In&ut streams are a"so ,no+n as source streams since +e get in1ormation 1rom t$ese
Introduction to Programming II Page 1(/
J.E.D.I.
streams. Mean+$i"e3 out&ut streams are a"so ca""ed sin, streams.
12.2.3 Code and ;ilter -trea*s

7o+3 t$e <a#a.io &ac,age distinguis$es bet+een node and 1i"ter streams. A node stream is a stream +it$ t$e basic 1unctiona"ity o1 reading or +riting 1rom a s&eci1ic "ocation suc$ as a dis, or 1rom t$e net+or,. 8y&es o1 node streams inc"ude 1i"es3 memory and &i&es. !i"ter streams3 on t$e ot$er $and3 are "ayered onto node streams bet+een t$reads or &rocesses to &ro ide additiona" 1unctiona"ities not 1ound in t$e node stream by t$emse" es. Adding "ayers to a node stream is ca""ed stream c$aining. 8$e succeeding sections gi es an o er ie+ o1 t$e di11erent stream c"asses. !or a com&"ete "ist o1 t$ese c"asses3 &"ease re1er to Ja aHs API documentation.
Page 1(?
J.E.D.I.
12.3 1he ;ile Class

A"t$oug$ t$e File c"ass is not a stream c"ass3 it is im&ortant t$at +e study it since t$e stream c"asses are mani&u"ate 1i"es. 8$e c"ass is an abstract re&resentation o1 actua" 1i"es and directory &at$names. 8o instantiate a File obBect3 you can use t$e 1o""o+ing constructor' A ;ile Constructor Aile$String pathname% Instantiates a File obBect +it$ t$e s&eci1ied pathname as its 1i"ename. 8$e 1i"ename may eit$er be abso"ute ;i.e.3 containes t$e com&"ete &at$> or may consists o1 t$e 1i"ename itse"1 and is assumed to be contained in t$e current directory.
,a!le 2A: File constructor
8$e File c"ass &ro ides se era" met$ods 1or mani&u"ating 1i"es and directories. )ere are some o1 t$ese met$ods. ;ile Methods public String get-ame$% Returns t$e 1i"ename or t$e directory name o1 t$is File obBect. public boolean e2ists$% 8ests i1 a 1i"e or a directory e=ists. public long length$% Returns t$e si*e o1 t$e 1i"e. public long last1odified$% Returns t$e date in mi""iseconds +$en t$e 1i"e +as "ast modi1ied. public boolean canKead$% Returns true i1 itHs &ermissib"e to read 1rom t$e 1i"e. Ot$er+ise3 it returns 1a"se. public boolean canDrite$% Returns true i1 itHs &ermissib"e to +rite to t$e 1i"e. Ot$er+ise3 it returns 1a"se. public boolean isAile$% 8ests i1 t$is obBect is a 1i"e3 t$at is3 our norma" &erce&tion o1 +$at a 1i"e is ;not a directory>. public boolean isDirector)$% 8ests i1 t$is obBect is a directory. public String ! list$% Returns t$e "ist o1 1i"es and subdirectories +it$in t$is obBect. 8$is obBect s$ou"d be a directory. public #oid m/dir$% 4reates a directory denoted by t$is abstract &at$name. public #oid delete$%
Page 160
J.E.D.I.
;ile Methods Remo es t$e actua" 1i"e or directory re&resented by t$is File obBect.
,a!le 22: File methods
FetHs see $o+ t$ese met$ods +or, by trying out t$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e' import 8a#a&io&*" public class AileBnfo6lass { public static #oid main$String args !% { String file-ame = args '!" Aile fn = new Aile$file-ame%" S)stem&out&println$=-ame: = ( fn&get-ame$%%" if $Ifn&e2ists$%% { S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( = does not e2ists&=%" 9* 6reate a temporar) director) instead& *9 S)stem&out&println$=6reating temp director)&&&=%" file-ame = =temp=" fn = new Aile$file-ame%" fn&m/dir$%" S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( $fn&e2ists$%5 =e2ists=: =does not e2ist=%%" S)stem&out&println$=Deleting temp director)&&&=%" fn&delete$%" S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( $fn&e2ists$%5 =e2ists=: =does not e2ist=%%" return" } S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( = is a = ( $fn&isAile$%5 =file&= :=director)&=%%" if $fn&isDirector)$%% { String content ! = fn&list$%" S)stem&out&println$=.he content of this director):=%" for $int i = '" i < content&length" i((% { S)stem&out&println$content i!%" } } if $Ifn&canKead$%% { S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( = is not readable&=%" return" } S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( = is = ( fn&length$% ( = b)tes long&=%" S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( = was last modified on = ( fn&last1odified$% ( =&=%" if $Ifn&canDrite$%% { S)stem&out&println$file-ame ( = is not writable&=%" } } } )ere is a sam&"e run o1 t$e FileInfo-lass' -ame: temp&t2t temp&t2t is a file& temp&t2t is >? b)tes long& temp&t2t was last modified on 33?M3C'?OM3TT& temp.txt $as contains t$e 1o""o+ing te=t'
J.E.D.I.
what a wonderful world 30 40 step
12.4 9eader Classes

8$is section describes c$aracter streams used 1or reading.
12.4.1 9eader Methods

8$e $eader c"ass consists o1 se era" met$ods 1or reading o1 c$aracters. )ere are some o1 t$e c"assHs met$ods' 9eader Methods public int read$L% throws B7<2ception An o er"oaded met$od3 +$ic$ $as t$ree ersions. Reads c$aracter;s>3 an entire c$aracter array or a &ortion o1 a c$aracter array. public int read$% C Reads a sing"e c$aracter. public int read$char ! cbuf%C Reads c$aracters and stores t$em in c$aracter array c!uf. public abstract int read$char ! cbuf0 int offset0 int length%C Reads u& to length number o1 c$aracters and stores t$em in c$aracter array c!uf starting at t$e s&eci1ied offset. public abstract #oid close$% throws B7<2ception 4"oses t$is stream. 4a""ing t$e ot$er $eader met$ods a1ter c"osing t$e stream +ou"d cause an I8Exception to occur. public #oid mar/$int read,head;imit% throws B7<2ception Mar,s t$e current &osition in t$e stream. A1ter mar,ing3 ca""s to reset;> +i"" attem&t to re&osition t$e stream to t$is &oint. 7ot a"" c$aracterCin&ut streams su&&ort t$is o&eration. public boolean mar/Supported$% Indicates +$et$er a stream su&&orts t$e mar, o&eration or not. 7ot su&&orted by de1au"t. %$ou"d be o eridden by subc"asses. public #oid reset$% throws B7<2ception Re&ositions t$e stream to t$e "ast mar,ed &osition.
,a!le 2D: $eader methods
12.4.2 Code 9eader Classes

8$e 1o""o+ing are some o1 t$e basic $eader c"asses' Code 9eader Classes AileKeader
Page 162
J.E.D.I.
Code 9eader Classes !or reading 1rom c$aracter 1i"es. 6har,rra)Keader Im&"ements a c$aracter bu11er t$at can be read 1rom. StringKeader !or reading 1rom a string source. PipedKeader 2sed in &airs ;+it$ a corres&onding 1ipedKriter> by t+o t$reads t$at +ant to communicate. One o1 t$ese t$reads reads c$aracters 1rom t$is source.
,a!le 2E: 3ode $eader -lasses
12.4.3 ;ilter 9eader Classes

8o add 1unctiona"ities to t$e basic $eader c"asses3 you can use t$e 1i"ter stream c"asses. )ere are some o1 t$ese c"asses' ;ilter 9eader Classes EufferedKeader A""o+s bu11ering o1 c$aracters in order to &ro ide 1or t$e e11icient reading o1 c$aracters3 arrays3 and "ines. AilterKeader !or reading 1i"tered c$aracter streams. BnputStreamKeader 4on erts read bytes to c$aracters. ;ine-umberKeader A subc"ass o1 t$e 9uffered$eader c"ass t$at is ab"e to ,ee& trac, o1 "ine numbers. Pushbac/Keader A subc"ass o1 t$e Filter$eader c"ass t$at a""o+s c$aracters to be &us$ed bac, or unread into t$e stream.
,a!le 2F: Filter $eader -lasses
Page 16.
J.E.D.I.
12.5 4riter Classes

8$is section describes c$aracter streams used 1or +riting.
12.5.1 4riter Methods

8$e Kriter c"ass consists o1 se era" met$ods 1or +riting o1 c$aracters. )ere are some o1 t$e c"assHs met$ods' 4riter Methods public #oid write$L% throws B7<2ception An o er"oaded met$od +it$ 1i e ersions' public #oid write$int c% R 9rites a sing"e c$aracter re&resented by t$e gi en integer a"ue. public #oid write$char ! cbuf% R 9rites t$e contents o1 t$e c$aracter array c!uf. public abstract #oid write$char ! cbuf0 int offset0 int length% R 9rites length number o1 c$aracters 1rom t$e c!uf array3 starting at t$e s&eci1ied offset. public #oid write$String str% R 9rites t$e string string. public #oid write$String str0 int offset0 int length% R 9rites length number o1 c$aracters 1rom t$e string str3 starting at t$e s&eci1ied offset. public abstract #oid close$% throws B7<2ception 4"oses t$is stream a1ter 1"us$ing any un+ritten c$aracters. In ocation o1 ot$er met$ods a1ter c"osing t$is stream +ou"d cause an I8Exception to occur. public abstract #oid flush$% !"us$es t$e stream ;i.e.3 c$aracters sa ed in t$e bu11er are immediate"y +ritten to t$e intended destination>.
,a!le 2H: Kriter methods
12.5.2 Code 4riter Classes

8$e 1o""o+ing are some o1 t$e basic Kriter c"asses' Code 4riter Classes AileDriter !or +riting c$aracters to a 1i"e. 6har,rra)Driter Im&"ements a c$aracter bu11er t$at can be +ritten to. StringDriter !or +riting to a string source. PipedDriter 2sed in &airs ;+it$ a corres&onding 1iped$eader> by t+o t$reads t$at +ant to communicate. One o1 t$ese t$reads +rites c$aracters to t$is stream.
,a!le 2I: 3ode Kriter classes
Page 160
J.E.D.I.
12.5.3 ;ilter 4riter Classes

8o add 1unctiona"ities to t$e basic Kriter c"asses3 you can use t$e 1i"ter stream c"asses. )ere are some o1 t$ese c"asses' ;ilter 4riter Classes EufferedDriter A""o+s bu11ering o1 c$aracters in order to &ro ide 1or t$e e11icient +riting o1 c$aracters3 arrays3 and "ines. AilterDriter !or +riting 1i"tered c$aracter streams. 7utputStreamDriter Encodes c$aracters +ritten to it into bytes. PrintDriter Prints 1ormatted re&resentations o1 obBects to a te=tCout&ut stream.
,a!le D": Filter Kriter classes
12.
A <asic 9eaderD4riter %5a*ple
8$e succeeding e=am&"e uses t$e File$eader and t$e FileKriter c"ass. In t$is e=am&"e3 t$e &rogram reads 1rom a 1i"e s&eci1ied by t$e user and co&ies t$e content o1 t$is 1i"e to anot$er 1i"e. import 8a#a&io&*" class 6op)Aile { #oid cop)$String input0 String output% { AileKeader reader" AileDriter writer" int data" tr) { reader = new AileKeader$input%" writer = new AileDriter$output%" while $$data = reader&read$%% I= L3% { writer&write$data%" } reader&close$%" writer&close$%" } catch $B7<2ception ie% { ie&printStac/.race$%" } } public static #oid main$String args !% { String inputAile = args '!" String outputAile = args 3!" 6op)Aile cf = new 6op)Aile$%" cf&cop)$inputAile0 outputAile%" }
8ry out t$e &rogram yourse"1 and obser e +$at $a&&ens to t$e 1i"es mani&u"ated.
J.E.D.I.
2sing temp.txt 1rom our &re ious e=am&"e3 $ereHs t$e resu"t +$en +e &ass temp.txt as t$e inputFile and temp;.txt as t$e outputFile'
Figure 1;.1: Sample output for -opyFile
Page 166
J.E.D.I.
12.! Modi+ied 9eaderD4riter %5a*ple

8$e succeeding e=am&"e is simi"ar to t$e &re ious e=am&"e but is more e11icient. Instead o1 reading and +riting to t$e stream one at a time3 c$aracters read are 1irst stored in a bu11er be1ore +riting c$aracters "ine &er "ine. 8$e &rogram uses t$e tec$ni-ue o1 stream c$aining +$erein t$e File$eader and t$e FileKriter c"ass are decorated +it$ t$e 9uffered$eader and t$e 9ufferedKriter c"ass3 res&ecti e"y. import 8a#a&io&*" class 6op)Aile { #oid cop)$String input0 String output% { EufferedKeader reader" EufferedDriter writer" String data" tr) { reader = new EufferedKeader$new AileKeader$input%%" writer = new EufferedDriter$new AileDriter$output%%" while $$data = reader&read;ine$%% I= null% { writer&write$data0 '0 data&length$%%" } reader&close$%" writer&close$%" } catch $B7<2ception ie% { ie&printStac/.race$%" } } public static #oid main$String args !% { String inputAile = args '!" String outputAile = args 3!" 6op)Aile cf = new 6op)Aile$%" cf&cop)$inputAile0 outputAile%" }
4om&are t$is code +it$ t$e &re ious one. 9$at is t$e resu"t o1 running t$is &rogramD )ereHs a sam&"e out&ut o1 t$is ersion o1 -opyFile.
Page 166
J.E.D.I. Figure 1;.;: Sample output for -opyFile
Page 16/
J.E.D.I.
12.$ (nput-trea* Classes

8$is section gi es an o er ie+ o1 t$e di11erent byte streams used 1or reading.
12.$.1 (nput-trea* Methods

8$e InputStream c"ass consists o1 se era" met$ods 1or reading o1 bytes. )ere are some o1 t$e c"assHs met$ods' (nput-trea* Methods public int read$L% throws B7<2ception An o er"oaded met$od3 +$ic$ a"so $as t$ree Reads bytes. ersions "i,e t$at o1 t$e $eader c"ass.
public abstract int read$% C Reads t$e ne=t byte o1 data 1rom t$is stream. public int read$b)te ! bEuf%C Reads some number o1 bytes and stores t$em in t$e !9uf byte array. public abstract int read$char ! cbuf0 int offset0 int length%C Reads u& to length number o1 bytes and stores t$em in t$e byte array !9uf starting at t$e s&eci1ied offset. public abstract #oid close$% throws B7<2ception 4"oses t$is stream. 4a""ing t$e ot$er InputStream met$ods a1ter c"osing t$e stream +ou"d cause an I8Exception to occur. public #oid mar/$int read,head;imit% throws B7<2ception Mar,s t$e current &osition in t$e stream. A1ter mar,ing3 ca""s to reset;> +i"" attem&t to re&osition t$e stream to t$is &oint. 7ot a"" byteCin&ut streams su&&ort t$is o&eration. public boolean mar/Supported$% Indicates +$et$er a stream su&&orts t$e mar, and reset o&eration. 7ot su&&orted by de1au"t. %$ou"d be o eridden by subc"asses. public #oid reset$% throws B7<2ception Re&ositions t$e stream to t$e "ast mar,ed &osition.
,a!le D1: InputStream methods
12.$.2 Code (nput-trea* Classes

8$e 1o""o+ing are some o1 t$e basic InputStream c"asses' Code (nput-trea* Classes AileBnputStream !or reading bytes 1rom a 1i"e. Euffered,rra)BnputStream Im&"ements a bu11er t$at contains bytes3 +$ic$ may be read 1rom t$e stream. PipedBnputStream
Page 16?
J.E.D.I.
Code (nput-trea* Classes %$ou"d be connected to a 1iped8utputStream. 8$ese streams are ty&ica""y used by t+o t$reads +$erein one o1 t$ese t$reads reads data 1rom t$is source +$i"e t$e ot$er t$read +rites to t$e corres&onding 1iped8utputStream.
,a!le D;: 3ode InputStream classes
12.$.3 ;ilter (nput-trea* Classes

8o add 1unctiona"ities to t$e basic InputStream c"asses3 you can use t$e 1i"ter stream c"asses. )ere are some o1 t$ese c"asses' ;ilter (nput-trea* Classes EufferedBnputStream A subc"ass o1 FilterInputStream t$at a""o+s bu11ering o1 in&ut in order to &ro ide 1or t$e e11icient reading o1 bytes. AilterBnputStream !or reading 1i"tered byte streams3 +$ic$ may trans1orm t$e basic source o1 data a"ong t$e +ay and &ro ide additiona" 1unctiona"ities. 7b8ectBnputStream 2sed 1or obBect seria"i*ation. Deseria"i*es obBects and &rimiti e data &re ious"y +ritten using an 8!<ect8utputStream. DataBnputStream A subc"ass o1 FilterInputStream t$at "ets an a&&"ication read Ja a &rimiti e data 1rom an under"ying in&ut stream in a mac$ineCinde&endent +ay. ;ine-umberBnputStream A subc"ass o1 FilterInputStream t$at a""o+s trac,ing o1 t$e current "ine number. Pushbac/BnputStream A subc"ass o1 t$e FilterInputStream c"ass t$at a""o+s bytes to be &us$ed bac, or unread into t$e stream.
,a!le DA: Filter InputStream classes
Page 160
J.E.D.I.
12.& Output-trea* Classes

8$is section gi es an o er ie+ o1 t$e di11erent byte streams used 1or +riting.
12.&.1 Output-trea* Methods

8$e 8utputStream c"ass consists o1 se era" met$ods 1or +riting o1 bytes. )ere are some o1 t$e c"assHs met$ods' Output-trea* Methods public #oid write$L% throws B7<2ception An o er"oaded met$od 1or +riting bytes to t$e stream. It $as t$ree ersions' public abstract #oid write$int b% R 9rites t$e s&eci1ied byte out&ut stream. a"ue ! to t$is
public #oid write$b)te ! bEuf% R 9rites t$e contents o1 t$e byte array !9uf to t$is stream. public #oid write$b)te ! bEuf0 int offset0 int length% R 9rites length number o1 bytes 1rom t$e !9uf array to t$is stream3 starting at t$e s&eci1ied offset to t$is stream. public abstract #oid close$% throws B7<2ception 4"oses t$is stream and re"eases any system resources associated +it$ t$is stream. In ocation o1 ot$er met$ods a1ter ca""ing t$is met$od +ou"d cause an I8Exception to occur. public abstract #oid flush$% !"us$es t$e stream ;i.e.3 bytes sa ed in t$e bu11er are immediate"y +ritten to t$e intended destination>.
,a!le D2: 8utputStream methods
12.&.2 Code Output-trea* Classes

8$e 1o""o+ing are some o1 t$e basic 8utputStream c"asses' Code Output-trea* Classes Aile7utputStream !or +riting bytes to a 1i"e. Euffered,rra)7utputStream Im&"ements a bu11er t$at contains bytes3 +$ic$ may be +ritten to t$e stream. Piped7utputStream %$ou"d be connected to a 1ipedInputStream. 8$ese streams are ty&ica""y used by t+o t$reads +$erein one o1 t$ese t$reads +rites data to t$is stream +$i"e t$e ot$er t$read reads 1rom t$e corres&onding 1ipedInputStream.
,a!le DD: 3ode 8utputStream classes
Page 161
J.E.D.I.
12.&.3 ;ilter Output-trea* Classes

8o add 1unctiona"ities to t$e basic 8utputStream c"asses3 you can use t$e 1i"ter stream c"asses. )ere are some o1 t$ese c"asses' ;ilter Output-trea* Classes Euffered7utputStream A subc"ass o1 Filter8utputStream t$at a""o+s bu11ering o1 out&ut in order to &ro ide 1or t$e e11icient +riting o1 bytes. A""o+s +riting o1 bytes to t$e under"ying out&ut stream +it$out necessari"y causing a ca"" to t$e under"ying system 1or eac$ byte +ritten. Ailter7utputStream !or +riting 1i"tered byte streams3 +$ic$ may trans1orm t$e basic source o1 data a"ong t$e +ay and &ro ide additiona" 1unctiona"ities. 7b8ect7utputStream 2sed 1or obBect seria"i*ation. %eria"i*es obBects and &rimiti e data to an 8utputStream. Data7utputStream A subc"ass o1 Filter8utputStream t$at "ets an a&&"ication +rite Ja a &rimiti e data to an under"ying out&ut stream in a mac$ineCinde&endent +ay. PrintStream A subc"ass o1 Filter8utputStream t$at &ro ides ca&abi"ity 1or &rinting re&resentations o1 arious data a"ues con enient"y.
,a!le DE: Filter 8utputStream classes
Page 162
J.E.D.I.
12.1' A <asic (nput-trea*DOutput-trea* %5a*ple

8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e uses t$e FileInputStream and t$e File8utputStream c"ass to read 1rom a s&eci1ied 1i"e and co&ies t$e content o1 t$is 1i"e to anot$er 1i"e. import 8a#a&io&*" class 6op)Aile { #oid cop)$String input0 String output% { AileBnputStream inputStr" Aile7utputStream outputStr" int data" tr) { inputStr = new AileBnputStream$input%" outputStr = new Aile7utputStream$output%" while $$data = inputStr&read$%% I= L3% { outputStr&write$data%" } inputStr&close$%" outputStr&close$%" } catch $B7<2ception ie% { ie&printStac/.race$%" } } public static #oid main$String args !% { String inputAile = args '!" String outputAile = args 3!" 6op)Aile cf = new 6op)Aile$%" cf&cop)$inputAile0 outputAile%" }
Passing tempo.txt and tempo;.txt as arguments3 $ereHs a sam&"e run o1 t$is code'
Figure 1;.A: Sample output for -opyFile
Page 16.
J.E.D.I.
12.11 Modi+ied (nput-trea*DOutput-trea* %5a*ple

8$e ne=t e=am&"e is uses t$e 1ush!ac'InputStream FileInputStream obBect and t$e 1rintStream c"ass. import 8a#a&io&*" class 6op)Aile { #oid cop)$String input% { Pushbac/BnputStream inputStr" PrintStream outputStr" int data" tr) { inputStr = new Pushbac/BnputStream$new AileBnputStream$input%%" outputStr = new PrintStream$S)stem&out%" while $$data = inputStr&read$%% I= L3% { outputStr&println$=read data: = ( $char% data%" inputStr&unread$data%" data = inputStr&read$%" outputStr&println$=unread data: = ( $char% data%" } inputStr&close$%" outputStr&close$%" } catch $B7<2ception ie% { ie&printStac/.race$%" } } public static #oid main$String args !% { String inputAile = args '!" 6op)Aile cf = new 6op)Aile$%" cf&cop)$inputAile%" } c"ass t$at decorates a
8est t$is code on a 1i"e containing a 1e+ "ines or c$aracters. %ay3 +e $a e a 1i"e named tempo.txt containing t$e 1o""o+ing te=t' one 3 two Passing tempo.txt to t$e code generates t$e 1o""o+ing out&ut' read data: o unread data: read data: n unread data: read data: e unread data: read data: unread data: read data: 3 unread data: read data: unread data: read data: o n e
Page 160
J.E.D.I.
unread data: read data: t unread data: t read data: w unread data: w read data: o unread data: o
Page 16(
J.E.D.I.
12.12 -erialiBation
8$e Ja a Virtua" Mac$ine ;JVM> su&&orts t$e abi"ity to read or +rite an obBect to a stream. 8$is ca&abi"ity is ca""ed seria"i*ation3 t$e &rocess o1 I1"atteningI an obBect so t$at it can be sa ed to some &ermanent storage or &assed to anot$er obBect ia t$e 8utputStream c"ass. 9$en +riting an obBect3 it is im&ortant t$at its state be +ritten in a seria"i*ed 1orm suc$ t$at t$e obBect can be reconstructed as it is being read. %a ing an obBect to some ty&e o1 &ermanent storage is ,no+n as &ersistence. 8$e streams used 1or deseria"i*ing and seria"i*ing are t$e 8!<ectInputStream and t$e 8!<ect8utputStream c"asses3 res&ecti e"y. 8o a""o+ an obBect to be seria"i*ab"e ;i.e.3 can be sa ed and retrie ed>3 its c"ass s$ou"d im&"ement t$e Seriali5a!le inter1ace. 8$e c"ass s$ou"d a"so &ro ide a de1au"t constructor or a constructor +it$ no arguments. One nice t$ing about seria"i*abi"ity is t$at it is in$erited3 +$ic$ means t$at +e donHt $a e to im&"ement Seriali5a!le on e ery c"ass. 8$is means "ess +or, 1or &rogrammers. Jou can Bust im&"ement Seriali5a!le once a"ong t$e c"ass $eirarc$y.
12.12.1 1he transient 2e)3ord

9$en an obBect is seria"i*ed3 on"y t$e obBectHs data are &reser ed. Met$ods and constructors are not &art o1 t$e seria"i*ed stream. 8$ere are some obBects t$oug$ t$at are not seria"i*ab"e because t$e data t$ey re&resent constant"y c$anges. %ome e=am&"es o1 suc$ obBects are FileInputStream and ,hread obBects. A 3otSeriali5a!leException is t$ro+n i1 t$e seria"i*ation o&eration 1ai"s 1or some reason. Do not des&air t$oug$. A c"ass containing a nonCseria"i*ab"e obBect can sti"" be seria"i*ed i1 t$e re1erence to t$is nonCseria"i*ab"e obBect is mar,ed +it$ t$e transient ,ey+ord. 4onsider t$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e' class 1)6lass implements Seriali:able { transient .hread thread" 99tr) remo#ing transient int data" 9* some other data *9 } 8$e transient ,ey+ord &re ents t$e data 1rom being seria"i*ed. Instantiating obBects 1rom t$is c"ass can no+ be +ritten to an 8utputStream.
12.12.2 -erialiBation/ 4riting an Object -trea*

8o +rite an obBect to a stream3 you need to use t$e 8!<ect8utputStream c"ass and its write8!<ect met$od. 8$e write8!<ect met$od $as t$e 1o""o+ing signature' public final #oid write7b8ect$7b8ect ob8% throws B7<2ception +$ere o!< is t$e obBect to be +ritten to t$e stream. 8$e e=am&"e be"o+ +rites a 9oolean obBect to an 8!<ect8utputStream. 8$e 9oolean c"ass im&"ements t$e Seriali5a!le inter1ace. 8$us3 obBects instantiated 1rom t$is c"ass can be +ritten to and read 1rom a stream.
Page 166
J.E.D.I.
import 8a#a&io&*" public class Seriali:eEoolean { Seriali:eEoolean$% { Eoolean booleanData = new Eoolean$=true=%" tr) { Aile7utputStream fos = new Aile7utputStream$=boolean&ser=%" 7b8ect7utputStream oos = new 7b8ect7utputStream$fos%" oos&write7b8ect$booleanData%" oos&close$%" } catch $B7<2ception ie% { ie&printStac/.race$%" }
public static #oid main$String args !% { Seriali:eEoolean sb = new Seriali:eEoolean$%" }
12.12.3 DeserialiBation/ 9eading an Object -trea*

8o read an obBect 1rom a stream3 you need to use t$e 8!<ectInputStream c"ass and its read8!<ect met$od. 8$e read8!<ect met$od $as t$e 1o""o+ing signature' public final 7b8ect read7b8ect$% throws B7<2ception0 6lass-otAound<2ception +$ere o!< is t$e obBect to be read 1rom t$e stream. 8$e 8!<ect ty&e returned s$ou"d be ty&ecasted to t$e a&&ro&riate c"ass name be1ore met$ods on t$at c"ass can be e=ecuted. 8$e e=am&"e be"o+ reads a 9oolean obBect 1rom an 8!<ectInputStream. 8$is is a continuation o1 t$e &re ious e=am&"e on seria"i*ation. import 8a#a&io&*" public class @nseriali:eEoolean { @nseriali:eEoolean$% { Eoolean booleanData = null" tr) { AileBnputStream fis = new AileBnputStream$=boolean&ser=%" 7b8ectBnputStream ois = new 7b8ectBnputStream$fis%" booleanData = $Eoolean% ois&read7b8ect$%" ois&close$%" } catch $<2ception e% { e&printStac/.race$%" } S)stem&out&println$=@nseriali:ed Eoolean from = ( =boolean&ser=%" S)stem&out&println$=Eoolean data: = ( booleanData%" S)stem&out&println$=6ompare data with true: = ( booleanData&eJuals$new Eoolean$=true=%%%"
public static #oid main$String args !% { @nseriali:eEoolean usb = new @nseriali:eEoolean$%" }
Page 166
J.E.D.I.
8$e 1o""o+ing is t$e e=&ected out&ut o1 Unseriali5e9oolean' @nseriali:ed Eoolean from boolean&ser Eoolean data: true 6ompare data with true: true
Page 16/
J.E.D.I.
/4 An Introduction to 8enerics
13.1 Objectives
Ja aHs "atest re"ease &ro ides t$e biggest "ea& 1or+ard in Ja a &rogramming com&ared to its ot$er ersions. It inc"udes signi1icant e=tensions to t$e source "anguage synta=. 8$e most isib"e o1 +$ic$ is t$e addition o1 generic ty&es. 8$is modu"e introduces you to t$e basic conce&ts re"ated to Ja a generic ty&es. A1ter com&"eting t$is "esson3 you s$ou"d be ab"e to' 1. Enumerate t$e bene1its o1 generic ty&es 2. Dec"are a generic c"ass .. 2se constrained generics 0. Dec"are generic met$ods (. 2se Ja a co""ections +it$ generic ty&es
13.2 4h) .enerics6

One o1 t$e most signi1icant causes o1 bugs in t$e Ja a &rogramming "anguage is t$e need to continua""y ty&ecast or do+ncast e=&ressions to more s&eci1ic data ty&es t$an t$eir static ty&es. !or e=am&"e3 an /rray6ist obBect a""o+s us to add any re1erence ty&e obBect to t$e "ist but +$en +e retrie e t$ese e"ements3 +e need to ty&ecast t$e obBects to a s&eci1ic re1erence ty&e a&&ro&riate 1or our needs. Do+ncasting is a &otentia" $ots&ot 1or -lass-astException. It a"so ma,es our codes +ordier3 t$us3 "ess readab"e. Moreo er3 do+ncasting a"so e11ecti e"y destroys t$e bene1its o1 a strong"y ty&ed "anguage since it nu""i1ies t$e sa1ety t$at accom&anies bui"tCin ty&e c$ec,ing. 8$e main goa" o1 adding generics to Ja a is to so" e t$is &rob"em. 5eneric ty&es a""o+ a sing"e c"ass to +or, +it$ a +ide ariety o1 ty&es. It is a natura" +ay o1 e"iminating t$e need 1or casting. FetHs 1irst consider an /rray6ist obBect and see $o+ generic ty&es +ou"d $e"& in im&ro ing our code. As you a"ready ,no+3 an /rray6ist obBect $as t$e abi"ity to store e"ements o1 any re1erence ty&e to t$is "ist. An /rray6ist instance3 $o+e er3 $as a"+ays 1orced us to do+ncast t$e obBects +e retrie e out o1 t$e "ist. 4onsider t$e 1o""o+ing statement' String m)String = (String) m),rra);ist&get$'%" 8$e generic ersion o1 t$e /rray6ist c"ass is designed to +or, nati e"y +it$ any ty&e o1 c"ass. At t$e same3 it a"so &reser es t$e bene1its o1 ty&e c$ec,ing. 9e can do a+ay +it$ t$e need o1 $a ing to ty&ecast t$e e"ement +e get 1rom t$e "ist and $a e t$e 1o""o+ing statement instead o1 t$e &re ious one' String m)String = m),rra);ist&get$'%" A"t$oug$ do+ncasting +as a"ready remo ed3 t$is doesnHt mean t$at you cou"d assign anyt$ing to t$e return a"ue o1 t$e get met$od and do a+ay +it$ ty&ecasting a"toget$er. I1 you assign anyt$ing e"se besides a String to t$e out&ut o1 t$e get met$od3 you +ou"d
J.E.D.I.
encounter a com&i"e time ty&e mismatc$ suc$ as t$is message' found: 8a#a&lang&String reJuired: 8a#a&lang&Bnteger Bnteger data = m),rra);ist&get$'%" !or you to Bust $a e an idea $o+ generic ty&es are used be1ore digging into more detai"s3 consider t$e 1o""o+ing code 1ragment' ,rra);ist <String> gen,rr;ist = new ,rra);ist <String>$%" gen,rr;ist&add$=, generic string=%" String m)String = gen,rr;ist&get$'%" RoptionPane&show1essageDialog$this0 m)String%" #ro+sing t$roug$ t$e statements3 you &robab"y obser ed t$e +ord <String a&&earing immediate"y a1ter t$e re1erence data ty&e /rray6ist. Jou can inter&ret t$e 1irst statement as instantiating a generic ersion o1 t$e /rray6ist c"ass and t$is generic ersion contains obBects o1 ty&e String. gen/rr6ist is bound to String ty&e. )ence3 binding an Integer or some ot$er nonC%tring ty&e to t$e resu"t o1 t$e get 1unction +ou"d be i""ega". 8$e ne=t statement is i""ega". int m)Bnt = gen,rr;ist&get$%"
13.3 Declaring a .eneric Class

!or t$e &re ious code 1ragment to +or,3 +e s$ou"d $a e de1ined a generic ersion o1 t$e /rray6ist c"ass. !ortunate"y3 Ja aHs ne+est ersion a"ready &ro ides users +it$ generic ersions o1 a"" Ja a -ollection c"asses. In t$is section3 youH"" "earn $o+ to dec"are your o+n generic c"ass. Instead o1 $a ing a "engt$y discussion on $o+ to dec"are a generic c"ass3 you are gi en a sim&"e generic c"ass e=am&"e to "earn 1rom. class EasicYeneric <,> { pri#ate , data" public EasicYeneric$, data% { this&data = data" } public , getData$% { return data" } } public class YenSample { public String method$String input% { String data3 = input" EasicYeneric <String> basicYeneric = new EasicYeneric <String>$data3%" String data4 = basicYeneric&getData$%" return data4" } public Bnteger method$int input% { Bnteger data3 = new Bnteger$input%" EasicYeneric <Bnteger> basicYeneric = new EasicYeneric <Bnteger>$data3%" Bnteger data4 = basicYeneric&getData$%" return data4"
Introduction to Programming II Page 1/0
J.E.D.I.
} public static #oid main$String args !% { YenSample sample = new YenSample$%" S)stem&out&println$sample&method$=Some generic data=%%" S)stem&out&println$sample&method$34>?%%" }
Running t$e code gi es t$e 1o""o+ing e=&ected out&ut' Some generic data 34>? 7o+ "etHs go t$roug$ t$e &arts o1 t$e code t$at use t$e synta= 1or generic ty&es. !or t$e dec"aration o1 t$e 9asicJeneric c"ass3 class EasicYeneric <,> t$e c"ass name is 1o""o+ed by a &air o1 brac,ets enc"osing t$e ca&ita" "etter /' </ . 8$is is ca""ed a ty&e &arameter. 2se o1 t$ese brac,ets indicates t$at t$e c"ass dec"ared is a generic c"ass. 8$is means t$at t$e c"ass does not +or, +it$ any s&eci1ic re1erence ty&e. 8$en3 obser e t$at a 1ie"d o1 t$e c"ass +as dec"ared to be o1 ty&e /. pri#ate , data" 8$is dec"aration s&eci1ies t$at t$e 1ie"d data is o1 generic ty&e3 de&ending on t$e data ty&e t$at t$e 9asicJeneric obBect +as designed to +or, +it$. 9$en dec"aring an instance o1 t$e c"ass3 you must s&eci1y t$e re1erence ty&e +it$ +$ic$ you +ant to +or, +it$. EasicYeneric <String> basicYeneric = new EasicYeneric <String>$data3%" 8$e <String synta= a1ter t$e dec"aration 9asicJeneric s&eci1ies t$at t$is instance o1 t$e c"ass is going to +or, +it$ ariab"es o1 ty&e String. Jou can a"so +or, +it$ ariab"es o1 ty&e Integer or any ot$er re1erence ty&e. 8o +or, +it$ an Integer3 t$e code 1ragment $ad t$e 1o""o+ing statement' EasicYeneric <Bnteger> basicYeneric = new EasicYeneric <Bnteger>$data3%" Jou can &robab"y inter&ret t$e rest o1 t$e code on your o+n. 4onsider t$e dec"aration o1 t$e get:ata met$od. public , getData$% { return data" } 8$e met$od get:ata returns a a"ue o1 ty&e /3 a generic ty&e. 8$is doesnHt mean t$at t$e met$od +i"" not $a e a runtime data ty&e3 or e en at com&i"e time. A1ter you dec"are an obBect o1 ty&e 9asicJeneric3 / is bound to a s&eci1ic data ty&e. 8$is instance +i"" act as i1 it +ere dec"ared to $a e t$is s&eci1ic data ty&e and t$is ty&e on"y 1rom t$e ery beginning. In t$e gi en code3 t+o instances o1 t$e 9asicJeneric c"ass +ere created.
J.E.D.I.
EasicYeneric <String> basicYeneric = new EasicYeneric String data4 = basicYeneric&getData$%" EasicYeneric <Bnteger> basicYeneric = new EasicYeneric Bnteger data4 = basicYeneric&getData$%"
String!$data3%"
"nteger!$data3%"
7otice t$at instantiation o1 a generic c"ass is Bust simi"ar to instantiating a norma" c"ass e=ce&t t$at t$e s&eci1ic data ty&e enc"osed in < succeed t$e constructor name. 8$is additiona" in1ormation indicates t$e ty&e o1 data youH"" be +or,ing +it$ 1or t$is &articu"ar instance o1 t$e 9asicJeneric c"ass. A1ter instantiation3 you can no+ access members o1 t$e c"ass ia t$e instance. 8$ere is no "onger any need to ty&ecast t$e return a"ue o1 t$e get:ata met$od since it $as a"ready been decided t$at it +i"" +or, +it$ a s&eci1ic re1erence data ty&e.
13.3.1 E"ri*itiveE ?i*itation

A "imitation to generic ty&es in Ja a is t$ey are restricted to re1erence ty&es and +onHt +or, +it$ &rimiti e data ty&es. !or e=am&"e3 t$e 1o""o+ing statement +ou"d be i""ega" since int is a &rimiti e data ty&e. EasicYeneric <int> basicYeneric = new EasicYeneric <int>$data3%" JouH"" $a e to +ra& &rimiti e ty&es 1irst be1ore using t$em as arguments to a generic ty&e.
13.3.2 Co*piling .enerics

8o com&i"e Ja a source codes +it$ generic ty&es using JD@ ; . 1.(.0>3 use t$e 1o""o+ing synta=' 8a#ac L#ersion Lsource =3&C= Lsourcepath src Ld classes src9Swap6lass&8a#a +$ere src re1ers to t$e "ocation o1 t$e Ba a source code +$i"e class re1ers to t$e "ocation +$ere t$e c"ass 1i"e +i"" be stored. )ereHs an e=am&"e' 8a#ac L#ersion Lsource =3&C= Lsourcepath c:Wtemp Ld c:Wtemp c:9temp9Swap6lass&8a#a
Page 1/2
J.E.D.I.
13.4 Constrained .enerics

In t$e &receding e=am&"e gi en3 t$e ty&e &arameters o1 c"ass 9asicJeneric can be o1 any re1erence data ty&e. 8$ere are cases3 $o+e er3 +$erein you +ant to restrict t$e &otentia" ty&e instantiations o1 a generic c"ass. Ja a a"so a""o+s us to "imit t$e set o1 &ossib"e ty&e arguments to subty&es o1 a gi en ty&e bound. !or e=am&"e3 +e may +ant to de1ine a generic Scroll1ane c"ass t$at is a tem&"ate 1or an ordinary -ontainer decorated +it$ scro""ing 1unctiona"ity. 8$e runtime ty&e o1 an instance o1 t$is c"ass +i"" o1ten be a subc"ass o1 -ontainer3 but t$e static or genera" ty&e is sim&"y -ontainer. 8o "imit t$e ty&e instantiations o1 a c"ass3 +e use t$e extends ,ey+ord 1o""o+ed by t$e c"ass bounding t$e generic ty&e as &art o1 t$e ty&e &arameter. 8$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e "imits ty&e instantiation o1 t$e Scroll1ane c"ass to subty&es o1 t$e -ontainer c"ass. class ScrollPane <1)Pane e2tends 6ontainer> { &&& } class .estScrollPane { public static #oid main$String args !% { ScrollPane <Panel> scrollPane3 = new ScrollPane <Panel>$%" 99 .he ne2t statement is illegal ScrollPane <Eutton> scrollPane4 = new ScrollPane <Eutton>$%" } } Instantiation o1 scroll1ane1 is a"id since 1anel is a subc"ass o1 t$e -ontainer c"ass +$ereas creation o1 scroll1ane; +ou"d cause a com&i"e time error since 9utton is not a subc"ass o1 -ontainer. 2sing constrained generics gi e us added static ty&e c$ec,ing. As a resu"t3 +e are guaranteed t$at e ery instantiation o1 t$e generic ty&e ad$eres to t$e bounds +e assigned to it. %ince +e are assured t$at e ery ty&e instantiation is a subc"ass o1 t$e assigned bound3 +e can sa1e"y ca"" any met$ods 1ound in t$e obBectHs static ty&e. I1 +e $adnHt &"ace any e=&"icit bound on t$e &arameter3 t$e de1au"t bound is 8!<ect. 8$is means t$at +e canHt in o,e met$ods on an instance o1 t$e bound t$at donHt a&&ear in t$e 8!<ect c"ass.
Page 1/.
J.E.D.I.
13.5 Declaring a .eneric Method

#esides dec"aring a generic c"ass3 Ja a a"so gi es us t$e &ri i"ege o1 dec"aring a generic met$od. 8$ese are ca""ed &o"ymor&$ic met$ods3 +$ic$ are de1ined to be met$ods &arameteri*ed by ty&e. Parameteri*ing met$ods are use1u" +$en +e +ant to &er1orm tas,s +$ere t$e ty&e de&endencies bet+een t$e arguments and return a"ue are natura""y generic3 but t$e generic nature doesnHt re"y on any c"assC"e e" ty&e in1ormation and +i"" c$ange 1rom met$od ca"" to met$od ca"". !or e=am&"e3 su&&ose +e +ant to add a ma'e met$od to an /rray6ist c"ass. 8$is static met$od +ou"d ta,e in a sing"e argument3 +$ic$ +ou"d be t$e so"e e"ement o1 t$e /rray6ist obBect. 8o ma,e our /rray6ist generic so as to accomodate any ty&e o1 e"ement3 t$e sing"e argument in t$e ma'e met$od s$ou"d $a e a generic ty&e as an argument and as a return ty&e. 8o dec"are generic ty&es at met$od "e e"3 consider t$e 1o""o+ing e=am&"e' class @tilities { 9* . implicitl) e2tends 7b8ect *9 public static <.> ,rra);ist<.> ma/e$. first% { return new ,rra);ist<.>$first%" } } Ja a a"so uses a ty&eCin1erence mec$anism to automatica""y in1er t$e ty&es o1 &o"ymor&$ic met$ods based on t$e ty&es o1 arguments. 8$is "essens +ordiness and com&"e=ity o1 a met$od in ocation. 8o construct a ne+ instance o1 /rray6ist<Integer 3 +e +ou"d sim&"y $a e t$e 1o""o+ing statement' @tilities&ma/e$Bnteger$'%%"
Page 1/0
J.E.D.I.
13.
,ava Collections and .enerics
A discussion o1 -ollection met$ods +as a"ready gi en in an ear"ier c$a&ter. )o+e er3 in JD@ (.03 t$ese met$ods +ere u&dated to acommodate 5eneric ty&es. 8$e 1o""o+ing tab"e gi es t$e JD@ (.0 e-ui a"ent o1 met$ods youH e studied ear"ier. Co&&ection Methods public boolean add$E o% Inserts s&eci1ied e"ement o to t$is co""ection. Returns true i1 o +as success1u""y added to t$e co""ection. public #oid clear$% Remo es a"" e"ements o1 t$is co""ection. public boolean remo#e$7b8ect o% Remo es a sing"e instance o1 t$e 8!<ect o 1rom t$is co""ection3 i1 it is &resent. Returns true i1 o +as 1ound and remo ed 1rom t$e co""ection. public boolean contains$7b8ect o% Returns true i1 t$is co""ection contains t$e 8!<ect o. public boolean is<mpt)$% Returns true i1 t$is co""ection does not contain any obBect or e"ement. public int si:e$% Returns t$e number o1 e"ements in t$is co""ection. public Bterator<E> iterator$% Returns an iterator t$at a""o+s us to go t$roug$ t$e contents o1 t$is co""ection. public boolean eJuals$7b8ect o% Returns true i1 t$e 8!<ect o is e-ua" to t$is co""ection. public int hash6ode$% Returns t$e $as$ code a"ue ;i.e.3 t$e ID> 1or t$is co""ection. %ame obBects or co""ections $a e t$e same $as$ code a"ue or ID.
,a!le DF: -ollection methods
)ere is a sam&"e code t$at uses t$e generic ersion o1 t$e 6in'ed6ist c"ass. import 8a#a&util&*" class ;in/ed;istDemo { public static #oid main$String args !% { ;in/ed;ist <Bnteger> list = new ;in/ed;ist <Bnteger>$%" list&add$new Bnteger$3%%" list&add$new Bnteger$4%%" list&add$new Bnteger$3%%" S)stem&out&println$list%" ;in/ed;ist <Bnteger> list4 = new ;in/ed;ist <Bnteger>$list%" S)stem&out&println$list4%"
Running t$e code gi es t$is e=&ected out&ut' 30 40 3! 30 40 3!
Page 1/(
J.E.D.I.
Re erences
1. Fee 4$u, Munn. ObBect Oriented Programming +it$ Ja a. Ju"y 1?3 1???. 2. Sun Java Programming Student Guide SL-275. Sun i!ro"y"tem". #pril 2$$$.
.. Mar, J. Encarnacion. 4%1?6 7otes. %&ecia" 8o&ics' Ja a Programming. 0. Patric, 7aug$ton and )erbert %c$i"dt. Ja a 2' 8$e 4om&"ete Re1erence. OsborneAMc5ra+C)i"". 1???. (. 8$e Ja a 8utoria"' A Practica" 5uide 1or Programmers. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AABa a.sun.comAdocsAboo,sAtutoria" 6. Ja a in a 7uts$e"". 4$a&ter 0' 8$e Ja a P"at1orm. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AA+++.uni=.org.uaAore""yABa aCentABnutAc$00T10.$tm 6. )8MF 8ag Re1erence' A&&"ets and P"ugCins. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AA+++.code=.co.*aA$tm"Atags10.$tm /. 4"ientA%er er 7et+or,ing in Ja a by Mic$ae" Morrison. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AAdocs.rinet.ru'/0/.AJ21Ac$26.$tm ?. A 5ent"e Introduction to 5enerics in Ja a by 4$ar"ie 4a" ert. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AAbdn.bor"and.comAartic"eA0310103.20(0300.$tm" 10.Diagnosing Ja a 4ode' Ja a 5enerics 9it$out t$e Pain3 Part 1 by Eric A""en. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AA+++C106.ibm.comAde e"o&er+or,sABa aA"ibraryABCdBc0211..$tm" 11.Insertion %ort. )erongHs 7otes on %orting by Dr. )erong Jang. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AA+++.geocities.comA$erongTyangAsortAinsertion.$tm" 12.9i,i&edia' %e"ection %ort. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AAen.+i,i&edia.orgA+i,iA%e"ectionTsort 1..MinHs 9or"d' About Merge %ort. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AA+++.geocities.comA%i"iconVa""eyAProgramA2/60A!i"eAMerge1AMDoc1.$tm" 10.%e-uentia" and Para""e" %orting A"gorit$ms' Euic, %ort by )ans 9erner Fang. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AA+++.iti.1$C1"ensburg.deA"angAa"gorit$menAsortierenA-uic,A-uic,en.$tm 1(.A"1red A$o3 et a". Data %tructures and A"gorit$ms. AddisonC9es"ey Pub"is$ing 4om&any. 1?/6. 16.8$e 4oncurrency 2ti"ities R J2%E(.0. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AA+++.&artic"e.,t$.seAX"indseyAJa a4ourseA#oo,APart1AJa aA4$a&ter10Aconcurre ncy8oo"s.$tm" 16.API Documentation 1or Ja a 2 P"at1orm %tandard Ed. (.0. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AABa a.sun.comAB2seA1.(.0AdocsAa&iAinde=.$tm" 1/.API Documentation 1or Ja a 2 P"at1orm %tandard Ed. V1.0.1. A ai"ab"e at $tt&'AABa a.sun.comAB2seA1.0.1AdocsAa&iAinde=.$tm"
J.E.D.I.
1?.$tt&'AA+++."ee&oint.netAnotesCBa aAbac,groundAtoo"sA7et#eans.$tm" $tt&'AABa a.sun.comAB2seA1.0.1AdocsAa&iAinde=.$tm"
Page 1/6

Introduction To Programming

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

J.E.D.I.

Version 2.0 May 2006

Requirements For the Laboratory Exercises

Microso t !indows o"erating systems '

%o&arisTM o"erating system '%PARC (ersion)*

%o&arisTM o"erating system 'x+, (ersion)*

Linux o"erating system '

Macintosh -% . o"erating system*

%o&arisTM o"erating system '%PARC (ersion)*

%o&arisTM o"erating system 'x+, (ersion)*

Linux o"erating system '

Macintosh -% . o"erating system*

11.... 8$e s$o+%tatus Met$od................................................................... 1(6

/ Re(iew o 2asic Conce"ts in 3a(a

2. Describe ad anced obBectCoriented conce&ts and a&&"y t$em in &rogramming as +e""

1.2 Object-Oriented Concepts

to $a e t$e abi"ity to enro"" and to attend sc$oo".

Figure 1.1: Example of Inheritance

1.3 ,ava "rogra* -tructure

1.3.1 Declaring ,ava Classes

1.3.2 Declaring Attributes

1.3.3 Declaring Methods

1.3.4 Declaring a Constructor

1.3.5 (nstantiating a Class

Accessing Object Me*bers

1.3.$ 1he Access Modi+iers

de1au"tA&ac,age Jes Jes

protected Jes Jes Jes

public Jes Jes Jes Jes

public getSecret$% { return secret" }

1.3.11 Overriding Methods

1.3.12 Abstract Classes and Methods

1.3.14 1he this 2e)3ord

1.3.15 1he super 2e)3ord

1he static 2e)3ord

1.3.1! 1he +inal 2e)3ord

a"ue $as been set. !or

1.3.1$ (nner Classes

0 Exce"tions and Assertions

2.2 4hat are %5ceptions6

2.2.2 1he %rror and %5ception Classes

2.3 Catching %5ceptions

2.3.2 1he +inall) 2e)3ord

2.4 1hro3ing %5ceptions

2.4.2 1he thro3s 2e)3ord

2.5 %5ception Categories

,a!le ;: Exception -lass Hierarchy

2.5.2 Chec#ed and 8nchec#ed %5ceptions

2.5.3 8ser-De+ined %5ceptions

2. .1 4hat are Assertions6

2. .2 %nabling or Disabling Assertions

Figure ;.1: Ena!ling /ssertions with 3et9eans = Steps 1 @ ;

Figure ;.;: Ena!ling /ssertions with 3et9eans = Step A

Figure ;.A: Ena!ling /ssertions with 3et9eans = Step 2

2.!.2 "rinting a Dia*ond

4 Ad(anced Programming Techniques

3.2.2 9ecursion :s. (teration

Figure A.1: Factorial Example

3.2.3 ;actorials/ An %5a*ple

3.2.4 "rint n in an) <ase/ Another %5a*ple

3.3 Abstract Data 1)pes

Jay* @4 JoBo 8oto @y"a DM:

,a!le A: Stac' illustration

5.2 Co**and-?ine Arguents and -)ste "roperties