LecLure 3:

ulglLal Modulauon arL l

Slgnal ConsLellauons
1
2
ulglLal Modulauon
Analog lnformauon slgnal (e.g., speech waveform) ls dlgluzed
8lL sLream mapped Lo sequence of symbols
3
L.g., blLs mapped Lo Lhe ampllLude of a slgnal
ulglLal Modulauon
4
Slgnal ConsLellauons
used Lo represenL Lhe modulauon scheme
A mapplng of Lhe !"#$%& (!)*+,&- ,&./,$01 S onLo a vecLor space
1-1 correspondence beLween polnLs ln Lhe consLellauon and Lhe
alphabeL
Can wrlLe each symbol s
l
(L) uslng Lhe $,!)! 23+45%+! for Lhe
symbol seL
5
8asls luncuons
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Cram-SchmldL rocedure
Cram-SchmldL orLhogonallzauon deLermlnes a seL of
orLhonormal basls funcuons of [s
l
(L)}
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CrLhonormal 8asls luncuons
ueLermlnlng welghLs w
l[

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Slgnal ConsLellauons
SeL of basls funcuons ls noL unlque, buL dlerenL basls
funcuons wlll noL change Lhe lengLhs (energles) of Lhe
slgnal vecLors
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Lxamples
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Lxample ConsLellauons
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LecL of nolse
nolse ls Lyplcally assumed Lo be addluve whlLe
Causslan nolse (AWCn)
Causslan ln ampllLude: n(L) ~ N(0,no/2) wlLh consLanL power specLral
denslLy (Su): n
o
W/Pz
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Lmclency arameLers
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Codlng Lmclency
MosL communlcauon schemes Lrade-o
power emclency for bandwldLh emclency
Lrror conLrol codlng lncreases bandwldLh buL
reduces requlred LransmlL power for Lhe same
probablllLy of error
lncreaslng Lhe number of blLs/symbol decreases
bandwldLh buL requlres lncreased LransmlL power
for Lhe same probablllLy of error
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roperues
Can deLermlne properues of modulauon scheme
based on slgnal consLellauon