USC Fall 2003

CE 409 Computer Aided Design

General guidelines for the design of a Multistoried steel Structure

Step I Structural dimension of the entire structure, such as plan and cross-sectional views of the structure would be required for preliminary design. This information is usually available in the form of Auto CAD drawings. Load assumptions such as for gravity loads that include both dead and live are needed to be evaluated. Dead loads depends on the material of construction whether its steel, concrete, brick masonry or wood structure. Live loads are taken from the code depending upon the type of occupancy of the building, whether its a residential, office or any other. Snow loads are also considered to be live loads and should be taken into account, which depends on what the local area code requirement is.

Step II

Step III Material properties should be known. For example if the material of choice is concrete we must know the compressive strength of concrete (f c) and the modulus of elasticity E c. For normal strength concrete (E c) shall be taken as 5700 f ' c (from ACI 318-99). Similarly for the steel depending on the grade of steel the yield strength (Fy), tensile stress (Fu) and the modulus of elasticity (E s) must be know. Step IV Calculation of lateral loads: (UBC 1994) Wind loads: Design wind pressure P = Ce * Cq * qs * Iw Ce - Combined height, exposure and gust factor co-efficient Cq - Pressure co-efficient qs - Wind stagnation pressure at standard height Iw - Wind importance factor Earthquake loads: (Equivalent static analysis) Total base shear V = ZIC *W RW

Z - Seismic zone shear I - Importance factor C= 1.25 * S T

2 3

Guide lines for design of Multistoried Building

USC Fall 2003

CE 409 Computer Aided Design

S - Co-efficient for medium to desired or medium-stiff to stiff-soil condition. T - Fundamental period of vibration = C t (hn ) 4 Rw - Reduction factor depending on the structure. W Total seismic dead load. If the structure is complex, equivalent static analysis of earthquake loads would not be applicable, more realistic dynamic analysis must be performed. Step V Calculation of vertical loads: Dead loads = Roof loads + Floor loads (such as slabs and walls) Live loads = Snow loads on roof Floor live loads Step VI Load combinations: [LRFD Third edition]
1 .4 D 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5( Lr orSorR ) 1.2 D + 1.6( Lr orSorR ) + (0.5 Lor 0.8W ) 1.2 D + 1.6W + 0.5 L + 0.5( Lr orSorR )
3

1.2 D 1.0 E + 0.5L + 0.2 S 0.9 D (1.6Wor1.0 E ) D- Dead load L - Live load due to occupancy Lr- Roof live load R- Nominal load due to initial rainwater or ice W-Wind load E- Earthquake load Remember these are just the basic load cases but there are more cases depending upon the direction of wind and earthquake load, and also on depends on the eccentricity at which the earthquake is acted upon the structure, these combination is beyond the scope of the course work, and are used by practicing structural engineers. All combination check is made possible only by the use of structural analysis software. All the structural members such as beams, columns, braces are designed for the worst combination of the load case its been subjected to.

Guide lines for design of Multistoried Building

USC Fall 2003

CE 409 Computer Aided Design

StepVII Loads on bottom column: Calculate the loads on the bottom column and check for uplift of the bottom column. If there is any uplift, proper anchorage bots must be provided to prevent them. Then check for inter storey drift: By UBC the limit for inter storey drift is 0.5% of the storey height. StepVIII Column Design: After calculating the maximum compressive load coming on the column, suitable column section is adopted from the LRFD manual (design for axial compression c p n ) While selecting the column select sizes, which would give an equal depth and width of the flange, such as W12X65. Thus giving you a square peripheral dimension, its more a rule of thumb then a design procedure. Remember the slenderness ratio kl should preferably be limited to a maximum r of 200, as per LRFD specifications. Step IX Beam Design: The beam as other structural members is designed for worst case of the load combinations. The load coming on the beam depends on the floor dead and other live loads bearing on it. These floor loads are uniformly distributed loads and there are possibilities it can be subjected to point loads as well. Suppose the beam under consideration is a girder it may have to collect the loads coming on it from other beams that bear on it, these loads collected act as point loads on the girder. These beams can also cause torsion. Make serviceability check such that the deflections on the beam are within the permissible limits. While selecting the sizes for the beam make sure the flange width of the beam is equal to or less then the depth of the column (assuming the column depth and flange width are more or less the same) to avoid connection problems.

Guide lines for design of Multistoried Building

USC Fall 2003

CE 409 Computer Aided Design

Step X Design of Bracing: The axial load on the tension member is calculated from the lateral loads namely wind and earthquake its been subjected to. Suitable section is adopted to take the axial tension. The slenderness ratio l of tension member should be preferably limited to a r maximum of 300 as per LRFD specifications. This slenderness limit does not apply to cable bracing. Suppose your column size is HSS 6x6 you cannot adopt an angle section of 8x8. Either you increase the size of the column or decrease the size of your brace if possible thereby avoiding connection problems. Step XI Design of base plate: The dimension of the base plate depends on the size of the column it supports, the dimension of the concrete pedestal its bearing on and the axial load coming on it due to the column above. Adequate thickness is provided for the purpose of transfer of loads from the column to pedestal. If there is uplift in the column, suitable anchorage bolts must be provided in the base plate. The edge distance provided must be adequate. Step XII Connections: Beam to column connection must be designed properly. If its a shear connection, there must be proper transfer of shear at the pin connection. If its a moment connection, the connection must be rigid enough to allow transfer of moments as well as shear induced in the connection. Diagonal brace connection is provided to limit the lateral sway of frames by transfer of axial loads. Suitable plate thickness needs to be adopted for the transfer to take palace. These braces are usually designed as tension only members and so the connections are made to avoid compression in the members caused by the reversal of loading. Connections are sometimes not designed by the structural engineer. Its left to the fabricated to the design the connections depending on the load coming on the joint, which is indeed provided by the structural engineer.

Guide lines for design of Multistoried Building

USC Fall 2003

CE 409 Computer Aided Design

Computer Aided Design The above procedure is just a preliminary design to arrive at the sizes of the structural members. As you might have already studied there are other factors such as orientation of the building, architectural preference, economic feasibility, location of the lateral resisting members, type of floor diaphragm employed, steel joists and many other aspects that is not being discussed. These sizes, which you have arrived using the preliminary design procedure, are used to build the model in any structural analysis design software.

Advantages of CAD: 1. P- effect plays an important role in the design of steel structures, which was not outlined in the procedure above are checked using CAD. 2. Torsion of members, drift, code check, serviceability check, orientation of the lateral members, direction of loading are incorporated using CAD. 3. One of the major advantages of CAD is the optimization of the structural sizes, which is very important in the economy point of view. 4. Obviously saves a lot of time for the design engineer and avoids any human error in calculations. 5. Flexibility in changing the orientation of the structure, sizes of members in accordance to the architects interests. 6. We can estimate the quantity of steel required for the entire structure and thus a cost estimation of the structure can be done. 7. As mentioned earlier there may be more then hundred load combinations to be checked which would not be made possible without the use of structural analysis software. Design Aids I CODE: The following are some of the codes used by practicing structural engineers. 1. UBC 94 2. IBC 2000 3. ASCE 7-98 4. BOCA 98 Some cities have their own building code such as City of Los Angles building Code. II Steel Design: The most popular used steel design is the ASD. LRFD is slowly gaining prominence.

Guide lines for design of Multistoried Building

USC Fall 2003

CE 409 Computer Aided Design

ASD 89 (Allowable Stress Design) LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design) III Concrete Design: ACI-318-99 (American Concrete Institute) IV Computer Software: The most popularly used software by design engineers are as follows, Design and Analysis Software: 1. ETABS 2. RAM 3. STAAD 4. SAP 2000 Drawing tools: 1. Auto CAD 2. Micro Station Slab and other structural component design: 1. SAFE 2. ENERCALC

Guide lines for design of Multistoried Building