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Agenda
Tautologies Logical Equivalences
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p p T T
p F T
p T F
p p F F
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Logical Equivalences
DEF: Two compound propositions p, q are logically equivalent if their biconditional joining p q is a tautology. Logical equivalence is denoted by p q. EG: The contrapositive of a logical implication is the reversal of the implication, while negating both components. I.e. the contrapositive of p q is q p . As well see next: p q q p
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Logical Equivalences
A: p q by definition means that p q is a tautology. Furthermore, the biconditional is true exactly when the truth values of p and of q are identical. So if the last column of truth tables of p and of q is identical, the biconditional join of both is a tautology.
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! Domination laws
Like multiplying by 0
! Idempotent laws
Delete redundancies
! Double negation
I dont like you, not
! Commutativity Like x+y = y+x ! Associativity Like (x+y)+z = y+(x+z) ! Distributivity Like (x+y)z = xz+yz ! De Morgan
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DeMorgan Identities
DeMorgans identities allow for simplification of negations of complex expressions Conjunctional negation:
(p1p2pn) (p1p2pn) Its not the case that all are true iff one is false.
Disjunctional negation:
(p1p2pn) (p1p2pn) Its not the case that one is true iff all are false.
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity ULE
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity ULE DeMorgan
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity ULE DeMorgan Double Negation
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity ULE DeMorgan Double Negation Associative
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity ULE DeMorgan Double Negation Associative Commutative
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity ULE DeMorgan Double Negation Associative Commutative ULE
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[p (p q )]q
Tautology by proof
Distributive ULE Identity ULE DeMorgan Double Negation Associative Commutative ULE Domination
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