e.

xaraiSvili

i. gagniZe

m. CavleiSvili

i. nacvliSvili m. nacvalaZe

mikroekonomika
saxelmZRvanelo

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2008

saxelmZRvanelo agebulia evropisa da amerikis wamyvan universitetebSi

adaptirebuli

mikroekonomikis

kursis

(Intermediate

Microeconomics)

silabusebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis safuZvelze.

saswavlo programa recenzirebulia aSS-is nebraskas universitetis
mier; recenzenti qreg r. Mmakfi, doqtori (PH.D), ekonomikis profesori,
biznesis administrirebis fakulteti (nebraskas universiteti, linkolni,
aSS, cmacphee@unlnotes.unl.edu).
kursi

gankuTvnilia

ekonomikisa

da

biznesis

fakultetis

bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis.

redaqtori

profesori e. meqvabiSvili

recenzentebi:
P

profesori r. Ggvelesiani
profesori i. ananiaSvili

daibeWda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ekonomikisa

da

biznesis

fakultetis

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo

sabWos

gadawyvetilebiT.

e.

xaraiSvili i. gagniZe

m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili m. nacvalaZe, 2008

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2008

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19,
E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-12-244-6

: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba ..........................................................................................................................................
nawili I _ Sesavali mikroekonomikaSi

Tavi 1. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi meTodologia ...... 9

1.1 mikroekonomikis arsi ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.2 sabazro operaciebi da fasebi ................................................................................................ 10
1.3 mikroekonomikis meTodologia: meTodebi, Teoriebi, modelebi, grafikebi
................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
1.4 pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi .................................................................................. 29
Tavi 2. moTxovna, miwodeba da sabazro wonasworoba ...................... 32
2.1 moTxovnis mrudi .................................................................................................................................. 33
2.2 miwodebis mrudi ................................................................................................................................... 35
2.3 sabazro wonasworoba ...................................................................................................................... 36
2.4 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgileba .............................................. 43
2.5 moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgileba ............... 52
Tavi 3. moTxovnis da miwodebis elastikuroba ......................................... 57
3.1 moTxovnis da miwodebis safaso elastikuroba ..................................................... 57
3.2 moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikuroba ................................................................ 59
3.3 elastikuroba moTxovnis wrfiv mrudze ...................................................................... 60
3.4 moTxovna Tanabari elastikurobis SemTxvevaSi. izoelastikuroba ... 62
3.5 moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba grZelvadian periodSi .......... 63
3.6 moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sabazro da calkeuli safirmo markis
doneze ............................................................................................................................................................. 66
3.7 saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba da masze moTxovnisa da
miwodebis elastikuroba ............................................................................................................... 67
3.8 moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT grZelvadian periodSi
......................................................................................................................................................................................... 68
3.9 cikluri dargebi ................................................................................................................................. 69
3.10 elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvneloba ........................................... 70

nawili II _ momxmarebelTa arCevani

Tavi 4. momxmarebelTa qceva ................................................................................................. 73
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

kardinaluri Teoria ........................................................................................................................

ordinaluri Teoria .........................................................................................................................
Senacvlebis zRvruli norma ....................................................................................................
sabiujeto SezRuduloba ............................................................................................................
momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani ...................................................................................
kuTxuri gadawyvetilebebi .........................................................................................................
ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba ....................................................................
gamoxatuli upiratesobani .........................................................................................................
Tavi 5. individualuri da sabazro moTxovna .............................................
5.1 individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi ...................................................

73
78
81
84
85
87
88
89
93
93
3

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~ .................................................................................................

engelis mrudebi ...................................................................................................................................
mrudi `fasi moxmareba~ ..................................................................................................................
fasebis cvlilebis Sedegi: Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebi ...
momxmarebelTa qcevis Taviseburebani .............................................................................
cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsebi ......................................................................................
Tavi 6. arCevani ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi ............................................
6.1 sarisko gadawyvetilebebi ...........................................................................................................
6.2 sarisko Sedegebis Sefaseba .......................................................................................................
6.3 riskis miReba da riskis Tavidan acileba ..................................................................
6.4 asimetriuli informacia sadazRvevo bazrebze .....................................................

94
96
98
99
103
106
114
114
121
126
132

nawili III _ warmoeba da danaxarjebi

Tavi 7. warmoebis Teoria .......................................................................................................... 138
7.1 warmoeba erTi cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. klebadi zRvruli
mwarmoebluroba .................................................................................................................................... 138
7.2 sawarmoo teqnologiis arCeva. teqnikuri da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba
......................................................................................................................................................................................... 142
7.3 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. izokvantebi da
teqnikuri Senacvlebis zona ..................................................................................................... 144
7.4 mwarmoeblis wonasworoba .......................................................................................................... 147
7.5 firmis ganviTarebis gza da masStabidan ukugeba ............................................... 148
Tavi 8. warmoebis danaxarjebi .......................................................................................... 153
8.1 danaxarjTa gazomva: romel danaxarjebs eniWebaT mniSvneloba? ......... 153
8.2 firmis warmoebis danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi ................................... 155
8.3 firmis amonagebi da warmoebis danaxarjebi ............................................................. 159
8.4 danaxarjebi grZelvadian periodSi .................................................................................. 163
8.5 grZelvadiani da moklevadiani danaxarjebis mrudi ......................................... 169
8.6 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoriT _ ekonomia asortimentidan .......... 175
8.7 dinamiuri cvlilebebi danaxarjebSi _ swavlebis mrudi ........................... 178

nawili IV _ konkurentuli bazrebi

Tavi 9. mogebis maqsimizacia da konkurentuli miwodeba

........ 185

9.1 srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi .................................................................................. 185

9.2 mogebis maqsimizacia ......................................................................................................................... 187
9.3 zRvruli amonagebi, zRvruli danaxarjebi da mogebis maqsimizacia
189
9.4 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra moklevadian periodSi .......................... 192
9.5 konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi ............ 195
9.6 moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi ....................................................................... 197
9.7 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra grZelvadian periodSi .......................... 199
9.8 firmis miwodebis mrudi grZelvadian periodSi ................................................... 202
Tavi 10. konkurentuli bazrebis analizi ......................................................... 210
10.1 saxelmwifo politikiT gamowveuli sargeblisa da zaralis Sefaseba _
mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa danazogi ............................................................ 210
4

10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6

konkurentuli bazris efeqtianoba ..................................................................................

minimaluri fasebi .............................................................................................................................
garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze .....................................................
saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi .........................................................................................
gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis gavlena ......................................................................

214
216
218
222
225

nawili V _ sabazro Zalaufleba

Tavi 11. monopolia da monofsonia ............................................................................. 232
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6

mogebis maqsimizacia monopoliis pirobebSi .........................................................

monopoliuri fasdadeba ............................................................................................................
monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizi ................................................................
mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia. karteli ......................................................
monofsonia ..............................................................................................................................................
monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCveneblebi .................................................................
Tavi 12 faswarmoqmna .......................................................................................................................
12.1. nametis miReba da safaso diskriminacia ....................................................................
12.2 pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia ....................................................................
12.3. meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia ..........................................................................
12.4. mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia .........................................................................
12.5. mibmiTi gayidvebi ...............................................................................................................................
12.6. reklama .......................................................................................................................................................

232
242
249
252
256
261
264
264
266
269
273
278
283

nawili VI _ arasrulyofili konkurencia

Tavi 13. monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia .................. 287
13.1 arasrulyofili konkurencia da monopolisturi konkurenciis bazari
......................................................................................................................................................................................... 287
13.2 wonasworoba oligopoliur bazarze ............................................................................ 293
13.3 kurnos modeli ..................................................................................................................................... 295
13.4 safaso konkurencia ......................................................................................................................... 301
13.5 patimarTa dilemis gamoyeneba oligopoliuri faswarmoqmnis dros
308
13.6 karteli ....................................................................................................................................................... 312
13.7 faswarmoqmna `danaxarjebi plius~ sqemis mixedviT ........................................ 316
Tavi 14 TamaSTa Teoria da strategiuli qceva ....................................... 319
14.1 urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebi da neSis wonasworoba ...... 319
14.2 ganmeorebadi TamaSebi ................................................................................................................... 331
14.3 mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSebi da strategiuli svla .................................... 334

nawili V _ faqtorTa bazrebi

Tavi 15. sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebi ....................................................................... 343
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6

sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesi .....................................

Sromis bazari .......................................................................................................................................
Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi .................................................................................
ekonomikuri renta ............................................................................................................................
monopoliuri da monofsoniuri Zalauflebis bazrebi ...............................
ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze ...........................................................................

343
345
350
352
354
356
5

15.7 miwis bazari ............................................................................................................................................ 357

Tavi 16. investiciebi, dro da kapitalis bazari ..................................... 363
16.1 nakadebi da rezervebi ................................................................................................................... 363
16.2 investicia ................................................................................................................................................. 365
16.3 droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli norma .................................................................... 368
16.4 mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba ...................................................................... 371
16.5 miwis fasi ................................................................................................................................................. 373
16.6 wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba ................................................................................................ 374
16.7 droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi _ araganaxlebadi resursebi
......................................................................................................................................................................................... 375

nawili VIII _ zogadi wonasworoba da keTildReobis

ekonomika
Tavi 17. zogadi wonasworoba da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba ...... 378
17.1 zogadi wonasworobis analizi ............................................................................................ 378
17.2 gacvlis efeqtianoba ...................................................................................................................... 382
17.3 warmoebisa da sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba ................................................ 390

Tavi 18 asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi ...................................................... 402

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

asimetriuli bazrebis saxeebi ............................................................................................... 402

`gadawyveilebis xis koncefcia ......................................................................................... 404
srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba ....................................................................... 410
auqcionis tipis bazrebi ............................................................................................................ 413
Tavi 19. gare efeqtebi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi ......................... 427
19.1 gare efeqtebi ......................................................................................................................................... 427
19.2 bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebi ..................................................................... 431
19.3 gare efeqtebi da sakuTrebis uflebebi ...................................................................... 440
19.4 saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi .................................................................................. 444
19.5 sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli) ............................................................................. 446
Tavi 20. keTildReobis ekonomika .................................................................................. 457
20.1 keTildReobis ekonomikis ganmarteba ............................................................................ 457
20.2 samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba ............................................................................................ 457
20.3 socialuri keTildReobis funqcia ................................................................................. 461
20.4 Semosavlebis ganawileba da gadanawileba .............................................................. 463
20.5 monopoliis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli efeqtianobis danakargebi.
kvazioptimumi ....................................................................................................................................... 465
20.6 ratom arian bazrebi warumatebelni? ............................................................................ 467
gamoyenebuli literatura ...................................................................................................... 471

silabusi (C) ................................................................................................................................................... 472

Annotation ......................................................................................................................................................... 478

SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis ........................................................................... 480

winasityvaoba
ekonomikisa

da

biznesis

administrirebis

mimarTulebiT

specialistebis

momzadebisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad

aqcenti keTdeba wvrTnis tipis mecadineobebze da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze.
ekonomikuri unarebi, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri codna, ekonomikuri azrovnebis
mniSvnelovani

nawilia.

aRniSnuli

Sedegis

miiRebaSi

gansakuTrebuli

roli

eniWeba ZiriTad codnaze orientirebuli kursebis Seswavlas. maTgan erT-erTi

wamyvani kursia mikroekonomika.
mikroekonomikis
analizisa

da

kursis

SeswavliT

gadawyvetilebebis

studenti

miRebis

daeufleba

instrumentebs,

ekonomikuri

Camouyalibdeba

mikroekonomikuri Teoriebisa da koncefciebis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi. Aam kursSi

miRebul

codnas

sazogadoebrivi

studenti

seqtoris

warmatebiT

ekonomikis,

gamoiyenebs

finansuri

makroekonomikis,

blokis

disciplinebis,

ekonometrikisa da sxva sagnebis Sesaswavlad.

kursi

gansakuTrebulad

fokusirebulia

mikroekonomikis

gamoyenebaze

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. studentebs WirdebaT imis kargad gageba, Tu

rogor

SeiZleba

mikroekonomikis

realurad

gamoyeneba

saswavlo

auditoriis

miRma. Aamitom swavlebis dros aqcenti gakeTdeba mikroekonomikis gamoyenebiT

xasiaTze.

gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba

mieniWeba

winaswar

dagegmil

da

organizebul saleqcio, seminarul da praqtikul mecadineobebs. problemebze

dafuZnebuli

swavleba

ganxorcieldeba

keisebis,

jgufuri

muSaobisa

da

Sefasebis, agreTve onlain-komunikaciebis Tanamedrove meTodebisa da xerxebis

gamoyenebiT.
mikroekonomikis
mniSvnelovania
SeTanxmebul
studentTa

Seswavlisadmi

biznesis
programas

codnis

amgvari

mimarTulebis
saleqcio

Semowmebis

midgoma

studentebisaTvis.

masalebis,

meTodebisa

da

gansakuTrebiT
maT

seminaruli
damxmare

vTavazobT

mecadineobebis,

literaturis

farTo

arCevanis saxiT. YyuradReba gamaxvildeba relevanturi saswavlo masalis ufro

siRrmiseul damuSavebaze.
kursSi

gansakuTrebuli

adgili

daeTmoba

seminarul,

praqtikul

mecadineobebsa da damoukidebel muSaobas. mogvaCnia, rom amocanebis, testebisa da

savarjiSoebis

amoxsnis,

saleqcio

masalis

situaciuri

analizis,

jgufuri

muSaobisa da onlain-diskusiebis, yovelkvireuli saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebis

Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli masalis Seswavla, gageba da Sefasebis unar-Cvevebis
Camoyalibeba.
leqciebis
saleqcio

da

mosmenisa

saseminaro

da

ukeT

aTvisebisaTvis

prezentaciebs

Microsoft

studentebs

SevTavazebT

PowerPointis

formatSi.

prezentaciaze leqciebi zust SesabamisobaSi iqneba ZiriTad saleqcio kursTan;

wamodgenili iqneba yvela ZiriTadi koncefcia, grafiki, diagrama, sqema, romelic
teqstSia mocemuli.
mikroekonomikis
momzadebis

donisa

kursSi
da

SesaZleblad

maTi

Semdgomi

migvaCnia

studentis

maTematikuri

specializaciidan

gamomdinare

diferencirebuli midgomebis SemoTavazebac. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mikroekonomikis

kursi waekiTxebaT im studentebs, romelTac ar aqvT maTematikuri momzadebis
saukeTeso done, SesaZlebelia seminarul mecadineobebze masalebi ganxiluli iqnes
grafikul analizze aqcentis gakeTebis gziT, zogadad ekonomikuri procesebis
xarisxobriv gagebaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu leqtorsa da seminaris maswavlebels aqvT
sakmarisi

moculobis

masalebis

ufro

diferencirebuli
individualuri

dro

da

studentebis

Rrma

analitikuri

midgoma

moxdeba

saSinao

davalebebis

maTematikuri

Seswavlis
seminarul

Sesrulebis

momzadeba

iZleva

SesaZleblobas,

maSin

mecadineobebze,

dros,

Sesabamisad,

kerZod
gamocdis

drosac. Tumca ZiriTadi saleqcio masala Seiswavleba sruli moculobiT. aseTi

midgoma

daexmareba

standartis

SemuSavebasac

sxvadasxva

specialobis

studentebisaTvis. es sakiTxi Tanamdrove tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT uaxloes

xanSi metad mwvaved dadgeba dRis wesrigSi.
kursis msvlelobis dros leqtorsa da studentebs Soris swavlebis procesis
gaaqtiurebis mizniT gamoyenebuli iqneba distanciuri konsultaciebi internetis
saSualebiT. procesi adaptirebulia 2006-2008 saswavlo wlebSi. aseTive meTodiT
moxdeba

saSinao

davalebebis,

amocanebsa

da

proeqtebis

monitoringis

ganxorcieleba.
studentebs
gverdiT
kursis
testebi,

saSualeba

eqnebaT

isargeblon

www.economics.tsu..ge/micro,
swavlebis

koncefcia,

eleqtronuli

sadac

silabusi,

biblioTeka

mikroekonomikis
ganTavsebulia:

sagamocdo

qarTul,

kaTedris

mikroekonomikis

sakiTxebi,

rusul

da

veb-

TviTSefasebis

inglisur

enebze,

Sualeduri Sefasebis Sedegebi da sxva.

saleqcio kursi uzrunvelyofilia praqtikuli kursiT, romelic moicavs
savarjiSoebs, sxvadasxva sirTulis amocanebs, testebs, saqmian situaciebs.
swavlebis procesSi gamoiyenebuli iqneba swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebi da
formebi: pirdapiri gadacema; debatebi; situaciebis Sefaseba; modelireba; simulacia;
savarjiSoebi; jgufuri muSaoba; kvleva; ormxrivi Canawerebis dRiurebis warmoeba;
mozaika; ablabuda; radari; ZiriTadi, swrafi da gamoyenebiTi kiTxvis reJimebi.
Catardeba test-konkursebi da proeqtebis prezentaciebi.
Lleqciebis kurss Tan axlavs C

tipis silabusi, romelic ganixileba

rogorc studentTan dadebuli kontraqti.

Aavtorebi

gansakuTrebul

madlierebas

gamoxataven

studentebis

mimarT,

romlebmac 2007-2008 saswavlo wels Seiswavles mikroekonomikis saleqcio kursis

Temebi

da

mogvawodes

saqmiani

SeniSvnebi

da

winadadebebi.

gaweuli

daxmarebisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT studentebs: bela CaCibaias, baia CaCibaias, ana

nebieriZes, nato mumlaZes, eka ruxaZes, giorgi talaxaZes, qeTevan jibuts, irakli
xubuas, mixeil dvaliSvils, givi melqaZes, nana abramiSvils, Tea beriZes, nino
bolqvaZes, Temur SanyulaSvils, Tina odiSarias, beqa guruls, SoTa kupataZes,
nika grZeliSvils, daTo gociriZes, nino lomTaZes, nana lomTaZes.
avtorebi

pasuxismgeblobas

iReben

daSvebul

Secdomebze

da

winaswar

bodiSs ixdian maT gamo. aseve avtorebi miesalmebian yvela saqmian winadadebas da
SeniSvnas, romelic gamoTqmuli iqneba kolegebisa da studentebis mxridan. imeds

gamoTqvamen, rom amgvari urTierTanamSromlobiT SeZleben dasaxuli miznebis

ukeT realizacias.
saxelmZRvanelo

momzadda

Tsu

ekonomikisa

da

biznesis

fakultetis

mikroekonomikis kaTedraze avtorTa jgufis mier:

sruli profesori eTer xaraiSvili _ Tavebi: 2, 9, 19, 20.
asocirebuli profesori ineza gagniZe _ Tavebi: 3, 4, 5, 15, 16.
asocirebuli profesori marine CavleiSvili _ Tavebi: 1, 12, 17.
asocirebuli profesori ia nacvliSvili _ Tavebi: 6, 11, 13($1), 14, 18.
asistent profesori marine nacvalaZe _ Tavebi: 7, 8, 10, 13($2,3,4,5,6,7,8).
Pprofesori eTer xaraiSvili

Tavi 1. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi

meTodologia
Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. mikroekonomikis sagnis ganmartebas
2. ekonomikuri modelebisa da cvladebis arsis axsnasa da analizs
3. movlenebis wrfivi da arawrfivi damokidebulebebis grafikul gamosaxvas
4. kuTxuri koeficientebis gaangariSebas

1.1 mikroekonomikis arsi

ekonomika

sazogadoebrivi

mecnierebaa

resursebis

SezRudulobisa

da

arCevanis Sesaxeb. yvela adamianma, firmam an saxelmwifom unda gaakeTos arCevani

da miiRos optimaluri gadawyvetileba SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, raTa
moaxdinos TavianTi survilebisa da moTxovnilebebis maqsimaluri dakmayofileba.
Tanamedrove mikroekonomika aris mecniereba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis Sesaxeb.
sityva mikro `mcires~ niSnavs. ekonomikis es nawili Seiswavlis arCevans,
romelsac akeTeben ekonomikuri erTeulebi: firmebi, Mmomxmareblebi, investorebi,
fermerebi,

saojaxo

meurneobebi,

muSakebi,

faqtiurad

nebismieri

adamiani,

organizacia an sawarmo. konkretulad igi aanalizebs bazrebis, firmebis, saojaxo

meurneobebisa da individebis ekonomikur qcevas (produqtisa da momsaxurebis
fasebs,
gvixsnis

sawarmos

danaxarjebs,

aRniSnuli

Semosavlebs,

ekonomikuri

mogebas

erTeulebi

da

rogor

da

a.S.)

mikroekonomika

ratom

Rebuloben

gadawyvetilebas (magaliTad, momxmareblebi yidvis, firmebi muSakebis daqiravebis,

muSakebi ki sad da ramdeni imuSavon), rogor icvleba maTi arCevani cvalebadi
fasebisa da Semosavlebis zemoqmedebiT.
mikroekonomika

gvixasiaTebs

rogor

saqmianoben,

viTardebian

dargebi

da

bazrebi, ratom gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisagan da ra reagirebas axdenen

saxelmwifo politikisa da meurneobriobis globalur ekonomikur procesebze.
amdenad, mikroekonomika samewarmeo gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da individualuri
arCevanis safuZvelia. menejerebs, momxmareblebs, investorebs, calkeul adamianebs
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi seriozuli analizis Catareba da uamravi optimaluri
arCevanis miReba uwevT. swored, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Seswavla da efeqtiani
gadawyvetilebebis

miReba aris

mikroekonomikis,

rogorc mecnierebis, kvlevis

sagani.
ekonomikaSi

arsebobs

meore

donec,

romelic

makroekonomikad

iwodeba.

ekonomikis aRniSnuli done Seiswavlis msxvilmasStabur ekonomikur movlenebs,

aanalizebs iseT ekonomikur maCveneblebs, rogorebicaa erovnuli warmoebis done

10

da

zrdis

tempi,

saprocento

ganakveTi,

umuSevroba,

inflacia,

saxelmwifo

politika, romelic Seexeba gadasaxadebs, xarjebs, biujetis deficits, safinanso

sistemas da a.S. zRvari mikro da makroekonomikas Soris nakleb SesamCnevia. maT
Soris kavSiri didia. makroekonomikuri movlena TavisTavad warmoadgens milioni
individualuri
konkretuli

arCevanis

produqtisa

erTobliobas,
da

momsaxurebis

romelic

Tavis

fasTan.

mxriv

maSasadame,

kavSirSia

makroekonomika

mikroekonomikur safuZvlebzea agebuli.

mikro

Tu

makroekonomikis

sakiTxebis

Seswavlisas

ekonomikuri

analizi

moiTxovs gansakuTrebul gaazrebas im xerxebis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miiReben

adamianebi gadawyvetilebas iSviaTi, SezRuduli resursebis gamoyenebis pirobebSi.
Semosavlebi, romelbsac momxmareblebi an firmebi gamoiyeneben SezRudulia.
adamianebi

cxovroben

SezRuduli

SesaZleblobebis

samyaroSi.

SezRudulia

adamianis fizikuri da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, warmoebis saSualebebi,

informacia,

dro.

resursebis

SezRuduloba

(Scarcity

Resources)

garkveulwilad fardobiTia da ganviTarebasTan erTad misi gadalaxva problema

aRar aris. sayuradReboa isic, rom yvela moTxovnilebaTa erTdrouli da sruli
dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia. SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi aucilebelia maTi
racionaluri, optimaluri, efeqtiani gamoyeneba.
Mmikroekonomika gvixsnis: rogor axdens momxmarebeli SezRuduli Semosavlis
ukeTesad

ganawilebas

sxvadasxva

produqtsa

da

momsaxurebas

Soris;

rogor

anawilebs muSaki samuSao da Tavisufal dros an rogor gansazRvravs erTi saxis

samuSaos sargeblianobas meorisagan; rogor axdens firma SezRuduli finansebis
efeqtian ganawilebas damatebiTi muSakebis dasaqiraveblad imis naclad, rom
SeiZinos

axali

mowyobilobebi

da

gamoiyenos

isini

erTi

romelime

saxis

produqtis warmoebaze.
Tanamedrove

sabazro

ekonomikaSi

momxmareblebi,

muSakebi

da

firmebi,

gamodian ra deficituri resursebis ganawilebidan, xasiaTdebian ufro maRali

mobilurobiT da gaaCniaT meti arCevanis SesaZleblobebi. mikroekonomika aRwers
aseT

arCevans

da

maTi

miRwevis

optimalur

gzebs.

imisaTvis,

rom

gaakeTos

optimaluri ekonomikuri arCevani, individma unda daTvalos ara marto samomavlo

danaxarjebi,

aramed

gamouyenebeli

sawarmoo

SesaZleblobebic.

optimaluri

arCevanis procesSi mniSvnelovania 1. zRvruli sidideebis gamoyeneba, romelic

gansazRvravs

yvela

subieqtis

mier

ekonomikur

gadawyvetilebis

miRebisas

dovlaTis kidev erTi, damatebiTi erTeulis damatebiTi sargeblisa da zRvruli

danaxarjebis Sedarebas; 2. ekonomikuri wonasworoba _ bazris yvela subieqti
cdilobs miaRwios stabilurobas an iseT situacias, roca sargebeli dovlaTis
damatebiTi erTeulidan faravs am erTeulis SeZenaze gaweul danaxarjebs.

1.2 sabazro operaciebi da fasebi

11

Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi

adamianebi

sakuTari

survilebis

dakmayofilebisaTvis mimarTaven ekonomikur garigebebs. zogierTi produqtiTa da

momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofas adamianebi axdenen sakuTari ojaxisa da axloblebis
daxmarebiT, xolo nawils ki yiduloben. yidvis process gansazRvravs Semosavali,
xolo Semosavlis sidides sakuTreba da misi gamoyenebis ufleba.
ekonomikuri erTeulebi or msxvil jgufad iyofa:: 1. myidvelebi _ aris, erTi
mxriv, momxmareblebi, romlebic iZenen produqtsa da momsaxurebas; meore mxriv,
firmebi,

romlebic

yiduloben

Sromas,

kapitals,

nedleulsa

da

masalebs

produqtisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis; 2. gamyidvelebi firmebi, romlebic

yidian produqtsa da momsaxurebas; muSakebi, romlebic yidian TavianT samuSao
gamocdilebas; resursebis mflobelebi, romlebic arendiT gascemen miwebs an
miyidian sanedleulo resursebs firmebs.
myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTzemoqmedebiT konkretul adgilze
xdeba bazris formireba da yalibdeba sabazro fasi. fasebi iZlevian informacias
produqtis, momsaxurebisa da sawarmoo resursebis deficitis Sesaxeb. magaliTad,
Tu navTobis nedleulze fasi izrdeba, maSin adgili aqvs aRniSnuli resursis
deficits, rac aseve gamoiwvevs gaTbobaze fasis gazrdas. fasebi aiwevs energiis
alternatiul

wyaroebzec

navTobproduqtebis

(gazi,

Semcvlels.

SeSa

da

amasTan,

sxva),

radgan

moTxovna

momxmarebeli

aiwevs

SeSis

eZebs

Rumelzec.

avtomobilze fasebi SeiZleba daeces, radgan sawvavze zrdadma fasma SeiZleba

gamoiwvios misi gamoyenebis Semcireba. aRniSnuli procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam
biznesmenebi da momxmareblebi upasuxeben navTobis

nedleulze

fasis

aweviT

gamowveul safaso reaqcias. amrigad, produqtze ufro maRali fasi warmoebis

zrdis stimulirebas axdens.
swored,

fasebis

cvlilebiT

miRebul

mosalodnel

Sedegebs

aanalizebs

mikroekonomika. mikroekonomikas xSirad `fasebis Teoriasac~ uwodeben. analizis

mTavari mizania pasuxi gaeces kiTxvebs: rogor ganisazRvros fasebi? rogor
gavlenas axdenen isini ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze?
fasebi

adgenen,

Tu

ramdeni

unda

gadavixadoT

erTeul

produqtSi

an

momsaxurebaSi. zogierTi fasi wlidan wlamde izrdeba an mcirdeba, zogi erT

donezea

gaCerebuli.

ekonomikaSi

moqmedebs

sxvadasxva

fasi,

amitom

unda

visargebloT fasebis saSualo donis (fasebis donis) maCvenebliT.

qveyanaSi angariSoben samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss (Consumer Price Index
CPI).

indeqsi ganisazRvreba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im sabazro kalaTis

fasebidan gamomdinare, romlebic warmoadgenen drois raRac periodis manZilze

qalaqis tipiuri ojaxis an martoxela adamianis yidvaTa jams. samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqss aseve cxovrebis Rirebulebis ganmsazRvrel indeqssac uwodeben.
sabazro

kalaTis

SemadgenlobaSi

Semavali

produqtebis

raodenoba

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qveynebSi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, Tu

qalaqis tipiuri ojaxi warmosaxviT ekonomikaSi iZens 10 purs (1 puris fasia 70

12

TeTri) da 10 kg yvels (1 kg-is fasia 7lari), maSin sabazro kalaTis Rirebuleba

iqneba (100,7=7lari; 107=70lari;) 77 lari (7lari+70lari=77lari).
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi ganisazRvreba CvenTvis saintereso wlisa da
romelime sabazo wlis samomxmareblo kalaTis RirebulebaTa Sefardebis 100-ze
gamravlebiT (fasebis indeqsis analogiurad). magaliTad, SegviZlia gaviangariSoT
gaZvirda, Tu gaiafda cxovrebis Rirebuleba 2008 wels 2000 welTan SedarebiT.
amisaTvis unda CavataroT gamoTvla:

GPI sabazro kalaTis (samomxmareblo kalaTis) Rirebuleba 2008 w. /sabazro

kalaTis

Rirebulaba

2000w.100.

am

gaangariSebiT

gairkveva

droSi

realuri

Semosavlebis cvlileba.
ganvixiloT nominaluri da realuri Semosavlebi; nominaluri da realuri
fasebi; maTi damokidebulebebi.
nominaluri Semosavali

(Nominal Income _ NI)

esaa Semosavlis sidide

gamosaxuli fulad erTeulebSi, magaliTad, Cveni xelfasi Seadgens 300 lars.

realuri Semosavali (Real Income _ RI) aris Semosavli, romliTac SeviZenT
dovlaTis garkveul raodenobas. magaliTad, Tu Cveni xelfasi aris 300 lari,
realuri Semosavali iqneba 200-jer 1,5 laris Rirebulebis Saqris an 300 cali 1
laris Rirebulebis puris SeZena da a.S. rac ufro maRalia dovlaTis fasebi, miT
ufro naklebi raodenobis produqtis SeZena SeiZleba nominaluri Semosavlis
saSualebiT. nominaluri Semosavlis realurTan Tanafardobas adgens fasebis
indeqsi.
fasebis roli gadamwyvetia resursebis ganawilebaSi. igi gviCvenebs raze
unda

vTqvaT

uari,

rom

miviRoT

sasurveli

produqti

da

momsaxureba.

fasi

myidvels SesaZleblobas aZlevs SeaTanxmos alternatiuli Rirebulebis saqonlis

arCevisas rogor daxarjos SezRuduli Semosavali. erTi mxriv, dovlaTis fasi,
yovelTvis ar aris imis kargi maCvenebeli, Tu raze vTqvaT aucileblad uari,
dovlaTis sxva erTeulis misaRebad; meore mxriv, droTa ganmavlobaSi fulis
msyidvelobiTunarianoba

SeiZleba

Seicvalos.

magaliTad,

rodesac

dovlaTis

saSualo fasi weliwadSi izrdeba 5%-iT, dovlaTis saSualo raodenoba, romelic

SeiZleba

SeviZinoT

yovel

larze,

Semcirdeba.

es

niSnavs,

rom

laris

msyidvelobiTunarianoba daeca.
fasebis

analizisas

mniSvnelovania

SefardebiTi

SefardebiTi fasi A produqtze an momsaxurebaze B

fasebis

dadgena.

saqonlis an momsaxurebis

fasTan SedarebiT aris A-s fasis Sefardeba B-s fasTan.

dovlaTis fasis SefardebiTi cvlileba _ aris mocemuli dovlaTis fasis
cvlileba

mTliani

dovlaTis

saSualo

fasTan

mimarTebaSi.

magaliTad,

Tu

weliwadSi mTliani dovlaTis saSualo fasi gaizarda 7%-iT, xolo avtomobilis

fasic aRniSnuli sididiT gaizarda, maTi SefardebiTi fasi ucvleli darCeba.
imave wels, Tu kolejSi swavlebis Rirebuleba gaizrdeba 10%-iT, maSin swavlebis
SefardebiTi fasi gaizrdeba. analogiurad, Tu televizoris fasi gaizarda 3%-iT,

13

maSin misi SefardebiTi fasi Semcirdeba. es imitom moxda, rom wlis ganmavlobaSi
televizoris fasi gaizarda naklebad, vidre mTliani dovlaTis saSualo fasi.
fasi xels

uwyobs

alternatiul variantebs

Soris

produqtis,

momsaxurebis,

bunebrivi resursebis swor ganawilebas.

Tu gvinda SevadaroT produqtis dRevandeli fasi adrindel da samomavlo
fasTan, aucilebelia gaizomos fasebi da moxdes maTi Sedareba fasebis saerTo
donesTan.
absoluturi mniSvnelobiT nebismieri produqtis fasi SeiZleba dRes ufro
maRali, an dabali iyos vidre 20-30 wlis winaT. magram mTlianobaSi SefardebiTi
fasi SeiZleba iafi an Zviri iyos. es ki migviTiTebs fasebis realur ganzomilebas.
produqtis nominaluri fasi (Nominal Price_NP) warmoadgens absolutur
fass (mimdinare fasi, larebSi). magaliTad, erTi litri benzinis fasi 1990 wels _
0,70; 2000 wels _ 1,35; 2008 wels _ 2,0 lari iyo.
produqtis realuri fasi (Real Price _ RP) fardobiTi fasis erToblivi
maCvenebelia (mudmivi fasi larebSi). sxva sityvebiT, es fasi koreqtirebulia
inflaciis sidideze. magaliTad, iyo Tu ara 2008 wels benzini ufro Zviri, vidre
1990 wels? amisaTvis gaviangariSoT 2008 welSi benzinze fasi 1990 wlis larebSi.
davuSvaT, 1990 wels CPI

38,8-s udrida da 2008 wels igi 120-mde gaizarda.

2008

wels benzinis realuri fasi 1990 wlis fasebSi iqneba: realuri fasi (RP)=
(38,8/120)2lari = 0,64 lari
maSasadame, benzinis realuri fasi 2008 wels 1990 welis fasebiT dabalia,
vidre 1990 wels. kerZod, benzinis realuri fasi Semcirda 8%-iT ((0,64-0,70)/0,70=0,08), xolo nominalurma fasma aiwia 185%-iT (2/0,70100=285%); CPI gaizarda 209%-iT
((120-38,8)/38,8=2,09).
ZiriTadad
samomxmareblo

gamoviyenebT
arCevanis

realur

variantebi

da

ara

TavisTavSi

nominalur
moicaven

fasebs,

fasebis

radgan

SefardebiT

analizs. aseTi SefardebiTi fasi ar aris rTuli gamosaTvleli, Tu arsebobs

SedarebisTvis
problemas

erTiani

gadawyvets.

baza.

yvela

amdenad,

fasis

rodesac

erTiani
vzomavT

mniSvnelobis
fasebs

dadgena

larebSi

an

am

sxva

valutaSi, unda vifiqroT am valutis realur msyidvelobiT unarze.

magaliTi 1
nominaluri da realuri Semosavlebis analizi
Tu pirvel wels Cveni nominaluri Semosavali iyo 300 lari, romliTac
SegveZlo SegveZina 50 kg xorci (1 kg-is fasi 6 lari), xolo meore wels isev 300
lari Semosavlis pirobebSi SeviZineT mxolod 30 kg (xorcis fasi 6 laridan 10
laramde gaizarda), maSin SegviZlia davaskvnaT: nominaluri Semosavali meore
wels pirvel welTan SedarebiT igive darCa, xolo realuri Semosavali Semcirda.
imisaTvis, rom gvqondes igive msyidvelobiTunariani Semosavali (SegveZlos 50 kg
xorcis SeZena), igi unda Seadgendes 5010=500 lars. SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom

14

pirvel wels Cveni Semosavali iyos 300, xolo meore wels _ 500 lari. xorcis
fasi ki Sesabamisad _ 6 da 10 lari. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
moimata nominalurma Semosavalma (300 laridan 500 laramde), xolo realuri
Semosavali igive darCa (300/6=50kg; 500/10=50kg.). amrigad, Cveni cxovrebis done ar
Secvlila. pirvelad aRweril SemTxvevaSi ki cxovrebis donis gauaresebas hqonda
adgili.
SeiZleba ganvixiloT mesame variantic, romelic albaT yvelasaTvis ufro
metad sasurvelia. vTqvaT, orive wels nominaluri Semosavali 300 lari iyo,
xolo xorcis fasi 6 laridan Semcirda 5 laramde. maSin vityviT, rom cxovrebis
pirobebi gagviumjobesda, vinaidan moimata realurma Semosavalma. Tu adre 300
lariT viZendiT 50 kg xorcs, axla SegviZlia 60 kg-is SeZena (300/5=60).
meoTxe
nominaluri

SesaZlo

SemTxvevaSi

Semosavlebis

zrda.

SeiZleba
Tu

moxdes,

nominaluri

rogorc

Semosavali

realuri,
300

ise

laridan

gaizrdeba 500 laramde, xorcis fasi Sesabamisad 6 laridan 5 laramde Semcirdeba,

am

SemTxvevaSi

realuri

Semosavali

gaizrdeba

(50kg-dan

60kg-mde).

SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnes sxva situaciebic.

1.3 mikroekonomikis meTodologia: meTodebi, Teoriebi, modelebi,

grafikebi
ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba, eyrdnoba erTian sabazo cnebebs da meTodebs.
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze kvlevis gansxvavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneboda.
pirveli meTodi,

romelsac iyenebda ekonomikuri mecniereba,

iyo

formaluri

logika. misi umartivesi kategoriebia cneba, msjeloba da daskvna.

formaluri
induqciis,

logikis

deduqciis,

saSualebiT

Sedarebis,

SemuSavebul

analogiis,

iqna

hipoTezis,

analizis,
mtkicebisa

sinTezis,
da

a.

S.

meTodebi.
analizi _

Semecnebis meTodia, romelic mTlianis Semadgenel nawilebad

dayofaSi mdgomareobs. sinTezi _ ki axdens calkeuli nawilebis erT mTlianobaSi

gaerTianebas.
induqcia

konkretuli

faqtebis

ganzogadebaze

dafuZnebuli

daskvnis

gamotanis meTodia; deduqcia - meTodia, romlic emyareba daskvnebs, romlebic

miiReba zogadidan konkretuli faqtebis ganzogadebiT.
Sedarebis

meTodi

avlens

movlenebisa

da

procesebis

msgavsebasa

da

gansxvavebebs. analogia _ damyarebulia cnobili movlenidan ucnob movlenaze

erTi an ramdenime Tvisebis gadatanaze. magaliTad, Tu A-s da B-s aqvT saerTo
Tvisebebi da A-s aqvs C-s Tvisebebi, maSin B-sac aqvs C-s Tvisebebi.

15

formalur

logikaSi

mtkicebulebis

qveS

igulisxmeba

erTi

azris

WeSmaritebis dasabuTeba meoris daxmarebiT. mtkicebebi SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti

da mcdari.
ekonomistebi kvlevis procesSi intensiurad iyeneben korelaciisa (asaxavs
movlenaTa or saxes Soris sistemur da dasabuTebul kavSirs) da

maTematikur

meTods.
mikroekonomikuri

analizisaTvis

mniSvnelovania

movlenebs

Soris

mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena da daskvnebis gamotana. swored, Teoria amtkicebs

realobas, faqtebis safuZvelze ayalibebs debulebebs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs
zogierT ZiriTad faqtorze.
ekonomikur TeoriebSi mniSvnelovania debulebebi adamianTa qcevis Sesaxeb.
logikis daxmarebiT aRniSnuli debulebebidan akeTeben daskvnebs. magaliTad,
warmoebis mflobelis gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teoria SeiZleba mdgomareobdes
SemdegSi:

aaSenos

gayidvebidan
iseTi

im

miiRos

kerZod,

rom

gansazRvruli

maqsimaluri mogeba.

mniSvnelovani

gavlenas,

varaudiT,
faqtorebi,

gayidvebis

aRniSnul

romlebic

periodis

ganmavlobaSi

SemTxvevaSi

gamosakvlevia

gayidvebis

moculoba,

momgebianobaze

produqtis

fasi

da

axdenen
pirobebi,

danaxarjebis sidide. agreTve unda gakeTdes varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor

SeiZleba Seicvalos fasebi da danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona sxvadasxva raodenobis
produqtis warmoebis pirobebSi. Semdgom SesaZlebelia gakeTdes kvleva, rogor
icvleba

mogebaze

moqmedi

faqtorebi,

rogor

aisaxeba

igi

gamyidvelTa

gadawyvetilebebze. magaliTad, sigaretis mwarmoeblebisaTvis axali gadasaxadebiT

dabegvra gazrdis danaxarjebs produqtis gayidvaze. gamyidvelis mizani ki aris
mogebis maqsimizacia. SesaZlebelia sigaretis warmoebaze gadasaxadis gavlenisa
da dargSi dasaqmebis kvleva.
Teoriis codna aucilebelia, magram movlenebze kontrolis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobas mxolod mizez-Sedegobrivi analizi iZleva. magaliTad, SeiZleba
daviwyoT daavadebis mkurnaloba an igi maSinve aRmovfxvraT rogorc ki cnobili
gaxdeba misi gamomwvevi mizezi. sxva sityvebiT, Teoria sasargebloa; kargi Teoria
gamoixateba

SedegSi,

debulebaze,

mtkicebulebaze,

miRebis surviliT.

romelsac
rom

faqtebi

ganamtkiceben.

mewarmeebi

moqmedeben

igi

dafuZnebulia

maqsimaluri

mogebis

aRniSnuli debuleba SeiZleba iyos ararealuri,

vinaidan

mewarmeebs da menejerebs sxva miznebic gaaCniaT. mogebis garda isini SeiZleba

dainteresdnen sazogadoebaSi TavianTi reputaciiT an gayidvebis moculobisa da
dividendebis sididiT. ekonomikuri Teoriebi ar gansxvavdeba im Teoriebisagan,
romlebsac SeimuSaveben nebismieri sxva sferos mecnierebi.
realuri samyaros urTulesi movlenebis Sesaswavlad ekonomistebi qmnian da
aanalizeben ekonomikur modelebs (Economic Models). ekonomikuri modeli aris
ekonomikuri procesebis an movlenis formaluri aRwera, romlis struqtura

16

ganisazRvreba rogorc misi obieqturi niSan-TvisebebiT, ise kvlevis subieqturmiznobrivi xasiaTiT.

ekonomikuri
dadgenas.

igi

grafikuli

modeli
gamoiyeneba

agebebisa

ganisazRvros
gamoyenebul

emsaxureba

da

imis

Teoriebisagan
maTematikis

konkretuli
iqnes

ekonomikur

movlenis

winaswar

cvladebs

daskvnebis

daxmarebiT)
winapiroba.

gamosavlenad,

Soris

kavSirebis

gamosatanad

(logikis,

da

saSualebas

amrigad,
rom

modeli

ekonomikuri

iZleva
SeiZleba

pirobebis

cvalebadoba iwvevs gadawyvetilebebis, fasebis, gayiduli da SeZenili dovlaTis

moculobis cvlilebas.
ekonomikuri modeli, iseve rogorc geografiuli rukac, mravali detalis
ignorirebas axdens. magaliTad, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens Rvinis
_ ,,saferavis_ fasze kaxeTSi setyvis mier saferavis jiSis venaxebis farTobebis
Semcireba, sulac ar aris saWiro saqarTveloSi meRvineobis dargSi mimdinare
procesebis

an

kaxeTis

mosaxleobis

adaT-wesebis

codna.

aseTi

detalebi

saintereso iqneboda presisaTvis, magram ver axsnida im fundamentur Zalebs,

romlebic gavlenas axdenen Rvino ,,saferavis fasze.
nebismieri modeli aRiwereba cvladebiT.

ekonomikuri cvladebi

(Economic

Variables) ganzomilebadi naturaluri an fuladi sididea (xarjebi, fasebi),

romelTac SeuZliaT miiRon rigi SesaZlo mniSvnelobebi.
cvladebi, romelTa mniSvneloba gamoiyeneba modelSi mocemulobis xarjze
parametri ewodeba. modeli Cveulebriv yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod faqtebis
mcire

raodenobaze,

cvladebs,

akeTebs

romlebic

zemoqmedeben

ra garkveul varauds

cvladebze.

igi

adamianTa qcevaze

akavSirebs

da

am

SezRudvebze.

magaliTad, ekonomikuri modeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes imis asaxsnelad, rom

avtomobilebis
dasadgenad,

Tu

SeZena

dakavSirebulia

rogor

gavlenas

sesxis

moaxdens

procentis

normasTan

sagadasaxado

dabegvra

an

imis

ojaxis

Semosavlebze da a.S.
modelebi orientirebulia ramdenime ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebze.
magaliTad,

mogebis

miwodebis

(saqonlis

maqsimizaciaze
an

damyarebuli

momsaxurebis)

miwodebis

moculobaze

modeli

moqmedi

saWiroa

faqtorebis

asaxsnelad. modelma SeiZleba aCvenos Tu rogor moqmedebs samSeneblo masalis

fasebis zrda axali mSeneblobis Rirebulebaze. Semdgom SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
logika, rom mSeneblobis Rirebulebis zrda zemoqmedebs mSeneblobis msurvelTa
stimulze; aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi modeli gamoxatavs kavSirs samSeneblo masalis
fassa da mSenebare sacxovrebeli saxlebis raodenobas Soris.
ekonomikuri modelidan gamomdinare daskvna gamoixateba hipoTezis formaSi,
romelic warmoadgens faqtebis mier damtkicebul an uaryofil Sedegebsa da
kavSirebs. mtkiceba imisa, rom saSeni masalis fasi izrdeba, savaraudod amcirebs
mSenebare saxlebis raodenobas, danarCeni faqtorebi ucvlelia. swored, es aris
hipoTezis magaliTi.

17

ekonomikur cvladebze moqmedi faqtori SeiZleba mcire droSi Seicvalos.

mSenebare saxlebis raodenobaze, xis masalaze fasis gazrdis garda moqmedebs
mSeneblobaze

sesxis

saprocento

ganakveTic.

misi dabali ganakveTi stimuls

iZleva mSeneblobis moculobis zrdisaTvis. Tu masalis fasi izrdeba maSin,

rodesac

saprocento

moculobis

ganakveTi

cvlileba

asaxavs

mcirdeba,

aseT

SemTxvevaSi

gadawyvetilebaze

am

mSeneblobis

faqtorebis

erTobliv

zemoqmedebas. amrigad, ori cvladis kavSirze hipoTezis faqtiuri mtkicebulebis

povna xSirad iTxovs sxva cvladebisa da cvlilebis efeqtebis axsnas.
cvladebs, romlebic modelis farglebSi Semodis mza saxiT da ucvlelia _
egzogenuri (Exogeneous Variable), xolo cvladebs, romlebic unda ganisazRvros
modelis meSveobiT _ endogenuri cvladebi (Endogeneous Variables) ewodeba.
TiTqmis

yvela

mikroekonomikuri

modeli,

es

iqneba

,,saferavis

fasis

cvlilebebisa Tu samSeneblo firmis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRmweri

modelebi, iyenebs analizis sam instruments: pirobiTi optimizacia, wonasworuli
analizi da SedarebiTi statika.

pirobiTi optimizacia
pirobiTi

optimizacia

(Constrained

Optimization),

rogorc

mikroekonomikuri analizis
instrumenti,

gamoiyeneba

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi

subieqtis

mier optimaluri

(saukeTeso), magram garkveuli pirobebiT SezRuduli arCevanis ganxorcielebisas.

pirobiTi optimizaciis problema ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: miznis funqciisa
(Objective Function) da SezRudvebis nakrebisagan
funqcia

aris

is

damokidebuleba,

romlis

(Set of Constraints). miznis

maqsimizacias

an

minimizacias

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqti cdilobs.

magaliTad,

momxmarebels

surs

Tavisi

moTxovnilebebis

maqsimalurad

dakmayofilebis mizniT garkveuli saxeobis produqtis SeiZina. am SemTxvevaSi,

miznis

funqcia

aris

damokidebuleba,

romelic

aRwers

Tu

ramdenad

dakmayofilebulia misi moTxovnilebebi produqtis garkveuli raodenobis SeZeniT.

analogiurad,

mwarmoebels

surs

ise

dagegmos

gamoSvebuli

produqtis

raodenoba, rom mis sawarmoeblad minimaluri danaxarjebis gaReba mouxdes. am

SemTxvevaSi, miznis funqcia gviCvenebs mTliani danaxarjebis damokidebulebas
produqtis warmoebis raodenobasTan.
pirobiTi optimizaciis problemis gadawyvetisas mniSvnelovania zRvruli
analizi. pirobiTi optimizaciis analizi cxadyofs, rom ekonomikur problemaTa
gadawyvetisas erTi SexedviT ,,cxadi pasuxi xSirad mcdaria. termini zRvruli
mikroekonomikaSi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba damokidebuli cvladi (Dependent
Variable)

damoukidebeli

cvladis

(Indipendent

Variable)

erTi

erTeuliT

gazrdis Sedegad. damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebis Sinaarsis ukeT

gasagebad, ganvixiloT damokidebuleba or cvlads _

18

warmoebuli produqtis

raodenobas

anu

gamoSvebis

moculobasa

(Output)

da

produqtis

warmoebaze

gaweul mTlian danaxarjs (Total Cost _ TC) Soris. vvaraudobT, rom rac ufro
met produqts awarmoebs firma, miT ufro izrdeba misi mTliani danaxarji. am
SemTxvevaSi mTliani danaxarji aris damokidebuli cvladi. misi mniSvneloba
damokidebulia

gamoSvebis

moculobaze,

romelic

mocemul

SemTxvevaSi

damoukidebel cvladad ganixileba.

miznis funqciisa da pirobiTi optimizaciis, cvladebis, agreTve zRvruli
analizis ukeT gagebisaTvis ganvixiloT magaliTebi. Cveni mizania ara mocemuli
amocanis

amoxsna,

aramed

miznis

funqciisa

da

SezRuduli

pirobebis

identificireba.

magaliTi 2
pirobiTi optimizacia: sajiriTo moednis Robe
davuSvaT,

fermers

surs

cxenebisaTvis

sajiriTo

moednis

SemoRobva

oTxkuTxedi formis RobiT. mas aqvs F metri sigrZis Robis masala da ufro metis
yidva

ar

SeuZlia.

samagierod

mis

winaSea

kombinaciaTa didi arCevani. fermers surs

Robis

sigrZisa

da

siganis

Robis sigrZisa da siganis iseTi

kombinaciis SerCeva, rom miiRos sajiriTo moedanis maqsimaluri farTobi; magram

amave dros SemosaRobad gamoyenebuli masalis sigrZem (moednis perimetrma) ar
unda gadaaWarbos F metrs.
a) ra aris am amocanis miznis funqcia?
b) ra aris SezRudva?

a) axseniT am modelSi romeli cvladebia (L, W da F) egzogenuri? endogenuri?

19

amoxsna
a)

miznis

funqcia

aris

damokidebuleba,

romlis

maqsimizaciasac

fermeri

cdilobs am SemTxvevaSi sajiriTo moednis LW farTobi. sxva sityvebiT, fermeri

SearCevs L-is da W-s raime mniSvnelobebs, raTa miaRwios

LW miznis funqciis

maqsimizacias.
b)

SezRudva

SemTxvevaSi

asaxavs
fermeris

im

viTarebebs,

romlebic

dgas

fermeris

gankargulebaSi arsebuli mxolod

winaSe.

am

F sigrZis Robis

masala. SezRudva fermerisaTvis niSnavs, rom sajiriTo moednis perimetri 2L+2W

ar unda aRematebodes F Robis masalis sigrZes. ase rom, mocemul SemTxvevaSi,
SezRudva SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegnairad 2L+2W F.
g)

fermers

egzogenuri

ukve

cvladi,

gaaCnia

radganac

sigrZis
is

Robis

masala.

am

modelSi

ganixileba

rogorc

mocemuli.

aris

endogenuri

cvladebia L da W, radganac maTi mniSvnelobebi SeirCeva fermeris mier da

ganisazRvreba am modelis farglebSi.
pirobiTi optimizaciis problemas ekonomistebi Semdegnairad gamosaxaven:
max LW
(L,W)

im pirobiT, rom 2L+2W F

Canaweris pirveli xazi asaxavs miznis funqcias _ LW farTobs, romlis

maqsimizaciaa saWiro. (minimizaciis SemTxvevaSi max-is nacvlad Caiwereba min). maxis

qveS

meore

xazze

gamosaxulia

endogenuri

cvladebi,

romelTa

kontroli gadawyvetilebis mimRebs SeuZlia. am SemTxvevaSi (L,W)

fermers SeuZlia SearCios Robis sigrZe da sigane.

SerCeva-

mianiSnebs, rom

Canaweris meore xazi gamoxatavs SezRudvas arCevanis SemzRudav pirobas.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi arCevanis SemzRudavi pirobaa, rom SemoRobili moednis
perimetri ver gadaaWarbebs SemosaRobi masalisF F sigrZes.
sabolood, pirobiTi optimizaciis problemis gamosaxuleba gviCvenebs, rom
feremeri SearCevs L da W-s garkveul mniSvnelobebs sajiriTo moednis farTobis
maqsimizaciis mizniT. L da W-s SesaZlo mniSvnelobebis SerCeva SezRudulia im
pirobiT, rom SemosaRobi moednis perimetri ar unda aRematebodes fermeris
gankargulebaSi arsebul SemosaRobi masalis FsigrZes.

magaliTi 3
sareklamo kampania ludis gasayidad
dauSvaT,

ludis

qarxnas

sareklamo

kampaniis

Casatareblad

momavali

wlisaTvis gaaCnia 1 milioni lari. menejerma Tanxa unda gaanawilos radio an

tele reklamaze. radio reklama SedarebiT iafia, magram tele reklamas ufro
didi

20

auditoria

hyavs.

momxmareblisaTvis

reklamis

vizualuri

mxare

ufro

damajereblad moqmedebs da sabolood, tele reklama ufro metad zrdis gayidvis

moculobas, vidre radio reklama.

21

ludis gayidvebis moculoba sareklamo kampaniis dros

cxrili 1.1
sareklamo kampaniaze

sareklamo kampaniis Semdeg gayiduli ludis raodenoba

mTlianad daxarjuli

(litri weliwadSi)

Tanxa (lari)

tele reklama

radio reklama

100000

4750

950

200000

9000

1800

300000

12750

2550

400000

16000

3200

500000

18750

3750

600000

21000

4200

700000

22750

4550

800000

24000

4800

900000

24750

4950

1000000

25000

5000

sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvis mizniT aucilebelia SeviswavloT ludis

bazari.

vTqvaT,

sareklamo

kampaniis

Catarebis

Semdeg

gaviangariSeT

ludis

mosalodneli gayidvebis moculoba. sareklamo kampaniaze daxarjuli Tanxebisa da

gayidvebis moculobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb informacia mocemulia cxrilSi
1.1. magaliTad, Tu daxarjavT 1 milion lars tele reklamaze, maSin 25000 litr
luds gayidiT, xolo Tu igive Tanxas daxarjavT radio reklamaze, maSin ludis
gayidvebi mxolod 5000 litri iqneba. aseve SesaZlebelia gadanawildes Tanxa
sxvadasxva proporciiT tele da radio reklamaze. magaliTad, 400000 lari _
tele, xolo 600000 lari radio reklamaze daixarjos. aseT SemTxvevaSi ludis
gayidvebi tele reklamidan iqneba 16000 litri, xolo radio reklamidan _ 4200
litri, sul 20200 (16000+4200) litri ludi.
cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis mixedviT rogor gaanawilebdiT sareklamo
kampaniisaTvis gankuTvnil 1 milon lars tele da radio reklamaze gayidvebis
maqsimaluri moculobis misaRwevad?
swored es aris pirobiTi optimizaciis magaliTi. unda SearCioT tele da
radio reklamebze dasaxarji Tanxebis (T da R) garkveuli raodenoba ludis
gayidvebis moculobis B(T,R) maqsimizaciis mizniT, im pirobiT, rom daxarjuli
Tanxebis

raodenoba

ar

unda

aRematebodes

sareklamo

kampaniis

biujets.

aRniSnuli SemTxvevis pirobiTi optimizaciis problema Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

max B (T,R)
(T,R)

im pirobiT, rom T+R= 1000000

22

cxrili

1.1-is

swrafi

gadaxedviT

SesaZloa

gavakeToT

mcdari

daskvna,

magaliTad, umjobesia mTlianad 1 milioni lari davxarjoT tele reklamaze da

araferi radio reklamaze. amas cxrilis monacemebic adasturebs. tele reklama
xom yovelTvis ufro met gayidvebs uzrunvelyofs, vidre radio reklama?
rogor unda ganawildes sareklamo biujeti tele da radio reklamebs
Soris?

dasmul

SekiTxvaze

swori

pasuxis

gacema

SesaZlebelia

SezRuduli

optimizaciis analiziT, romelic gulisxmobs zRvruli analizis Catarebas.

ganvixiloT mocemuli sareklamo kampaniis ramdenime SesaZlo varianti:
I

varianti:

1000000

lari

mTlianad

ixarjeba

tele

reklamaze,

ludis

gayidvebis moculoba am SemTxvevaSi aris 25000 litri;

II varianti: 900000 lari tele, xolo 100000 lari radio reklamaze ixarjeba.
am SemTxvevaSi ludis gayidvebis moculoba tele rklamidan _ 24750 litri, xolo
radio reklamidan 950 litri ludia. jamSi ludis gayidvebis moculoba 25700
litris (24750+950) tolia. es Sedegi 700 litriT met gayidul luds niSnavs da
ukeTesia, vidre I variantis Sedegi.
III varianti: kidev ufro ukeTes Sedegs miiRebT, Tu 800000 lars tele
reklamaze, xolo 200000 lars radio reklamaze daxarjavT. am SemTxvevaSi ludis
gayidvebis mTliani moculoba 25800 litris (24000+1800) tolia.
radio reklama calke aRebuli naklebad zrdis gayidvebis moculobas.
miuxedavad amisa gayidvebis moculobis maqsimizaciis mizniT umjobesia sareklamo
kampaniis xarjebi gadanawildes tele da radio reklamaze. am SemTxvevaSi, tele
reklamaze daxarjuli damatebiTi 100000 laris zRvruli efeqtianoba bevrad
ufro naklebia, vidre radio reklamaze daxarjul damatebiTi 100000 laris
zRvruli efeqtianoba.
Tu

800000

reklamaze,

laris

damatebiTi

nacvlad
100000

900000

laris

laris
zRvruli

daxarjvas

gadawyvetT

efeqtianoba

iqneba

tele
(24750-

24000)/100000=0,0075litri TiToeul damatebiT daxarjul larze. erTi damatebiTi

laris daxarjva tele reklamaze ludis gayidvebis moculobas 0,0075 litriT
zrdis. magram igive damatebiTi 100000 laris daxarjvas radio reklamaze aqvs
ufro maRali zRvruli efeqtianoba (24000+950-24000)/100000=0,0095 litri TiToeul
damatebiT daxarjul larze. erTi damatebiTi laris daxarjva radio reklamaze
ludis gayidvebis moculobas 0,0095 litriT zrdis.
amrigad, radio reklamis zRvruli efeqtianoba aWarbebs tele reklamis
zRvrul efeqtianobas (0,0095>0,0075).

wonasworobis analizi
mikroekonomikuri
(Equilibrium

Analysis).

analizis
sistemis

meore

instrumentia

wonasworoba

aris

wonasworobis

analizi

mdgomareoba,

romelic

grZeldeba droSi usazRvrod manamde, sanam egzogenuri faqtorebi ucvlelia. sxva

23

sityvebiT,

sanam

gareSe

faqtorebSi

mimdinare

cvlilebebi

ar

daarRveven

wonasworobas.
mikroekonomikaSi konkurentul bazarze wonasworoba miiRweva maSin, roca
bazari gawonasworebulia (Market Clears) _ bazarze mwarmoeblebis mier mocemul
fasad miwodebuli produqtis raodenoba emTxveva momxmareblebis mier amave fasad
moTxovnil produqtis raodenobas. naxazze 1. 1 mandarinis bazris wonasworul
mdgomareobas gviCvenebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertili.

mandarinis fasi, lari

siWarbe

miwodeba (S)

2.50
2.00
1.50

deficiti

moTxovna (D)

0
Q1

Q3
Q2

Q5

mandarinis raodenoba

Q4

nax. 1.1 wonasworoba mandarinis bazarze

mandarinis wonasworuli fasia 2 lari. Tu mandarinis fasi 2,50 laria, bazari ar imyofeba wonasworobaSi, radgan
miwodebuli mandarinis raodenoba aWarbebs am fasad moTxovnili mandarinis raodenobas. Warbi mandarinis
raodenobaa Q5-Q2. bazari ar iqneba wonasworobaSi maSinac, Tu mandarinis fasia 1,50 lari. am dros moTxovna
aWarbebs miwodebas. bazarze mandarinis deficitia. Warbi moTxovnis, anu mandarinis deficitis raodenobaa Q4-Q1.

mandarinis wonasworuli fasi aris 2 lari TiToeul kilogramSi. am fasad

gamyidvelebs surT Q3 raodenobis mandarinis gayidva. roca misi fasi 2,50 laria,
maSin

bazari

ar

imyofeba

wonasworul

mdgomareobaSi,

radgan

miwodebuli

mandarinis raodenoba aWarbebs am fasad moTxovnili mandarinis raodenobas. Warbi

mandarinis raodenobaa Q5-Q2. bazari ar iqneba wonasworobaSi maSinac ki, Tu
mandarinis

fasi 1,50 laria.

am

dros

moTxovna aWarbebs

miwodebas.

bazarze

mandarinis deficitia. Warbi moTxovnis anu mandarinis deficitia Q4-Q1 raodenoba.

wonasworul fasad, 2 larad, zustad igive raodenobis mandarinis yidva
surT momxareblebsac. mandarinis bazarze aseTi mdgomareoba darCeba ucvlelad
ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi. aseTi wonasworuli mdgomareoba gagrZeldeba
manam, sanam ar Seicvleba bazarze arsebul moTxovnasa da miwodebaze zemoqmedi
gareSe faqtorebi (magaliTad, momxmarebelTa ricxvis moulodneli gazrda an
mosalodneli yinvebis gamo mandarinis cudi mosavali).

SedarebiTi statika
24

SedarebiTi

statika

(Comparative

Statics),

rogorc

mikroekonomikuri

instrumenti, aanalizebs ekonomikur modelSi egzogenuri cvladebis cvlilebebis

zegavlenas endogenur cvladebze. SedarebiTi statika SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul
iqnas

rogorc

wonasworobis,

aseve

pirobiTi

optimizaciis

analizis

dros.

SedarebiTi statika iZleva ekonomikuri modelis aRweras egzogenuri cvladis

cvlilebamde da cvlilebis Semdeg. igi warmoadgens ekonomikuri modelis sawyisi
mdgomareobisa da momxdari cvlilebis Semdgom analizs.
ganvixiloT,

Tu

rogor

gamoiyeneba

SedarebiTi

statika

wonasworobis

analizisas. davuSvaT, saqarTveloSi yinvebis gamo Semcirda mandarinis mosavali.

amave

dros

garTulebulia

sazRvargareTidan

misi

importi.

momxmareblebis

gemovneba ar Secvlila da bazarze mandarinis Semcvleli xili ar moipoveba. es

garemoebebi aucileblad gamoiwvevs mandarinze fasis gazrdas.

mandarinis fasi, lari

S2
S1

3.00

1.00
D1
Q
0

Q2

Q1

mandarinis raodenoba

nax. 1.2 cvlilebebi mandarinis bazarze

Semcirda mandarinis miwodeba, miwodebis mrudi gadaadgilda S1-dan S2 mdgomareobaSi. wonasworuli fasi gaizarda 1
laridan 3 laramde. mandarinis wonasworuli raodenoba Semcirda Q2-dan Q1-mde.

naxazze 1.2 asaxulia SedarebiTi statikis meSveobiT momxdari cvlilebebi.

cvlilebamde

miwodebis

mrudi

iyo

S1,

moTxovnis

mrudi

ki

D1 .

sawyis

mdgomareobaSi ekonomikuri modelis endogenuri cvladebi, anu wonasworuli fasi

da wonasworuli raodenoba, aris Sesabamisad 1 lari da Q1. egzogenurma Sokurma
viTarebam (yinvis gamo mandarinis cudi mosavali) gamoiwvia miwodebis Semcireba
anu miwodebis mrudis marcxniv

gadaadgileba S2

mrudis saxiT.

darwmunebiT

SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom moTxovnis mrudi ar gadaadgildeba, radgan yinva

momxmareblis mandarinisadmi damokidebulebaze veranair gavlenas ver axdens.
egzogenuri

faqtoris

cvlilebis

Semdeg

Seicvala

endogenuri

cvladebis

mniSvnelobebic: axla wonasworuli fasi 3 laria, xolo wonasworuli raodenobaa

Q2.

25

maSasadame, SedarebiTi statikis, rogorc analizis instrumentis gamoyeneba,

gviCvenebs, rom egzogenurma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia fasis zrda da raodenobis
Semcireba.

26

ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelireba

daxriloba miiswrafis
-ken

aRmavali

daxriloba
nulovani
daRmavali
0

,,a

,,b

`b~

nax.1.3 wrfivi damokidebulebebi

`a~

klebadi

zrdadi

klebadi

zrdadi

`g~

`d~

nax. 1.4 mrudTa daxrilobebi

ekonomikur-maTematikuri
modelireba

modelirebis

organzomilebian

sivrceSi

umartives

grafikebis

saxes

warmoadgens

daxmarebiT.

aq

SeiZleba

ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva: 1) argumentis mniSvnelobis momatebasTan erTad

funqciis

mniSvneloba

matulobs,

maSin

grafiki

aRmavalia;

2)

argumentis

mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad funqciis mniSvneloba klebulobs, maSin grafiki

daRmavalia (naxazi 1.3, a); 3) argumentis mniSvnelobis SemcirebasTan erTad
funqciis mniSvneloba ar icvleba, maSin amboben, rom funqcias aqvs nulovani
daxriloba anu mudmivia; 4) Tu argumentis erTi da igive mniSvnelobas Seesabameba
funqciis ganusazRvreli mniSvnelobebi, maSin funqciis daxriloba usasrulobis
tolia (naxazi 1.3, b).
naxazze

1.3

(a,

b)

gamosaxulia

umartivesi

wrfivi

damokidebulebebi.

realobaSi adgili aqvs ufro rTul kavSirebs, romlebic gamoisaxebian mrudebiT.

27

imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT funqciis daxrilobis done mocemuli wertilis

garSemo, aucilebelia misdami gavavloT mxebi, ise rogorc es naCvenebia naxazze
1.4.

magaliTi 4
wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikebis ageba
vTqvaT,
qimiuri

gvainteresebs

saSualebebis

damokidebulebis

gamoyenebasa

da

dadgena,

romeliRac

marcvleulis

farTobze

mosavals

Soris.

simartivisaTvis X-iT aRvniSnoT qimiuri saSualebebis raodenoba (tona), xolo YiT _ warmoebuli marcvleulis raodenoba (aTasi tona).
ori cvladi gamoxatavs Semdeg Teoriul Tanafardobas:
Y=f(x)=100X+100
(1.1)
Y=f(x)

niSnavs,

akonkretebs

rom

damokidebulia

damokidebulebas.

Nnaxazze

X-ze.

1.5

tolobis

naCvenebia

am

meore

nawili

damokidebulebis

grafiki. yoveli wertili im wrfeze, romelic gamoxatulia Y=f(x)-iT, Seesabameba

ricxvebis

wyvils,

(1.1)

rac

tolobis

Tanafardobas

akmayofilebs.

RerZTa

gadakveTis wertils (0) grafikis sawyiss uwodeben, igi ori cvladis nulovan
mniSvnelobas Seesabameba.
(1.1) tolobaSi mocemuli Teoriuli Tanafardoba gviCvenebs, rom Tu X=1,
maSin Y unda udrides 200-s (Y=1001+100). analogiurad, Tu X=2, maSin grafiki
gviCvenebs, rom Y=300
naxazze

1.5

(300= 1002+100 ).

gamosaxulia

wrfivi

damokidebuleba

(Linear

Relations).

mis

asagebad unda vicodeT ori sidide: Tavisufali wevri da kuTxuri koeficientis

mniSvneloba. Tu X-is mniSvnelobebi horizontalur RerZzea moTavsebuli, xolo
Y-is

vertikalurze, maSin Tavisufali wevri ganisazRvreba Y-is mniSvnelobiT,

X=0-is

pirobebSi.

grafikulad

Tavisufali

RerZTan gadakveTis wertili, ramdenadac

tolia.

magaliTSi

damokidebulebis
am

wertils

grafikis

vertikalur

X-is mniSvneloba am wertilSi nulis

Tavisufali

Seesabameba

wevri aris
wevri

misi

100-is

warmoebis

tolia.

marcvleulis

moculoba

qimikatebis

gamouyeneblad.
wrfis

kuTxuri

koeficienti

(Slopes

Of

Graphs)

ganisazRvreba

Y-is

cvlilebiT X-is erTi erTeuliT Secvlis SemTxvevaSi. Teoriuli damokidebuleba

gviCvenebs (naxazi 1.5), rom Tu X izrdeba erTi erTeuliT (1 tona Setanili
qimiuri saSualebebi), maSin Y gaizarda 100 erTeuliT (warmoebuli iqna 100 aTasi
tona

marcvleuli).

amrigad,

wrfisaTvis

kuTxuri

koeficientis

mniSvneloba

aRniSnul naxazze 100-is tolia. rac metia kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba,

niSnavs

28

imas,

rom

qimiuri

saSualebebis

yoveli

damatebiTi

tona

gazrdis

marcvleulis warmoebas 200 aTasi toniT, warmoeba 2-jer ufro mgZnobiare iqneba
qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebisadmi.
Y

400

Y=(X)

300

200

Tavisufali
wevri

nax. 1.5 wrfivi damokidebuleba or X da Y cvladebs Soris

naxazze asaxulia wrfivi damokidebuleba Y=f(X) or X da Y cvlads Soris. am wrfis yoveli wertili X da Yis
mniSvnelobebs Seesabameba, rac zemoT gansazRvrul Tanafardobas akmayofilebs.

wrfivi

damokidebulebis

kuTxuri

koeficienti

SeiZleba

gaangariSebul

iqnes uSualod grafikis safuZvelze. naxazi gviCvenebs, rom Tu X=0, maSin,

xolo Tu

Y=100,

X=2, maSin Y=300. Y-is cvlileba am or mniSvnelobas Soris udris 200-s

(300-100), xolo X-is gadideba udris 2-s (2-0). amrigad, Y-is cvlileba X-is erTi
erTeuliT gadidebisas udris 100-s (200/2). wertilis yoveli wyvili, romlebic
wrfivi

damokidebulebis

kuTxuri

koeficientis

gasaangariSeblad

gamoiyeneba,

imave Sedegs mogvcems.

kuTxuri koeficienti da wrfis daxriloba

mocemuli masStabis pirobebSi horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebis (X
da Y-is mocemuli mniSvnelobis pirobebSi) wrfis zrdadi kuTxuri koeficienti
miT metia, rac ufro daxrilia wrfe X RerZisadmi. magaliTad, naxazze 1.6 qveda
wrfes 200-is toli kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia (X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas

Y izrdeba 200 erTeuliT).

marcvleulis

magaliTSi

zeda wrfes 100-is toli kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia.

qveda

wrfe

SeiZleba

gamosaxavdes

damokidebulebas

qimiur saSualebebsa da mosavals Soris mwiri miwis nakveTisaTvis. ase, rom 1 tona
qimiuri saSualeba mTlianad sakmarisi ar aris Tundac garkveuli raodenobis
marcvleulis mosayvanad (magaliTad, drenaJis daxmarebiT qimiuri saSualebebis
gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT efeqtiani xdeba).
kuTxuri koeficienti da daxriloba urTierTdakavSirebulia mxolod RerZTa
mudmivi masStabebis pirobebSi. Tu vertikaluri RerZi naxazze 1.6 gadakeTebuli

29

iqneba

iseTnairad,

rom

100

gadaiqceva

200-ad,

200

400-ad

da

a.S.,

maSin

gansaxilveli damokidebulebis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba gaormagdeba,

radgan X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas, Y 200-iT gaizrdeba (zeda wrfe), maSin,
roca

wina

SemTxvevaSi

X-is

erTi

erTeuliT

gadidebisas

mxolod

100-iT

izrdeboda, Tumca wrfe daxrili ar gaxdeboda. zustad aseve, erTi wrfivi

damokidebulebis grafiki, maTi kuTxuri koeficientebis Tanatolobis SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba meore wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikze damreci iyos maTi agebis
sxvadasxva masStabebis gamoyenebis gamo.

400

300

200

100

nax. 1.6 ufro daxrili wrfe kuTxuri koeficientis didi mniSvnelobiT xasiaTdeba
zeda wrfe mocemul naxazze asaxavs Y=f(X) damokidebulebis grafiks, (rac naCvenebia naxazze 1.5); misi kuTxuri
koeficienti 100-is tolia. ufro daxrili wrfis kuTxuri koeficientia 200.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi kuTxuri koeficientebi

naxazze 1.5 da 1.6 yvela wrfe aRmavalia. aseTi wrfeebis gaswvriv X-is
nebismier gazrdas

Seesabameba dadebiTi

cvlileba _ Y-is gadideba.

amrigad,

aRmaval wrfes dadebiTi kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia, e. i. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom

gansaxilveli cvladebi dadebiTia.
naxazze 1.7 gamosaxulia daRmavali wrfe. masze warmodgenili g

funqcia

niSnavs, rom X-is gadideba iwvevs Y-is uaryofiT cvlilebas.

naxazi 1.7-is saSualebiT SeiZleba gamovTvaloT wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti.
roca X=1, Y=300, rac naxazze isrebiT aris gamosaxuli. analogiurad SegviZlia
vaCvenoT, rom roca X=3, Y=100. X-is gadideba am mniSvnelobebs Soris 2-is tolia
(3_1), maSin, roca Y-is Semcireba 200-is tolia (100-300). amrigad, am wrfis
kuTxuri koeficienti, k=100 (200/2).
yvela daRmaval wrfes yovelTvis uaryofiTi kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia,
radganac

30

Y-is cvlilebebi, rac X-is nebismier gadidebas Seesabameba, yovelTvis

uaryofiTia.

RerZTa

fiqsirebuli

masStabis

pirobebSi,

rac

ufro

daxrilia

daRmavali wrfe, miT metia kuTxuri koeficientis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba.

Y

400

300

200

100
Y=g(X)
0

nax. 1.7 Sebrunebuli wrfivi damokidebuleba or cvlads X da Y-s Soris

naxazze naCvenebia damokidebuleba Y=g(X), rac Y-is Semcirebas akavSirebs X-is gadidebasTan. magaliTad, roca X=0,
Y=400 (Tavisufali wevris mniSvneloba), magram X-is 1-mde gadidebisas, Y 300-mde mcirdeba. wrfis kuTxuri
koeficienti 100-is tolia.

rogor gamoisaxeba wrfe, Tu misi kuTxuri koeficienti nulis tolia? kuTxuri

koeficientis nulisadmi toloba niSnavs, rom X-is gadidebisas YY aranairad ar
icvleba. es niSnavs, rom wrfe SeiZleba iyos horizontaluri RerZis paraleluri.

magaliTi 5
arawrfivi damokidebulebis grafikebis ageba
naxazi 1.8 gviCvenebs
qimiuri saSualebebis (X)

arawrfiv damokidebulebas

(Nonlinear Relations)

gamoyenebasa da marcvleulis

(Y) warmoebas Soris.

Qqimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis gareSe (X=0) iwarmoeba 100 tona marcvleuli,

e.i am mrudis Tavisufali wevris mniSvneloba 100-is tolia. Tu gamoviyenebT 1
tona

qimikats,

SesaZleblobas

miviRebT
iZleva

200

tona

marcvals,

marcvleulis

xolo

gamoSveba

ori

tonis

gaizardos

280

gamoyeneba
tonamde.

Mmarcvleulis warmoebis maqsimaluri moculoba (400 tona) miiRweva 5,5 tona

qimiuri saSualebebis
ganapirobebs

Y-is

gamoyenebis dros.

Semcirebas.

Aam

marcvleulis

wertilis
gamoSveba

Semdeg
ecema

X-is gadideba
nulamde,

Tu

gamoiyeneba 12 tonaze meti raodenobis qimiuri saSualebebi.

TuU X-is mniSvnelebebi 0-dan 5,5-mdea, X-isa da Y-is kavSiri dadebiTia
(pirdapiri) mrudis gaswvriv, xolo X-is didi mniSvnelobebis SemTxvevaSi kavSiri
uaryofiTia (naxazi 1.8). cnobilia, rom arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti
mudmivi ar aris, rogorc wrfis SemTxvevaSi. X-is zogierTi mniSvnelobebisaTvis
Y-is cvlilebebi dadebiTia, sxvebisTvis uaryofiTi an SeiZleba nulis toli

31

iyos (SeadareT X=4 da X=7). Ees niSnavs, rom Cven SegviZlia visaubroT kuTxuri
koeficientis mniSvnelobaze arawrfivi mrudisaTvis.

400

300
280

Y=(X)

200

100

0
1

10 11

12

5,5

nax. 1.8 arawrfivi damokidebuleba

Y=f(X), grafiki arawrfivia; Y-is Secvla, rac X-is erTiT gadidebas Seesabameba, damokidebulia X-is Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobaze.
X-is nulidan 1-mde gadidebisas Y gaizrdeba 100-dan 200-mde (Tavisufali wevris sidide), magram X-is 2-dan 3-mde gadidebisas Y
izrdeba mxolod 80 erTeuliT. X-is 5,5-ze naklebi mniSvnelobis dros X da Y erTmaneTTan dadebiTadaa dakavSirebuli; Y-is
maqsimaluri mniSvneloba miiRweva roca X=5,5; X-is 5,5-ze meti mniSvnelobisas am or cvlads Soris ukudamokidebuleba
arsebobs.

32

nulovani kuTxuri
koeficienti

400

dadebiTi
kuTxuri
koeficienti

uaryofiTi kuTxuri
koeficienti

A
C

350
300
280

Y=(X)

A
C
200

100

0
1

10 11

12

5,5

nax. 1.9 arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficientebi

AA wrfe Y=f(X), mrudis mxebia X=2 wertilSi. mrudis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba mocemul wertilSi AA wrfis
kuTxuri koeficientiT ganisazRvreba, romlis sidide 70-ia (350-280)/(3-2). analogiurad, BB da CC mxebi wrfeebis kuTxuri
koeficientebi arawrfivi mrudis kuTxur koeficientTa mniSvnelobebis tolia, Sesabamisad, X=5,5 da X=9 wertilebSi. mrudis
kuTxuri koeficienti dadebiTia X-is 5,5-ze naklebi yvela mniSvnelobisaTvis; igi nulis tolia X=5,5 mniSvnelobebisaTvis
(es Y-is maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis wertilia) da uaryofiTia X-is 5,5-ze meti mniSvnelobisaTvis.

arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti yovel wertilze ganisazRvreba

mocemul wertilSi am mrudisadmi mxebis kuTxuri koeficientiT. Ees ganmarteba
warmodgenilia naxazze 1.9 A wrfe

Y=f(x) mrudis mxebia X=2 wertilSi. AA

Y=350, X=3

kuTxuri koeficienti 70-is tolia (350-280)/(3-2).

da maSasadame,

AA

wrfeze

Aamrigad, mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti X=2 wertilze 70-is tolia.

BB

wrfe mocemuli mrudis mxebia X=5,5 wertilSi, roca Y maqsimalur

mniSvnelobas aRwevs. Ees wrfe zustad X

kuTxuri

RerZis paraleluria. ase, rom am wrfis

koeficienti nulis tolia. E

CC wrfis mrudTan Sexebis wertilSi X=9 . vinaidan

CC-s uaryofiTi

daxriloba gaaCnia, amitom mrudis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba X=9 dros

uaryofiTi

iqneba.

rogorc

moyvanili

magaliTebidan

Cans,

mrudis

kuTxuri

koeficienti dadebiTia maSin, roca mrudi aRmavalia (e.i. X-is gadideba iwvevs Y-is
zrdas) da uaryofiTi, roca mrudi daRmavalia Y(X-is mniSvnelobis gadidebisas Y
mcirdeba).

1. 4 pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi

mikroekonomikuri analizi SeiZleba eyrdnobodes pozitiur da normatiul
debulebebs. pozitiuri anu diskriptuli (Positive Analysis) debuleba cdilobs

33

ekonomikuri

movlena

Camoayalibos

iseTi

axsnas

mecnierulad,

debulebebi,

romlebic

obieqturad

da

aravisaTvis

dasaxos

sadao

ar

gzebi,
iqneba.

pozitiurma analizma SeiZleba iwinaswarmetyvelos iseTi ekonomikuri movlenebis

cvalebadoba, rogoricaa warmoeba, Sesyidvebi, fasebi an Semosavlebi. pozitiuri
ekonomikuri Teoriis daxmarebiT ekonomistma SeiZleba Camoayalibos aseTi tipis
debuleba `Tu -----------, maSin ---------~, romlebic faqtebiT da cifrebiT iqneba
warmodgenili. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, soflis meurneobaSi pozitiuri analizi
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imis asaxsnelad, Tu subsidiebi rogor gavlenas axdens
produqtis

fasebze.

aRniSnuli

analizi

SeiZleba

gamoyenebul

iqnes

Semdegi

mtkicebulebis gasakeTeblad _ `Tu fermerebze gaweuli daxmareba Seikveceba,

maSin soflis meurneobis produqtebze fasebi gaizrdeba da momxmareblis nameti
Semcirdeba~.

es

TavisTavad

warmoadgens

prognozs,

romelic

SeiZleba

gadamowmebul iqnes, Tu subsidireba namdvilad Seikveceba.

pozitiuri analizi SeiZleba iyos aseTi debulebac: `gadasaxdis dawesebis
Sedegad moimatebs produqtis fasebi; an kargi mosavali ganapirobebs bazarze
produqtis miwodebis zrdas da fasebis Semcirebas da a.S.
normatiuli analizi (Normative Analysis) ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia pirad
Sexedulebebze. normatiuli analizi iZleva rekomendaciebs da ayalibebs Semdegi
tipis

debulebas

magaliTia

`ekuTvnis

`politika,

gaakeTosL

romelic

es

an

aferxebs

is~.

normatiuli

Tavisufal

debulebis

vaWrobas,

unda

gamoiricxos~, aRniSnul mtkicebaSi CarTulia azri, rom kargia iyos Tavisufali

vaWroba.
normatiuli debulebebi yvelasaTvis misaRebi SeiZleba ar iyos da sadaoa.
ekonomistebs

yovelTvis

gaaCniaT

sakuTari

Sexedulebebi

da

damamtkicebeli

argumentebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, ekonomistebi daoben

imis Taobaze, Caerios Tu ara saxelmwifo bazris funqcionirebaSi. aRniSnul
sakiTxs Tu ekonomikuri efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT, maSin sabazro
meqanizmebSi Caurevloba gacilebiT maRal Sedegebs gvaZlevs. Tu gavixsenebT imas,
rom saxelmwifos erT-erTi funqciaa yvela moqalaqeze zrunva, maSin uari unda
vTqvaT
pirobebi

mogebis

maRal

SevuqmnaT

normebze
ukiduresad

da

SevecadoT

SeWirvebulebs

elementaruli
bazris

funqcionirebaSi

saxelmwifos Carevisa da Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT.

ZiriTadi terminebi

34

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi

nominaluri fasi
realuri fasi
SefardebiTi fasi
ekonomikuri modeli
ekonomikuri cvladebi
egzogenuri cvladi

sasicocxlo

endogenuri cvladi
pirobiTi optimizacia
wonasworuli analizi
SedarebiTi statika
pozitiuri analizi
normatiuli analizi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

mikroekonomikis Seswavlis sagania ekonomikuri subieqtebis firmebis,

momxmareblebis, investorebis, resursebis mflobelebis ekonomikuri qceva.
aseve, momxmareblebisa da firmebis urTierTqmedeba bazrebisa da dargebis
formirebis procesSi.

2.

inflaciis

gamoricxvis

mizniT

iangariSeba

realuri

fasebi.

realur

fasebSi, inflaciis koreqtirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba fasebis agregirebuli

indeqsi CPI.
3.

movlenebs Soris mozez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasadgenad mikroekonomika

eyrdnoba

Teorias,

romelsac

SeuZlia

martivad

axsnas

ekonomikuri

subieqtebis qceva da samomamvlod iwinaswarmetyvelos am qcevis xasiaTi.

ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas ki emsaxureba ekonomkuri
modeli da gamoiyeneba Teoriisagan daskvnebis gamosatanad.
4.

nebismieri

modeli

ganzomilebadi
modelis

cvladebiT.

aRiwereba

naturaluri

farglebSi

Semodis

an

fuladi
mza

saxiT

ekonomikuri

sididea.
da

cvladebi

cvladebi,

ucvlelia

romlebic

_ egzogenuri

ewodeba, xolo cvladebi, romlebic unda ganisazRvros modelis meSveobiT

endogenuri cvladebia.
5.

yvela

mikroekonomikuri

pirobiTi

optimizacia,

modeli

iyenebs

wonasworuli

analizis

analizi

da

sam

instruments:

SedarebiTi

statika.

pirobiTi optimizacia gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis mier

optimaluri,

magram

garkveuli

pirobebiT

SezRuduli

arCevanis

ganxorcielebis dros; wonasworoba aris mdgomareoba, romelic grZeldeba

droSi

usazRvrod

SedarebiTi

manamde,

statika

sanam

ganixilavs

egzogenuri

egzogenuri

faqtorebi

cvladebis

ucvlelia.
cvlilebebis

zegavlenas endogenur cvladebze.

6.

normatiuli

analizi

ekonomikur

movlenebs

xsnis

mecnierulad,

obieqturad; normatiuli analizi iZleva rekomendaciebs, igi yvelasaTvis

misaRebi SeiZleba ar iyos da sadaoa.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1.

ganmarteT

mikroekonomikis

kursis

Seswavlis

sagani.

mikroekonomikasa da makroekonomikas Soris?

2. rogor ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi?
3. ra gansxvavebaa nominalur da realur Semosavlebs Soris?
4. ekonomikuri kvlevis ra meTodebs icnobT?

ra

gansxvavebaa

5. daaxasiaTeT ekonomikuri modelis egzogenuri da endogenuri cvladebi. ra

gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
6. axseniT wonasworuli mdgomareoba. pasuxi daasabuTeT grafikulad.
7. daaxasiaTeT SedarebiTi statika rogorc mikroekonomkuri instrumenti.
8. axseniT wrfivi da arawrfivi damokidebulebebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
romeli

sidideebia

saWiro

wrfivi

damokidebulebis

grafikulad

warmosadgenad?
9. romel wrfes gaaCnia dadebiTi kuTxuri koeficienti? uaryofiTi?
10. rogor gaiangariSeba wrfis daxrilobebi da kuTxuri koeficientebi?
11. daasaxeleT pozitiuri da normatiuli analizis magaliTebi.

36

Tavi 2. moTxovna, miwodeba da sabazro wonasworoba

Tavis
1.

Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT

mocemuli gantolebis safuZvelze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis agebas

2. wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis grafikul analizs

3.

faqtorebis gavleniT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgilebebis

Sefasebas

4. bazris wonasworobis statikur analizs

5. moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gamoyenebas konkretuli bazris
analizisaTvis

moTxovnis,

miwodebisa

da

sabazro

wonasworobis

analizi

ganvixiloT

srulyofili konkurenciis bazris magaliTze. aRniSnuli bazris damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebia:

myidvelTa

da

aradiferencirebuloba;

gamyidvelTa
bazarze

didi

Tavisufali

raodenoba;
Sesvla

saqonlis

da

gasvla;

identuroba,
myidvelebis

kargad informirebuloba sabazro fasebis Sesaxeb; fasis miReba.

Ffasi
(lari erT tonaze)

400
300

0
75,7

76,1

76,6

raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)

nax. 2.1 xorblis bazari saqarTveloSi, 2008

D aris xorbalze moTxovnis mrudi; S _ xorblis miwodebis mrudi; D da S mrudebis E gadakveTa _ sabazro wonasworobis

wertili.

naxazze
modeli.
raodenoba

2.1 warmodgenilia srulyofili konkurenciis

horizontalur

RerZze

mocemulia

konkretuli

bazris

ZiriTadi

saqonlis

mTliani

_ Q , vertikalur RerZze aRniSnulia fasi _ P.

bazari aRiwereba sami ganzomilebiT: 1. samomxmareblo saqonliT (naxazze 2.1

es saqoneli xorbalia); 2. geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT, sadac xorcieldeba

37

yidva-gayidva

(magaliTad,

naxazze

2.1

saqarTvelo);

3.

dro,

romlis

ganmavlobaSic xorcieldeba transaqcia (naxazze 2.1 es aris 2008 weli).

2.1 moTxovnis mrudi

naxazze 2.1

warmoadgens moTxovnis (Demend) mruds xorblisaTvis. igi

gviCvenebs Tu ra raodenobis xorblis yidvas isurveben momxmareblebi masze

sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu erT tona xorbalze fasi 300 laria,
maSin

wliuri moTxovna Seadgens 76,7 aTas

tonas; Tu erT tona xorbalze fasi

400 laria, wliuri moTxovna mxolod 76,1 aTasi tona iqneba.

xorbali
produqtebad

SeiZleba

Seisyidon

gadamuSavebis

firmebma

mizniT

(magaliTad,

burRuleuli, ualkoholo sasmelebi,

moTxovnis

nawils

e.w.

meoradi

misi

saboloo

xorblis

an

Sualedur

spirti,

sirofi,

burbuSelebi da sxv.). naxazze 2.1 naCvenebi

(warmoebuli)

moTxovnas marcvleulis sirofze ganapirobebs

moTxovna

Seadgens.

magaliTad,

ualkoholo sasmelebze arsebuli

moTxovna (sirofi ualkoholo sasmelebSi gamoiyeneba Saqris nacvlad). xorbals

aseve yiduloben brokerebi da biTumad movaWreebi, romlebic mas yidian sacalo
movaWreebze, Semdeg ki produqti mieyideba saboloo momxmarebels. moTxovnis
meore

nawils

produqtze.

warmoadgens

naxazze

2.1

pirdapiri

moTxovna

moTxovnis

mrudi

moTxovna

aCvenebs

uSualod

saqarTvelos

am

bazarze

xorblis yvela myidvelis jamur moTxovnas xorbalze.

rogorc aRvniSneT, naxazze 2.1 moTxovnis mrudi warmodgenilia ise, rom
vertikalur RerZze aRniSnulia fasi, xolo horizontalurze _ raodenoba. aseTi
mocemuloba

xazs

usvams

moTxovnis

mrudis

kidev

erT

mniSvnelovan

interpretacias. moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs umaRless fass, romelic `SeiZleba

aitanos~ bazarma miwodebuli saqonlis mocemuli raodenobisas. Aamrigad, Tu
xorblis mimwodeblebi mTlianad 76,6 aTasi tona xorbals miawvdian bazars,
umaRlesi fasi, romliTac igi gaiyideba iqneba 300 lari erT tonaze.
gavixsenoT, rom saqonlis moTxovnaze fasis garda gavlenas axdenen sxva
faqtorebic.

am

faqtorebs

Soris

aRsaniSnavia:

fasebi

urTierTdakavSirebul

saqonelze, reklama, momxmarebelTa raodenoba, maTi Semosavlebi, gemovneba, moda,

tradiciebi, molodini da sxva. es is faqtorebia, romlebic moqmedeben tipiuri
saqonlis

moTxovnaze.

miuxedavad

amisa,

moTxovnis

mrudi

gviCvenebs

damokidebulebas mxolod saqonlis fassa da am saqonelze moTxovnis raodenobas

Soris. moTxovnis mrudis agebisas vTvliT, rom moTxovnis raodenobaze moqmedi
sxva faqtorebi ucvlelia.
rogorc naxazi 2.1 gviCvenebs, moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia. rac ufro
naklebia xorblis fasi, miT ufro metia moTxovnis raodenoba da piriqiT, rac
metia fasi, miT naklebia moTxovnis raodenoba. fassa da moTxovnis raodenobas

38

Soris ukuproporciul damokidebulebas, rodesac moTxovnaze gavlenis mqone

faqtorebi ar icvleba, moTxovnis kanoni ewodeba.

magaliTi 1
moTxovnis mrudis ageba
amocana
davuSvaT, rom

axal avtomobilebze moTxovna saqarTveloSi gamoisaxeba

Semdegi formuliT:
Q d 5,3 0,1P ,

sadac Q d

(2.1)

aris axali avtomobilebis raodenoba weliwadSi (aTasi cali),

xolo P avtomobilebis saSualo fasi (aTasi lari).

a) gansazRvreT moTxovna avtomobilebze, Tu misi saSualo fasi Seadgens
15 000 lars? 25 000 lars? 35 000 lars?
b) aageT moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebisaTvis. Seesabameba Tu ara es mrudi
moTxovnis kanons?

amoxsna
a)

Tu

erT

avtomobilze

fasi

aris

15 000

lari,

avtomobilebze

moTxovnis gansazRvrisaTvis viyenebT gantolebas (2.1); P 15

Q d 5,3 0,1 15 3,8

e.i. Tu erTi avtomobilis fasi saSualod 15 000 laria, moTxovna arsebobs
3,8 aTas manqanaze;
Tu erTi avtomobilis fasi 25 000 laria

( P 25 ), moTxovna avtomobilebze

iqneba:

Q d 5,3 0,1 25 2,8

e. i. Tu fasi 25 000 laria, avtomobilebze moTxovna iqneba 2,8 aTasi cali;
analogiurad, roca fasi 35 000 laria, moTxovna axal avtomobilebze Seadgens 1,8
aTas cals weliwadSi:

Q d 5,3 0,1 35 1,8

b) naxazze 2.2 naCvenebia moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebisaTvis. mrudis asagebad
aRvniSnavT
kombinaciebs,

wertilebs,
romlebic

romlebic
(a)

Seesabamebian

kiTxvaSi

fasisa

ganvsazRvreT

da

da

raodenobis

vaerTebT

maT.

im

mrudi

gviCvenebs, rom Tu avtomobilebze fasi izrdeba, momxmareblebi moiTxoven ufro

mcire

raodenobiT

avtomobilebs.

gantolebaSi

uaryofiTia (am SemTxvevaSi 0,1), es faqtic imas

(2.1)

fasis

koeficienti

gvisabuTebs, rom avtomobilis

fassa da moTxovnis raodenobas Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebulebaa.

39

P
55

fasi (aTasi lari)

45

35
5,3
25

15

avtomobilebze
moTxovnis mrudi
saqarTveloSi
0

1,8

2,8

3,8

4,8

5,8

raodenoba (aTasi avtomobili weliwadSi)

nax. 2.2 moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebze

aRniSnuli bazari emorCileba moTxovnis kanons, radgan moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia.

2.2 miwodebis mrudi

naxazze

2.1

mocemuli

warmoadgens

miwodebis

(Supply)

mruds

xorblisaTvis. igi gviCvenebs xorblis im jamur raodenobas, romlis gasayidad

mzad arian mimwodeblebi sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu erT tona
xorbalze fasi 300 laria,

2008 wels bazars miewodeba 75,7 aTasi tona xorbali,

xolo 400 laris SemTxvevaSi _ 76,1 aTasi tona weliwadSi.

xorblis

miwodeba pirvel rigSi xorcieldeba

saqarTveloSi

moqmedi

fermerebis mier. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba tolia

mocemuli wlis mosavals damatebuli wina wlebis mosavlidan Senaxuli maragebi.
miwodebis

mrudi SeiZleba

ganvixiloT

rogorc individualuri miwodebis

mrudebis jami.
miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia. igi gviCvenebs, rom maRali fasis pirobebSi
mimwodeblebi ufro met xorbals sTavazoben momxmareblebs, xolo dabali fasis
dros

isini mzad arian gayidon produqtis ufro mcire raodenoba. saqonlis

fassa da miwodebul raodenobas Soris pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba

cnobilia rogorc miwodebis kanoni.
swored iseve, rogorc moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, fasis garda arseboben sxva
faqtorebi,

romlebic

raodenobaze.
nedleuli

da

gavlenas

magaliTad,
sxv.).

aseve,

axdenen

warmoebis
miwodebis

bazarze

miwodebuli

saqonlis

faqtorebze

arsebuli

fasebi

raodenobaze

moqmedebs

sxva

(Sroma,

saqonelze

arsebuli fasebic. magaliTad, bunebriv gazze miwodeba gaizrdeba maSin,

navTobze

40

fasi

aiwevs.

es

imiT

aixsneba,

rom

navTobi

da

bunebrivi

Tu
gazi

urTierTSemcvleli

produqtebia.

naxazze

2.1

mocemuli

mrudis

SemTxvevaSi

vTvliT, rom fasis garda miwodebis raodenobaze moqmedi faqtorebi (magaliTad,

warmoebis faqtorebis fasebi) fiqsirebulia da ar icvleba.

magaliTi 2
miwodebis mrudis ageba
amocana
vTqvaT, xorblis miwodeba aSS_Si gamoisaxeba Semdegi gantolebiT:
Q Q S 0,15 P

(2.2)

sadac Q - aris aSS-Si warmoebuli xorblis raodenoba (mln tona), xolo P

aris xorblis fasi (dolari erT tonaze).
a) ra raodenobis xorbali iqneba miwodebuli bazarze, Tu erTi tona
xorblis fasi 2 dolaria? rodesac fasi 3 dolaria? 4 dolaria?
b) aageT xorblis miwodebis mrudi. Seesabameba Tu ara es mrudi miwodebis
kanons?

amoxsna
a) 2.2 gantolebis daxmarebiT miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba sxvadasxva fasis
pirobebSi iqneba:
Q S 0,15 2 2,15
Q S 0,15 3 3,15
Q S 0,15 4 4,15

maSasadame, Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi aris 2 dolari, miwodebuli

xorblis raodenoba Seadgens 2,15 mln tonas weliwadSi.; Tu erTi tonis fasi 3
dolaria, miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba 3,15 mln tonaa, xolo 4 dolaris dros
_ 4,15 mln tona weliwadSi.
b) naxazze 2.3 naCvenebia miwodebis mrudis aRmavali grafiki. mrudi miuTiTebs, rom
moqmedebs miwodebis kanoni. amasve adasturebs P fasis dadebiTi koeficienti (+1).

2.3 sabazro wonasworoba

naxazze 2.1 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi E

wertilSi ikveTeba. am

wertilSi fasi Seadgens 400 lars, xolo raodenoba 76,1 aTasi tonaa. am wertilSi
bazari wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. wonasworoba (Equilibrium) stabilurobis
wertilia, rodesac sabazro fasis cvlilebis tendencia ar arsebobs, Tu sxva
gareSe faqtorebi
sxv.).

wonasworuli

ucvlelia (magaliTad, Semosavlebi, naleqebis raodenoba da

fasisagan

gansxvavebuli

fasis

dros

moqmedeben

Zalebi,

romlebic cdiloben Secvalon arsebuli fasi. magaliTad, naxazze 2.4 Cans, rom
Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi 500 laria, adgili aqvs Warb miwodebas. am fasis
dros miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba (76,6 aTasi tona) Warbobs moTxovnil (75,7
aTasi

tona)

raodenobas.

is

faqti,

rom

xorblis

mimwodeblebi

ver

yidian

41

saqonlis sasurvel raodenobas, moqmedebs fasis Semcirebaze. rogorc ki fasi

mcirdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba, miwodebis raodenoba mcirdeba da bazari
uaxlovdeba wonasworul fass _ 400 lars erTi tonisaTvis. Tu fasi 300 laria,
adgili aqvs Warb moTxovnas. aRniSnuli fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis raodenoba
(76,6 aTasi tona) Warbobs miwodebis (75,7 aTasi tona) raodenobas. myidvelebi ver
yiduloben sasurveli raodenobis xorbals da Cndeba zewola fasis momatebaze.
rogorc ki fasi moimatebs, gaizrdeba miwodebis raodenoba, Semcirdeba moTxovnis
raodenoba da bazari isev miiswrafis wonasworuli fasisaken (400 lari erT tona
xorbalze).
P

miwodebis mrudi
xorblisaTvis aSS_Si

fasi (dolari erT tonaze)

0,15

2,15

3,15

4,15

raodenoba (mln tona weliwadSi)

nax. 2.3 xorblis miwodebis mrudi

aRniSnuli bazari emorCileba miwodebis kanons, radgan miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia.

42

fasi
(lari erT tonaze)

Warbi miwodeba,
roca fasi aris 500 lari

500

400
300

Warbi moTxovna,
roca fasi aris 300 lari
0

75,7

76,1

76,6

raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)

nax. 2.4 Warbi moTxovna da Warbi miwodeba xorblis bazarze

Tu xorblis fasi 300 laria, bazarze Warbi moTxovnaa: miewodeba mxolod 75,7 aTasi tona, moTxovnaa 76,6 aTasi tona.
Tu xorblis fasi 500 laria, bazarze Warbi miwodebaa, radgan 76,7 aTasi tonis miwodebis dros moTxovna mxolod 75,7
aTas tonaze arsebobs.

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi SesaZlebelia miwodebis fasma

mniSvnelovnad

gadaaWarbos

moTxovnis

fass

(naxazi

2.5),

xolo

miwodebis

moculoba ar Seesabamebodes moTxovnis moculobas (naxazi 2.6). am dros bazari

mocemuli saqonlisTvis jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli; momxmareblebi ar
arian sakmarisad mdidarni da moTxovnac dabalia. magaliTad, XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi aseTi saqoneli iyo Zalze ZviradRirebuli
avtomobilebi.
P

PS

PD
D
O
Q

nax. 2.5 mowodebis fasi aWarbebs moTxovnis fass (PS>PD)

43

O
QD

QS

nax. 2.6 miwodebis moculoba aWarbebs moTxovnis moculobas (Q S>QD)

meore SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 2.6) moTxovnis maqsimaluri moculoba dabalia

miwodebis SesaZlo minimalur doneze. moTxovnis moculoba imdenad dabalia, rom
mimwodeblebisTvis aramomgebiania saqonlis miwodeba.
wonasworuli

mdgomareobis

formirebis

Sesaxeb

ori

ZiriTadi

midgoma

ganixileba:
1. l. valrasis azriT mTavari mniSvneloba eniWeba moTxovnisa
moculobebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas. Tu P1
moTxovna

(Q2 Q1,

da miwodebis

fasis pirobebSi arsebobs Warbi

naxazi 2.7 `a~), maSin myidvelTa konkurenciis pirobebSi

mimdinareobs fasis zrda manam, vidre ar gaqreba Warbi moTxovna.

Warbi miwodebis SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 2.7 `a~, P2 fasi) gamyidvelTa Soris
konkurencia aqac iwvevs

Warbi miwodebis gaqrobas.

2. a. marSalis azriT mniSvnelovania fasTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba (P1 P2,

naxazi 2.7 `b~). gamyidvelebi upirvelesad reagireben miwodebisa da moTxovnis
fasTa

Soris

miwodebis

sxvaobaze.

gazrdis

rac

stimuli.

ufro

didia

miwodebis

es

gansxvaveba,

moculobis

miT

gazrda

ufro

didia

amcirebs

am

gansxvavebas da Sedegad miiRweva wonasworuli fasi.

l. valrasis modeli umetesad miesadageba moklevadian, xolo a. marSalis
modeli _ grZelvadian periods.

44

Warbi
miwodeb
a

P2

D
P2

A
E
PE

PE

P1

Warbi
moTxovna
O

Q1

QE

P1
D

Q2

Q1

`a~ l. valrasis mixedviT

QE Q2

`b~ a. marSalis mixedviT

nax. 2.7 wonasworuli fasis formirebis koncefciebi

wonasworoba SeiZleba iyos myari da aramyari, lokaluri da globaluri.

myari wonasworoba, Tavis mxriv, aris absoluturi da fardobiTi. aRniSnuli
movlenebi warmovadginoT grafikulad. abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnoT dro _ T da
ordinatTa RerZze fasi _ P

(naxazi 2.8 `a~ da `b~).

P

P2
P2
PE

PE

P1
P1

`a~

`b~

nax. 2.8 absoluturad myari (a) da fardobiTad myari (b) wonasworoba

Tu

gadaxra

wonasworuli

fasidan

(naxazi

2.8

`a~

da

`b~)

TandaTan

uaxlovdeba PE dones, maSin bazarze aris myari wonasworoba. absoluturad myar

wonasworobas adgili aqvs wonasworuli fasis dadgenis pirobebSi (naxazi 2.8 `a~),
xolo fardobiTad

myari wonasworoba

miiRweva wonasworuli fasidan

mcire

gadaxris pirobebSi (naxazi 2.8 `b~).

wonasworoba aris agreTve lokaluri da globaluri. Tu wonasworoba
miiRweva fasis cvalebadobis mxolod garkveul sazRvrebSi, maSin saubroben
lokalur wonasworobaze (P2-dan P3-mde intervali, naxazi 2.9 `a~). Tu wonasworoba
miiRweva fasidan nebismieri gadaxris pirobebSi, maSin wonasworoba globalurad
myaria (naxazi 2.9, `b~).

45

wonasworoba SeiZleba damyardes fasis cikluri meryeobis Sedegad. Tu

meryeobas aqvs Caqrobadi xasiaTi, maSin wonasworoba myardeba T1 drois gavlis
Semdeg (naxazi 2.10 ,,a~).
Tu meryeobas aqvs Tanabari an feTqebadi xasiaTi (naxazi 2.10 `b~ da `g~),
maSin wonasworuli fasis formireba ar xdeba.
P

P1
P1

P2

P2
PE

PE

P3

P3

P4

P4

`a~

`b~

nax. 2.9 lokaluri (a) da globaluri (b) wonasworoba

PE

PE

O
`a~

TE

`b~

PE

`g~

nax. 2.10 meryeoba: Caqrobadi (a), Tanabari (b) da feTqebadi (g)

umartivesi dinamikuri modeli, romelic gviCvenebs wonasworobis miRwevas

fasis Caqrobadi meryeobis Sedegad, aris obobasqseliseburi modeli (naxazi. 2.11).
igi asaxavs wonasworobis formirebis process iseT dargebSi, sadac warmoebas
aqvs fiqsirebuli cikli (magaliTad, soflis meurneoba). am dros mwarmoeblebi

46

gadawyvetilebas warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb iReben wina wels arsebuli fasebis

safuZvelze da mimdinare periodSi ukve aRar SeuZliaT Secvalon produqtis
gamoSvebis moculoba:

Qst S ( Pt 1 ) ,
sadac Qst

(2.3)

aris miwodebis moculoba t drois periodSi;

Pt-1 - dovlaTis faqtiuri Rirebuleba t periodis wina wlisaTvis.

wonasworoba

obobaqselisebur

modelSi

damokidebulia

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis mrudebis abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobis kuTxeebze. wonasworoba

myaria, Tu S miwodebis mrudis daxrilobis kuTxe metia D moTxovnis mrudis
daxrilobasTan

SedarebiT

moZraoba ganicdis

(naxazi

ramdenime

2.11

cikls.

`a~).

wonasworuli

Warbi miwodeba

(AB)

mdgomareobisaken

amcirebs

fass (BC),

warmoiqmneba Warbi moTxovna (CF), romelic Tavis mxriv, iwvevs fasis momatebas
(FG),

Sedegad fiqsirdeba axali Warbi miwodeba (GH) da a.S. manam, vidre ar

damyardeba wonasworoba. am dros meryeobas aqvs Caqrobadi xasiaTi (gaixseneT

naxazi. 2.10 `a~).
P

P
S

D
S

D
A

B
G

H
E

`a~

`b~

P
S

`g~

nax. 2.11 myari (a) da aramyari (g) wonasworobebi obobaqselisebur modelSi da regularuli
meryeoba (b)

wonasworobisaken moZraobam SeiZleba miiRos sxvagvari mimarTuleba, Tu

moTxovnis D mrudis daxrilobis kuTxe metia S miwodebis mrudis abscisaTa

47

RerZisadmi daxrilobasTan SedarebiT (naxazi 2.11 `g~). am SemTxvevaSi meryeobas

aqvs feTqebadi xasiaTi da wonasworoba ar myardeba (gaixseneT naxazi 2.10 `g~).
SeiZleba ganvixiloT

SemTxvevac, roca fasi axdens regularul meryev

moZraobebs wonasworobis mdgomareobis garSemo (naxazi 2.11 `b~). es xdeba im

SemTxvevaSi, roca D da S mrudebis daxrilobis kuTxeebi tolia. am dros meryeoba
Tanabaria da wonasworoba ar myardeba (gaixseneT naxazi 2.10 `b~).

magaliTi 3
wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis gamoTvla
amocana
vTqvaT, moTxovnis mrudi xorbalze saqarTveloSi aRiwereba formuliT:
Q d 500 4P ,

xolo miwodebis mrudi aris:

Q S 100 2P ,

sadac

aris fasi

larebSi erTi tonisaTvis, QQ _ raodenoba aTasi tona weliwadSi (roca P 50 ).

gamoTvaleT bazris wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba. wonasworuli fasi
aCveneT grafikulad.

amoxsna
wonasworuli

fasis

misaRebad

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

raodenobebs

vutolebT erTmaneTs:
Qd QS
500 4P 100 2P
6P 600
P 100

wonasworuli fasi Seadgens 100 lars erT tona xorbalze. wonasworuli

raodenobis gansazRvrisaTvis wonasworuli fasis mniSvneloba Caismeba moTxovnis
an miwodebis gantolebaSi:

Q d 500 4 100 100

Q S 100 2 100 100
amrigad,

wonasworuli

raodenoba

Seadgens

100

aTas

tona

weliwadSi. naxazze 2.12 wonasworoba grafikuladaa gamosaxuli.

48

xorbals

erT

fasi (lari erTi tonisaTvis)

120

E
100
80
60
40
20

D
100

100

200

300

400

500

raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)

nax. 2.12 bazris wonasworoba

bazris wonasworoba miiRweva E wertilSi, sadac ikveTeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi. wonasworuli fasi aris
100 lari tonisaTvis, wonasworuli raodenobaa 100 aTasi tona weliwadSi.

2.4 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgilebebi

wina

paragrafebSi

ganxiluli

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

mrudebi

warmodgenilia im winapirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moTxovnisa da miwodebis

raodenobaze moqmedi faqtorebi ucvlelia.
moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis mdebareobas da Sesabamisad wonasworuli
mdgomareobis cvlilebas ganapirobebs sxvadasxva faqtori. naxazebze 2.13 da 2.14
naCvenebia arasafaso faqtorebis gavleniT gamowveuli moTxovnis, miwodebisa da
wonasworuli
endogenurma

mdgomareobis
(raodenoba,

cvlilebebi.

fasi

da

sxv.)

cvlilebebi
da

SeiZleba

egzogenurma

gamoiwvios

(momxmarebelTa

Semosavlebi, satarifo ganakveTebi da sxv.) faqtorebma.

sabazro wonasworobis SedarebiTi statikuri analizis Casatareblad, pirvel
rigSi, unda ganisazRvros Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens erTi gansazRvruli
egzogenuri cvladi calke moTxovnaze an calke miwodebaze. am cvladis mier
gamowveul cvlilebebs gamovsaxavT mxolod moTxovnis an miwodebis mrudis an
orive

mrudis

erTdrouli

gadaadgilebiT.

magaliTad,

vTqvaT

momxmarebelTa

Semosavlebis zrdam gazarda moTxovna garkveul saqonelze. Semosavlebis gavlena

sabazro wonasworobaze gamoixateba moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebaSi,
rogorc naCvenebia naxazze

2.13 ,,a.

aRniSnuli cvlileba gamoiwvevs

fasebis

matebas da moTxovnis raodenobis gazrdas. sabazro wonasworobis wertili A _dan

49

wertilSi

moTxovnis

gadaadgildeba.

mrudis

wonasworuli

amrigad,

gadaadgileba

raodenobis

Semosavlebis

iwvevs

zrdas.

Dda

rogorc

gadidebiT

wonasworuli

piriqiT,

Semosavlebis

gamowveuli
fasis,

aseve

SemcirebiT

gamowveuli moTxovnis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgileba iwvevs wonasworuli fasisa

da wonasworuli raodenobis Semcirebas.
Ffasi

fasi

D1
D2

D1
D2

B
A
A

,,a

,,b

raodenoba

wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba

raodenoba

wonasworuli raodenoba mcirdeba

nax. 2.13 Semosavlebis cvlilebiT gamowveuli moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba

momxmareblis Semosavlis gadideba zrdis moTxovnas saqonelze, moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv D1-dan D2
mdgomareobaSi da sabazro wonasworoba gadainacvlebs A-dan B wertilSi. wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba izrdeba (nax.
,,a). Semosavlebis Semcireba iwvevs moTxovnis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgilebas, mcirdeba wonasworuli fasi da
raodenoba (nax. ,,b).

ganvixiloT

kidev

erTi

magaliTi.

davuSvaT,

warmoebis

erT-erT

sferoSi

moimata Sromis anazRaurebam. daxarjebis zrdis gamo zogierTma firmam SeiZleba

Seamciros saqonlis warmoeba, zogi firma ki saerTod gavides biznesidan. Sromis
anazRaurebis zrda miwodebis mruds marcxniv gadaaadgilebs (naxazi 2.14 ,,b). Ees
cvlileba gviCvenebs, rom bazars ufro naklebi saqoneli miewodeba da sabazro
wonasworuli mdgomareoba A -dan B wertilSi gadaadgildeba. Aamrigad, samuSao
Zalaze

fasis

momateba

zrdis

wonasworul

fass

da

amcirebs

wonasworul

raodenobas. Tu samuSao Zalaze fasi Semcirdeba, miwodebis mrudi gadaadgildeba

marjvniv S1-dan S2

mdgomareobaSi. Sedegad wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba, xolo

wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba (naxazi 2.14 ,,a).

50

S2

S1

S1
S2

A
D2

D
O

,,a

,,b

raodenoba

wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba

raodenoba

wonasworuli raodenoba mcirdeba

nax. 2.14 samuSao Zalaze fasis cvlilebiT gamowveuli miwodebis mrudis gadaadgileba
samuSao Zalaze fasis Semcireba miwodebis mruds gadaadgilebs marjvniv S1-dan S2 mdgomareobaSi. wonasworuli
mdgomareoba A-dan B wertilSi gadava. wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba, xolo wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba (nax. ,,a).
samuSao Zalaze fasis gazrda gamoiwvevs wonasworuli fasis gazrdas da wonasworuli raodenobis Semcirebas (nax. ,,b).

SedarebiTi

statikuri

analizis

CatarebiT

SegviZlia

CamovayaliboT

moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis ZiriTadi wesebi:

1.

moTxovnis gazrdisa da ucvleli miwodebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba wonasworuli

fasi da wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.13 ,,a).

2.

moTxovnis

Semcirebisa

da

ucvleli

miwodebis

SemTxvevaSi

mcirdeba

wonasworuli fasi da wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.13 ,,b).

3. miwodebis zrdisa da ucvleli moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba wonasworuli
fasi da izrdeba wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.14 ,,a).
4.

miwodebis

Semcirebisa

da

ucvleli

moTxovnis

SemTxvevaSi

izrdeba

wonasworuli fasi da mcirdeba wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.14 ,,b).

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

SemTxvevebic arsebobdes.
1. moTxovna

da

SeiZleba

ufro

rTuli

miwodeba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT icvlebian; 2. moTxovna

SemTxvevis

mimarTulebiT icvlebian.

dros

ori

izrdeba, xolo moTxovna mcirdeba.

efeqtis SeTavseba.

dros

ganvixiloT ori SemTxveva:

da miwodeba erTi da igive

pirveli

cvlilebis

Sedegad

savaraudo

Sedegi

aseT dros xdeba

ganixileba:

a)

miwodeba

fasis Semcirebis

ori

fasi ufro metad Semcirdeba, vidre amas cal-calke

gamoiwvevda miwodebis gazrda da moTxovnis Semcireba. rogori iqneba produqtis

wonasworuli raodenoba? pasuxi
moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad Seicvala

parametrebi.

Mmocemul

SemTxvevaSi

moTxovnisa

da

51

miwodebis

cvlilebis

Sedegi

TanabarmimarTulia:

moTxovnis

gadideba

produqtis tolfasi raodenobiT gazrdas, xolo moTxovnis Semcireba

iwvevs

produqtis

tolfasi raodenobiT Semcirebas. b) miwodeba mcirdeba, xolo moTxovna izrdeba.

aseT dros adgili aqvs

fasis gadidebis ori efeqtis SeTavsebas.

wonasworuli

fasis gadideba ufro meti aRmoCndeba, vidre cal-calke aRebuli miwodebis

SemcirebiT

da

moTxovnis

gazrdiT

gamowveuli

Sedegi

iqneboda.

rogoria

mocemul situaciaSi produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba? pasuxi damokidebulia

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

cvlilebis

Semcireba ufro metia moTxovnis

SedarebiT

gadidebaze,

parametrebze.

Tu

maSin produqtis

raodenoba ufro naklebi aRmoCndeba, vidre Tavdapirvelad iyo;

miwodebis

wonasworuli
Tu miwodebis

Semcireba SedarebiT ufro naklebia, vidre moTxovnis gadideba, am cvlilebaTa

Sedegad produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba gaizrdeba.
moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

erTi

da

imave

mimarTulebiT

cvlilebis

SemTxvevaSic ori savaraudo Sedegi ganixileba:

a)

miwodeba da moTxovna izrdeba. rogor aisaxeba es cvlileba wonasworul

fasze? miwodebis gadideba iwvevs fasis Semcirebas,

fasis gazrdas.

xolo moTxovnis gadideba

Tu miwodebis gadidebis masStabi moTxovnis gadidebis masStabze

metia, wonasworuli fasi Semcirdeba, xolo Tu sapirispiro cvlileba moxda,

maSin wonasworuli

fasi gaizrdeba. rogor Seicvleba

raodenoba? moTxovnisa

produqtis wonasworuli

da miwodebis gazrda produqtis raodenobis gadidebas

iwvevs. es niSnavs, rom produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba ufro metad gaizrdeba,

vidre cal-calke aRebuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebiT miRebuli Sedegi.
b) miwodeba da moTxovna mcirdeba. rogor aisaxeba es cvlileba wonasworul
fasze?
fasis

miwodebis Semcireba iwvevs

Semcirebas.

Semcirebis

Tu miwodebis

masStabze,

maSin

movlenas aqvs adgili,

SemTxveva

miwodebis

erTdrouli
axdens.

Semcirebis

xolo moTxovnis Semcireba

masStabi

wonasworuli

fasi

ufro

izrdeba,

metia moTxovnis
Tu

sapirispiro

maSin wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba. ra gavlenas moaxdens

aRniSnuli
zemoqmedebas

fasis zrdas,

produqtis

wonasworul

Semcireba

SesaZlebelia

raodenobaze?

produqtis
darwmunebiT

moTxovnisa

raodenobaze
vifiqroT,

Semamcirebel

rom

produqtis

wonasworuli raodenoba ufro naklebi aRmoCndeba, vidre Tavdapirvelad iyo.

magaliTi 4
bazris wonasworobis SedarebiTi statikuri analizi
amocana
vTqvaT moTxovna aluminze aSS-s bazarze aRiwereba gantolebiT:
Q d 500 50P 10I ,

52

da

sadac P

aris erTi tona aluminis fasi dolarebSi; I

_ erTi adamianis

saSualo Semosavali aSS-Si (aTasi dolari weliwadSi).

saSualo Semosavali mniSvnelovani determinantia avtomobilebisa da im
saqonlis miwodebisaTvis, romelTa warmoebasac alumini sWirdeba. vTqvaT, aSS-Si
aluminis miwodeba ganisazRvreba formuliT:
Q S 50P 200B ,

sadac
fasia

aluminis warmoebisaTvis saWiro boqsitis nedleulis saSualo

(dolari

erTi

tonisaTvis).

amitom

aluminis

warmoebis

daxarjebis

gansazRvrisaTvis igi sakvanZo determinantia. rogorc moTxovnis, aseve miwodebis

funqciebSi raodenoba izomeba milion tonebSi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi. amocanaSi
vTvliT,

rom

boqsitis

fasi

Tavidanve

gansazRvrulia

aluminis

mwarmoeblebisaTvis.
a) ra egzogenuri da endogenuri cvladebis gamoyofa SegiZliaT am SemTxvevaSi?

b) ra

aris

aluminis

wonasworuli

fasi,

rodesac

I 10

(anu

10 000$

erT

g) ra mouva moTxovnis mruds, Tu saSualo Semosavlebi iqneba mxolod 5000$

(anu

weliwadSi) da B 2$ erTi tonisaTvis?

I 5 , wina SemTxvevaSi I 10 ).

aageT

moTxovnis

mrudis

gadaadgileba.

gamoTvaleT

am

mrudis

gadaadgilebis gavleniT wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis cvlileba. Semdeg

aageT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi.
d) vTqvaT, sidide I rCeba 10-is toli. rogor gadaadgildeba miwodebis mrudi,
Tu boqsitis fasi erTi tonaze mcirdeba 2$ -dan 1,5$-mde? Nnaxazze aCveneT
miwodebis mrudis gadaadgileba. gamoTvaleT am gadaadgilebis gavleniT
gamowveuli wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis cvlileba; moTxovnisa da
miwodebis mrudebis agebiT grafikulad gamosaxeT es gavlena.

amoxsna
a) am magaliTSi egzogenuri cvladebia saSualo Semosavlebi I da boqsitis fasi
B.

maTi sidideebi ganisazRvreba im bazrisagan damoukideblad, romelsac

vikvlevT. aluminis fasi da raodenoba ki endogenuri cvladebia. maTi sidide

dgindeba im bazris gavleniT, romelsac vikvlevT.
b) CavsvaT sidide I 10 moTxovnis formulaSi, xolo B 2 miwodebis formulaSi.
Sedegad miviRebT

moTxovnisa da miwodebis

mrudebis

aRmwer gantolebebs

aluminis bazrisaTvis:
Q d 600 50 P
Q S 400 50 P

wonasworuli

fasis

gansazRvrisaTvis

aRniSnul

sidideebs

vutolebT

erTmaneTs:
600 50 P 400 50 P
1000 100 P
10 P

e.i. wonasworuli fasi aris 10$ erT tona aluminize, xolo wonasworuli
raodenoba tolia:

53

Q 600 50 10 100

amrigad,

wonasworuli

raodenoba

aris

100

milioni

tona

alumini

weliwadSi.
g)

sididis cvlileba ar imoqmedebs miwodebaze.

moTxovnas,

romelsac

formulaSi.

naxazze

vpoulobT
2.15

naCvenebia

I 5

magram igi qmnis axal

mniSvnelobis

aRniSnuli

CasmiT

moTxovnis

moTxovnis

mrudi

da

aseve

moTxovnis is mrudi, romelsac Seesabameba I 10 mniSvnelobas. iseve rogorc

wina SemTxvevaSi, wonasworuli fasis gansazRvrisaTvis erTmaneTs vutolebT
Q d _s da Q S _s:
550 50 P 400 50 P
950 100 P
9,5 P

e.i.

wonasworuli

fasi

10$-dan

Semcirda

9,5$-mde

erTi

tonisaTvis.

wonasworuli raodenoba Seadgens:

Q 550 50 9,50 75

amrigad, wonasworuli raodenoba mcirdeba 100 mln tonidan 75 mln tonamde

weliwadSi. es gavlena naTlad Cans naxazze 2.15.
rogorc vxedavT, es absolutur SesabamisobaSia moTxovnisa da miwodebis
meore kanonTan _ moTxovnis Semcireba ucvleli miwodebis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs
wonasworuli fasis da wonasworuli raodenobis Semcirebas.
d) B sididis Semcirebam ar unda imoqmedos moTxovnaze. magram igi qmnis axal
miwodebas, romelsac vipoviT B=1,50 mniSvnelobis CasmiT miwodebis formulaSi:
Q S 300 50P

naxazze

2.16

naCvenebia

axali
S

miwodebis
d

dasadgenad erTmaneTs vutolebT Q _s da Q -s:

600 50 P 300 50 P
900 100P
9 PP

54

mrudi.

wonasworuli

fasis

S (B=2)

fasi (dolari erT tonaze)

10.00
9.50

D1 (I=10)
D2 (I=5)

0
75 100

raodenoba (mln tona weliwadSi)

nax. 2.15 wonasworoba aluminis bazarze

bazris wonasworoba Tavdapirvelad myardeba 100 dolari fasis da 100 mln tona raodenobis pirobebSi. rodesac saSualo
Semosavlebi mcirdeba (I=10-dan I=5-mde), aluminis moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba marcxniv. axali wonasworuli fasi
Seadgens 9,50 dolars erTi tonisaTvis, xolo axali wonasworuli raodenoba 75 mln tonas weliwadSi.

S1 (B=2)
S2 (B=1,5)

10

fasi (dolari erT tonaze)

D (I=10)

100

150

raodenoba (mln tona weliwadSi)

nax. 2.16 wonasworoba aluminis bazarze

bazris wonasworoba Tavdapirvelad myardeba, rodesac 1 tona aluminis fasi aris 10 dolari da raodenoba 100 mln tona. Tu
boqsitis fasi mcirdeba (B=2 dolaridan B=1,50 dolaramde), miwodebis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv. axali wonasworuli
fasi iqneba 9 dolari erTi tonisaTvis, xolo axali wonasworuli raodenoba 150 mln tona weliwadSi.

wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba 10$-dan 9$-mde erTi tonisaTvis. wonasworuli

raodenoba Seadgens:

55

Q 600 50 9,00
Q 150
amrigad, wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba 100 mln tonidan 150 mln tonamde
weliwadSi (naxazi 2.16). es mdgomareoba Seesabameba moTxovna-miwodebis mesame
kanons _ miwodebis zrda Uucvleli moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs wonasworuli
fasis Semcirebas da wonasworuli raodenobis gazrdas.

magaliTi 5
axladmokrefili vardebis bazari da 8 martis efeqti
Tu Tqven giyidiaT axladmokrefili vardebi, maSin SeamCnevdiT, rom maTi
fasi mniSvnelovnad icvleba wlis ganmavlobaSi. fasi, rogorc wesi, 8 marts
daaxloebiT sam-xuTjer ufro metia, vidre sxva dros. naxazze 2.17 naCvenebia
vardebis fasebi da raodenobebi martsa da agvistoSi sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
(2006 w., 2007 w. da 2008 w.) safaso politikis asaxsnelad gamoviyenoT SedarebiTi
statikuri analizi.
P

fasi (lari erTi cali)

marti 2006-2008
4

agvisto 2006-2008
1

0
2

10

raodenoba (aTasi cali TveSi)

nax. 2.17 axladmokrefili vardebis fasebi da raodenobebi

vardis fasebi da raodenobebi yovel wels martSi mniSvnelovnad maRalia, vidre agvistoSi.

naxazi 2.18 gviCvenebs, rom axladmokrefili vardebis bazarze wonasworuli

fasi 2008 wlis dasawyisisaTvis daaxloebiT iyo 2 lari erTi calisaTvis. bazari
yovel wels icvleba 8 martis dRes. moTxovna wiTel vardebze mniSvnelovnad
izrdeba, ris Sedegadac moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv
mdgomareobaSi.

marjvniv

gadaadgileba

gamowveulia

imiT,

rom

D1 -dan

D2

momxmareblebi,

romlebic Cveulebriv ar yiduloben wiTel vardebs, am dRes iZenen maT TavianTi

56

meuRleebis, Svilebis, mSoblebis, satrfoebisaTvis da a. S. moTxovnis mrudis

marjvniv gadaadgileba wonasworul fass zrdis 5 laramde. miuxedavad imisa, rom
fasi gazrdilia, wonasworuli raodenoba mainc maRalia, vidre adre iyo. es
debuleba ar ewinaaRmdegeba moTxovnis kanons. igi aRwers im faqts, rom 8 marts
wonasworoba yalibdeba am dRis pirobebSi. moTxovnis mrudebi 8 martamde da Mmis
Semdeg periodSi gansxvavebulia.
naxazi 2.18 gviCvenebs, Tu ratom unda velodeT wiTel vardebze fasebis piks
8 martis dRes. Nnaxazis logika aseve gvexmareba avxsnaT vardebis bazris kidev
erTi aspeqti _ rogoria TeTri da yviTeli vardebis bazari. maTi fasi 8 marts
aseve imatebs, magram ara ise mniSvnelovnad, rogorc wiTel vardebze. mTlianobaSi
maTi fasebi wiTeli vardebis

fasebze

ufro

stabiluria,

radgan TeTri da

yviTeli vardebi naklebad popularulia am dRes da umetesad qorwilebisa da

sxva sadResaswaulo RonisZiebebis dros gamoiyenebian. es RonisZiebebi ufro
gafantulia wlis ganmavlobaSi. yviTel da TeTr vardebze moTxovnis mrudebi
nakleb radikalurad icvlebian, vidre wiTeli vardebis. Sedegi aseTia _ maTi
wonasworuli fasebi ufro stabiluria.

P
S
6

fasi (lari TiTo cali)

40

1
D2

D1
0
2

10

raodenoba (aTasi cali TveSi)

nax. 2.18 axladmokrefili vardebis bazari

`Cveulebrivi~ Tveebis ganmavlobaSi vardebis bazari wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Aam dros fasi meryeobs 2 laris
sazRvrebSi erTi calisaTvis. 8 martis dRis moaxloebasTan erTad moTxovnis mrudi gadainacvlebs marjvniv D1 -dan D 2
mdgomareobaSi, wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba imatebs.

wiTeli vardebis fasi yovelTvis izrdeba 8 martis moaxloebasTan erTad,

Tumca zogierT wlebSi fasi gacilebiT maRalia. magaliTad, aseTi ram moxda 1999
wels, rodesac Zlierma yinvebma daazianes vardebis nergebi (naxazi 2.19). Sedegad
miwodebis mrudi mkveTrad gadaadgilda marcxniv

S 1 -dan

S 2 -Si

da 1999 wlis

dasawyisSi dafiqsirda yvelaze maRali fasi. naxazze naTlad Cans, rom vardebis

57

fasi 8 martis kviraSi 1999 wels gaizarda 6 laramde erTi calze, rac 5 larTan
SedarebiT maRali fasia.
wina

paragrafebSi

Cven

vixilavdiT

situaciebs,

rodesac

adgili

hqonda

mxolod miwodebis an mxolod moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebas. wonasworuli

fasisa da raodenobis cvlilebis dinamikas ukeT davinaxavT, Tu ganvixilavT
SemTxvevebs, rodesac orive mrudi erTdroulad gadaadgildeba.
am mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad davubrundeT saqarTvelos xorblis bazars.
naxazze 2.20 naCvenebia wonasworuli mdgomareobebi 2000 da 2008 wlebSi.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi 2000 wels erT tona xorbalze fasi 400 lari iyo
(naxazi 2.20, A wertili), xolo 2008 wels fasi 180 laramde Semcirda (naxazi 2.20,
B wertili). rogorc aRvniSneT, fasis Semcirebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos rogorc

moTxovnis Semcireba (saerTaSoriso valutis krizisi, TviTmomaragebis gazrda da

sxva), aseve miwodebis gazrdac (kargi amindebiT ganpirobebuli mosavlianobis
zrda).

orive

mrudis

gadaadgilebiT

Seqmnilma

kombinirebulma

efeqtma

mniSvnelovnad Seamcira wonasworuli fasi. rac Seexeba wonasworul raodenobas,

masze mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgilebiT gamowveuli efeqtis analizi ufro
rTulia. rogorc viciT, moTxovnis Semcireba amcirebs wonasworul raodenobas,
moTxovnis gazrda ki zrdis mas. naxazi 2.20 gviCvenebs, rom saboloo jamSi
wonasworuli raodenoba 76,1 aTasi tonidan 76,6 aTas tonamde gaizarda weliwadSi.
P

S2

S1

fasi (lari TiTo cali)

1
D1

D2

0
2

10

raodenoba (aTasi cali TveSi)

nax. 2.19 axladmokrefili vardebis bazari 1999 wels

1999 wlis dasawyisSi mkacrma yinvebma gaanadgura vardis nergebi. miwodebis mrudi gadaadgilda marcxniv S2
mdgomareobaSi, Sedegad gaizarda fasi da miaRwia yvelaze maRal dones _ 6 lars erT calze.

2.5 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgileba

58

S2000
fasi (lari erT tonaze)

S2008

400

180

D2000
D2008

76,1 76,6

raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)

nax. 2.20 marcvleulis bazari saqarTveloSi 2000-2008 ww.

marcvleulze fasebis Semcireba gamowveulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgilebiT. moTxovnis
mrudi gadainacvlebs marcxniv D2000 dan D2008_Si; miwodebis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv S2000dan S2008-Si da
wonasworuli fasi A wertilidan B wertilSi dafiqsirdeba. Sedegad wonasworuli fasi Semcirdeba 400 laridan 180 laramde erT
tonaze.

magaliTi 6
moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

mrudebis

gamoyeneba

broileris

bazris

analizisaTvis
broileri
gankuTvnili,

qaTmis

vidre

industriisaTvis

jiSia,

kvercxis
es

romelic

ufro

warmoebisaTvis.

SedarebiT

axali

xorcis

moxmarebisTvis

saqarTvelos

dargia.

Aarc

sxva

mefrinveleobis industrias ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria.

aris

agrosamrewvelo
qveynebSi

aqvs

adreul wlebSi

qaTams kvercxis warmoebisaTvis aSenebdnen. qaTmis xorci ganixileboda rogorc

SedarebiT

`fufunebis~

produqti

da

moixmareboda

mxolod

ardadegebis

an

dResaswaulebis dros. herbert huveris dapirebam, _ `qaTami yovel qvabSi~ _,

qaTmis xorcis moxmarebaze arnaxuli zrda gamoiwvia. es faqtiurad araferia
imasTan SedarebiT, rac msoflio omis dros moxda. saqonlis xorcze racionis
dawesebam

mniSvnelovnad

gazarda

qaTmis

xorcis,

rogorc

misi

Semcvleli

produqtis, moxmareba. meore msoflio omis dros formirebuli moTxovnis done

kidev ufro gaizarda omis Semdgom wlebSi. 1960-1990 wlebSi ki qaTmis xorcis
moxmareba kvlav arnaxulad gaizarda, xolo 2000 wlisaTvis 70,1 paundi 1 Seadgina
mosaxleobis erT sulze. am droisaTvis es xorcis moxmarebis yvelaze maRali
maCvenebeli iyo aSS-Si.

1 paundi _ 453,59 grami.

59

naxazze 2.21 mocemulia broileris realuri fasi da raodenoba mosaxleobis

erT sulze 1950-2000 wlebSi. naxazze naTlad Cans broileris realuri fasis
radikaluri

Semcireba

1950-1990

wlebSi

da

Semdeg

fasebis

ufro

naklebad

Semcireba 1990_2000 wlebSi. dasaxelebul periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda am

produqtis raodenoba mosaxleobis erT sulze. riT SeiZleba aixsnas fasisa da
raodenobis aseTi cvlilebebi?
P
1950

sacalo fasi (dolari yovel girvanqaze)

2.40

1990

1.00

2000
0.70
0

10

30

70

raodenoba (girvanqa yovel wels)

nax. 2.21 broileris fasi da raodenoba, 1950-2000

1950 wels broilerze fasi Seadgenda 2,40Ss erT paundze da wliuri moxmareba daaxloebiT 10 paundi iyo. 2000 wels fasi
Semcirda 0,70$mde erT paundze da qaTmis xorcis moxmarebuli wliuri raodenoba gaizarda 70 paundamde.

naxazze 2.22 Cans, rom 1950-2000 wlebSi broileris moTxovnis mrudi marjvniv
gadaadgilda.

es

sxvadasxva

faqtoris

moqmedebam

gamoiwvia;

1950-iani

wlebis

dasawyisSi qaTmis xorcis moxmareba jer kidev fufunebis produqtad rCeboda.

momxmarebelTa

Semosavlebis

momxmareblebi arCevans
nawilze.

momxmarebelTa

zrdam

gamoiwvia

akeTebdnen qaTmis
gemovnebis

xSiri

masze

moTxovnis

pirveli xarisxis
cvla

iwvevda

gazrda.

xorcze, mkerdis

moTxovnis

mrudis

marjvniv gadaadgilebas. bevri momxmarebeli fiqrobda, rom kangaclili da Sewvis

gareSe momzadebuli qaTmis xorci ufro sasargebloa, vidre saqonlis da Roris
xorci. janmrTelobaze orientirebul amerikul ojaxebSi aSkara upiratesoba
eniWeboda qaTmis xorcs, vidre saqonlis da Roris xorcs.
viciT, rom Tu miwodebis mrudi ucvlelia, maSin moTxovnis zrda iwvevs
wonasworuli fasis gazrdas. broileris fasebi 1950-2000 wlebSi mcirdeboda. es
imaze miuTiTebs, rom moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebis garda sxva cvlilebebic
moxda.

60

P
S1950

sacalo fasi (dolari yovel girvanqaze)

2.40

S1990

S2000

1950

1990

1.00

D2000
0.70

D1990

D1950

0
10

30

70

raodenoba (girvanqa yovel wels)

nax. 2.22 broileris qaTmebis fasebi da raodenobebi, 1950-2000

gadaadgilda rogorc broilerze moTxovnis, aseve miwodebis mrudi. miwodebis mrudi gadaadgilda S1950-dan S1990 da S2000Si, moTxovnis mrudi _ D1950-dan D1990 da D2000-Si.

naxazze 2.22 naTlad Cans, rom broilerze wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba

yalibdeba

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

mrudebis

erTdroulad

marjvniv

gadaadgilebis fonze. ram gamoiwvia broileris miwodebis zrda? nawilobriv

miwodebis

marjvniv

teqnologiebis

gadaadgileba

danergvam,

ramac

gamoiwvia

maT

Tanamedrove

saSualeba

misca

fermebSi

ewarmoebinaT

axali
maRali

xarisxisa da dabalfasiani qaTmis xorci mcire fermebTan SedarebiT. aseve adgili

hqonda broileris mwarmoebelTa raodenobis zrdas. magaliTad, 1947 wels qaTmis
xorcs gasayidad 330 amerikuli kompania awarmoebda. Svidi wlis Semdeg es ricxvi
TiTqmis gasammagda. teqnologiuri winsvlisa da axali mwarmoeblebis bazarze
Semosvlis erTdroulma efeqtma miwodebis mrudi gadaadgila marjvniv TiTqmis
imdenjer, ramdenjerac gadaiwia moTxovnam. Sedegad miviReT xangrZlivi drois
periodze

gaTvlili

fasisa

da

raodenobis

cvlilebeba,

rac

naxazze

2.22

mocemulia wyvetili xaziT.

ZiriTadi terminebi

moTxovna
moTxovnis kanoni
moTxovnis moculoba
moTxovnis mrudi
Warbi moTxovna
miwodeba
miwodebis kanoni
miwodebis moculoba
miwodebis mrudi

Warbi miwodeba
sabazro wonasworoba
wonasworuli fasi
wonasworuli raodenoba
myari wonasworoba
absoluturad myari wonasworoba
SefardebiTi myari wonasworiba
lokaluri wonasworob

61

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

moTxovna-miwodebis

analizi

mikroekonomikis

ZiriTadi

instrumentia.

konkurentul bazrebze moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebi ganixileba

fasis funqcia da gviCvenebs ra raodenobis produqti

rogorc

iqneba warmoebuli

firmebis mier da ra raodenobis produqtze iqneba momxmareblis moTxovna.

2. sabazro meqanizmiT myardeba wonasworoba

moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris.

sabazro wonasworoba iseTi mdgomareobaa, rodesac ar aris arc Warbi

moTxovna da arc Warbi miwodeba.
3.

gansazRvruli bazrisTvis,
da

miwodebis

mrudebi,

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

SesaZlebelia

am

Tundac miaxloebiT iyos cnobili moTxovnisa

SesaZlebelia
sidideebis

wonasworuli
gatolebiT.

damokidebuleba

cvladebis

sxva

fasis

amasTan,

ekonomikur

zemoqmedebiT

gamoTvla
Tu

viciT

cvladebze,

gamowveuli

wonasworuli fasisa da saqonlis raodenobis dadgena. Ees aris

sabazro
bazarze

firmebis qcevis axsnisa da winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba.

4. fasisa da saqonlis raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemTa gamoyenebiT SeiZleba
moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebze martivi ricxobrivi analizis Catareba.
mraval bazarze aseTi monacemebi da Sefasebebi arsebobs da gaangariSebebis
Sedegad SesaZlebelia sabazro qcevis maxasiaTeblebis dadgena.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

ganmarteT moTxovnis kanoni da aageT igi grafikulad.

2. ganmarteT miwodebis kanoni da aageT igi grafikulad.

3.

ra SemTxvevaSia bazari wonasworul mdgomarebaSi?

4. ganixileT v. varlasisa da a. marSalis SexedulebaTa mixedviT

wonasworuli fasis formirebis midgomebi.
5. daaxasiaTeT Warbi moTxovna da Warbi miwodeba.
6. CamoTvaleT baris wonasworuli mdgomareobis saxeobebi.
7. gaanalizeT arasafaso faqtorebiT gamowveuli moTxovnis, miwodebisa da
wonasworuli mdgomareobis cvlilebebi.
8. konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze warmoadgineT bazris wonasworobis
SedarebiTi statikuri analizi.
9. rogor Seicvleba axladdakrefil vardebze fasebi 23 noembers? 8 marts?
saqorwino da sxva sadResaswaulo dReebSi?
10. daasabuTeT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli
gadaadgilebis SemTxvevebi.

62

63

Tavi 3. moTxovnis da miwodebis elastikuroba

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis kerZo SemTxvevebis gansazRvras

2. moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis

kanonzomierebebisa da specifikurobis

axsnas grZelvadian periodSi

3. elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis Sefasebas

3.1 moTxovnis da miwodebis safaso elastikuroba

sabazro ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fasebis xSiri meryeoba, rasac
mravali faqtori ganapirobebs, kerZod, axali saxeobis saqonlis warmoeba, ukve
arsebulis gaumjobeseba, savaluto kursebis meryeoba, Zviri Tu iafi sanedleulo
resursebi da sxva.
aRniSnul sinergiul procesebSi ekonomikuri agentebis mxridan SesaZlo
reaqciis kvlevis dros, xSirad gamoiyeneba ara absoluturi, aramed SefardebiTi
maCveneblebi. am dros raodenobrivi cvlilebebi umetesad procentebSi gaizomeba
da elastikurobis ( Elastisity ) cnebasac amis gamo eniWeba didi roli.
mocemul TemaSi mokled mimovixilavT moTxovnisa da miwodebis safaso
elastikurobis zogad saxeebs. ZiriTad yuradRebas ki davuTmobT elastikurobis
kategoriis drosTan mimarTebis ganxilvas, rogorc sazogadod, ise calkeul
konkretul

SemTxvevebSi.

ganvixilavT,

Tu

rogor

moqmedebs

ekonomikis

ganviTarebis cikluri ryevebi ama Tu im dargis ganviTarebasa da am dargebSi

warmoebul produqtebze moTxovnasa da miwodebaze.
arsebobs

bazrebi,

sadac

moTxovnis

moculoba

naklebmgrZnobiarea,

naklebdamokidebulia, araelastikuria saqonlis fasis cvlilebis mimarT (naxazi

3.1 `a~) da arsebobs bazrebi,
P

S1

`a~

`b~

S1

E1
P1

E1
P1

E0
P0

P0

Q1

Q0

S
E0
D

Q1

Q0

nax. 3.1 saqonlis moTxovnis moculobaze fasis cvlilebis Sedegi

`a~ naxazze warmodgenilia araelastikuri moTxovna, vinaidan fasis did cvlilebas mohyva saqonelze
moTxovnis moculobis mciredi cvlileba; `b~ naxazze warmodgenilia elastikuri moTxovna, vinaidan fasis
mcire cvlilebas mohyva saqonelze moTxovnis moculobis didad Semcireba.

64

sadac

moTxovnis

elastikuria

fasis

elastikuroba

moculoba

Zalze

cvlilebis

mimarT

saqonlis

fasis

aris

maRalmgrZnobiarea,
(naxazi

3.1

`b~).

cvlilebaze

damokidebulia,

amrigad,

moTxovnis

moTxovnis

moculobis

damokidebulebis, mgrZnobelobis xarisxi.

moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba warmoadgens saqonelze moTxovnis sididis
procentul cvlilebas, gamowveuls misi fasis 1%-iT cvlilebis dros, roca
moTxovnis moculobaze moqmedi sxva faqtorebi ucvlelia.
moTxovna elastikuria Tu moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis koeficientis
mniSvneloba erTze metia ( E DP 1) .2 moTxovna araelastikuria Tu moTxovnis safaso
elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba erTze naklebia ( E DP 1) . moTxovna aris
erTeulovani

elastikurobis,

roca

moTxovnis

safaso

elastikurobis

koeficientis mniSvneloba erTis tolia

( E DP 1) . ganasxvaveben moTxovnis safaso

elastikurobis

kerZod

zRvrul

SemTxvevebs,

absoluturad

araelastikur

moTxovnas, roca elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba udris nuls ( E DP 0)

da

absoluturad

elastikur

moTxovnas,

sadac

elastikurobis

koeficientis

mniSvneloba miiswrafis usasrulobisken E DP

absoluturad

araelastikuri

moTxovnis

SemTxvevaSi

moTxovna

avlens

fasisadmi absolutur aradamokidebulebas, araelastikurobas da grafikulad

iRebs ordinatTa RerZis paralelur mdgomareobas.

meore SemTxvevaSi moTxovna

avlens fasisadmi ganusazRvrel damokidebulebas, srul elastikurobas da iRebs

abscisaTa RerZis paralelur mdgomareobas.
xSirad bazarze erTi saqonlis fasis cvlileba gavlenas axdens meore
saqonelze moTxovnis moculobaze. amgvar damokidebulebas moTxovnis jvaredini
safaso elastikuroba aRwers. igi aris romelime saqonelze moTxovnis moculobis
procentuli cvlileba, meore saqonelze fasis 1% -iT cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
urTierTSemcvleli
elastikurobis

saqonlis

koeficienti

SemTxvevaSi

moTxovnis

neitraluri

saqonlebis

pirobebSi

dadebiTia,

jvaredini
SemTxvevaSi

xolo

moTxovnis

urTierTSemavsebeli

elastikurobis
jvaredini

jvaredini

koeficienti

elastikuroba

saqonlis

uaryofiTia.
0-is

tolia.

aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom sazogadod E AB E BA . moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT aris moTxovnis moculobis procentuli cvlileba gamowveuli
Semosavlis 1%-iT Secvlis pirobebSi.
2

aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropul da amerikul saxelmZRvaneloebSi SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi Segvxvdes. magaliTad: amerikeli mecnieri g. menqiu wers `vinaidan saqonelze moTxovnis raodenoba
saqonlis fasis ukuproporciulia, raodenobis procentul cvlilebas yovelTvis fasis procentuli cvlilebis sawinaaRmdego niSani aqvs.... am
wignSi mivyvebiT `minus~ niSnis ugulebelyofis farTod gavrcelebul tradicias da elastikurobas dadebiT ricxvad warmovadgenT
(maTematikosebi mas absolutur mniSvnelobas uwodeben)~ (g. menqiu, `ekonomikis principebi~, Tb., 2008 w, gv. 89).
aRniSnulis sapirispirod, evropul saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT: `Cven vambobT, rom moTxovnis elastiuroba maRalia,
rodesac igi didi uaryofiTi ricxviT gamoixateba.... moTxovna elastiuria, Tu elastiuroba fasis mimarT `-1-ze~ dabalia, moTxovna
araelastiuria Tu elastiuroba fasis mimarT minus erTsa da nuls Sorisaa~. (d. begi, s. fiSeri, r. dornbuSi, `ekonomika~, Tb., 1999 w.,
gv. 50-51). zogjer elastikurobis maCvenebels dadebiTi ricxvis miRebis mizniT win `-~ niSans uweren, zogjer ki absoluturi
mniSvnelobis gamosaxatad modulSi svamen. miRebulia aseve minus niSnis ugulebelyofac.

65

Semosavlis

mixedviT

gansxvavebulia

moTxovnis

elastikuroba

pirveli

rigis aucileblobisa da fufunebis sagnebisaTvis. fufunebis sagnebze moTxovnis

elastikuroba

Semosavlis

aucileblobis

sagnebze

mixedviT

moTxovnis

1-ze

( E IP 1 ).

metia

elastikuroba

pirveli

Semosavlis

rigis

mixedviT

1-ze

naklebia ( 0 E 1 ).
P
I

moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis msgavsad SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom zogjer

miwodebis

moculoba

damokidebulia,

cvlilebasTan (naxazi 3.2 `a~).

mgrZnobiarea,

zogjer ki,

ar aris

elastikuria

damokidebuli,

fasis

naklebad

mgrZnobiarea, araelastikuria fasis cvlilebasTan (naxazi 3.2 `b~).

P

P
S
E1
S

P1
P0

P1

E1

E0

P0
D1

D
O

Q0

D1

E0

D
Q

Q1

Q
Q0

Q1

`a~

`b~

nax. 3.2 saqonlis miwodebis moculobaze fasis cvlilebis gavlena

`a~ naxazze naCvenebia elastikuri miwodeba, vinaidan fasis mciredi zrdis Sedegad miwodebis
moculoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda; `b~ naxazze naCvenebia araelastikuri miwodeba, vinaidan fasis
mniSvnelovani zrdis Sedegad miwodebis moculoba umniSvnelod gaizarda.

Amiwodebis
cvlileba,

safaso

elastikuroba

ganpirobebuli

misi

fasis

aris
1%-iT

saqonlis

miwodebis

cvlilebis

moculobis

Sedegad,

miwodebis

moculobaze moqmed sxva faqtorTa ucvlelobis pirobebSi.

praqtikaSi miwodebis zRvruli SemTxvevebi elastikurobis TvalsazrisiT
iSviaTad gvxvdeba, Tumca ufro xSiria sruliad araelastikuri miwodebis kerZo
SemTxvevebi, roca E SP 0 . magaliTad, aseTia nebismieri cnobili pirovnebis Tu
Semoqmedis Sedevrebi, piradi nivTebi. maTi originalebi mxolod erT pirovnebas
eqneba xelT, danarCenebi ki, reproduqciebiT dakmayofildebian.
sapirispirod

gansxvavebulia

sruliad

elastikuri

miwodebis

zRvruli

SemTxveva ( E SP ). miwodebis mruds SeiZleba hqondes usazRvro elastikuroba,

Tu

garkveuli

raodenobis

sazRvrebSi

saqoneli

iwarmoeba

erTgvari

danaxarjebiT; magaliTad, gulsabnevebi, qinZisTavebi da a.S.

3.2 moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikuroba

66

mudmivi

moTxovnis

mrudis

or

wertils

Soris

elastikurobis

gamosaTvlelad

gamoiyeneba rkaluri elastikurobis cneba. rkaluri elastikurobis koeficienti

Semdegi formuliT gaiangariSeba:

E DP

Q1 Q2 P1 P2
:
,
Q1 Q2 P1 P2

(3.1)

sadac: E DP aris moTxovnis rkaluri elastikuroba;

Q1 P1 _ erTi wertilis Sesabamisi moTxovnis moculobis da fasis done;

Q2 P2 _ meore wertilis Sesabamisi moTxovnis moculobis da fasis done.

magaliTad: Tu gvinda rkaluri elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvnelobis
gaangariSeba AK rkalze, roca A

K wertilis ki - Q =40;

wertilis koordinatebia: Q =10; P =2,10 xolo

P =1,20. monacemebis (3.1) tolobaSi CasmiT miviRebT:

E DP

10 40 2,10 1,2 30 0,9

:

:
2,2 .
10 40 2,10 1,2
50 3,3

3.3 elastikuroba moTxovnis wrfFiv mrudze

moTxovnis mrudisTvis sazogadod gamoiyeneba moTxovnis wrfivi mrudi,3
romelic maTematikurad ase Caiwereba:
Q a bP

(3.2)

sadac: Q da P saqonelze moTxovnis moculoba da fasia, xolo a da b

aris dadebiTi ricxvebi. am tolobaSi

saqonlis

sxva

moTxovnaze

moqmedi

yvela

mudmivaSi igulisxmeba fasis garda

faqtorTa

efeqtebi

(rogoricaa:

Semosavali, sxva saqonelTa fasebi da a.S.). b asaxavs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs fasi

saqonelze moTxovnis raodenobaze.
moTxovnis

yvela

klebad

mruds

aqvs

Tavisi

Sesabamisi

Sebrunebuli

(ukudamokidebulebis, inversiuli) mrudi, romelic saqonlis fass gamosaxavs,

rogorc masze moTxovnis raodenobis funqcias. Cven SegviZlia vipovoT

moTxovnis

ukudamokidebulebis (inversiuli) mrudi Tu fass ( P ) gamovsaxavT raodenobis ( Q )

terminebSi. moTxovnis ukudamokidebulebis mrudi wrfivi moTxovnis mrudisTvis
aris:
3

moTxovnis sworxazovani (wrfivi) mrudis upiratesobania:

1. sazogadod wrfec da rkalic erTnairad asaxaven moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebs;
2. imisaTvis, rom maTematikurad SeviswavloT rkali, saWiroa is davyoT patara monakveTebad an gavavloT mxebi, rasac
kvlav wrfivi damokidebulebis Seswavlis aucileblobasTan mivyavarT;
3. orive maTgani (wrfec da rkalic) realobis gamartivebuli aRweraa da amitom orive SemTxvevaSi absoluturi sizustiT
movlenebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia;
4. rkali ukeTesad aRwers moklevadian periods da calkeuli firmis maCveneblebs, roca wrfivi ukeTesia grZelvadiani periodisa
da sabazro masStabebisTvis;
5. wrfivi variantis gamoyeneba gacilebiT mosaxerxebelia mrudebis erT wertilSi mobrunebis gamosaxvis SemTxvevebisTvis,
vidre rkali.

67

a 1
Q
b b

(3.2)

Sefardebas a / b uwodeben Sokur fass. aq moTxovnis moculoba 0-is tolia.

naxazze 3.3 gamosaxulia wrfivi moTxovnis mrudi. Tu gamoviyenebT moTxovnis
safaso elastikurobis gamosaTvlel formulas wrfivi moTxovnis mrudisTvis
gveqneba:
Q
100%
Q P
P
Q
E

b
P

P
Q
Q
100%
P

(3.3)

P
D

es formula gviCvenebs, rom a / b Sokur fasTan (sadac Q 0 ) moTxovnis

safaso elastikuroba usasrulobisken miiswrafis, xolo roca P 0 moTxovnis
safaso elastikuroba 0-is tolia4. G wertilze moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba

tolia,

e.i.

erTeulovani

elastikurobisaa.

wertilidan

CrdiloeTiT

moTxovna elastikuria fasis mimarT, xolo G wertilidan samxreTiT moTxovna

araelastikuria fasis mimarT.
P
a
b

Q a bP

EDP
elastikuri nawili

EDP 1

a
2b

a 1
Q
b b

G
araelastikuri nawili

EDP 0
a
2

nax. 3.3 moTxovnis wrfivi mrudi

moTxovnis wrfiv mrudze G wertilis zemoT moTxovna elastikuria, xolo G wertilis
qvemoT moTxovna araelastikuria. G
erTeulovania

moTxovnis

elastikurobis

wertilSi moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba

formula

moTxovnis

wrfivi

mrudis

pirobebisTvis gviCvenebs gansxvavebas moTxovnis mrudis daxrilobis koeficientsa

` b ~ da moTxovnis safaso elastikurobas ` b( P / Q) ~ Soris. mrudis daxrilobis
koeficienti cvlilebebs zomavs absolutur raodenobaSi (raodenobis erTeulebSi) rasac iwvevs fasis erTi erTeuliT cvlileba. amis sapirispirod, moTxovnis
safaso elastikuroba zomavs moTxovnis raodenobriv cvlilebas procentebSi (%)
fasis 1%-iT cvlilebis Sedegad. amis gamo elastikurobis cneba gvexmareba eko-

SegviZlia martivad davrwmundeT Tu moTxovnis formulaSi CavsvavT Sokuri fasis

Q a b(a / b) a a 0
68

a/b

pirobas:

nomikuri movlenebis analizSi, raTa sworad davadginoT fasis cvlilebis tendenciebi

da

SevudaroT

erTmaneTs

Zalze

gansxvavebuli

bazrebis

pirobebSi,

rogoricaa magaliTad: sakvebi produqtebisa da uZravi qonebis bazrebi, rogorc

erTi qveynis, ise sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTebze da a.S.

3.4 moTxovna Tanabari elastikurobis

SemTxvevaSi. izoelastikuroba
aqamde elastikurobas vikvlevdiT moTxovnisa da miwodebis wrfivi mrudis
SemTxvevebSi. am dros moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis daxrilobis kuTxis sididis
ucvlelobis miuxedavad, masze safaso elastikurobis mniSvneloba meryeobda 0dan usasrulobamde SualedSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xandaxan, moTxovnis rkaluri
mrudis SemTxvevaSi safaso elastikuroba mudmivi sidide rCeba.
roca moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv safaso elastikuroba mudmivi sididea,
maSin amboben, rom aseTi mrudi izoelastikuria ( Isoelastic ).
izoelastikuri
erTeulovani
safaso

mrudis

elastikurobiT.

elastikuroba

erTis

gansakuTrebuli
aseT

moTxovnis

tolia.

SemTxvevaa
mrudze,

ganvixiloT

moTxovnis

mis

yovel

pirobiTi

mrudi

wertilSi,

magaliTi.

boris

paiWaZis saxelobis erovnul stadionze yvelaze dabalfasiani bileTebis fasi

icvleba safexburTo matCis rangidan gamomdinare. vTqvaT, aseTi bileTebisa da
adgilebis raodenoba Seesabameba cxrilSi 3.1 arsebul monacemebs.
stadionze yvelaze dabalfasiani bileTebis fasi, raodenoba, mayurebelTa
danaxarjebi da matCis organizatorTa Semosavlebi
cxrili 3.1

#
1.
2.
3.

safexburTo
bileTebis
bileTebis
mayurebelTa
organizatorTa
matCis rangi
fasi
raodenoba
danaxarjebi
Semosavlebi
msoflio Cemp.
SesarCevi
9 lari
600
9X600=54000l
9X600=54000l
matCebi
evropis Cemp.
SesarCevi
6 lari
900
6X900=54000l
6X900=54000l
matCebi
erovnuli
Cempionatis
3 lari
1800
3X1800=54000l
3X1800=54000l
matCebi
am SemTxvevebSi moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba
yovelTvis erTis tolia (erTeulovania)

cxrilis

monacemebze

dayrdnobiT

naxazze

3.4

( E DP 1)

gamosaxulia

izoelastikuri

moTxovnis mrudi.

69

B
G

900

600

1800

nax. 3.4 moTxovnis mrudi erTeulovani elastikurobiT

izoelastikuri mrudis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa moTxovnis mrudi erTeulovani elastikurobiT. aq moTxovnis
mrudis yovel wertilSi ( A, B, G ), safaso elastikuroba erTis tolia.

aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi momxmarebelTa danaxarjebi da mimwodebelTa Semosavlebi

maqsimaluria da mudmivi rCeba fasisa da moTxovnis moculobis cvlilebebis
miuxedavad, e.i. sruldeba piroba: TC TR MAX CONST . aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
sazogadod, moTxovnis mrudis rkaluri formis pirobebSi SeiZleba mravali iseTi
SemTxveva dafiqsirdes, sadac dasaSvebia Sesruldes piroba TC TR MAX CONST
da erToblivi amonagebic Tanabari sidide iyos mrudis gaswvriv, magram moTxovnis
safaso elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba mudmivad 1-is toli ar iyos.

3.5 moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba

grZelvadian periodSi
moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis analizis dros mniSvnelovania
moklevadiani

da

grZelvadiani

ganisazRvros

ramdenad

icvleba

periodebis
moTxovna

interpretacia.

da

miwodeba

zustad

fasebis

unda

cvlilebis

sapasuxod da drois ra intervalSi aRiniSneba es cvlileba.

Tu saubaria drois mcire monakveTze, magaliTad, erTi weli an naklebi,
maSin miiCneven, rom aris moklevadiani periodi (Tumca calkeuli dargisa da
firmis SemTxvevaSi droiTi periodis ase gansazRvra sakamaToa).
grZelvadiani periodis qveS igulisxmeba drois iseTi intervali, romlis
ganmavlobaSic

mwarmoeblebi

cvlilebasTan

da

cvlian

da
Tavis

momxmareblebi
samomxmareblo

axdenen

Seguebas

Cvevebsa

da

fasebis

samewarmeo

prioritetebs.
sazogadod,

moTxovna

da

miwodeba

da

maTi

amsaxveli

mrudebi

Zalze

gansxvavdebian moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi. moklevadian periodSi

fasis ucabedi, moulodneli cvlilebisas moTxovna da miwodeba ver aswreben
movlenasTan Seguebas, xolo grZelvadian periodSi orive maTgani axdens axal

70

fasebTan

adaptacias.

saqonelTa

umravlesobisTvis

grZelvadian

periodSi

moTxovna gacilebiT ufro elastikuria, vidre moklevadianSi.

ganvixiloT

moTxovnis

elastikuroba

moklevadian

da

grZelvadian

periodebSi. magaliTad: saqarTveloSi 2006 wlis bolos moulodnelad gamocxadda

2007 wlidan ruseTidan misaReb bunebriv airze fasis mkveTri zrda. Sedegad 2-3
Tvis manZilze (moklevadian periodSi) ver moxerxda rusul importze sruli
damoukideblobis miRweva. grZelvadian periodSi saqarTvelo SeZlebs gamoZebnos
energomatarebelTa axali alternativebi da bunebriv airze fasic Semcirdeba.
aRwerili situacia grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 3.5, sadac moTxovnis
elastikurobis

grZelvadian

periodSi

adaptaciis

etapis

aRweris

mizniT

mocemulia bunebriv airze moTxovnis sawyisi sabazro modeli. kerZod, moTxovnis

da

miwodebis

mrudebi

da

wonasworobis

Eo

wertili,

romelsac

Seesabameba Po fasi da Qo moculoba.

bunebriv

airze

fasis

gazrda

iwvevs

mrudis

mrudis

gaswvriv

gadaadgilebas S1 mdgomareobaSi (analizis gamartivebis mizniT CavTvaloT, rom

miwodebis

mrudi

ar

Seicvlis

daxrilobis

kuTxes).

am

dros

miiReba

E1

wonasworobis axali wertili ( P1Q1 ) koordinatebiT.

Seguebis procesi TandaTanobiT xorcieldeba. Sedegad miiReba bunebriv
airze axali fasi

P2 ( P2 P1 ) , romelsac Seesabameba Tavisi axali moculoba.

sawyisi E0 da axali E 2 wonasworobis wertilebis SeerTebiT miviRebT axal DLR

( Long Run

- grZelvadiani periodi) moTxovnis mruds, romelic bunebriv airze

moTxovnis grZelvadian adaptacias aRwers (II etapi). sawyisi moTxovnis mrudi ki

SegviZlia CavTvaloT bunebriv airze moTxovnis DSR ( Short

Run ) moklevadiani

periodis mrudad.
P

DSR

II

S1

DLR
P1

E2

E1

P2

E0
P0

Q2

Q1

Q0

nax. 3.5 bunebriv airze moTxovnis adaptacia grZelvadian periodSi

moklevadian periodSi bunebriv airze fasis gazrda iwvevs S mrudis gaswvriv gadaadgilebas S1
mdgomareobaSi (I etapi); grZelvadian periodSi (II etapi) moTxovnis mrudi ufro elastikuri gaxdeba, xolo
fasi da moculoba orive Semcirdeba.

71

Tu

sawyisi

mrudis

Sesabamisi

safaso

elastikurobis

( E DP 0 ) nulisken miiswrafoda, grZelvadian periodSi moTxovnis

koeficienti

DLR

mrudis

elastikurobis koeficienti usasrulobisken miiswrafis.

amrigad, sazogadod, moklevadian periodSi moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba
dabalia, xolo grZelvadian periodSi _ maRali.
analogiurad SegviZlia ganvixiloT miwodebis adaptacia droSi. magaliTad:
2006 wlis ianvarSi sxva qveynebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi gakeTda gancxadeba
frinvelis gripis epidemiis SesaZlo gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.
mosaxleoba panikam moicva da frinvelis xorcsa da kvercxze moTxovna
praqtikulad

gaqra.

Sedegad

qveyanaSi

mravali

damwyebi

firma,

romelic

awarmoebda frinvelis kvercxs, mosalodneli zaralis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda

daexura warmoeba.
bazarze didi xnis manZilze myofi firmebi: `koda~, `savaneTi,~ `samgori~ da
sxvebi SedarebiT myari safinanso mdgomareobis gamo, ar SeuSindnen zaralis
moculobas da ganagrZes warmoeba. avagoT aRniSnuli bazris modeli D da S
mrudebiTa da Sesabamisi E 0

( P0 Q0 ) wonasworobis wertiliT (naxazi 3.6). esaa is

periodi, roca bazarze damyarda wonasworoba gripis epidemiisadmi SiSis gamo.

garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdgom mosaxleobaSi epidemiisadm i

panika

gaqra da kvlav gaCnda moTxovna frinvelis xorcsa da kvercxze. amas moklevadian

periodSi moyva D moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba D1 mdgomareobaSi (analizis
gamartivebis mizniT CavTvaloT, rom moTxovnis mrudma ar Seicvala abscisaTa
RerZisadmi daxrilobis kuTxe).

SSR
II
E1

SLR

P1
P2

E2

D1

E0
P0
D

Q0

Q1

Q2

nax. 3.6 frinvelis kvercxis miwodebis adaptacia grZelvadian periodSi

moklevadian periodSi saqonelze fasis zrda ganapirobebs miwodebis moculobis gazrdas (I etapi);
grZelvadian periodSi saqonelze fasi mcirdeba, xolo miwodebis moculoba izrdeba.

saqarTvelos bazarze moqmedi firmebis warmoebis masStabebi axali sabazro

moTxovnisTvis

damakmayofilebeli

ar

aRmoCnda.

deficitis

gamo

mkveTrad

gaizarda frinvelis kvercxze fasi (2006 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi mefrinveleobis

72

fermebSi warmoebuli qaTmis 1 cali kvercxis fasi 23 TeTridan gaizarda 35

TeTramde). Sedegad miviReT axali wonasworobis wertili E1 (Q1 P1 )

(I etapi).

erTeul produqtze fasis aseTma zrdam bazars stimuli misca `efiqra~

miwodebis gazrdaze. 2006 wlis gazafxulze am dargSi moRvawe saqarTvelos
bazridan gasuli firmebi swrafad ver dabrundnen bazarze. amis gamo 2007 wlis
dasawyisSi kvercxze deficiti Seavso bulgareTidan da ukrainidan Semotanilma
saqonelma.

garkveuli

periodis

Semdeg

bazari

gajerda

am

saqonliT,

ramac

D1 mr-

gamoiwvia fasis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba da miwodeba gadaadgilda axali

udis gaswvriv. miwodebis elastikuroba gaizarda miviReT wonasworobis axali

E 2 (Q2 P2 ) wertili.
axali
suraTs,

da

Tavdapirveli

romelic

gviCvenebs

wonasworobis
Tu

rogor

wertilebis

Seicvala

SeerTebiT

mdgomareoba

miviRebT

grZelvadian

periodSi. am axal mruds aRvniSnavT SLR ( Long Run ) da vuwodebT miwodebis

grZelvadian mruds (II etapi).
miwodebis sawyisi S mrudi SeiZleba aRvniSnoT SSR ( Short Run ), rogorc
miwodebis moklevadiani mrudi. miwodebis grZelvadiani S LR mrudi gviCvenebs iseT
situacias, roca mwarmoeblebs miecaT imis saSualeba, rom Seguebodnen Secvlil
fasebs da moexdinaT resursebis gadanawileba maTi gamoyenebis alternatiul
sferoebs Soris.
Aamrigad,

SegviZlia

CamovayaliboT

zogadi

daskvna

saqonelTa

umravlesobisaTvis moTxovnisa da miwodebis grZelvadiani adaptaciis Sesaxeb.

moklevadian periodSi moTxovnasa da miwodebaze (Sesabamisad maTi mrudebis gada-

P P P P ),
Q0Q2 Q0Q1 ).

adgilebaze) umetes zegavlenas axdens fasi (naxazebi 3.5. da 3.6.

xolo grZelvadian periodSi _ moculoba (naxazebi 3. 5. da 3. 6.

3.6 moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sabazro da

calkeuli safirmo markis doneze
sazogadod

yvelaze

metad

gavrcelebuli

Secdoma

moTxovnis

safaso

elastikurobis gamoyenebis dros aris is, Tu davuSvebT, rom romelime produqtze

araelastikuri moTxovnis gamo, moTxovna imave produqtis erT-erTi saxeobis
calkeuli

gamyidvelisTvisac

(samarko

firmisTvis

an

brendisTvis)

aseve

araelastikuri iqneba.
ganvixiloT

ludis

magaliTi.

cnobilia,

rom

ludze

moTxovna

gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare ar aris fasis mimarT. ludis mwarmoebeli yvela

firmis mier saqonelze fasis gazrda mxolod zomierad imoqmedebs ludze mTlian
moTxovnaze.

73

amgvarad, Tu ludis mwarmoebeli erTi firma (magaliTad: `yazbegi~) gazrdis

fass,

moTxovna

gadaerTvebian

am

im

markis

produqtze

droisaTvis

moqmedi

SesamCnevad
sxva

Semcirdeba.

dabalfasiani

momxmareblebi

brendis

saqonelze,

romlis fasic ar Seicvleba.

amgvarad, SesaZlebelia moTxovna araelastikuri iyos mTlianad bazris
doneze, xolo maRalelastikuri mwarmoebeli (individualuri) firmis doneze.
sabazro da firmis doneze elastikurobis gansxvaveba asaxavs Senacvlebis
efeqtis

sidides,

SemTxvevaSi

Tu

tipiur

romeli

myidvelia

momxmarebels

ar

mgrZnobiare

aqvs

ludis

fasis

sxva,

mimarT.

kargi

ludis

Semcvlelis

alternativa. amis gamo is aucileblad `yazbegs~ ar saWiroebs da masze fasis

gazrdis dros, momxmareblisTvis sxva safirmo markaze gadasvla dakavSirebuli
iqneba moTxovnilebis met-naklebad dakmayofilebasTan.
ra aris ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori `yazbegma~ unda gamoiyenos
sabazro elastikurobis done Tu firmis mier warmoebul produqtze moTxovnis
elastikuroba ukeT axsnis fasebis cvlilebis efeqts? pasuxi damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ras elis `yazbegi~ sxva mwarmoeblebisgan.
Tu

konkurentebi:

`lomisi,~

`nataxtari~,

`hercogi~

da

sxva,

swrafad

Secvlian fasebs, maSin sabazro elastikurobis Sedegad firma `yazbegis~ mier

warmoebul

ludze

moTxovnis

elastikuroba

Seicvleba

fasTan

erTad.

aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tu firma `yazbegi~ elodeba, rom konkurentebi ar

Secvlian fasebs (an amas gaakeTeben grZelvadian periodSi), maSin Sesabamisad
Seicvleba safirmo elastikurobis done. mocemuli analizi ufro naTeli gaxdeba,
Tu gavixsenebT oligopoliur bazarze dominanti (wamyvani, lideri) firmis qcevas.
Tu

firma

flobs

iseT

wils

bazarze,

rom

SeuZlia

sabazro

fasze

zemoqmedeba, maSin Seicvleba sabazro elastikurobis maCvenebeli, xolo Tu firma

pataraa da ar flobs bazris iseT wils, rom SeuZlia sabazro fasze zemoqmedeba,
maSin Seicvleba safirmo elastikurobis done.

3.7 saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba da masze moTxovnisa

da miwodebis elastikuroba
moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis safaso
elastikurobis sazogadod cnobili tendenciebis garda, arsebobs saqonlebi,
romlebzec

moTxovna

grZelvadianSi.

moklevadian

amis mizezia is, rom

periodSi

ufro

elastikuria,

vidre

es saqonlebi (avtomobilebi, macivrebi,

televizorebi da kapitaluri mowyobilobebi, romlebsac iZens mrewveloba) aris

xangrZlivi moxmarebis (eqsploataciis).
TiToeuli aseTi saqonlis raodenoba, romelic aqvT momxmareblebs pirad
sakuTrebaSi,

74

mniSvnelovnadaa

damokidebuli

warmoebis

wliur

moculobebze.

Sedegad SesyidvebSi mcire cvlilebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios didi procentuli

ryevebi momxmarebelTa erToblivi rezervis TanafardobaSi.
davuSvaT macivrebze fasi gaizarda 10%-iT. eqsperti ekonomistebis azriT es
faqti momxmareblebisTvis sasurveli macivrebis raodenobas amcirebs 5%-iT. Tu
momxmarebels surda ojaxSi qonoda 2-3 macivari an macivari agarakze, igi uars
ityvis damatebiTi erTeulis SeZenaze. realurad fasis zrda macivrebis SeZenis
maCvenebels Seamcirebs 5%-ze metad. garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdgom, roca
momxmarebelTa

sakuTrebaSi

arsebuli

macivrebi

moralurad

da

fizikurad

gacvdeba da isini Sesacvleli gaxdeba, moTxovna macivrebze isev gaizrdeba

(naxazi 3.7).
grZelvadian
momxmarebelTa

periodSi

sakuTrebaSi

macivrebis

aRmoCndeba

saerTo

iqneba

5%-iT

raodenoba,
naklebi,

romelic

vidre

fasebis

momatebamde arsebuli raodenoba iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi macivrebze moTxovnis

elastikuroba

grZelvadian

periodSi

iqneba

0,05/0,10=[-0,5],

e.i.

dabali,

xolo

moTxovnis elastikuroba moklevadian periodSi aRmoCndeba ufro maRali.

DLR

DSR

nax. 3.7 moTxovna avtomobilebze moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi

grZelvadiani sargeblobis saqonlebisTvis (macivari, avtomobili da a.S.) moTxovna moklevadian
periodSi ufro elastikuria, vidre grZelvadianSi.

analogiurad SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes avtomobilebis da sxva xangrZlivi

eqsploataciis

saqonlebis

magaliTebi.

roca

izrdeba

avtomobilze

fasi,

gayidvebis moculoba moklevadian periodSi mcirdeba axali manqanebis SeZenis

simciris gamo.
grZelvadian periodSi gayidvebis moculoba izrdeba Zveli avtomobilebis
gamocvlis

xarjze

da

moTxovna

matulobs.

Sesabamisad

moTxovna

ufro

araelastikuria grZelvadian periodSi, vidre moklevadianSi.

saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba aseve mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
zogierT saqonelze miwodebis safaso elastikurobis maCvenebelze moklevadian da
grZelvadian periodebSi. moTxovnis analogiurad aqac aris iseTi SemTxvevebi
(moklevadiani

eqsploataciis

saqoneli),

roca

miwodeba

ufro

elastikuria

moklevadian periodSi, vidre grZelvadianSi (naxazi 3.8).

75

SLR

SSR

nax. 3.8 rkinis jarTis miwodeba moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi

moklevadiani sargeblobis saqonlebisTvis miwodeba moklevadian periodSi ufro elastikuria,
vidre grZelvadianSi.

SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes liTonebis miwodebis magaliTi. rkinis madanze

fasis gazrdis dros moklevadian periodSi izrdeba rkinis jarTis miwodeba.
sazogadod, jarTi intensiurad gamoiyeneba dnobis procesSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
rkinis maRali da sufTa Semcvelobis jarTis maragi klebadia, Sedegad dnobis
procesi Zvirdeba da grZelvadian periodSi jarTze moTxovnis Semcirebis Sedegad
miwodebac mcirdeba. amgvarad, jarTze (moklevadiani sargeblobis saqonelze)
miwodebis safaso elastikuroba grZelvadian periodSi naklebia, moklevadianTan
SedarebiT.

3.8 moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis

mixedviT grZelvadian periodSi
saqonelTa eqsploataciis periodis mixedviT gansxvavebulia am saqonlebze
Semosavlis

mixedviT

moTxovnis

elastikuroba

grZelvadian

da

moklevadian

periodebSi.
moklevadiani (erTjeradi) gamoyenebis saqonlebisTvis, rogoricaa kvebis
produqtebi,

sasmelebi,

sawvavi,

garToba

da

a.S.

moTxovnis

elastikuroba

Semosavlis mixedviT ufro maRalia grZelvadian periodSi, vidre moklevadianSi.

magaliTad:

ganvixiloT

Zlieri

ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis

pirobebSi

benzinze

moTxovna. Semosavlebis zrdasTan erTad adamianebi zrdian benzinis moxmarebas

vinaidan SeuZliaT meti imogzauron, SeiZinon didi moculobis avtomobilebi da
a.S. magram dasawyisSi am cvlilebebs dasWirdeba dro da moTxovna gaizrdeba
mcire sididiT.
amgvarad,

moklevadiani

moxmarebis

saqonelze

Semosavlis

mixedviT

moTxovnis elastikuroba grZelvadian periodSi iqneba ufro maRali, vidre maTze

moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT moklevadian periodSi.

76

xangrZlivi
situacia.

eqsploataciis

magaliTad,

saqonlisaTvis

avtomobilebi.

Zlieri

damaxasiaTebelia
ekonomikuri

sapirispiro

zrdis

pirobebSi

gaizrdeba im avtomobilebis raodenoba, romlebic surT hqondeT momxmareblebs

sakuTrebaSi. TandaTan, rogorc ki saavtomobilo parki sakmarisad Seicvleba,
axali Sesyidvebi gakeTdeba upiratesad Zveli avtomobilebis Sesacvlelad (axali
avtomobilebis Sesyidvis moculoba mainc gaizrdeba, vinaidan mosaxleobis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli avtomobilebis didi ricxvi ganapirobebs yovelwliurad ufro
metis

Secvlas). SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

moTxovnis

elastikuroba

Semosavlis

xangrZlivi moxmarebis

mixedviT

moklevadian

saqonelze

periodSi

ufro

maRalia, vidre igive maCvenebeli grZelvadian periodSi.

3.9 cikluri dargebi

zemoT

aRvniSneT,

rom

xangrZlivi

eqsploataciis

saqonelze

moTxovna

mkveTrad reagirebs Semosavlis cvlilebaze moklevadian periodSi. amis gamo

dargebi,

romlebic

awarmoeben

aseT

saqonlebs,

Zalze

mgrZnobiare

arian

makroekonomikur ryevebze. aRniSnuli damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia

saqmiani ciklebis dacema da zrda, pirobebSi. amis gamo aseT dargebs uwodeben
ciklurs. am dargebis produqtebis gayidvebis maCveneblebi cikluri cvlilebebis
dros zemoqmedeben erTobliv erovnul produqtsa da erovnul Semosavalze.
ganviTarebul

qveynebSi

aTeuli

wlebis

manZilze

dakvirvebaTa

Sedegad

miRebuli statistikuri monacemebidan Cans, rom pirveli rigis aucileblobis

moklevadiani moxmarebis saqonelze (sakvebi, tansacmeli, sawvavi) moTxovna zustad
imeorebs

mTliani

erovnuli

produqtis

cvlilebebs,

rogorc

zrdas,

ise

Semcirebas.
SedarebiT

gansxvavebulia

damokidebuleba

grZelvadiani

moxmarebis

saqonlebis (avtomobilbi, saojaxo teqnika da a. S.) SemTxvevaSi. am dros moTxovna

Cveulebriv aWarbebs mTliani erovnuli produqtis cvlilebebis masStabebs orive
mimarTulebiT, rogorc aRmavlobis dros (mep-is zrdis tempi ufro mcirea, vidre
aseT saqonelze moTxovnis maStabebi), ise recesiis (dacemis) pirobebSi (mep-is
Semcirebis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre aseT saqonelze moTxovnis Semcirebis
maStabebi).
vfiqrobT,
molodinisa

da

aRniSnul
Semosavlis

gasaTvaliswinebelia
monacemebi

situacias

gviCveneben

ganapirobebs

faqtorebis

individTa
adamianebi

sinergiuli

ganwyobac.

kerZod,

ukeTesi

momavlis

moTxovnaze

moqmedi

moqmedebac.

amasTan,

rogorc

statistikuri

molodinSi

gacilebiT

xelgaSlilebi arian da Tavisuflad iZenen saqonels. ekonomikuri maCveneblebis

mosalodneli gauareseba ki, momxmareblebs afrTxobs da realur saSiSroebasTan
SedarebiT, Semosavlebis ufro metad ekonomiurad xarjvisken ganawyobs.

77

3.10 elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvneloba

elastikurobis Teoria mniSvnelovania firmebisa da mTavrobaTa ekonomikuri
politikis gansazRvris dros. firmis SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli mwarmoebeli iyenebs
elastikurobis kategorias amonagebis maqsimizaciis (gazrdis) mizniT. kerZod, Tu
firmis mier warmoebuli produqtis gayidvaTa maCveneblebis (fasi da moculoba)
saSualebiT moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis gamoTvliT miviRebT, rom moTxovna
elastikuria, maSin firmis amonagebis gazrda SesaZlebelia produqtze fasis
Semcirebis gziT.
zemoaRniSnulis
gayidvaTa

sapirispirod,

maCveneblebis

(fasi

Tu

da

firmis

moculoba)

mier

warmoebuli

saSualebiT

produqtis

moTxovnis

safaso

elastikurobis gamoTvliT miviRebT, rom moTxovna araelastikuria, maSin firmis

amonagebis gazrda SesaZlebelia produqtze fasis gazrdis gziT (cxrili 3.2 da
naxazi

3.9).

aucilebelia

gvaxsovdes,

rom

erToblivi

amonagebi

maqsimaluria

moTxovnis erTeulovani safaso elastikurobis pirobebSi ( TR max , Tu E DP 1 ).

erToblivi amonagebi da moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba
cxrili 3.2
moTxovnis safaso
elastikurobis koeficientis

fasis cvlilebis gavlena erTobliv amonagebze

TR P Q

( E D ) absoluturi
mniSvneloba

fasi ( P ) izrdeba

fasi ( P ) mcirdeba

E DP 1

TR

mcirdeba

TR

E DP 1

TR

izrdeba

TR mcirdeba

izrdeba

P, TR
TR

EDP 1

EDP 1
K

EDP 1

EDP 1

E DP 1
B
0

A
Q

`a~ saqonlis fasisa da moTxovnis safaso

elastikurobis damokidebuleba

EDP 1

Q
`b~ moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba da erToblivi
amonagebi

nax. 3.9 `a~ da `b~ moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis, fasisa da erToblivi amonagebis
damokidebuleba. saqonelze elastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi fasis zrda amcirebs erTobliv amonagebs,
xolo araelastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi fasis zrda iwvevs erToblivi amonagebis gazrdas.

78

elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis kidev erTi magaliTia

saxelmwifo

sagadasaxado

politika.

davuSvaT,

rom

saxelmwifos

Semoaqvs

gadasaxadis gansazRvruli (fiqsirebuli) Tanxa saqonlis erTeulze, rac iwvevs S

miwodebis mrudis S1 mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas (naxazi 3.10).
P

S1

S1
ixdian momxmareblebi

S
gadasaxadis
sidide

ixdian
momxmareblebi

gadasaxadis
sidide

ixdian
mwarmoeblebi

D
ixdian mwarmoeblebi

D
0

Q
`a~ elastikuri moTxovna da
SedarebiT araelastikuri
miwodeba

Q
`b~ araelastikuri moTxovna da
SedarebiT elastikuri miwodeba

nax. 3.10 `a~ da `b~ gadasaxadis simZimis gadanawileba

produqtis erTeulze dawasebuli gadasaxadi nawildeba momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs Soris.
elastikuri moTxovnisa da araelastikuri miwodebis SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis simZime
mwarmoeblebze modis (`a~). produqtze araelastikuri moTxovnisa da elastikuri miwodebis
SemTxvevaSi ufro met gadasaxads momxmarebeli ixdis (`b~).

gadasaxadis Tanxa nawildeba momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs Soris. igi

moicavs

agreTve

Warb

sagadasaxado

tvirTs,

romelic

aris

sazogadoebrivi

danaxarjebi da wminda danakargi. aq elastikurobis kategoria asrulebs did

rols, radganac saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT gadasaxadis ra nawils ixdis
myidveli da ra nawils gamyidveli.
elastikuri moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 3.10 `a~) gadasaxadis didi nawili
gadaixdeba mwarmoeblis mier, vinaidan elastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi momxmareblebi mocemul saqonelze fasis zrdis dros ecdebian moTxovna gadaitanon saqonelSemcvlelebze, xolo araelastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi amis gakeTeba
gacilebiT rTulia.
Tu miwodeba elastikuria (naxazi 3.10 `b~) gadasaxadis did nawils ixdis
momxmarebeli.

es gasagebicaa, miwodebis elastikuroba niSnavs rom mwarmoeblebi

martivad SeZleben gadarTon Tavisi resursebi sxva saqonlis da momsaxurebis

warmoebaze. miwodebis araelastikurobis SemTxvevaSi resursebis gadatana sxva
mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs nela, amitom gadasaxadiT dazaraldebian mwarmoeblebi.
amgvarad, gadasaxadis simZime ufro bazris im mxares awveba, romelic
naklebelastikuria vinaidan mas ufro uWirs gadasaxadebze reagireba SeZenili Tu
gasayidi saqonlis raodenobis cvlilebiT.

79

amgvarad,

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

elastikurobis

cnebis

Seswavla

saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT, avxsnaT da movaxdinoT mravali ekonomikuri

movlenis prognozireba.

ZiriTadi terminebi

moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikuroba

izoelastikuroba
cikluri dargebi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

moTxovnis

elastikurobis

pirobebisTvis

gviCvenebs

formula

gansxvavebas

moTxovnis
moTxovnis

wrfivi

mrudis

mrudis

daxrilobis

koeficientsa da moTxovnis safaso elastikurobas Soris.

2. elastikuroba

dakavSirebulia

drois

periodTan.

moklevadian

periodSi

moTxovnasa da miwodebaze umetes zegavlenas axdens fasi, xolo grZelvadian periodSi _ moculoba.
3.

saqonelTa

umravlesobisTvis

moTxovna

ufro

elastikuria

grZelvadian

periodSi, vidre moklevadianSi. Tumca arsebobs produqtebi, romelTaTvisac

aRniSnuli maCvenebeli avlens ukudamokidebulebas.
4. elastikurobis cneba mniSvnelovania cikluri dargebisTvis, romelTa mier
warmoebul saqonelze moTxovna didad icvleba makroekonomikuri ryevebis
dros.
5. elastikurobis

Teoria

mniSvnelovania

mTavrobaTaTvis

ekonomikuri

politikis gansazRvrisas da firmebisaTvis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobebis

SerCevis dros.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1.

ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba moTxovnis rkaluri safaso

elastikurobis

koeficienti da rogor gaiangariSeba igi?

2.

isaubreT moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis Sesaxeb.

3.

ras niSnavs izoelastikuroba?

4.

daaxasiaTed

moTxovnis

moklevadiani

da

grZelvadiani

adaptacia

da

gamosaxeT grafikulad.
5.

axseniT miwodebis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani adaptacia da gamosaxeT

grafikulad.

6.

SeudareT erTmaneTs moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sabazro da safirmo

doneze.

80

7.

gansazRvreT kavSiri saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivobasa da masze

moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobas Soris.

8.

isaubreT moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis Sesaxeb Semosavlis mixedviT

grZelvadian periodSi.

9.

ra niSnebi axasiaTebs ciklur dargebs?

10. gansazRvreT elastikurobis Teoriis

praqtikuli mniSvneloba,

rogorc

firmis ise saxelmwifo politikis doneze.

Tavi 4. momxmarebelTa qceva

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. momxmarebelTa qcevis kardinaluri da ordinaluri Teoriebis ganxilvas
3. momxmarebelTa optimaluri arCevanis gansazRvras
4. momxmarebelTa gamoxatuli upiratesobebis Sefasebas

4.1 kardinaluri Teoria

nebismier myidvels ainteresebs pasuxi sam ZiriTad kiTxvaze:
1.

ra iyidos? (kiTxva ukavSirdeba ama Tu im dovlaTis sargeblianobas,

romelic

warmoadgens

dovlaTis

unars,

daakmayofilos

myidvelis

moTxovna);
2. ra Rirs? (kiTxva ukavSirdeba dovlaTis fass);
3.

aqvs ki sakmarisi Tanxa? (kiTxva ukavSirdeba myidvelis Semosavals).

amgvarad, myidveli arCevanis gakeTebis dros orientacias axdens saqonlis

sargeblianobaze, fassa da sakuTar Semosavlebze. momxmareblis qcevis analizis
dros daSvebulia, rom saSualo (tipiuri) myidveli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
iTvaliswinebs Semdeg faqtorebs:
-

racionaluroba

survili,

Semosavlebi

gamoyenebul

iqnes

maqsimaluri

sargeblianobiT;
-

fuladi Semosavlebis SezRuduloba (biujetis SezRuduloba);

upiratesobebisa

da

faseulobebis

sakuTari

sistema

yoveli

myidvelis

subieqturi Sexeduleba ama Tu im dovlaTis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb.

mikroekonomikaSi momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoriam ganviTarebis ori safexuri
gaiara, adreul periodSi am sakiTxs ikvlevda kardinaluri Teoria (k. mengeri, f.
vizeri, e. bembaverki), xolo Semdgom ordinaluri Teoria (v. pareto, e. slucki, j.
hiksi, r. aleni).
kardinaluri Teoria efuZneba im winapirobas, rom yovel sasaqonlo nakrebs
SeiZleba mieweros sargeblianobis zusti sidide. e.i. am dros mxolod imis

81

dadgena ki ar SeiZleba, rom erT saqonels meoresTan SedarebiT ufro meti

sargeblianobis

mocema

SeuZlia,

aramed

SesaZlebelia

agreTve

TviT

am

sargeblianobis zusti gazomva.

XIX saukunis zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobda, rom yoveli individisaTvis
arsebobs keTildReobis an sargeblianobis gansazRvruli raodenobrivi sazomi da
igi sargeblianobis erTeulebSi ( U Util ) gaizomeba. magaliTad, SesaZleblad
Tvlidnen Sefasdes Tu ramdeni sargeblianobis erTeuliT iqneboda bednieri
qarTveli gurmani mayalze Semwvari kalmaxis mirTmevis Semdeg, an fexburTis didi
gulSematkivari (tifozi), Tu is aRmoCndeboda msoflio Cempionatis finaluri
matCis dros stadionze da a.S.
momxmareblis qcevis Sefasebis am modelis Tanaxmad yoveli individi irCevs
saqonlisa

da

momsaxurebis

nakrebs

imgvarad,

rom

mis

xelT

arsebuli

Semosavlebis pirobebSi uzrunvelyos maqsimaluri sargebeli.

sakiTxis

aseTi

saxiT

dasmis

pirobebSi

Znelad

dasajerebelia

sargeblianobis (kmayofilebis) raime ricxviTi sazomis arseboba da aseve isic,

rom adamianebi raime saqonlis SeZenis dros yovelTvis racionalurad iqcevian
(sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mkacrad gansazRvraven Tavis sargeblianobas).
Tu davakvirdebiT sakuTar qcevas, vnaxavT, rom Semosavlis miRebis Semdeg
Tanxas, pirvel rigSi vxarjavT im saqonlis SesaZenad, romelic yvelaze metad
gvinda; Semdeg im dovlaTs viZenT, rac ukve SeZenilis Semdgom yvelaze metad
gvindoda

Tavdapirvelad.

vgrZnobT

imasac,

rom

meore

saqoneli

pirvelTan

SedarebiT nakleb kmayofilebas gvaniWebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas pirvel

rigSi SeviZendiT. amgvarad, uneblieT marTlac ise viqceviT, TiTqos vaxdendeT
Cveni sargeblianobis maqsimizacias. Tumca, es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
kardinaluri Teoria Tavisi daSvebebiT dResac popularulia ekonomikur
TeoriaSi.

es

ganpirobebulia

sferoSi,

ganuwyvetliv

imiT,

miiReba

rom

iseTi

rogorc

kerZo,

ise

gadawyvetilebebi,

sazogadoebriv

romelTac

Tundac

Teoriis doneze mainc, esaWiroebaT raime formiT gamoxatva.

ganvixiloT

pirobiTi

magaliTi.

grigoli

onis

raionidan

Camosuli

studentia. mas mSoblebi yovelTviurad ugzavnian Tanxas TbilisSi cxovrebis

pirobebis

Sesaqmnelad.

igi yovelkvireulad inaxavs

12 lars

imisaTvis,

rom

miirTvas gemrieli loris buterbrodi an wavides auzze sacuraod, anu miiRos is,
rac yvelaze metad moswons.
loris buterbrodi Rirs 1 lari, xolo auzze saSvis Rirebulebaa 3 lari.
grigols orive maTgani Zalian did kmayofilebas aniWebs, magram Semosavlis
SezRudulobis

gamo,

iZulebulia

maT

raodenobas

Soris

arCevani

gaakeTos.

alternatiuli wyvilebi romelTa arCeva SeuZlia grigols Semosavlis (biujetis)

SezRudulobis pirobebSi mocemulia cxrilSi 4.1.
grigolis mier asarCevi alternatiuli samomxmareblo wyvilebi

82

cxrili 4.1
loris buterbrodi

sacurao auzi

danaxarjebi

raodenoba Q

danaxarjebi

raodenoba

1 l Q

danaxarjebi
sul

3 l Q

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

grafikulad gamovsaxoT ori saxis saqonlis SeZenis variantebi biujetis

sruli xarjvis pirobebSi (naxazi 4.1). AE wrfe warmoadgens grigolis sabiujeto
SezRudulobis wrfes.
sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe aris wertilTa geometriuli mdebareoba,
romlebic

aRniSnaven

im

ori

SesaZeni

saqonlis

kombinacias,

romlebic

xelmisawvdomia (efeqtiania) myidvelisaTvis mocemuli fasebis pirobebSi.

ganvixiloT, Tu romel samomxmareblo wyvils airCevs grigoli saimisod,
rom Semosavlis (12 laris) srulad daxarjvis pirobebSi miiRos maqsimaluri
sargeblianoba.

sacurao
auzi

A
B

E
O

10

11

12

loris buterbrodi

nax. 4.1 grigolis sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe

momxmareblis sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe is wertilebia ( A, B, C, D, E ), romlebic aRniSnaven im ori SesaZeni saqonlis kombinacias, romlebic xelmisawvdomia (efeqtiania) myidvelisaTvis mocemuli fasebis pirobebSi.

zemoT aRvniSneT, tom kardinaluri Teoriis fuZemdebel mecnierTa mier

SemoTavazebuli iqna sargeblianobis sazomi erTeuli ( U Util ). CavTvaloT, rom
grigolis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba fasdeba sargeblianobis erTeulebSi im
raodenobiT, rac mocemulia cxrilSi 4.2.
loris buterbrodisa da sacurao auzis sargeblianoba grigolisaTvis
cxrili 4.2
loris buterbrodis sargeblianoba

sacurao auzis sargeblianoba

83

raoden.

erToblivi

zRvruli

MU

sargebliano

sargeblia

ba (sargebl.

raoden.

erToblivi

zRvrul

MU

sargebliano

n. ( MU

larz

ba (sargebl.

sargebl.

larz

l)

erT.)

( MU a)

erT.)

0
8

13

16

18

3
2

19,5

1,5

20,5

1,
5
1

davuSvaT,
kmayofileba

rom

pirveli loris

Seadgens

27

45

54

60

63

65,4

buterbrodis

sargeblianobis

erTeuls,

27
77
18
7
8
9
6
6
3
2,4

miRebis
xolo

9
6
3
2
1
0,8

Semdeg grigolis
pirveli

stumroba

sacurao auzze mas aniWebs 27 erTeuli sargeblianobis tol kmayofilebas. meore

loris

buterbrodis

ganisazRvreba

da

mirTmevis
naklebia

Semdeg miRebuli sargeblianoba 5

pirveli

maTganis

miRebis

Semdgom

erTeuliT
arsebul

sargeblianobaze.
es ganwyoba SegviZlia Tavadac vigrZnoT, Tu ramdenime nayins mivirTmevT
erTdroulad. yoveli momdevno nayini sul ufro naklebad mogvwoneba da male
uarsac ki vityviT romelime maTganze, radgan dadgeba survilis dakmayofilebis,
gajerebis momenti.
zRvruli

sargeblianoba

esaa

damatebiTi

sargeblianoba,

romelsac

momxmarebeli iRebs dovlaTis yoveli momdevno erTeulis miRebidan. erTi da

imave saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZenidan miRebuli sargeblianoba (kmayofileba),
rodesac procesi uwyvetad mimdinareobs, sul ufro naklebi sididiT izrdeba,
vidre ar dadgeba gajerebis momenti.
es debuleba aris klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis kanoni, gajerebis
kanoni, zogierT ekonomikur literaturaSi ki mas gosenis pirveli kanoni ewodeba.
erToblivi sargeblianoba

zrdadia vinaidan, igi warmoadgens zRvruli

sargeblianobebis jams da misi sidide matulobs sul ufro da ufro mcire

moculobebiT

(zRvruli

sargeblianobis

klebadobis

gamo)

manam,

vidre

ar

Sewyvets zrdas.
grafikulad

gamovsaxoT

sacurao

sargeblianobebi (naxazi 4.2 `a~ da `b~).

84

auzis

erToblivi

da

zRvruli

sargeblianoba (erTeuli)

sargeblianoba (erTeuli)

65
63
60
54
45

27

1 2 3 4 5 6

8
5
3

1 2 3 4 5 6

Q (auzi)

`a~ erToblivi sargeblianoba

Q (auzi)

`b~ zRvruli sargeblianoba

nax. 4.2 sacurao auzze misvliT miRebuli erToblivi da zRvruli sargeblianobebi

`a~ naxazze gamosaxulia sacurao auzze misvlis erToblivi sargeblianoba, romelic zrdadia da izrdeba sul ufro da ufro
mcire sididiT (klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis gamo);
`b~ naxazze gamosaxulia sacurao auzze misvlis zRvruli sargeblianoba, romelic klebadia, vinaidan yoveli momdevno
erTeulis miRebiT momxmareblis sargeblianoba klebulobs.

davadginoT, Tu ra raodenobiT unda airCios grigolma TiToeuli dovlaTi,

rom

moaxdinos

vimsjelebT,

sargeblianobis

maqsimaluri

maqsimizacia.

erToblivi

cxrilis

sargeblianoba

4.2

orive

monacemebiT
dovlaTidan

Tu
aris

65,4+20,5=80,9 erTeuli. igi Seesabameba 6 loris buterbrodsa da 6-jer auzze

wasvlis arCevans e.Ei. saWiroa 24 lari. grigolis biujeti ki Seadgens 12 lars,
amitom es arCevani misTvis miuRebelia.
maSasadame,

unda moiZebnos iseTi wyvili, romelic daakmayofilebs biujetis

SezRudulobis pirobas. aseTi SeiZleba iyos 2 loris buterbrodi da 3 auzze

wasvla

(13+54=67).

gamouyenebeli

rCeba

lari,

romliTac

kidev

SeiZleba

sargeblianobis ramdenime erTeulis miReba.

Tu grigoli airCevs 3 loris buterbrodsa da 3-jer auzze wasvlas, maSin is
biujetis

SezRudulobasac

daakmayofilebs

(3 3 3 12)

da

moaxdens

kidec

sargeblianobis maqsimizacias.
ganvixiloT Tu rogor miviRoT es maCvenebeli. cxrili 4.3 monacemebidan Cans,
rom me-3 erTeuli loris buterbrodisTvis ( MU l / P l) zRvruli sargeblianobis
sidide 1 larze gaangariSebiT aris 3-is toli. igive sidide miiReba ( MU a / P a),
roca

grigoli

kviraSi

3-jer

midis

auzze.

e.i.

grigolisTvis

maqsimaluri

sargeblianoba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi, roca sruldeba piroba:

MUl MUa

3
Pl
Pa

momxmareblis

optimaluri

arCevani

miiReba

(4.1)

Semdegnairad:

Tu

damatebiTi

laris daxarjvis sargeblianoba loris buterbrodze metia vidre auzze, maSin

momxmarebels Tavisi sargeblianobis gazrda SeuZlia buterbrodze danaxarjebis
gazrdiT. sanam loris buterbrodze danaxarjebis sargeblianoba ufro metia,
vidre auzze, gaizrdeba SeZenili buterbrodebis

raodenoba auzze wasvlis

xarjze.

85

TandaTan loris buterbrodis zRvruli sargeblianoba Semcirdeba, xolo

auzis ki gaizrdeba. sargeblianobis maqsimumi miiRweva mxolod maSin, rodesac
damatebiTi

laris

(samomxmareblo
sargeblianobis

xarjvis

kalaTaSi
es

zRvruli

arsebuli

principi

sargeblianoba

yvela)

Tanabari

saqonlisTvis.

maqsimizaciis

iqneba

Tanabari

mniSvnelovani

orive

zRvruli

principia

mikro-

ekonomikaSi. amgvarad, SegviZlia CamovayaliboT zogadi daskvna:

momxmareblis sargeblianoba maqsimums aRwevs iseTi samomxmareblo nakrebis
SerCevisas,

romelSic

Semavali

yvela

dovlaTis

mixedviT

zRvruli

sargeblianobis Sefardeba fasTan Tanabari sididea da akmayofilebs biujetis

SezRudulobis pirobas.
e.i. samomxmareblo nakrebSi SeiZleba Sediodes 2,3,4,.....n raodenobis saqoneli
da formula 4.1 SeiZleba CavweroT ase:
MU n
MU 1 MU 2 MU 3

...
P1
P2
P3
Pn

(4.2)

tolobas

uwodeben

gosenis

meore

kanonsac

(4.2.)

da

igi

SeiZleba

asec

gadavweroT:
MU1
P
1
MU 2
P2

(4.3)

amrigad, momxmarebelma sargeblianobis maqsimizaciisaTvis saqoneli ise unda

SeiZinos, rom yovelma SeZenilma erTeulma mas gadaxdili fasis proporciuli
zRvruli sargeblianoba moutanos.
Tu erTdroulad, erTi da igive proporciiT gaizrdeba fasi da Semosavali,
maSin

momxmarebeli

SeZlebs

SeiZinos

igive

raodenobisa

da

Semadgenlobis

dovlaTTa nakrebi, rasac adre yidulobda. magaliTad, Tu loris buterbrodis

fasi gaxda 2 lari, xolo auzis saSvi
6 lari da amasTan grigolis Semosavalic gaormagdeba, maSin igi SeZlebs iyidos
igive saqonelTa nakrebi, rasac adre iZenda. am dros ar icvleba momxmareblis
realuri Semosavali.
Tu Semosavali da erTi saqonlis fasi ucvleli darCeba, xolo gaizardeba
meore dovlaTis fasi (magaliTad, buterbrodis fasi gaxdeba 2 lari, xolo auzze
Sesvlis fasi isev 3 lari darCeba), maSin biujetis ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi
myidvelis arCevani gadainacvlebs im saqonlis sasargeblod, romelic SedarebiT
iafi

gaxda.

am

dros

mcirdeba

momxmareblis

realuri

Semosavali,

vinaidan

Semcirdeba misi msyidvelobiTi unari.

Cvens

SemTxvevaSi

moimatebs

grigolis

Seicvlis sabiujeto wrfe. igi gadava

siaruli

auzze.

AE mdgomareobidan

am

dros

saxes

AF mdgomareobaSi

(naxazi 4.3). e.i. Semosavlis mxolod loris buterbrodebze xarjvis pirobebSi

grigoli 12-is nacvlad exla SeiZens mxolod 6-s.

86

sacurao
auzi
A1

5
4

3
2
1
F
O

E
12

E1
loris buterbrodi

15

nax. 4.3 sabiujeto wrfis gadaadgilebani

sabiujeto wrfe icvlis mdebareobas fasebisa da Semosavlebis cvlilebis Sedegad. kerZod romelime saqonelze fasis
Semcireba zrdis OX RerZTan daxrilobis kuTxes, xolo fasis gazrda iwvevs sapirispiro movlenas. Semosavlis cvlileba
sabiujeto wrfes gadaaadgilebs paralelurad marjvniv an marcxniv.

Tu gaizrdeba grigolis biujeti 12 laridan 15 laramde da saqonelTa fasebi

ucvleli darCeba, maSin sabiujeto wrfe gadaadgildeba marjvniv da zeviT A1 E1
mdgomareobaSi

(naxazi

4.3).

grigoli

ki

SeZlebs

SeiZinos

meti

raodenobis

saqoneli.
amgvarad, Semosavlis gazrdisa da fasebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi, sabiujeto
wrfe gadaadgildeba paralelurad marjvniv da zeviT. analogiurad, Semosavlis
Semcirebisa da fasebis ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto wrfe gadaadgildeba
paralelurad marcxniv da qveviT.
Semosavlis ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, Tu icvleba romelime saqonlis fasi,
maSin sabiujeto wrfe icvlis abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobis kuTxes (kuTxe
izrdeba OX RerZze aRniSnuli saqonlis fasis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi. analogiurad,
sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobis kuTxe mcirdebaO OX

RerZze aRniSnuli saqonlis

fasis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi).

4.2 ordinaluri Teoria

sargeblianobis ordinaluri Teoriis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba cnobili
ekonomistisa da sociologis vilfredo paretos saxels.
absoluturi (raodenobiTi) skalis saSualebiT subieqturi sargeblianobis
gazomvis cdebi warmatebiT ver iqna ganxorcielebuli. Sedegad mecnierTa jgufma
gadawyvita igi Seecvala fardobiTi midgomis principiT. es gulisxmobda imas, rom
momxmareblis qcevis Seswavla ganxorcieldeboda upiratesobaTa rigiTobis anu
ranJirebis safuZvelze.
ordinalur TeoriaSi winapirobad miCneulia, rom alternatiul sasaqonlo
nakrebebs (wyvilebs) individi miawers sargeblianobis Sesatyvis indeqsebs.
indeqsebis

gamoyenebiT

mJRavndeba

sargeblianobis

ordinaluri

Teoriis

ufro maRali universaluroba kardinalur TeoriasTan SedarebiT. is ar gvaZlevs

saSualebas

CavataroT

zusti

da

konkretuli

gazomvebi,

magram

ayalibebs

87

warmodgenas

gansaxilveli

nakrebis

mimarT

misi

ukeTesobis,

uaresobis

an

igiveobis Sesaxeb sxva nakrebTan Sedarebis dros.

ordinalur

TeoriaSi,

kardinalurisagan

gansxvavebiT

ar

ganixileba

konkretuli sargeblianobis cifruli (ricxviTi) mniSvnelobebi. aq daSvebulia,

rom

momxmarebeli

mxolod

sxvadasxva nakrebTa
nakrebis

erTmaneTs

SerCevis SemTxvevaSi.

Tanmimdevrul

upiratesobebis,

udarebs

dalagebas

Tavis

ganwyobas

imavdroulad is

piradi

faseulobaTa kriteriumebis

Sexedulebis
Sesabamisad.

dovlaTis

axdens

TiToeuli

mixedviT

arsebuli

mocemul SemTxvevaSi

amosavali donea momxmareblis Semosavali.

momxmareblis survilebis an upiratesobebis analizs asaxavs ganurCevlobis
mrudi ( Indifference Curve ).
sxvadasxva

qarTul TargmanSi

saxelwodebiT

Segvxvdes,

ase

ganurCevlobis

magaliTad:

mrudebi SeiZleba

igiveobis,

gulgrilobis,

indiferentulobis, ganusazRvrelobis mrudebi da a.S.

ganurCevlobis
kombinaciebis
sididis

mrudi

srul

simravles,

sargeblianobis

wyvils airCevs ` 3Y

(naxazi

4.4)

romelTac

miniWebis

warmoadgens
aqvT

unari. amgvarad,

saqonelTa

SesaZlo

momxmareblisaTvis

Tanabari

misTvis sulerTia romel

da 1X ~ (naxazi 4.4, kombinacia wertilze R1 ) Tu ` 1Y da 3 X ~

(naxazi 4.4, kombinacia wertilze R2 ).

Y

R1
3

2
R2

nax 4.4 ganurCevlobis mrudi

ganurCevlobis mrudi warmoadgens saqonelTa SesaZlo kombinaciebis srul simravles,
romelTac aqvT momxmareblisaTvis Tanabari sididis sargeblianobis miniWebis unari.

ganurCevlobis mrudTa simravle qmnis ganurCevlobis mrudTa ruqas (naxazi

4.5). vinaidan adamianebisaTvis `bevri~ ukeTesia vidre `cota~, amitom rac ufro
marjvniv

da

maRla

mdebareobs

ganurCevlobis

sargeblianobis amsaxvelia igi. naxazze 4.5

mrudi,

miT

ufro

didi

U 4 ufro maRali sargeblianobis

matarebeli mrudia momxmareblisTvis, vidre U 3 . analogiurad U 3 ufro maRali

sargeblianobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre U 2 da a.S. aRniSnulis dakonkretebis mizniT,

88

Tanamedrove mkvlevarebma TiToeul mruds ruqaze simbolurad mianiWes sargeblianobis sidideebi, rasac sargeblianobis funqcia ewodeba.
Y

U4
U3
U2
U1
O

nax 4.5 ganurCevlobis mrudTa ruqa

ganurCevlobis mrudTa simravle qmnis ganurCevlobis mrudTa ruqas. rac ufro
marjvniv da maRla mdebareobs ganurCevlobis mrudi, miT ufro didi
kmayofilebisa da sargeblianobis amsaxvelia igi.

zemoaRniSnuli

Teoriebis

miRwevaTa

gaerTianebis

Sedegad

Tanamedrove

periodSi Camoyalibda momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoria. misi ZiriTadi daSvebebia:

1.

sisavse. igulisxmeba, rom mocemuli

da

sasaqonlo nakrebisaTvis

momxmarebels SeuZlia calsaxad gansazRvros, A nakrebi urCevnia B -s Tu piriqiT,

B

nakrebi

(wyvili)

A -s.

dasaSvebia

isic rom

igi orive

maTgans

Tanabrad,

eqvivalenturad ( A B ) ganixilavdes.
2.

tranzituloba. sasaqonlo nakrebebisadmi damokidebuleba ar unda iyos

winaaRmdegobrivi. kerZod, daculi unda iyos tranzitulobis piroba. nebismieri

sami A, B da C alternativis Sedarebisas aucilebelia sruldebodes piroba: Tu
A sjobs B -s da B sjobs C -s, maSin

A unda sjobdes C -s. amiT xdeba imis

xazgasma, rom individi airCevs SeZlebisdagvarad maRali sargeblianobis indeqsis

mqone nakrebs.
3.

umjobesia

bevri,

vidre

cota.

miviRoT

pirobad

is,

rom

gansaxilveli

saqoneli yovelTvis sasurvelia momxmareblisTvis. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT is

faqti, rom saqoneli ar warmoadgens `antidovlaTs~ (es iseTi saqonelia, romelic
umjobesia iyos cota, vidre bevri, magaliTad: dabinZurebuli haeri, garemo,
gaCexili

tyeebi

da

Sedegad

Rvarcofebi

da

mewyerebi

da

a.S.

Tumca

aseT

SemTxvevebSi mdgomareobis gamosworeba SeiZleba ise, rom momxmareblis gemovneba

Seicvalos antidovlaTis naklebi raodenobis sasargeblod, ase magaliTad: sufTa
haersa da garemoze moTxovnis amaRleba, gaSenebuli tyeebis farTobebis gazrda
da sxva).
4.

Senacvlebis

zRvruli

normis

klebadoba.

ganurCevlobis

mrudebi

aris

amozneqili koordinatTa saTavisadmi. amis gamo Senacvlebis zRvruli norma

mcirdeba.

89

4.3 Senacvlebis zRvruli norma

ganvixiloT ganurCevlobis mrudis is monakveTi, romelic yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovania momxmarebelTa qcevis TeoriisTvis. naxazze 4.6 warmodgenilia AB
ganurCevlobis mrudi.

OE

warmoadgens

dovlaTis moxmarebis minimalurad

aucilebel sidides, romelsac momxmarebeli ver Seeleva, rac ar unda didi

raodenobiT SesTavazon Y

dovlaTi. analogiurad O D

aris Y

dovlaTis

moxmarebis minimalurad aucilebeli sidide. X da Y dovlaTebis urTierTSenacvlebas azri aqvs mxolod

AB rkalis sazRvrebSi. mis gareT es ori dovlaTi

gamodis rogorc damoukidebeli.

Y

nax 4.6 Senacvlebis zona ganurCevlobis mrudze

ganurCevlobis mrudis is monakveTi, romelSic SesaZlebelia erTi dovlaTis meoreTi efeqtianad
Secvla
warmoadgens
yvelaze
saintereso monakveTs momxmarebelTa qcevis
SemswavlelTaTvis.

amgvarad, Senacvlebis (substituciis) zona

- esaa ganurCevlobis mrudis

monakveTi, romelSic SesaZlebelia erTi dovlaTis meoreTi efeqtianad Secvla.

Tu

Senacvlebis

zonas

ganurCevlobis

raodenobis mixedviT, aRvniSnavT ra X -iT X

mrudze

ganvixilavT

saqonelTa

saqonlis raodenobas, xolo Y -iT

saqonlis raodenobas (naxazi 4.7), maSin SefardebiT / davaxasiaTebT ori

saqonlis Senacvlebis zRvrul normas ( Marginal Rate of Substitution - MRS ).

MRS

sadac:

MRS

aris

emateba imisaTvis rom

90

(4.4.)

saqonlis Y -iT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma. `-~ niSani

MRS

miviRoT dadebiTi. sazogadod es Sefardeba aris

uaryofiTi, vinaidan individi uars ambobs Y

saqonelze da

mniSvneloba

uaryofiTia.

saqonlis

saqonliT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma ( MRS ) aris Y

saqonlis is raodenoba, romelzec individi mzadaa uari Tqvas, rom miiRos X

saqonlis erTi damatebiTi erTeuli.
amgvarad,
adamianisTvis,

M MRS
erTi

gviCvenebs

saqonlis

im

erT

Rirebulebas,

damatebiT

romelic

erTeuls,

aqvs

erTi

gamosaxuls

meore

saqonlis erTeulebSi. imisaTvis, rom viyoT Tanmimdevruli am saxelmZRvaneloSi,

MRS ganvixiloT, rogorc vertikalur RerZze aRniSnuli saqonlis raodenoba,

romelzec

mzadaa

momxmarebeli

uari

Tqvas

imisaTvis,

rom

miiRos

OX

horizontalur RerZze aRniSnuli saqonlis erTi damatebiTi erTeuli.

Y

Y
X
B

Y- Y

X
O

X+ X

nax 4.7 Senacvlebis zRvruli normis gamosaxva

Tu Senacvlebis zonas ganurCevlobis mrudze ganvixilavT saqonelTa raodenobis mixedviT, maSin
SefardebiT / davaxasiaTebT ori saqonlis Senacvlebis zRvrul normas (MRS).

ganvixiloT naxazi 4.8. AB monakveTze MRS =7 niSnavs, rom - / =-(-7/1)=7,

e.i. momxmarebeli mzadaa daTmos 7 erTeuli Y saqoneli imisaTvis rom miiRos 1
erTeuli

saqoneli. analogiurad,

MRS =5 niSnavs rom - / =-(-5/1)=5, es

niSnavs, rom momxmarebeli mzadaa daTmos 5 erTeuli saqoneli imisaTvis rom

miiRos 1 erTeuli X saqoneli da a.S.

91

A
17

-7
10

B
-5
D

5
-2

3
-1

nax. 4.8 Senacvlebis zRvruli norma

AB

monakveTze

MRS =7

e.i. momxmarebeli mzadaa daTmos 7 erTeuli

saqoneli imisaTvis, rom miiRos 1 erTeuli

es

aris

imis

mizezi,

rom

saqoneli da a.S.

ganurCevlobis

mrudebi

aris

amozneqili

koordinatTa saTavis mimarT. garda amisa MRS klebadoba gulisxmobs imasac, rom
rogorc

zRvruli

ise Y

saqonels (rogorc yvela sxva saqonels) gaaCniaT klebadi

sargeblianoba.

amis

gamo,

saqonlisTvis sul ufro cota Y

momxmarebeli

yoveli

damatebiTi

saqonelze ityvis uars. amrigad, Senacvlebis

zRvruli normis ( MRS ) klebadoba warmoadgens momxmarebelTa mier saqonelze

upiratesobis miniWebis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels.
ganurCevlobis
icvleba

da

momxmareblisTvis

mrudis

Senacvlebis

gaswvriv

moZraobis

dros

saqonlis raodenobebi nakrebSi ise, rom sargeblianoba

ucvleli

rCeba.

X -is

raodenobis

raodenobis Semcirebas, anu erTi erTeuli

kompensirdeba Y

zonis

momateba

iwvevs

Y -is

saqonlis sargeblianoba ( U X )

saqonlis garkveuli raodenobis cvlilebis Sedegad miRebuli

sargeblianobiT ( U Y ). Tu am cvlilebebs gamovsaxavT sargeblianobis erTeulebSi,

SegviZlia CavweroT rom:
MRS

U x

U y

garda amisa, nivTobrivad anu CvenTvis xilulad,

(4.5)

da

dovlaTTa

samomxmareblo kalaTaSi monacvleoba gamoixateba momxmareblis mier saqonelTa

fasebis Sesabamisad sxvadasxva Tanxis gadaxdaSi. roca samomxmareblo kalaTaSi
matulobs X saqonlis raodenoba, maSin gadasaxdel TanxaSic X saqonlis fasis
Sesabamisi cvlilebebi xdeba.

MRS absoluturi mniSvneloba raime rkalze gaiangariSeba formuliT 4.4

(naxazi 4.8). romelime konkretul wertilSi MRS mniSvneloba tolia am wertilSi

92

gavlebuli mxebis daxrilobis kuTxis absoluturi mniSvnelobis. vinaidan zemoT

SevTanxmdiT, rom Senacvlebis mimarTuleba aris

mimarTebaSi,

M R SmniSvneloba

maSin

horizontalur

RerZTan

Seqmnili

unda

kuTxis

saqonlis erT erTeulTan

gaangariSebul

tangensiT,

romelic

iqnes

OX

gamoiTvleba

Semdegnairad:
MRS Y / X

PX
PY

(4.6)

Tu gavaerTianebT 4.5 da 4.6 tolobebs da amasTan gavixsenebT, rom Tavisi

SinaarsiT

Uy

da U x

sargeblianobebi ordinalur TeoriaSi asruleben igive

funqciebs, rasac MU y da MU x zRvruli sargeblianobebi kardinalur TeoriaSi,

maSin vnaxavT, rom rogorc kardinaluri ise ordinaluri Teoria midis erT
tolobasTan, amitom SeiZleba CavweroT, rom:

MRS
sadac:

U x Px MU x

U y Py MU y

(4.7)

MRS xy aris X saqonlis Y -iT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma;

Y Y saqonlis raodenobis cvlilebis sidide;

X X saqonlis raodenobis cvlilebis sidide;
U y Y saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba ordinalur TeoriaSi;

U x X saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba ordinalur TeoriaSi;

Py Y saqonlis fasi;

Px X saqonlis fasi;
MU y Y saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba kardinalur TeoriaSi;

MU x X saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba kardinalur TeoriaSi.

4.4 sabiujeto SezRuduloba

ganurCevlobis

mrudebi

saSualebas

gvaZleven

gamovlenil

iqnes

momxmarebelTa upiratesobani. Tumca ar gaiTvaliswineba ori viTareba: saqonelTa

fasebi

da

momxmarebelTa

Semosavlebi.

mrudebi

mxolod

gviCveneben

erTi

dovlaTis meoreTi Secvlis SesaZleblobas, Tumca isini ar gansazRvraven romeli

nakrebia momxmareblisaTvis ufro momgebiani.
am informacias gvaZlevs sabiujeto SezRuduloba ( Budget Constraint ). is
gviCvenebs,

Tu rogori samomxmareblo nakrebi SeiZleba iqnes SeZenili mocemuli

Tanxis saSualebiT. grafikulad mas wrfis forma aqvs (naxazi 4.9. gaixseneT da
SeadareT kardinalur TeoriaSi ganxilul sabiujeto wrfes).

93

Tu I - momxmareblis Semosavalia; Px X dovlaTis fasi, Py Y

dovlaTis

fasi, xolo X da Y Seadgenen SeZenil dovlaTTa raodenobas, maSin sabiujeto

SezRudulobis toloba SeiZleba Caweril iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
I Px X Py Y

(4.8)

an

P
I
x X,
Py Py

(4.9)

I
Py

Px
Py

I
Px

nax. 4.9 sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe

sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe gviCvenebs, rogori samomxmareblo nakrebebi SeiZleba
iqnes SeZenili mocemuli Tanxis saSualebiT. igi gadis im wertilebze, sadac aRiniSneba
TiToeuli saqonlis SeZenis ukiduresi pirobebi: roca momxmarebeli saerTod ar iZens erT
an meore saqonels.

X 0; Y I / Py

roca
Y dovlaTis

Semosavals
dovlaTis

SesaZenad.
am

misi

dovlaTis

raodenobas,

anu

momxmareblis

raodenobis

fasTan.

romelsac

mTeli

daTvla

advilia,

Y 0; X I / Px

Tu

momxmarebeli

Semosavali

ixarjeba

SevafardebT

anu Cven vpoulobT

yidulobs

fasSi

Px

ra

mTeli

SemosavliT. Sedegad SegviZlia avagoT sabiujeto wrfe (naxazi 4.9), sadac -

Px
Py

danaxarjTa (biujetis) kuTxuri koeficientia, romelic gansazRvravs sabiujeto

wrfis daxrilobas abscisaTa RerZTan. sabiujeto wrfis daxriloba tolia misi
OX

RerZTan

Seqmnili

kuTxis

tangensis

mniSvnelobis.

amis

gamo

SegviZlia

I
P
CavweroT, rom igi aris Y / X Y PX
I
PY
PX

4.5 momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani

Cven ukve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor irCeven momxmareblebi ra
raodenobiT iyidon esa Tu is saqoneli sakuTari upiratesobebis sistemisa da
sabiujeto
iqcevian

SezRudulobis

racionalurad

e.i.

gaTvaliswinebiT.
irCeven

vgulisxmobT,

saqonels

ise,

rom

rom
miiRon

momxmareblebi
maqsimaluri

sargeblianoba maTTvis xelmisawvdomi SezRuduli biujetis pirobebSi. imisaTvis,

rom pasuxobdes maqsimizaciis moTxovnebs sabazro kalaTam unda daakmayofilos

94

ori piroba (simartivisTvis SevniSnavT, rom es pirobebi kardinaluri Teoriis

pirobaTa analogiuria):
1.

is unda mdebareobdes sabiujeto wrfeze;

2. man

unda

uzrunvelyos

momxmareblisTvis

saqonlisa

da

momsaxurebis

yvelaze ukeTesi kombinacia.

momxmareblis arCevanis problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia gamovsaxoT naxazze
4.10.

masze

sami

upiratesobebs

ganurCevlobis
da Y

mrudia,

romlebic

aRweren

momxmareblis

saqonelTa Soris arCevanis dros. aRvniSnavT, rom

wertili ganurCevlobis U 1 mrudze ar warmoadgens yvelaze ukeTes arCevans. Tuki

Semosavali gadanawilebuli iqneba ise, rom meti daixarjos

saqonelze da

naklebi Y -ze, maSin momxmareblis sargeblianoba SeiZleba gaizardos. kerZod, gadavalT ra

wertilSi, momxmarebeli xarjavs igive Tanxas, magram aRwevs

kmayofilebis ufro maRal dones, romelic ukavSirdeba U 2 ganurCevlobis mruds.

vinaidan adamianebi fiqroben, rom is saqoneli, rac maT moswonT ukeTesia bevri
hqondeT, vidre cota, amitom ufro maRali sargeblianobis mqone ganurCevlobis
mrudze arsebuli kalaTa ufro misaRebia maTTvis.
damatebiT

SevniSnavT,

rom

kalaTebs,

romlebic

ganlagebuli

arian

ganurCevlobis U 2 mrudis marjvniv da zemoT, magaliTad U 3 mrudze (wertili

M ), moaqvT meti kmayofileba, magram arsebuli biujetis pirobebSi maTi SeZena

SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare

kalaTa momxmarebels aZlevs maqsimalur

kmayofilebas.
am analizidan Cans, rom kalaTa, romelsac moaqvs maqsimaluri kmayofileba
geometriulad unda mdebareobdes ganurCevlobis mrudisa da sabiujeto wrfis
Sexebis

wertilSi.

am

wertilSi

sabiujeto

wrfis

daxriloba

utoldeba

ganurCevlobis mrudis daxrilobas.

es mniSvnelovani daskvnaa: kmayofileba maqsimums aRwevs im SemTxvevaSi,
roca Senacvlebis zRvruli norma utoldeba am saqonelTa fasebis Sefardebas.
amgvarad: momxmarebels SeuZlia miiRos maqsimaluri sargeblianoba (kmayofileba)
maSin, Tuki X

da Y

saqonelTa moxmarebis struqturis koreqtirebas moaxdens

ise, rom MRS udrides maTi fasebis fardobas.

MRS

PX
PY

(4.10)

sadac: MRS - aris Y saqonlis X saqonliT Secvlis zRvruli norma;

Px X saqonlis fasi;
Py Y saqonlis fasi.

95

M
U3
D
U2
L
U1

Px / Py
O

nax. 4.10 momxmareblis wonasworuli mdgomareoba

momxmareblis optimaluri arCevania

wertili,

U2

ganurCevlobis mrudisa da sabiujeto wrfis Sexebis

wertili. aq sabiujeto wrfe exeba ufro maRali sargeblianobis amsaxvel ganurCevlobis mruds.
miRweva SeuZlebelia saWiro Tanxebis uqonlobis gamo.

wertilis

tolobaSi 4.10 mocemuli piroba gviCvenebs pirobebis optimizaciis saxeebs,

romlebic

xSirad

gamoiyeneba

ekonomikur

TeoriaSi.

mocemul

SemTxvevaSi

maqsimaluri kmayofileba miiRweva maSin, roca zRvruli sargeblianoba (Marginal

Benefit) (sargeblianoba dakavSirebuli X saqonlis erTi damatebiTi erTeulis
miRebidan),

utoldeba

zRvrul

(X

saqonlis

MRS -is saSualebiT. D

wertilSi

danaxarjebs

( Marginal Cost )

damatebiTi erTeulis danaxarjebs).

zRvruli sargeblianoba gamoiTvleba

MRS udris ganurCevlobis mrudis daxrilobis kuTxes (romelic Tavis mxriv X

da

saqonelTa fasebis Tanafardobis

danaxarjebi

ganisazRvreba

sabiujeto

tolia). imave

wrfis

kuTxis tangensiT ganisazRvreba da Tavis mxriv

wertilSi zRvruli

daxrilobiT,

da Y

romelic

daxris

saqonelTa fasebis

Tanafardobis tolia.
Tu MRS metia an naklebi vidre fasebis Tanafardoba, maSin momxmareblis
kmayofileba

ar

aRwevs

maqsimalur

mniSvnelobas.

sabiujeto

wrfis

gaswvriv

moZraobiT biujetis gadanawileba mimdinareobs manam, vidre ar mivaRwevT

wertils, sadac fasebis Tanafardoba zustad utoldeba MRS .

amgvarad, momxmareblis sargeblianobis maqsimizacia miiRweva maSin, roca
saqonelTa sargeblianobis Tanafardoba maTi fasebis Tanafardobis tolia. ufro
martivad rom avxsnaT, sargeblianobis maqsimizaciis mizniT, sasurvel saqonelTa
Soris yvelaze ZviradRirebulma sargeblianobac yvelaze maRali unda moitanos.
amasTan

SeZenili

yoveli

saqonlis

mixedviT

daxarjul

TiToeul

larze,

sargeblianobac Tanabari unda iyos. e.i. aqac unda Sesruldes racionaluri

qcevis piroba, rom zRvruli sargebeli unda iyos danaxarjebze meti an toli
mainc: MB MC.

4.6 kuTxuri gadawyvetilebebi

96

zogjer momxmareblebi raime saqonelTan mimarTebaSi iReben

gadawyvetilebebs.
garTobaze.

magaliTad,

ganurCevlobis

saerTod ar

mrudTa

xarjaven Tanxas

analiziT

SesaZlebelia

ukidures

mogzaurobasa
gamovsaxoT

da

aseTi

gadawyvetilebebi.
naxazi 4.11 gviCvenebs im individis qcevas, romelsac aqvs saSualeba iyidos
deserti AB sabiujeto wrfis Sesabamisad da irCevs SeiZinos mxolod xili da
saerTod ar miirTvas nayini. grafikulad esaa e.w. kuTxuri gadawyvetilebis
SemTxveva situacia, roca erTi saqonlis meoreTi Senacvlebis zRvruli norma
ar

utoldeba

sabiujeto

wrfis

daxrilobas.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi

optimaluri

samomxmareblo kalaTa Zevs grafikis kuTxeSi.

U2

U3

xili

U1

nayini

B
nax. 4.11 kuTxuri gadawyvetileba
grafikze gamosaxulia im individis qceva, romelic irCevs SeiZinos mxolod xili da saerTod ar miirTvas
nayini. esaa e.w. kuTxuri gadawyvetileba - situacia, roca erTi saqonlis meoreTi Senacvlebis zRvruli
norma ar utoldeba sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobas.

B wertilSi, romelic warmoadgens maqsimaluri kmayofilebis wertils,

xilis

nayiniT

Senacvlebis

zRvruli

norma

MRS

metia,

vidre

arsebuli

sabiujeto wrfis daxriloba. es utoloba gviCvenebs, rom Tuki momxmarebels

eqneboda imdeni nayini, rom SesaZlebloba qonoda kidev eTqva uari masze, is kvlav
sixaruliT

gadacvlida

uaryofiTi

raodenobis

nayins

xilze.

gamoyeneba

amasTan

unda

SeuZlebelia.

gvaxsovdes,

kuTxuri

rom

nayinis

gadawyvetilebis

aRmocenebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli araa, rom MRS fasebis Tanafardobis toli

iyos.
Senacvlebis

zRvruli

normis

sazogadod

miRebuli

tolobisgan

gansxvavebiT ( MRS PX / PY ), imisaTvis, rom xilsa da nayins Soris arCevanis dros

kuTxuri

gadawyvetilebis

SemTxvevaSi

moxdes

kmayofilebis

maqsimizacia,

aucilebelia Sesruldes Semdegi utoloba:

MRS PX / PY

(4.11)

am utolobis marjvena mxare Sebrundeba Tuki kuTxuri gadawyvetileba A

wertilSi aRmoCndeba da ara B -Si (naxazi 4.11). nebismier SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom
zemoT aRwerili, zRvruli danaxarjebis da zRvruli sargeblianobis toloba,
sruldeba

mxolod

im

dros,

roca

yvela

moxmarebuli

saqonlis

raodenoba

dadebiTi sididea.

97

amgvarad,

cvalebad

ekonomikur

garemoSi

prognozi

SesaZeni

saqonlis

raodenobaze, damokidebulia samomxmareblo upiratesobebze (rogorc mocemul,

aseve Tanmdev saqonelTan mimarTebaSi) da biujetis sidideze (momxmarebelTa
sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobaze).
Tu xilis nayiniT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma gacilebiT metia, vidre
fasebis Tanafardoba, rogorc es xdeba naxazze 4.11, nayinze fasis umniSvnelo
Semcireba ar Secvlis momxmareblis arCevans, is mainc mxolod xils miirTmevs.
Tu nayinis fasi sagrZnoblad daiklebs, maSin momxmarebeli uceb gadaerTveba
masze.

4.7

ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba

ekonomikur literaturaSi ganxiluli ganurCevlobis mrudebis grafikuli

gamosaxulebebi erTmaneTisgan Zalze gansxvavdeba. amis safuZvelia is, Tu rogoria
ori saqonelis damokidebuleba. naxazze 4.12 gamosaxulia ganurCevlobis mrudTa
mravalferovneba.
Y
Y

`a~

`b~

`g~

`d~

Y
Y

`e~

`v~

`z~

`T~

nax. 4.12 ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba

sruli

urTierTSemcvleli saqonlisTvis, magaliTad: TeTri da wiTeli

bali, Savi da TeTri TuTa, damokidebulebis amsaxveli ganurCevlobis mrudebi

mocemulia naxazze 4.12 `a~. zogi srulad Semavsebeli saqonelia, magaliTad:
kompiuteris monitori da procesori. maT damokidebulebas asaxavs naxazi 4.12 `b~.
Tu momxmareblisTvis orive saqoneli Tanabrad misaRebia, ganurCevlobis mrudebs
aqvT naxazze 4.12 `g~ mocemuli saxe. im SemTxvevaSi, roca momxmareblisTvis
garkveuli upiratesoba erT maTgans eniWeba meoresTan SedarebiT, ganurCevlobis
mrudebi naxazze 4.12 `d~ da `e~ gamosaxul formas iReben. magaliTad, wiTeli ( X )

98

da TeTri ( Y ) Rvinis miReba. pirveli ufro sasargebloa saojaxo sadilTan mcire

doziT (`d~), xolo meore maTgani did nadimze molxenis dros (`e~).
Tu momxmareblisTvis misaRebia mxolod Y

saqoneli, maSin ganurCevlobis

mrudi iRebs naxazze 4.12 `v~ gamosaxul formas. mxolod X saqonelis msurvelis
ganwyoba naCvenebia naxazis 4.12 `z~ SemTxvevaSi. SevniSnavT, rom aseTi SemTxveva
kuTxuri gadawyvetilebis absoluturad ukiduresi formaa. Tu saqonelTa erTad
gamoyeneba sasurveli da misaRebi ar aris, maSin aseTi wyvilis ganurCevlobis
mrudebs naxazis 4.12 `T~ SemTxveva asaxavs.

4.8
momxmarebelTa
upiratesobebis
SesaZlebelia
cnobilia

gamoxatuli upiratesobani

qcevis

TeoriaSi

(preferenciebis)
Tu

misi

ara

sakiTxis

gansazRvrul

arCevanis

didi

variantebi.

ganxilvas.

iqnes
es

adgili

eTmoba

aq

saWiroa

momxmareblis
SesaZlebelia,

gamoxatuli
dadgindes,

upiratesobani,
Tuki

aris

Tuki

sakmarisi

informacia im sxvadasxva alternativebis garkveuli raodenobis Sesaxeb, romlebic airCies momxmareblebma Semosavlebisa da fasebis ama Tu im donis pirobebSi.
ZiriTadi idea martivia. Tu momxmarebeli irCevs erT sabazro kalaTas,
meoris

sanacvlod

da

Tu

SerCeuli

kalaTa

Rirs

ufro

Zviri,

vidre

misi

alternativa, maSin momxmarebelma upiratesoba unda mianiWos arCeul sabazro

kalaTas.
davuSvaT, rom lukas qonda sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe L1 da airCia A
kalaTa (naxazi 4.12). SevadaroT A kalaTa B
eyida sabazro kalaTa
kalaTa)

magram

ar

(ise rogorc

moiqca

ase,

da D -s. vinaidan lukas SeeZlo

L1 wrfis qvemoT moTavsebuli yvela

SegviZlia

vTqvaT,

rom

kalaTa

misTvis

upiratesia, vidre B .
erTi SexedviT

Cans,

rom

da

kalaTebis

pirdapiri Sedareba

SeuZlebelia, vinaidan D ar mdebareobs L1 wrfeze. davuSvaT, rom sakvebisa da

tansacmlis SefardebiTi fasebi Seicvala ise, rom axali sabiujeto wrfe gaxda

L2 da amis Semdgom lukam airCia sabazro kalaTa B . vinaidan D Zevs sabiujeto

wrfeze

L2 , magram ar iqna arCeuli e.i. misTvis B

upiratesia vidre

D (da

nebismieri kalaTa L2 wrfis qvemoT).

vinaidan

upiratesia

davaskvnaT, rom lukasTvis

B -ze da

upiratesia

kalaTa upiratesia

D -ze, Cven SegviZlia

D -ze. aRniSnulis garda

naxazze 4.12 Cans, rom A kalaTa umjobesia yvela danarCen kalaTebze, romlebic
moTavsebuli arian Ria ferad daStrixul zonaSi. vinaidan sakvebi da tansacmeli
ufro metad dovlaTia, vidre antidovlaTi, amitom yvela kalaTebi, romlebic
mdebareoben muqi zonis daStrixul marTkuTxedSi

A wertilis zemoT da mar-

99

jvniv, arian upiratesi, vidre A . amgvarad, ganurCevlobis mrudi, romelic gadis

A wertilze, unda iyos dauStrixav farTobze.

fasebisa

da

upiratesobebis

Semosavlebis

ufro

maRali

cvalebadobis

sizustiT

pirobebSi,

gamovlenis

mizniT,

individis
SegviZlia

visargebloT ganurCevlobis mrudiT.

ganvixiloT

naxazi

4.13.

davuSvaT

luka,

romelic

SemosazRvrulia

L3

sabiujeto wrfiT (romelic ise iqna SerCeuli, rom gaevlo A wertilze), axla
irCevs

sabazro

kalaTas

E.

vinaidan

arCeulia

imis

miuxedavad,

rom

RirebulebiT A -s tolia (is mdebareobs imave

y
L1

A
L2

B
D

x
nax. 4.12 gamoxatuli upiratesobebi: ori sabiujeto wrfe

L1 wrfe da airCia A kalaTa. vinaidan lukas

B
SeeZlo eyida sabazro kalaTa
magram ar moiqca ase, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom A
kalaTa misTvis upiratesia, vidre B .
lukas qonda sabiujeto SezRudulobis

sabiujeto wrfeze), E upiratesia A -ze, rogorc yvela marTkuTxedis wertilebi

E -s marjvniv da zemoT. upiratesobaTa mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs romelime

optimaluri kalaTis aRmniSvnel wertilze marjvniv da zeviT gavlebuli wrfeebi
da maT Soris moTavsebuli farTobi.

100

y
L3

E
L1
L4
A
L2

G
B

x
nax. 4.13 gamoxatuli upiratesobebi: 4 sabiujeto wrfe
naxazze ganxilulia 4 sabiujeto wrfe im daSvebiT, rom upiratesobebi aris amozneqili. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan E upiratesia A -ze, yvela sabazro kalaTa AE monakveTis zemoT da
marjvniv upiratesi unda iyos A kalaTasTan SedarebiT.

magaliTad, naxazi 4.13 A , E da G wertilebidan gavlebuli wrfeebi, moicaven im

kalaTebs, romelTa Sesaxebac SeiZleba pirdapir iTqvas, rom isini upiratesia
wrfeebis gadakveTis wertilSi arsebul kalaTebTan SedarebiT.
davuSvaT, rom lukam, romelic SemosazRvrulia

L4 sabiujeto wrfiT

(romelic A wertilzec gadis), airCia sabazro kalaTa G . vinaidan SerCeul iqna

A , amitom G

da ara

upiratesia

A -ze, rogorc yvela sabazro kalaTebi

marTkuTxedSi G -s zemoT da marjvniv. Cven SegviZlia gavagrZeloT msjeloba im

daSvebiT, rom upiratesobebi aris amozneqili. aseT SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan

upiratesia A -ze, yvela sabazro kalaTebi (naxazi 4.13) AE monakveTis zemoT da

marjvniv upiratesi unda iyos A kalaTasTan SedarebiT. analogiuri argumentebis
Sesabamisad, yvela wertili

AG monakveTze da mis zemoT aseve upiratesia A

wertilTan SedarebiT. vinaidan arCeuli iqna G e. i. G iyo yvelaze upiratesi L4

sabiujeto wrfeze da mis qvemoT arsebul kalaTebze (maT Soris A -zec), amitom

G kalaTis marjvniv da zemoT arsebuli kalaTebi upiratesia A -ze. aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare

ganurCevlobis

mrudi

unda

mdebareobdes

zeda,

muq

ferad

daStrixul farTobSi.
gamoxatuli upiratesobebi gamoiyeneba imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu ramdenad
emTxveva

arCevanis

daSvebebs.

individualuri

varianti

momxmarebelTa

igi gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu rogor akeTebs

qcevis

Teoriis

momxmarebeli arCevans

konkretul situaciaSi.

ZiriTadi terminebi

zRvruli sargeblianoba
erToblivi sargeblianoba

101

sargeblianobis funqcia
Senacvlebis zRvruli norma
sabiujeto SezRuduloba
kuTxuri gadawyvetilebebi
gamoxatuli upiratesobebi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

momxmareblis arCevanis Teoria eyrdnoba varauds, rom adamianebi moqmedeben

racionalurad,

raTa

miiRon

maqsimaluri

sargeblianoba

saqonlisa

da

momsaxurebis gansazRvruli kombinaciis SeZeniT.

2. samomxmareblo

arCevans

samomxmareblo

aqvs

upiratesobis

ori

urTierTdakavSirebuli

(preferenciebis)

Seswavla

da

nawili:
sabiujeto

SezRudulobis analizi, romelic gansazRvravs individis arCevans.

3.

momxmareblebi

arCevans

akeTeben

sabazro

kalaTebis

anu

saqonelTa

nakrebebis SedarebiT. ekonomistebi uSveben, rom am dros yoveli saqonlis

met raodenobas upiratesoba eniWeba naklebTan SedarebiT.
4. Senacvlebis zRvruli norma (MRS) klebadia da momxmareblis upiratesobebi
aris amozneqili. sargeblianobis maqsimizaciis dros Senacvlebis zRvruli
norma utoldeba SeZenili ori saqonlis fasebis Tanafardobas. zogjer
sargeblianobis
SemTxvevaSi

maqsimizacia

Senacvlebis

miiRweva

zRvruli

`kuTxuri

norma

araa

gadawyvetilebiT~.
aucilebeli

am

fasebis

Tanafardobis toli iyos.

5. gamoxatuli

upiratesobis

Seswavlili iqnes

Teoria

gviCvenebs,

Tu

rogor

SeiZleba

individebis mier gakeTebuli arCevani, fasebisa da

Semosavlebis cvlebis dros.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1.

aRwereT sargeblianobis kardinaluri Teoriis ZiriTadi daSvebebi.

2. CamoayalibeT gosenis pirveli kanoni.

3.

CawereT da gansazRvreT gosenis meore kanoni.

4. CamoTvaleT momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi.

5. gansazRvreT sabiujeto wrfe da grafikulad gamosaxeT misi gadaadgilebis
SemTxvevebi.
6. isaubreT

ganurCevlobis

mrudis

da

sabiujeto

SezRudulobis

wrfis

Sesaxeb.
7. ras niSnavs MRS ?
8. grafikulad

gamosaxeT

da

axseniT

momxmareblis

piroba maTematikuri aparatis gamoyenebiT.

102

optimaluri

arCevanis

9. grafikulad gamosaxeT ganurCevlobis mrudTa saxeebi.

10. aRwereT momxmareblis gamoxatuli upiratesobebi.

103

Tavi 5. individualuri da sabazro moTxovna

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis kanonzomierebebis gansazRvras
`Semosavali- moxmareba~ da `fasi-moxmareba~ determinantebiT
2. momxmarebelTa qcevis Taviseburebebis axsnas
3. cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis Sefasebas

5.1

individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi

ganvlil

TemaSi

Cven

CamovayalibeT

momxmarebelTa

qcevis

Teoriis

safuZvlebi. aRvniSneT, rom momxmarebelTa upiratesobebis gamovlena gvexmareba

gavigoT Tu rogor irCeven momxmareblebi optimalur kalaTas da rogor axdenen
sargeblianobis
dagvexmareba

maqsimizacias

SeviswavloT

sabiujeto

momxmarebelTa

SezRudulobis
moTxovnis

pirobebSi.

Taviseburebani,

es

rogorc

individualur, ise sabazro doneze.

sazogadod, momxmareblis moTxovnaze moqmed faqtorTa Sorisaa myidvelTa
ricxovnobac.

rac

ufro

meti

myidveli

hyavs

bazars,

miT

metia

moTxovna

saqonelze da piriqiT.
aqamde

vixilavdiT

moTxovnis

individualur

mrudebs.

ekonomikuri

TeoriisaTvis sainteresoa moTxovnis sabazro mrudis Seswavlac. igi miiReba

myidvelTa individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT.
ganvixiloT

magaliTi:

naxazze

5.1 `a~

da `b~

SemTxvevebi warmoadgenen

daviTisa da qeTevanis moTxovnaTa individualur mrudebs.

daviTi bazarze moTxovnas waradgens 12 larze dabali fasebis pirobebSi,
xolo qeTevani 10 larze dabali fasebis pirobebSi. roca fasi 7 laria daviTi
yidulobs 8 cal saqonels (naxazi 5.1 `a~), xolo qeTevani 5 cals (naxazi 5.1 `b~).
moTxovnis sabazro mrudi 12-dan 10 laramde fasebis SualedSi gaimeorebs
daviTis moTxovnis individualuri mrudis formas, vinaidan bazarze mxolod erTi
myidvelia.
fasis 10 laris niSnulze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi mimarTulebas Seicvlis
bazarze meore myidvelis gamoCenisa da Sesabamisad moTxovnis moculobis gazrdis
gamo. 7 lari fasis pirobebSi myidvelTa erToblivi moTxovna Seadgens 13 (5+8)
erTeuls. Tu daviTis maqsimaluri moTxovnis moculoba 16 erTeulia, xolo
qeTevanis 20, sabazro moTxovna iqneba 36 (20+16), rasac zustad asaxavs moTxovnis
sabazro mrudi (naxazi 5.1 `g~).

104

msgavs process eqneba adgili sami da meti myidvelis SemTxvevaSic da

sabolood

moTxovnis

sabazro

mrudi

iqneba

gacilebiT

elastikuri,

vidre

moTxovnis calkeuli individualuri mrudebi.

P
P

P
12

12
10

10

10
7

7
8+5=13

16

`a~

20

20+16

13

`b~

36

`g~

nax. 5.1 `a~ da `b~ daviTisa da qeTevanis moTxovnaTa individualuri mrudebia, `g~ moTxovnis sabazro mrudi
`a~ naxazze gamosaxulia daviTis individualuri moTxovnis mrudi. `b~ naxazi asaxavs qeTevanis
moTxovnis individualur mruds. sabazro moTxovna gamosaxulia `g~ naxazze, romelic miiReba daviTisa da
qeTevanis moTxovnaTa individualuri mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT.

5.2

mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~

ganvlili Temidan viciT, rom nebismier sabiujeto wrfes gaaCnia Tavisi

ganurCevlobis mrudTan Sexebis wertili, rac momxmareblis optimalur arCevans
aRniSnavs. aseve cnobilia, rom fuladi Semosavlebis zrda iwvevs biujetis wrfis
marjvniv da zemoT paralelur gadaadgilebas. ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic
aRwerilia

naxazze

5.2.

MB

momxmareblisTvis

pirobebSi optimaluri arCevania K

sabiujeto

SezRudulobis

wertili, romelsac Seesabameba 2 X

da 3 Y

saqoneli. Semosavlis zrdisa da fasebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi, sabiujeto wrfe

gadaadgildeba

M 1 B1 mdgomareobaSi. aq optimaluri arCevania K1 (4 X

da 6 Y )

wertilSi. Semosavlis Semdgomi zrdis SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto wrfe gadava M 2 B2

mdgomareobaSi, sadac optimaluri kalaTa ganTavsdeba K 2 (6 X da 9 Y ) wertilSi.
naxazze 5.2 `a~ Cans, rom ganurCevlobis mrudTa biujetis wrfeebTan Sexebis
wertilebia K ; K1 ; K 2 . isini gviCveneben momxmareblis wonasworul mdgomareobebs
misi Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad.
Tu
mruds,

koordinatTa saTavesa
romelsac

literaturaSi

igi

j.

hiqsma

da

K ; K1 ; K 2

uwoda

cxovrebis

donis

mrudi

wertilebs

SevaerTebT

`Semosavali-moxmareba~.

mrudis

saxeliTac

SeiZleba

miviRebT

ekonomikur
Segvxvdes.

sazogadod, moTxovnis yoveli mrudi Semosavlis garkveul dones Seesabameba,

xolo SemosavalSi nebismieri cvlileba iwvevs Tavad moTxovnis Secvlas da misi
mrudis gadaadgilebas.

105

naxazebis 5.2 `a~ da `b~ erT sibrtyeze dalagebiT es naTlad Cans. mrudze
`Semosavali-moxmareba~
wertils

arsebuli

D moTxovnis

mrudze

wertili

(naxazi

5.2

(naxazi

`b~).

5.2.

`a~)

analogiurad

Seesabameba C wertili D1 moTxovnis mrudze, xolo

Seesabameba

K1

wertils

aisaxeba E wertilSi

K2

D2 moTxovnis mrudze. amgvarad, roca mrudi `Semosavali- moxmareba~ zrdadia,

maSin Semosavlis zrda iwvevs moTxovnis gazrdas da misi mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas. amis gamo, Semosavlis mixedviT elastikuroba dadebiTia (vgulisxmobT
normalur, maRalxarisxian dovlaTs).
Tu mrudi `Semosavali - moxmareba~ koordinatTa saTavidan gamova 450 kuTxiT,
es niSnavs, rom Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad momxmarebeli erTnairi proporciiT
gazrdis

da

dovlaTTa

moxmarebas.

Tu

SenaZeni

saqonlis

raodenoba

gaizrdeba araproporciulad, maSin Seicvleba mrudis OX RerZTan daxrilobis

kuTxe.
y
M2

mrudi `Semosavalimoxmareba~
M1

U3

9
M

U2
K2
U1

`aA~

K1

6
3

K
2

B 6

B1

B2

Px
E

`bA~

D
2

D1

D2

Qx

nax. 5.2 Semosavlis cvlilebis efeqti

K ; K1 ; K 2

gviCveneben momxmareblis wonasworul mdgomareobebs misi Semosavlis zrdasTan

erTad. mrudze `Semosavali-moxmareba~ arsebuli

moTxovnis mrudze (nax. `b~). analogiurad
mrudze, xolo

K2

aisaxeba

wertilSi

D2

K1

wertili (nax. `a~) Seesabameba

wertils Seesabameba

wertili

A
D1

wertils

moTxovnis

moTxovnis mrudze.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi moTxovna mcirdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, aseTia

dabalxarisxiani

106

(mdare)

saqoneli.

masze

Semosavlis

mixedviT

elastikuroba

uaryofiTia. momxmarebeli aseT saqonels Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad naklebi

raodenobiT iZens.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: kviraSi 4 dRe beqa samagistro naSromze muSaobis gamo
intensiurad dadis erovnul biblioTekaSi. Sesvenebis dros, Tavisi materialuri
SesaZleblobis mixedviT, is Tavis meniuSi iTvaliswinebs kartofilian (fasi 0,30
l) an xorcian (fasi 0,60 l) Rvezels.
Tu

beqas

yovelkvireulad

3,60

lari

aqvs

gaTvaliswinebuli

Sesvenebaze

sakvebad saWiro xarjebisTvis, igi yidulobs 6 cal kartofilian Rvezels (naxazi

5.3, A wertili). biujetis 7,20 laramde gazrdis pirobebSi SesyidvaTa proporcia
ucvleli rCeba da optimaluria B wertilSi arsebuli 12 cali kartofiliani
Rvezelis SeZena.
10,80 lariani biujetis pirobebSi beqa cvlis Tavis SesyidvaTa struqturas.
biujetis 3-jer gazrdis gamo igi 18 kartofilian Rvezels ki ar iZens, aramed 10
cals. danarCen Tanxas is xarjavs xorciani Rvezelis sasargeblod ( C wertili).
am SemTxvevaSi xorciani Rvezeli gamodis rogorc maRalxarisxiani produqti,
xolo kartofiliani Rvezeli - dabalxarisxiani. am mizezis gamo Semosavlis
zrdasTan erTad beqas moTxovnis moculoba kartofilian Rvezelze mcirdeba.

xorciani Rvezelis raodenoba

C
U3

mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~

B
U2
A
U1
6 10

24

12

48

kartofiliani Rvezelis raoden.

nax. 5.3 mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~ dabalxarisxiani saqonlisaTvis

zogierT SemTxvevaSi moTxovna mcirdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, aseTia dabalxarisxiani saqoneli.
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi xorciani Rvezeli gamodis rogorc maRalxarisxiani produqti, xolo kartofiliani
Rvezeli - dabalxarisxiani.

5.3 engelis mrudebi

XX

saukuneSi

ekonomist

mecnierTa

mier

SemCneul

iqna,

rom

realuri

Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad pirveli rigis aucileblobis dovlaTTan SedarebiT,

ufro metad izrdeba meore rigis aucileblobis dovlaTis moxmareba.

107

pirveli

mkvlevari,

romelic

akvirdeboda

Semosavlebis

gavlenas

momxmarebelTa xarjebis struqturaze iyo germaneli statistikosi ernest engeli.

man Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebi Camoayaliba kanonis saxiT da aRniSna, rom Semosavlis
mixedviT

araelastikuri

moTxovnis

mqone

yoveli

( 0 E IP 1 ),

saqonlisTvis

romelime konkretuli momxmareblisTvis arsebobs iseTi dovlaTi, romlisTvisac

moTxovna elastikuria ( E IP 1 ). es damokidebuleba engelma gamoxata grafikulad.
maT engelis mrudebi (Engel Curve) ewodeba.
vinaidan

mrudi

`Semosavali

moxmareba~

aRwers

damokidebulebas

moxmarebuli saqonlis raodenobasa da individualur Semosavals Soris, igi

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes engelis mrudebis agebis dros.
ganvixiloT
zrdasTan

naxazze

erTad

izrdeba

5.4

aRwerili

SeZenili

magaliTi.

saqonlis

aq

Cans,

raodenoba.

rom

Semosavlis

magaliTad,

Tu

saqoneli iqneboda sakvebi, maSin engelis mrudi miiRebda iseT saxes, rogoric
mocemulia naxazze 5.4.`a~. esaa zogadi damokidebuleba Semosavlis zrdasa da
sakvebze danaxarjebs Soris (izrdeba Semosavali da izrdeba danaxarjebi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom engelis mrudis forma icvleba dabalxarisxiani saqonlis
SemTxvevaSi. amis safuZvelia aseT saqonelze Semosavlis mixedviT moTxovnis
elastikurobis
SedarebiT

uaryofiTi

mniSvneloba.

dabalxarisxiania,

ix.

(kartofiliani

naxazi 5.3.).

Rvezeli

Sedegad viRebT

xorcianTan

engelis mruds,

romlis forma gamosaxulia naxazze 5.4 `b~.

engelis mrudi

Semosavali
10,8

10,8

7,2

7,2

3,6

3,6

`a~

engelis mrudi
dabalxarisxiani
saqonlisTvis

Semosavali

sakvebi

kartofiliani
Rvezeli

`b~

nax. 5.4. `a~ da `b~ engelis mrudebi

Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba SeZenili saqonlis raodenoba. esaa zogadi damokidebuleba
Semosavlis zrdasa da sakvebze danaxarjebs Soris (naxazi 5.4.`a~). engelis mrudis forma icvleba
dabalxarisxiani saqonlis SemTxvevaSi. amis safuZvelia mdare saqonelze Semosavlis mixedviT
moTxovnis uaryofiTi elastikuroba (naxazi 5.4`b~).

engelis mrudebi h. tornkvistis interpretaciiT warmodgenilia naxazze 5.5.

abscisaTa RerZze aviRoT momxmarebelTa Semosavlebi I , xolo ordinatTa RerZze
im produqtebis raodenoba, rasac isini iyeneben.
Semosavlebis
gajereba

zrdis

sasursaTo

Sesabamisad,

saqonliT,

upirveles

Semdeg

yovlisa,

standartuli

xdeba

xarisxis

moTxovnis
samrewvelo

saqonliT da mxolod amis Semdeg maRalxarisxiani produqtiTa da momsaxurebiT.

108

SemCneulia

saintereso

kanonzomiereba.

maSinac

ki,

roca

mimdinareobs

gadasvla maRalxarisxian saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, xdeba axali afeTqeba

standartuli

xarisxis

yoveldRiuri

moxmarebis

samrewvelo

saqonelze

moTxovnaSi. magaliTad: Tu momxmarebeli sargeblobs SedarebiT ucnobi firmis

mier warmoebuli saojaxo teqnikiT, Semosavlebis gazrdis kvaldakval mas uCndeba
survili isargeblos cnobili brendebis ( Villeroy & Boch, PHILIPS, SONY da a.S.) mier
damzadebuli teqnikiT, avejiTa Tu sayofacxovrebo nivTebiT.
Q
maRalxarisxiani saqoneli
da momsaxureba
samrewvelo saqoneli
standartuli samomxmareblo
xarisxiT

sasursaTo saqoneli

nax. 5.5 engelis mrudebi tornkvistis interpretaciiT

momxmareblis Semosavlis zrdis Sedegad pirvel etapze izrdeba moTxovna pirveli rigis aucileblobis sagnebze,
Semdgom saSualo standartis sayofacxovrebo saqonelze, xolo momdevno etapze momxmarebls uCndeba survili
SeiZinos Zalze ZviradRirebuli saqoneli.

5.4 mrudi: `fasi-moxmareba~

mrudis

`Semosavali-moxmareba~

ganxilvis

dros

miRebuli

piroba

iyo

dovlaTze fasebis ucvleloba, icvleboda mxolod Semosavali. amJamad mudmiv

sidided aviRoT Semosavali, xolo cvalebadi sidide iyos erT-erTi dovlaTis
fasi.
ganvixiloT

magaliTi:

dimitris

SeiZinos latariis bileTebi ( X

aqvs

kviraSi

40

lari

saimisod,

rom

saqoneli) an wavides kinoTeatrSi ( Y saqoneli).

orive saxis bileTis fasia 4 - 4 lari. sawyisi sabiujeto wrfea BL1 (naxazi 5.6
`a~). am wrfis daxriloba tolia:

PX /PY = 4/4 = 1
davuSvaT, rom Semcirda latariis bileTis fasi da gaxda 2 lari. am dros
miiReba axali BL2 sabiujeto wrfe, romlis daxrilobaa Px / Py =2/4=1/2. optimaluri
kalaTaa

K ( BL2

sabiujeto

wrfisa

da

U2

ganurCevlobis

mrudis

Sexebis

wertili). Tu kidev Semcirdeba latariis bileTebis fasi da gaxdeba 1 lari, maSin

miviRebT axal

BL

sabiujeto wrfes, romlis daxriloba udris 1/4, xolo

109

momxmareblis optimaluri kalaTaa C . zemoT aRvniSneT, rom yovel sabiujeto

wrfes Tavisi optimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa Seesabameba. amis gamo dimitris
arCevanis cvlileba samomxmareblo kalaTis struqturaSi iwvevs imas, rom misi
optimaluri kalaTebia A , K da C .
Tu SevaerTebT X (latariis bileTi) saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad

A, K

miRebuli optimaluri kalaTebis amsaxvel

da

wertilebs, miviRebT

mruds `fasi-moxmareba.~
naxazidan 5.6 `a~ gamomdinare Cven SegviZlia avagoT naxazi 5.6 `b~. aq
latariis

bileTebis

fasisa

da

maTze

dimitris

moTxovnis

moculobis

urTierTdamokidebulebis gamosaxviT

Y kinoTeatris bileTebi

B
8

mrudi `fasimoxmareba~
A
K

`a~

6
5
U1

U2

U3

L3

L2

L1
10

16

20

40

X latariis bileTebi

Px

A1

`b~

4
K1
2
C1
1
0

D
2

10

16

QX

nax. 5.6 `a~ da `b~ mrudi fasi-moxmareba~

saqonelze fasis Semcireba saSualebas iZleva igi SeZenil iqnes meti raodenobiT. procesis
gagrZelebis Sesabamisad kvlav gaizrdeba SeZenili saqonlis raodenoba. Sedegad mrudi `fasimoxmareba~ asaxavs moTxovnis kanons.

vnaxavT, rom naxazze 5.6 `a~ arsebuli A wertili Tavisi maCveneblebiT (latariis
bileTebis SemTxvevaSi) Seesabameba A1 wertils naxazze 5.6 `b~. analogiurad
Seesabameba

K1 , xolo C

Seesabameba C1 . amgvarad,

A1

K1 da C1 wertilebis

SeerTebiT miviRebT latariis bileTebze moTxovnis D mruds. igi kidev erTxel

gvixsnis CvenTvis kargad nacnob moTxovnis kanons latariis bileTebze fasis
Semcireba zrdis masze moTxovnis moculobas.

110

5.5 fasebis cvlilebis Sedegi: Semosavlisa da

Senacvlebis efeqtebi
zemoaRniSnul

SemTxvevebSi

fasebisa

da

Semosavlebis

cvlileba

da

ucvleloba rigrigobiT gvqonda pirobad miRebuli. amjerad ganvixiloT iseTi

SemTxveva, roca moTxovna icvleba fasebis meryeobis Sedegad, ramac SeiZleba ori
saxis efeqti gamoiwvios: Semosavlis efeqti da Senacvlebis efeqti. cnobilia, rom
fasebis zrda amcirebs realur Semosavals, xolo Semcireba - zrdis realur
Semosavals. Semosavlis efeqti ukavSirdeba realuri Semosavlis cvlilebas da
misi

zemoqmedeba

moculobis

moTxovnis

zrdiT

an

moculobaze

SemcirebiT.

gamoixateba

ufro

martivad

saqonelze

moTxovnis

Semosavlis

efeqti

aRmocendeba maSin, roca fasis Semcirebis dros imave Semosavlis donis pirobebSi
momxmarebels SeuZlia meti SeiZinos.
Senacvlebis efeqti fasebis cvlilebis Sedegad mdgomareobs moTxovnis
moculobis adaptaciaSi SefardebiT fasebTan. roca erTi saqonlis fasi mcirdeba,
xolo meoresi ar icvleba, momxmarebeli ufro meti raodenobiT iZens gaiafebul
saqonels. samomxmareblo kalaTaSi izrdeba gaiafebuli saqonlis xvedriTi wili
meore saqonlis raodenobis Semcirebis xarjze.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom X dovlaTze fasi mcirdeba, xolo Y
dovlaTze

fasi

ucvleli

rCeba.

Semosavlis

done

sawyisi

mdgomareobisTvis

ganisazRvreba AB sabiujeto wrfis saSualebiT (naxazi 5.7). Tu erT dovlaTze

Semcirdeba fasi ( X

dovlaTi), maSin adgili eqneba or process: 1. gaizrdeba

individis

realuri

Semosavali,

saqonlis

SeZenaa

SesaZlebeli.

anu
2.

biujetis

saSualebiT

xorcieldeba

ufro

meti

raodenobis

ZviradRirebuli

dovlaTis, TandaTanobiT Secvla ufro iafi X dovlaTiT.

AB

sabiujeto

wrfesTan

U1

ganurCevlobis

mrudis

Sexebis

wertili

gviCvenebs momxmareblis E 0 Tavdapirvel wonasworul mdgomareobas (naxazi 5.7.`a~).

X saqonlis fasis Semcirebis Sedegad momxmarebeli iZens meti raodenobiT X

saqonels da Sedegad

AB sabiujeto wrfe gadadis

AB1 mdgomareobaSi (naxazi

5.7.`b~). aq wonasworuli arCevani miiReba ufro maRali sargeblianobis mqone U 2

mrudis

E1

wertilze, romelSic igi mxebia axali

AB1 sabiujeto wrfisTvis.

davadginoT am axali wonasworuli mdgomareobis misaRebad ra roli iTamaSes

calke realuri Semosavlis zrdam da calke saqonelTa urTierTSenacvlebam.
sakiTxis grafikulad gamosaxvis mizniT gavavloT A1 B2 sabiujeto wrfe ise,
rom igi iyos

AB1

sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri da imavdroulad mxebi

U1

ganurCevlobis sawyisi mrudisTvis. Sexebis wertili aRvniSnoT E 2 wonasworobis

mdgomareobiT (naxazi 5.7.`g~).

111

A1 B2 sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri gadatana marcxniv da qvemoT gamosaxavs

Semosavlis Semcirebas (ixile Tavi 4; $4.1). amasTan erTad U 1
mrudTan

Sexebis

piroba

gulisxmobs

imas,

rom

ganurCevlobis

momxmareblisTvis

sawyisi

sargeblianoba ucvleli darCa da saqonelTa SerCeuli raodenobis cvlileba

mxolod Senacvlebis efeqtis gavleniT moxda.
amgvarad, Tavdapirveli da axali sargeblianobebis sidide SenarCunebuli
iqna. axla gamovTvaloT Senacvlebis da Semosavlis efeqtebis raodenobrivi
mniSvnelobebi

OX

RerZze

E 0 E1

da

wonasworobis wertilebis proeqciaTa

E2

saSualebiT. kerZod, naxazze 5.7 `g~ X

saqonelze moTxovnis saerTo moculoba

gaizarda KK 2 sididiT. aq K 3 K 2 raodenobiT X

gamoiwvia Semosavlis

efeqtma,

xolo

darCenili

Senacvlebis efeqtiT. saerTo efeqtia KK 2 .

112

saqonelze moTxovnis momateba

KK 3

cvlileba gamowveulia

Y
`a~

A
E0

U1

K
B

A
E1

U2

`b~

E0

U1
K

K2

B
X

Y
A
E1

U2

E0

A1

`g~
U1

E2

K3

B
Senacvlebise
feqti

K2
B2

B1 X

Semosavlis
efeqti
saerTo efeqti

nax 5.7. `a~, `b~ da `Gg~ - Semosavlis da Senacvlebis efeqtebi normaluri saqonlisaTvis
erT saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad miiReba ori saxis efeqti, I (Semosavlis) roca igive SemosavliT met
saqonels vyidulobT da II (Senacvlebis), roca samomxmareblo kalaTaSi erT saqonels meoreTi SevcvliT.
`a~ naxazze gamosaxulia momxmareblis sawyisi optimaluri arCevani.
`b~ naxazze gamosaxulia momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani X saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad. am dros
sabiujeto wrfe AB gadadis AB1 mdgomareobaSi da miiReba axali wonasworuli arCevani E1 wertilSi
ganurCevlobis mrudze - U2 .
`g~ naxazze mocemulia A1 B2 sabiujeto wrfe, igi aris AB1 sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri. 0X RerZze X saqonelze
Semosavlis efeqtis mniSvnelobaa K 3 K 2 , xolo KK 3 aris Senacvlebis efeqtis sidide. saerTo efeqtis sididea KK 2 .

113

Senacvlebis efeqti (Substitution Effect) esaa momxmareblis moTxovnis

struqturis

( X da

saqonelTa

raodenoba

nakrebSi)

Secvla

gamowveuli

samomxmareblo kalaTaSi Semavali erT-erTi saqonlis fasis Secvlis Sedegad,

Semosavlis

efeqtis

ganurCevlobis

gaTvaliswinebis

mrudis

wrfeebTan Sexebis

gaswvriv,

wertilebze

gareSe.

gansxvavebuli

grafikulad

igi

erTidaimave

daxrilobis

mqone

sabiujeto

arsebuli samomxmareblo kalaTebis

SerCevaSi

gamoixateba.
Semosavlis efeqti (Income Effect) esaa zemoqmedeba, romelic mimdinareobs
samomxmareblo
gamowveulia

moTxovnaze
dovlaTze

realuri

fasis

Semosavlis

cvlilebis

cvlilebis

Sedegad,

xarjze,

Senacvlebis

rac

efeqtis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. grafikulad igi sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri gadataniT

sxvadasxva ganurCevlobis mrudebTan Sexebis wertilebze arsebuli samomxmareblo
kalaTebis SerCevaSi gamoixateba.
sazogadod,

Semosavlisa

da

Senacvlebis

efeqtebi

Tavisi

sididiT

gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva xarisxis saqonlisaTvis (sqema 5.1).

Semosavlis efeqti

Senacvlebis efeqti
1. normaluri
(standartuli)
saqoneli
saerTo efeqti

Senacvlebis efeqti
2. dabalxarisxiani
(mdare)
saqoneli
Semosavlis efeqti
saerTo efeqti

Senacvlebis efeqti

3. gifenis saqoneli
saerTo efeqti

Semosavlis efeqti

sqema 5.1 Semosavlis da Senacvlebis efeqti X saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad

kerZod,

normaluri

(standartuli)

dovlaTisTvis

saerTo

efeqti

Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis jamis tolia.

dabalxarisxiani (mdare) saqonlisTvis saerTo efeqti aris Senacvlebisa da
Semosavlis efeqtebis sxvaoba, sadac Warbobs Senacvlebis efeqtis sidide.
gifenis saqonlisTvis saerTo efeqti aris Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis
efeqtebis sxvaoba, sadac Warbobs Semosavlis efeqti.

114

5.6

momxmarebelTa qcevis Taviseburebani

momxmareblis
racionaluri

qcevis

qcevis

TeoriaSi

zogadi

miRebulia,

principebis

rom

Sesabamisad.

individebi
Tumca

iqcevian

realurad

es

yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. arsebobs adamianTa qcevis Taviseburebani, romlebic

ganisazRvreba gemovnebisa da upiratesobebis gavleniT. amerikelma ekonomistma h.
leibenstainma momxmareblis moTxovna dayo or did jgufad: funqcionalur da
arafunqcionalur saxeebad (sqema 5.2).

momxmarebelTa moTxovna

arafunqcionaluri

funqcionaluri

socialuri

umravlesobasTan
mierTebis
efeqti

spekulaciuri

araracionaluri

I veblenis

snobis efeqti

efeqti

sqema 5. 2 momxmareblis moTxovnis klasifikacia h. leibenstainis mixedviT

funqcionaluria
Tvisebebis

mixedviT,

moTxovna,
romlebic

romelic

ganpirobebulia

damaxasiaTebelia

dovlaTisaTvis.

magaliTad,

funqcionaluria

magidas

imis

rom

viZenT

gamo,

is

zogadad

moTxovna,

gvWirdeba

im

samomxmareblo

TviT

ekonomikuri

rodesac

kompiuteris

kompiuteruli

teqnikis

ufro

moxerxebulad gamoyenebis mizniT.

arafunqcionaluria moTxovna, romelic ganpirobebulia iseTi kategoriebiT,
romelic

uSualod

damaxasiaTebel

ar

ZiriTad

aris

dakavSirebuli

TvisebebTan.

ekonomikuri

magaliTad,

dovlaTisTvis

prestiJuli,

moduri,

avangarduli saqonlis SeZena an eqskluziuri saqonlis SeZena. am dros saqonlis

SeZenis

funqcionalur

daniSnulebas

emateba

da

gansazRvravs

individis

gemovnebisa da upiratesobebis piradi modeli.

arafunqcionalur

moTxovnaSi

gamoiyofa

socialuri,

spekulaciuri

da

araracionaluri moTxovnis saxeebi (sqema 5.2).

115

socialuri moTxovnis saxeobebia: umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqti, snobis

efeqti da veblenis efeqti. maT ekonomikur literaturaSi qselur gare efeqtebs
uwodeben. ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke.
1.

umravlesobasTan

cdilobs

ra

ar

mierTebis

CamorCes

sxvebs,

efeqti

(Bandwagon

yidulobs

imas,

Effect).

rasac

momxmarebeli

sxvebi.

mis

qcevas

gansazRvravs sxva momxmarebelTa Sexedulebebi da es damokidebuleba pirdapiria,

e.i.

umravlesobasTan

mierTebis

efeqtis

qveS

igulisxmeba

momxmarebelTa

moTxovnis zrdis efeqti. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom efeqti dadebiTia. naxazze
5.8 gamosaxulia moTxovnis sawyisi D

mrudi, romelic P1 wertilidan icvlis

mimarTulebas momxmarebelTa ricxovnobis zrdis Sedegad moTxovnis gazrdis

gamo.
umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis moqmedebis Sedegad axali moTxovnis
mrudi D1 ufro elastikuria. amgvarad, P1 P2 fasebis diapazonSi fasis cvlilebis
efeqti gamosaxuli

D
P

P1

P2

D1

Q1

Q3

Q2

fasis cvlilebis efeqti

Q
umravlesobasTan mierTebis
efeqti

nax. 5.8. moTxovnaze umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis zemoqmedeba

umavlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad P1 fasis pirobebSi icvleba moTxovna. amgvarad,
P1 P2 fasebis diapazonSi fasis cvlilebis efeqti gamosaxuli saqonelze moTxovnis cvlilebiT Seadgens Q1Q3 , xolo
umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtia Q3Q2 .

saqonelze moTxovnis cvlilebiT Seadgens

Q3Q1 ,

xolo umravlesobasTan mierTebis

efeqtia Q3Q2 . dadebiTi efeqti gulisxmobs imas, rom umravlesobasTan mierTebis

efeqtis raodenobrivi mniSvneloba aWarbebs fasis cvlilebis efeqts.
2. snobis efeqti (Snob Effect). am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblis survilia
gamoirCeodes masaSi. aqac calkeuli momxmareblis arCevani ganisazRvreba sxvaTa
gemovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram saqme gvaqvs ukudamokidebulebasTan. individi
principulad ar yidulobs imas, rasac umravlesoba.
snobis efeqtis qveS igulisxmeba moTxovnis Semcireba imis gamo, rom sxva
adamianebi iyeneben am saqonels. momxmareblis reaqcia mimarTulia sapirispiro
mxares. am dros amboben, rom efeqti uaryofiTia. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare,

116

Tu dominirebs snobis efeqti, maSin moTxovnis axali mrudi naklebelastikuria

TavdapirvelTan SedarebiT (naxazi 5.9). D aris sawyisi moTxovnis mrudi. P1 fasis
dros moqmedebas iwyebs snobis efeqti da sul ufro cota momxmarebeli yidulobs
am saqonels. snobis efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli moTxovnis axali mrudia D1 . am SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlilebis efeqtia Q1Q3 , xolo
P

P1

P2

D
D1

Q1

Q2

Q3

fasis cvlilebis efeqti

snobis efeqti

nax. 5.9. moTxovnis cvlileba snobis efeqtis dros

snobis efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad mcirdeba moTxovna saqonelze. P1 fasis dros moqmedebas iwyebs snobis
efeqti. Sedegad am SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlilebis efeqtia Q1Q3 , xolo snobis efeqtia Q2Q3 .

snobis efeqtia

Q2Q3

. fasis cvlilebis efeqtis raodenoba aWarbebs snobis

efeqtis sidides, amis gamo iTvleba, rom efeqti uaryofiTia.

3. veblenis
uwodebs

efeqti (Veblen Effect). aRniSnul efeqts

prestiJul

an

sademonstracio

moxmarebas.

veblenis

h.

leibenstaini
efeqtis

qveS

gulisxmoben samomxmareblo moTxovnis gazrdis efeqts, romelic ukavSirdeba

saqonelze fasis zrdas.

117

P
D1
P2
P1

Q1

Q3

Q2

fasis cvlilebis
efeqti

veblenis efeqti

nax. 5.10. veblenis efeqtis gavlena moTxovnaze da moTxovnis `zrdadi~ mrudi

P1 kritikuli
fasis dros, moqmedebas iwyebs veblenis efeqti. moTxovnis sidide izrdeba Q 2 -mde. Sedegad miRebuli mrudi D1
veblenis efeqtis moqmedebis Sedegad momxmarebeli saqonels masze fasis gazrdis Sedegad yidulobs.
- warmoadgens moTxovnis `zrdad~ mruds veblenis efeqtis gamo.

igi grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 5.10.

- moTxovnis Tavdapirveli

mrudia. P1 kritikuli fasis dros, moqmedebas iwyebs veblenis efeqti. es niSnavs,

rom fasis P2 donis pirobebSi (romelic P1 -ze maRalia da Cveulebriv moTxovnis
naklebi moculoba Seesabameba), aRar arsebobs Tavdapirveli moTxovnis funqcia:
e.i. moTxovnis sidide Q3 -mde ki ar mcirdeba, aramed momxmareblis sademonstracio
moqmedebis, prestiJis interesebidan gamomdinare moTxovna izrdeba Q2 -mde.
amrigad, adgili aqvs moTxovnis funqciis `anomalur~ qcevas. moTxovna
izrdeba

fasis

zrdasTan

erTad,

rac

ewinaaRmdegeba

moTxovnis

kanons.

amis

Sedegad miRebuli mrudi D1 - warmoadgens moTxovnis `zrdad~ mruds veblenis

efeqtis gamo.
arafunqcionaluri moTxovnis erT-erTi saxea spekulaciuri moTxovna. igi
aRmocendeba maRali inflaciis
momavalSi

fasebis

gazrdis

an krizisis molodinSi myof sazogadoebaSi.

saSiSroebac

aseve

awmyoSi

axdens

saqonelze

damatebiTi moTxovnis (Sesyidvebis) stimulirebas.

araracionaluri

moTxovna

warmoiqmneba

myisieri

survilis,

ganwyobis

ucabedi Secvlis, kaprizis an axirebis Sedegad. es aris iseTi moTxovna, romelic

arRvevs

momxmareblis

racionaluri

qcevis

pirobebs.

am

ganwyobis

gavleniT

gaweul xarjebze momavalSi sinanuls gamoTqvamen.

5.7 cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsebi

nebismier
gacxarebuli

118

qveyanaSi
diskusiebis

socialuri
asparezi.

uzrunvelyofis
aq

mudmivad

sistema

ganixileba

xSiradaa
socialuri

daxmarebebis, SeRavaTebis da pensiebis gacemisa da garkveuli periodulobiT maTi

sididis

koreqtirebis

sakiTxebi.

momxmarebelTa

qcevis

Teoria

ganixilavs

cxovrebis Rirebulebis ganmsazRvrel indeqsebs da maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas socialuri mimarTulebis saxelmwifo programebis ganxorcielebis dros.
sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi arsebuli sistemis CarCoebSi pensioneri
iRebs

Semweobas,

istoriis

romlis

safuZvelze.

sididec

ganisazRvreba

gasacemi Tanxebis

misi

koreqtireba

SromiTi

cxovrebis

saqmianobis
Rirebulebis

ganmsazRvreli indeqsebis Sesabamisad, xdeba garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdgom.

ganvixiloT

indeqsebi,

romlebic

gamoiyeneba

cxovrebis

Rirebulebis

Sefasebis mizniT, esenia: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (Consumer Price Index CPI), cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi (Cost of Living Index - COL), laspeiresis
indeqsi (Index Laspeires), paaSes indeqsi (Index Paashe) da jaWvuri Sewonili
indeqsebi (Chain-Weighted Price Index). TiToeuli maTgani ganvixiloT calcalke.

cxovrebis Rirebulebis (idealuri) indeqsi

cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi (Cost-of-Living Index - COL) anu cxovrebis
Rirebulebis

idealuri

indeqsi

(Ideal

Cost-of-Living

Index)

gansazRvravs

cvlilebebs saqonelTa da momsaxurebis fasebSi. is aseve iTvaliswinebs fasebis

cvlilebis

Sedegad

momxmareblis

mier

Sesyidvebis

struqturaSi

gamowveul

Senacvlebis efeqts.
cxovrebis
statistikis

Rirebulebis

biuro

gaTvaliswinebulia

indeqsis

monacemebs
xarjebi

gansazRvris

agrovebs

ramdenime

dakavSirebuli

mizniT
wyaros

aSS-is

Sromis

saSualebiT.

adgilmdebareobasTan,

aq

sakvebTan,

sargeblianobasTan, janmrTelobis SenarCunebasTan, transportTan da a.S. amgvarad,

aRniSnuli indeqsis gamoTvlisas gaiTvaliswineba:
adgilmdebareoba: moicavs Sesyidvebs, arendas an binis qiras sacxovrebeli
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad;
sakvebi: moicavs adgilze sakvebis standartuli kalaTis Sesyidvis xarjebs;
sargeblianoba: moicavs danaxarjebs eleqtroenergiaze, gaTbobis mizniT
daxarjul bunebriv airze, satelefono momsaxurebaze da a.S.
jandacva: moicavs danaxarjebs jandacvaze;
transporti: moicavs danaxarjebs avtomobilebis dazRvevaze, satransporto
saSualebebSi

gamoyenebul

sawvavze,

momsaxurebasa

da

remontze,

transportirebaze da a.S;
sxvadasxva: sxva danaxarjebi,

romlebic ukavSirdeba yoveldRiur yofa-

cxovrebas da ar aris asaxuli zemoCamoTvlil punqtebSi.

sakiTxis detalurad ganvixilvis mizniT moviyvanoT magaliTi: nino 1996-97
saswavlo

wels

universitetis

ivane

ekonomikis

javaxiSvilis
fakultetis

saxelobis
I

kursis

Tbilisis

studenti

iyo.

saxelmwifo
I

semestris

119

manZilze, sakvebze da wignebze danaxarjebis dasafarad, mas mSoblebi TveSi 200

lars ugzavnidnen. am dros aSS dolaris gacvliTi kursi larTan mimarTebaSi iyo
1:1,3. ninos danaxarjebi sakvebze Seadgenda 120 lars (30 kg. pirobiTi produqti, 1
kg. 4 larad), xolo wignebze 80 lars (8 cali wigni, TiTo 10 larad).
ninos studentobis periodSi, kerZod III kursis pirvel semestrSi (1998 wlis
seqtember-dekemberi)

ruseTSi

dawyebuli

didi

safinanso

krizisis

Sedegad

qarTulma larma didi inflacia ganicada (aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi laris

gacvliTma kursma Seadgina 1:2,4). mSoblebi ninos Sepirdnen igive msyidvelobiTi
unaris

mqone

biujets,

Tumca

fasebis

cvlilebis

gamo,

sargeblianobis

ucvlelobis pirobebSi, nino iZulebuli iyo Seecvala SesyidvaTa struqtura.

monacemebi aRwerili situaciis Sesaxeb mocemulia cxrilSi 5.1.
ninos biujetis xarjvis struqtura I da III kursebze
cxrili 5.1

SesaZeni

saqonelTa raodenoba, fasebi da

saqonelTa raodenoba, fasebi

kalaTa

xarjebi 1996 wels

da xarjebi 1998 wels

10lari

1.

wignebi

2.

sakvebi

30 pir. kg

sul xarjebi

40 lari

(8X10=80)
4 lari

(4X40=160)
5 lari

48 pir. kg

(30X4=120)
200 lari

(48X5=240)

400 lari

gamovTvaloT Tu ramdeniT unda gazrdiliyo ninos biujeti, cxovrebis

axali pirobebidan gamomdinare. am sakiTxis grafikuli axsna mocemulia naxazze
5.11.
sawyisi

sabiujeto

SezRuduloba,

romelic

aqvs

ninos

kursze,

warmodgenilia L1 wrfiT naxazze 5.11. wignebisa da sakvebis kombinacia, romelic

uzrunvelyofs umaRles sargeblianobas, warmodgenilia
mdebareobs

U1

ganurCevlobis

mrudze.

Cven

A wertilSi, romelic

SegviZlia

davrwmundeT,

rom

sargeblianobis es done Rirs 200 lari, rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 5.1.

200 lari = 30kg X 4 l + 8 X 10 l
rogorc naxazi 5.11 gviCvenebs imisaTvis, rom ninos III kursze mieRwia
sargeblianobis imave donisTvis, rac qonda mas I kursze, sWirdeboda biujeti,
romelic mocemulia L2 sabiujeto wrfeze B

wertilis saxiT da Seesabameba 48

kg produqts da 4 wigns. nino ase imitom moiqca, rom zogad kursebTan SedarebiT
speckursebis

saxelmZRvaneloebis

fasi

sazogadod

gacilebiT

maRalia,

maTi

patara tiraJis gamo. amasTan, SesamCnevad gaizarda maRalkaloriuli sakvebis

fasebic. aRniSnulis gamo imave sargeblianobis donis misaRebad, rac ninos I
kursze qonda, II kursze dasWirda 400 lari.
400lari = 48kg X 5l + 4 X 40l

120

20

wignebi, cali

L1

10

A
L2
B

L3

U1

48

80

sakvebi, kg

nax. 5.11 momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani

wignebisa da sakvebis kombinacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs umaRles sargeblianobas, warmodgenilia A wertilSi.
Cven SegviZlia davrwmundeT, rom sargeblianobis es done Rirs 200 lari. saimisod, rom ninom III kursze
miaRwios sargeblianobis imave dones, rac qonda mas I kursze, sWirdeba biujeti, romelic warmodgenilia

L2

sabiujeto wrfeze B wertili (48 kg produqti da 4 wigni). L2 sabiujeto wrfis paralelurad, A wertilamde
gadataniT, sawyisi sargeblianoba SenarCunebuli iqneba da SesaZlebelia Semosavlis donis gansazRvra
cxovrebis idealuri indeqsis Sesabamisad.

Sesabamisad cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri koreqtireba ninosTvis

Seadgens 200 lars (400 200 = 200), xolo cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri
indeqsi ki tolia 2.00-is (400 / 200=2.00).
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis ( CPI ) msgavsad, cxovrebis Rirebulebis
indeqss sWirdeba sabaziso weli, romlisTvisac indeqsi 100-is toli iqneba (Tu
cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsis mniSvneloba aris 100 niSnavs, rom
cxovrebis Rirebuleba ar Seicvala). magaliTSi I kursi CavTvaloT sabaziso
wlad.

ase

rom

cxovrebis

Rirebulebis

indeqsis

mniSvnelobaa

200

da

es

gulisxmobs cxovrebis gaZvirebas 100%-iT.

cxovrebis

Rirebulebis

idealuri

indeqsi

warmoadgens

gansazRvruli donis miRebis Rirebulebas mimdinare

sargeblianobis

fasebSi, sabaziso wlis

sargeblianobis analogiuri donis miRwevis RirebulebasTan SedarebiT.

cnobilia, rom samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi ( CPI ) gansazRvravs fasebis
cvlilebas saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze myari (mudmivi) sabazro kalaTis mixedviT,
sabaziso da saangariSo periodisTvis erTsadaimave qalaqsa an qveyanaSi.
amgvarad,

zemoaRniSnulidan

gamomdinare

SeiZleba

davaskvnaT,

rom

samomxmareblo fasebis da cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsebi identuri

maCveneblebi

araa

da

isini

erTdroulad

ar

SeiZleba

iqnen

gamoyenebuli

movlenebis urTierTSedarebis dros.

121

cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsis gansazRvridan gamomdinare misi

gamoTvla

moiTxovs

individualuri

informaciis

upiratesobebis

did

gamovlena,

nakads,
rac

vinaidan

aucilebelia

gansxvavebulia

mosaxleobis

sxvadasxva fenebisaTvis. gamoTvlebs arTulebs aseve saqonelTa fasebi da xarjebi

sxvadasxva regionebis mixedviT.

laspeiresis indeqsi
realurad indeqsebis gamoTvla efuZneba ara momxmarebelTa upiratesobebs,
aramed momxmarebelTa Sesyidvebis raodenobas. fasebis indeqsi, romelic CPI-s
analogiurad, gamoiyenebs sabaziso periodis fiqsirebul samomxmareblo kalaTas,
cnobilia laspeiresis fasebis indeqsis saxelwodebiT (Index Laspeires).
laspeiresis

indeqsi pasuxobs

kiTxvaze:

ras

udris

sabaziso

periodSi

arCeuli samomxmareblo kalaTis mimdinare wlis fasebSi gamosaxuli Rirebulebis

Sefardeba, sabaziso periodis fasebSi gamosaxul imave kalaTis SesaZenad saWiro
RirebulebasTan.
ninosTvis III kursze I kursis Sesabamisi kalaTis Rirebuleba laspeiresis
mixedviT Seadgenda:
30 X 5 + 8 X 40 = 470 lari
aseTi danaxarjebi ninos aZlevda saSualebas L3 sabiujeto wrfeze (naxazi
5.9) aerCia

A kalaTa (an nebismieri sxva am wrfeze). L3 sabiujeto wrfe miRebul

iqna L2 wrfis marjvniv gadaadgilebiT A wertilamde (rogorc Semosavlis zrda).

SevniSnavT,

rom

L3

wrfe

aris

sabiujeto

wrfe,

romelic

miscemda

ninos

saSualebas mimdinare fasebiT 1998 wels SeeZina 1996 wlis Sesabamisi kalaTa. am
dros sargeblianoba rCeba igive, rac iyo 1996 wels. Tu miviRebT, rom sabaziso
1996 weli 100-is tolia, maSin laspeiresis indeqsi Seadgens:
100 X 470 / 200 = 235
Cvens magaliTSi da sazogadodac, laspeiresis indeqsi gacilebiT maRalia,
vidre cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi.
davuSvaT, rom 1996 wels ninos hqonda biujeti, romelic ukavSirdeboda L3
wrfes. mas SeeZlo aerCia kalaTa A , magram naTelia, rom sargeblianobis ufro
maRal dones is maSin miaRwevda, roca iyidda met produqts da nakleb wignebs
(imoZravebda, ra marjvniv L3 wrfeze, ixile Tavi 4; $4.7).

A da B wertilebze nino iRebs Tanabar sargeblianobas. aRniSnulis gamo,

ninosTvis ufro momgebiania cxovrebis Rirebulebis koreqtireba laspeiresis
indeqsis mixedviT.
laspeiresis

indeqsi

cxovrebis

Rirebulebis

koreqtirebas,

Rirebulebis idealur indeqsTan SedarebiT axdens siWarbiT (metobiT).

122

cxovrebis

mocemuli

daskvna

WeSmaritia

samomxmareblo

fasebis

indeqsTan

mimarTebaSic, vinaidan laspeiresis indeqsi gulisxmobs, rom momxmareblebi ar

cvlian

Tavis

samomxmareblo

Cvevebs

fasebis

cvlilebasTan

erTad.

amasTan

SesaZlebelia, rom momxmareblebma Sesyidvebis struqturis cvlilebis pirobebSic

ki miaRwion imave sargeblianobis dones.
praqtikuli gaTvlebi aCvenebs, rom laspeiresis indeqsiT gansazRvruli
Tanxebi

aWarbebs

im

Tanxas,

romelic

saWiroa

momxmareblis

fasebis

zrdis

kompensirebisTvis.
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemaSi da sxva saxelmwifo programebSi CPI is

gamoyeneba pensionerebisTvis iwvevs kompensaciebis siWarbes umravlesobisTvis

da Sedegad moiTxovs did saxelmwifo xarjebs. aRniSnulis gamo mTavrobebi

iyeneben ufro rTul indeqsebs, romlebic gulisxmoben TviT momxmarebelTa qcevis
sqemis Secvlas.

paaSes indeqsi
laspeiresis

indeqsisgan

gansxvavebiT

paaSes

indeqsi

(Index

Paashe)

koncentrirebas akeTebs mimdinare wels momxmarebelTa kalaTebis Sesyidvebis

Rirebulebaze.
paaSes indeqsi pasuxs gvaZlevs Semdeg kiTxvaze: ras udris mimdinare wlis
fasebSi

im

Tanxis

jamis

Sefardeba,

rac

individs

sWirdeba

imisaTvis,

rom

SeiZinos mimdinare samomxmareblo kalaTa, im TanxasTan, rac eRireboda igive

kalaTa sabaziso wels.
SevudaroT erTmaneTs laspeiresis da paaSes indeqsebi:

laspeiresis

indeqsi:

sabaziso

wels

SerCeuli

kalaTis

Rirebuleba

gamoxatuli mimdinare wlis fasebSi, Sefardebuli im TanxasTan, rac saWiroa imave

kalaTis SesaZenad sabaziso wlis fasebSi;

paaSes indeqsi: mimdinare wlis fasebSi gamoxatuli Tanxa, rac saWiroa

individisTvis mimdinare wels SerCeuli kalaTis SesaZenad, Sefardebuli imave

Sesyidvebis RirebulebasTan sabaziso wels.
laspeiresis da paaSes indeqsebi aris indeqsebi fiqsirebuli wonebiT (Fixed

Weight

Indexes),

rac

niSnavs,

rom

sxvadasxva

saqonlis

da

momsaxurebis

raodenoba TiToeul indeqsSi rCeba ucvleli.

laspeiresis

indeqsSi

samomxmareblo

kalaTaSi

saqonlis

raodenoba

ucvleli rCeba sabaziso wlis doneze, xolo paaSes indeqsisTvis is ucvleli

rCeba mimdinare wlis doneze.
davuSvaT, rom arsebobs sul ori saqoneli: sakvebi ( F ) da tansacmeli ( C ).
Tu:

PFT da PCT aris Sesabamis saqonelze fasebi mimdinare wels

PFB

da PC B

- Sesabamis saqonelze fasebi sabaziso wels

123

FT da CT - Sesabamisi saqonlis raodenoba mimdinare wels

FB da C B

- Sesabamisi saqonlis raodenoba sabaziso wels

maSin laspeiresis ( I L ) da paaSes ( I P ) indeqsebi ase SeiZleba CavweroT:

I L = ( PFT FB PCT CB ) / ( PFB FB PC B CB )

I P = ( PFT FT PCT CT ) / ( PFB FT PC B CT )

aRniSnuli

formulebis

daxmarebiT

gamovTvaloT

indeqsebi

ninosTvis:

sabaziso wlis kalaTis Sesyidva mimdinare wels aris 470 lari, xolo imave
kalaTis Rirebuleba sabaziso wels Seadgenda 200 lars e.i.

I L = 100 X 470 / 200 = 235

analogiurad mimdinare fasebSi mimdinare wlis kalaTis Rirebuleba aris
400. imave kalaTis Rirebuleba sabaziso wels iyo 232 (48X4+4X10=232). Sesabamisad
paaSes indeqsi aris:

I P = 100 X 400 / 232 = 172

rogorc

mosalodneli

iyo

paaSes

indeqsis

mniSvneloba

naklebia

laspeiresis indeqsze. amis gamo xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT mTavrobebi socialur

programebSi

iyeneben

swored

paaSes

indeqss.

sazogadod

romelime

indeqsis

gamoyeneba damokidebulia kvlevis konkretul mizanze. saqarTveloSi oficialuri

statistika samomxmareblo fasebisa da inflaciis gasazomad umetesad iyenebs
laspeiresis indeqss, asevea did britaneTSi, xolo aSS iyenebs paaSes indeqss.

jaWvuri Sewonili indeqsebi

cxovrebis Rirebulebis gamosaTvleli srulyofili indeqsis Seqmna Zalze
did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. amis gamo saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi xSirad cvlian
im

indeqsebs,

romlebsac

gamoiyeneben

miznebis ukeT gansaxorcieleblad

saxelmwifo

programebSi.

praqtikuli

aSS-s mTavrobam 1995 wlidan daiwyo fasebis

jaWvuri Sewonili indeqsis (Chain-Weighted Price Index) gamoyeneba.

jaWvuri Sewonilobis
iqmneboda

realuri

SeTavazeba ganapiroba im

mTliani

Sida

produqtis

problemebma,

maCveneblebis

romlebic

Sedarebis

dros

grZelvadian periodSi fasebis xSiri cvlilebis pirobebSi. am dros Sedareba

xdeba mxolod wina wlis maCveneblebTan (am SemTxvevaSi sabaziso weli yovelTvis
gasuli, wina welia). es aadvilebs analizs da fasebs Soris didi meryeobac
SedarebiT

gamoricxulia.

es

aRiniSna

XX

saukunis

70-ian

wlebSi,

roca

energomatereblebis fasebze dafiqsirda Sokuri cvlileba. cnobilia, rom 1975

wels navTobis mompovebelTa kartelis mier 3-jer gazrdilma fasebma gamoiwvia
grZelvadiani ekonomikuri krizisi msoflios masStabiT.

ZiriTadi terminebi

124

Semosavlis efeqti

Senacvlebis efeqti
funqcionaluri moTxovna
arafunqcionaluri moTxovna
socialuri, spekulaciuri da araracionaluri moTxovna
umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqti
snobis efeqti
veblenis efeqti

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

sabazro moTxovnis mrudi aris

bazarze

saqonlis yvela momxmareblis

individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis horizontaluri Sekreba. igi SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnes

imis Sesaswavlad, Tu ramdeni uRirs momxmarebelTa

erTobliobas gansazRvruli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmareba.

2. engelis

mrudebi

gamosaxaven

urTierTobas

moxmarebuli

saqonlis

raodenobasa da Semosavals Soris. isini sasargebloa imis ganxilvisas, Tu

rogor

gansxvavdeba

momxmarebelTa

danaxarjebi

sxvadasxva

donis

Semosavlis pirobebSi.
3.

moTxovnili saqonlis raodenobaze fasis cvlilebis efeqti SeiZleba or

nawilad daiyos: Senacvlebis efeqti, roca kmayofilebis done ucvlelia
fasis cvlilebis dros da Semosavlis efeqti, roca fasi mudmivia, xolo
kmayofilebis done icvleba. gifenis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba
saqonelze moTxovnis zrdadi individualuri mrudi.

4. qselur efeqtebs
pirdapir

gavlenas

adgili aqvs
axdens

miRebuli gadawyvetileba.

sxva

maSin, roca erTi adamianis

momxmarebelTa

mier

moTxovnaze

saqonlis

SeZenaze

dadebiTi qseluri efeqtia `umravlesobasTan

mierTebis efeqti~, xolo uaryofiTia `snobis efeqti~. `veblenis efeqti~

aRwers individTa sademonstracio Sesyidvebis qcevas.
5. sxvadasxva

qveynis

mTavrobebi

cxovrebis

Rirebulebis

gamosaTvlelad

iyeneben specialur indeqsebs. cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsi

sxvadasxva

periodebisTvis

sargeblianobis

donis

SenarCunebaze

akeTebs

aqcents. CPI , rogorc laspeiersis fasebis yvela indeqsi, zrdis cxovrebis

Rirebulebis idealur indeqss. misgan gansxvavebiT, paaSes indeqsi ki
amcirebs mas. jaWvuri Sewonilobis indeqsebis SemoReba ganapiroba grZelvadian periodSi realuri mTliani Sida produqtis maCveneblebis Sedarebis
dros fasebis xSiri cvlilebis problemam.

125

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1.

horizontalurad SekribeT individualuri moTxovnis mrudebi.

2. ras gulisxmobs Semosavlis efeqti?

3.

grafikulad gamosaxeT Senacvlebis efeqti da axseniT igi.

4. isaubreT e. engelis statistikuri dakvirvebis Sesaxeb da gamosaxeT engelis

mrudebi.
5. daxazeT da axseniT mrudi `fasi-moxmareba~.
6. daxazeT da axseniT mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~.
7. gansazRvreT cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsi.
8. CamoTvaleT laspeiresis indeqsis maCveneblebi.
9. ras gulisxmobs paaSes indeqsi?
10. gansazRvreT ratom gamoiyeneba jaWvuri Sewonili indeqsebi.

126

Tavi 6. arCevani ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

sarisko gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebis axsnas

2. riskisadmi

sxvadasxvagvari

damokidebulebis

mqone

adamianTa

arCevanis

Sefasebas
3.

riskis miRebis, misi Tavidan acilebis an Semcirebis pirobebis aRweras

4. sadazRvevo bazarze asimetriuli informaciis analizs

6.1 sarisko gadawyvetilebebi

N

nebismieri adamianis cxovreba aRsavsea gaurkveveli da sarisko situaciebiT.

magaliTad, mewarmeebi dganan riskis winaSe, roca iReben gadawyvetilebebs axali

biznesis dasawyebad, safondo birJaze an fasiani qaRaldebis
ewvian

risks

aqciebiT

vaWrobisas,

radganac

ar

ician

bazarze movaWreni
SeZenili

aqciebis

mosalodneli momavali Rirebuleba da a.S. riskisa da arasruli informaciis

(gaurkvevlobis) pirobebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis analizi gvexmareba ukeTesad
SevicnoT ekonomikuri garemo, magaliTad, sadazRvevo bazari da auqcionebi, sadac
risks da arasrul informacias (gaurkvevloba) centraluri roli ukaviaT. Aamave
sakiTxebis Seswavla aiolebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mravali alternatividan
saukeTeso
romels

gadawyvetilebis
davTanxmdeT,

miRebas.

kompaniebis

magaliTad,
mier

SeTavazebuli

gamoSvebuli

aqciebi

samuSaoebidan
viyidoT

Tu

saxelmwifo obligaciebi, ra fasi SevTavazoT gamyidvels da a.S.

davuSvaT,
gamuSvebuli

Tqven

erTi

wels

aqcia

100

SeiZineT
larad.

satelevizio
radganac

kompania

Tqven

ar

`imedis

iciT

am

mier
aqciis

mosalodneli fasi erTi wlis Semdeg (misi fasi safondo birJaze SeiZleba
gaizardos an Semcirdes telekompaniis biznesis funqcionirebisa da sxva uamravi
faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegad), Tqvens mier SeZenili aqcia riskis Semcvelia.
Mmagram ramdenad didia es riski? rogoria am aqciis riskis sidide im sxva
SesaZlo SenaZenTan SedarebiT, romelic Tqven imave 100 lariT SegeZloT geyidaT?
Aam da msgavs SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema moiTxovs riskiani Sedegebis aRweras.5 Aam
mizniT ganvixiloT sami cneba: albaTobis ganawileba (Probability Distribution),
mosalodneli mniSvneloba (Expected Value) da variacia (Variance).

albaToba

ganasxvaveben gaurkvevlobisa da riskis cnebebs. Ggaurkvevlobis (Uncertainty) cneba aRniSnavs situacias, roca cnobilia Sedegebi, xolo TiToeuli
Sedegis moxdenis albaToba ki -ara. riskis (Risk) cneba gulisxmobs situacias, roca cnobilia yvela SesaZlo Sedegic da TiToeuli maTganis moxdenis
albaTobac. simartivisaTvis Cven ganvixilavT mxolod risks.

127

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar iciT, ra eRireba Tqveni telemaRaziis aqcia

momaval

wels,

Tqven

mainc

SegiZliaT

aRweroT

misi

SesaZlo

Rirebuleba.

sailustraciod ganvixiloT magaliTi.

magaliTi 1.
telemaRaziaSi investirebis SesaZlo Sedegebi
davuSvaT, rom Tqvens mier ganxorcielebul 100 larian investicias erTi
wlis Semdeg sami SesaZlo Sedegi SeiZleba hqondes:

misi Rirebuleba gaizardos 20%-iT da miaRwios 120 lars. (SesaZlo Sedegi A);

Mmisi Rirebuleba darCes igive - 100 lari (Sedegi B);

Mmisi Rirebuleba daeces 20%-iT 80 laramde (Sedegi C).

Tqvens mier 100 lariani investiciis ganxorcieleba telekompaniis aqciaSi aris

latariis
TamaSia.

TamaSis

magaliTi. realur cxovrebaSi lataria SesaZlo SansebiT

mikroekonomikaSic

am

termins

igive

mniSvneloba

aqvs.

Cven

viyenebT

termins `lataria gaurkveveli Sedegis mqone nebismieri movlenis aRsaniSnavad,

iqneba

es

fasian

qaRaldebSi

investireba,

safexburTo

matCis

angariSi

Tu

kamaTelis Cveneba azartuli TamaSisas.

zemoT aRweril latareas aqvs sami Sedegi: A, B, C. Llatariis TiToeuli
Sedegis albaToba aris am Sedegis dadgomis (moxdenis) Sansi anu SesaZlebloba.
Tu 10-dan mxolod 3 Sansi arsebobs imisa, rom dadges A Sedegi, maSin vambobT rom
A-s albaToba aris 3/10 anu 0,30. Tu 10-dan B Sedegis dadgomis mxolod 4 Sansi
arsebobs, maSin B-s albaToba aris 4/10 anu 0,40. davuSvaT, C Sedegis albaTobac
aris 0,30 (sxvanairad SeuZlebelicaa, radgan samive Sedegis albaTobaTa jami unda
udrides 1-s).
latariis

Sedegebis

albaTobis

ganawileba

asaxavs

yvela

SesaZlo

Semosavals da TiToeul SesaZlo SemosavalTan dakavSirebul albaTobebs. naxazi

6.1 gviCvenebs telemaRaziis aqciis fasis albaTobis ganawilebas. TiToeuli sveti
gviCvenebs SesaZlo Semosavals, xolo svetis simaRle ki TiToeuli SesaZlo
Semosavlis albaTobas. magaliTad, naxazidan Cans, rom 80 laris miRebis albaToba
aris 0,30.
nebismieri latariis albaTobas aqvs ori mniSvnelovani Tviseba:

TiToeuli Sedegis albaToba aris 0-sa da 1-s Soris;

yvela SesaZlo Sedegis albaTobaTa jami 1-is tolia.

ra iwvevs sxvadasxva Sedegis sxvadasxva albaTobebs? zogjer movlenis

moxdenis albaToba damokidebulia bunebis mkacrad gansazRvrul kanonebze an

warsulSi

Segrovili

monacemebis

analizze.

magaliTad,

maRla

agdebuli

20

TeTriani monetis borjRalos figuriani zedapiriT dacemis albaToba aris 0,50. am

faqtis dasadastureblad Tqven SegiZliaT piradad CaataroT cda: aisroloT
moneta maRla mravalgzis (100, 200-jer an metjer). monetis davardnis Semdeg
miRebuli Sedegebis SedarebiT, advilad darwmundebiT, rom saerTo Sedegebidan

128

(ramdenjerac

aisroleT

moneta)

daaxloebiT

50%

iyo

monetis

borjRalos

figuriani zedapiriT dacemis SemTxveva.

aseT da msgavs SemTxvevebSi vambobT, rom arsebobs movlenis moxdenis
obieqturi

albaToba.

albaTobis

obieqturi

gageba efuZneba

im

sixSires,

ra

sixSiriTac movlenis moxdenis tendencia mJRavndeba. davuSvaT, rom SarSan q.

TbilisSi

avtomanqanebis

gatacebaTa

CvenTvis

cnobili

100

SemTxvevidan

75

damTavrda sapatrulo policiis mier kanondarRvevis mcdelobis warmatebuli

aRkveTiT, xolo 25 warumateblad. aseT SemTxvevaSi albaToba aris obieqturi,
realurad
sapatrulo

momxdari

situaciis

policiis

mier

aRmwereli,

warmatebiT

radganac

dafuZnebulia

ganxorcielebul

qmedebaTa

uSualod
sixSireze

mcdelobaTa saerTo ricxvidan. magram rogor gavzomoT riski, Tuki warsulSi

aseTi mcdelobebi ar yofila?
1
0.90

albaToba

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0

80 l

100 l

120 l

Semosavali
nax. 6.1 albaTobis ganawileba TiToeuli sveti gviCvenebs SesaZlo Semosavals, xolo svetis simaRle ki
TiToeuli SesaZlo Semosavlis albaTobas. 80 laris miRebis albaToba aris 0,30.

riskiani situacia yovelTvis arc monetis agdebis magaliTis analogiuria.

xSirad

SeuZlebelia

mosalodneli

Sedegis

albaTobis

dadgena.

magaliTad,

telekompania `imedis aqciis SemTxvevaSi gana SesaZlebelia zustad vicodeT 20%iT fasis zrdis albaToba marTla 0,30-ia Tu ara? Cveni varaudi am SemTxvevaSi
dafuZnebulia ara bunebis kanonebis an obieqturi viTarebis Sinagani logikis
codnaze, aramed movlenebis ganviTarebis scenaris Cvens subieqtur rwmenaze.

iseT

albaTobas,

romelic

asaxavs

sarisko

movlenebis

moxdenis

subieqtur dajerebas, subieqturi albaToba ewodeba.

129

subieqturi albaTobebic unda akmayofilebdnen obieqturi albaTobebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel
sxvadasxva

zemoT

aRweril

individs

albaTobisadmi

or

SesaZloa

sxvadasxvanairi

pirobas.

riskiani

rwmena

Tumca,

gadawyvetilebis

situaciis

hqondes.

SesaZlo

subieqturi

mimReb

Sedegebis

albaToba

subieqturi SegrZneba, rom romelime Sedegi (qmedebis, movlenis) dadgeba.

esaa
es

SegrZneba SeiZleba efuZnebodes individis Sexedulebas an gamocdilebas, magram

araviTar SemTxvevaSi warsulSi am movlenis moxdenis albaTobaTa sixSires an
bunebis kanonzomierebebs.
Tu

albaToba

sxvadasxvanairad

ganisazRvreba

SeuZlia

igi

subieqturad,

gansazRvros

da

maSin

sxvadasxva

Sesabamisad

adamians

gansxvavebuli

gadawyvetilebebi miiRos. sxvadasxva informacia an erTi da igive informaciis

damuSavebis sxvadasxvagvari SesaZleblobebi xSirad warmoadgenen gansxvavebuli
subieqturi albaTobebis safuZvlebs.

mosalodneli mniSvneloba (maTematikuri lodini)

ra Semosavals unda velodeT Cvens mier telemaRaziis aqciaSi 100 lariani
sarisko investiciidan? Asaamisod, saWiroa gavecnoT mosalodneli mniSvnelobis
(Expected Value) cnebas.
Nnebismieri latariis

mosalodneli

mniSvneloba

aris

SesaZlo

Sedegebis

saSualo Semosavali (Payoffs), romelic moaqvs TiToeul Sanss.

gaurkvevlobasTan

dakavSirebuli

situaciis

mosalodneli

mniSvneloba

(maTematikuri lodini) - es aris yvela SesaZlo Sedegis Sesabamisi Semosavlebis

saSualo Sewonili, sadac TiToeuli SesaZlo Semosavlis wona am Semosavlis
miRebis albaTobis tolia.
amrigad,

mosalodneli

mniSvneloba

gamoxatavs

im

Semosavals,

romelsac

SesaZloa saSualod velodeT.

telemaRaziaSi

100

lariani

investiciis

Cvens

magaliTSi

mosalodneli

mniSvneloba iqneba
m os a l odne l
i m niSv ne l ob
a A - s a l ba T oba A - s Se m os a v a lez, T u A m ox de ba
B - s a l ba T oba B - s Se m os a v a lez, T u B m ox de ba
C - s a l ba T oba C - s Se m os a v a lez, T u C m ox de ba

CavsvaT Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebi am formulaSi

i mniSvnelob
a (0,30 120) (0,40 100) (0,30 80) 100
M M mos alodnel

latariis

Mmosalodneli

mniSvneloba

zomavs

latariis

im

saSualo

Semosavals, romelsac Tqven miiRebT, Tu latarea ganmeordeba mravalgzis. 100

lariani investireba wlebis ganmavlobaSi rom gangexorcielebinaT telekompaniis
aqciebSi, Tqveni mosalodneli Semosavali TiToeuli aqciidan marTlac iqneboda
daaxloebiT 100 lari.

130

ufro zogadad, Tu arsebobs

Semosavlebi

aris

da

X1

X 2 .........X n,

mosalodneli Sedegi, romelTa Sesabamisi

amasTanave

TiToeuli

maTganis

moxdenis

albaToba aris Sesabamisad Pr 1 da Pr 2 .........Prn , maSin mosalodneli mniSvneloba E

tolia
E ( X ) Pr 1 X 1 Pr 2 X 2 ............ Prn X n

variacia (dispersia)
variacia

(Variance)

aris

gaurkveveli

situaciis

SesaZlo

Sedegebis

cvalebadobis sazomi. sarisko situaciis variacia (dispersia) asaxavs SesaZlo

Sedegebis

mosalodneli

mniSvnelobidan

saSualo

gadaxras.

cvalebadoba

(Variability) - es aris is sazRvrebi, romelSic icvleba (varirebs) gaurkveveli

situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebi.
magaliTi 2
gansxvavebuli variaciis mqone aqciebi
davuSvaT, Tqven gaqvT arCevani: SeiZinoT telekompaniis aqcia 100 larad an
komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis - dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqcia, romlis
fasic aseve 100 laria. Nnaxazi 6.2 gviCvenebs orive am kompaniis aqciaTa fasebis

0.90

0.90

0.80

0.80

albaToba

albaToba

albaTobebis ganawilebas.

0.70
0.60
0.50

0.70
0.60
0.50

0.40

0.40

0.30

0.30

0.20

0.20

0.10

0.10

0
80 l

100 l

120 l

80 l

Semosavali

100 l

120 l

Semosavali

`a~ telekompania `imedi

`b~ meriis dasufTavebis samsaxuri

nax. 6.2 ori kompaniis aqciaTa fasebis albaTobebis ganawileba. orive aqciis fasis mosalodneli mniSvneloba aris
Tanabari _ 100 lari. Tumca tele-aqcia ufro riskiania, vidre komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqcia. am ori aqciis SesaZlo
Semosavlebis cvalebadoba gansxvavebulia. Mmeriis dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqciis Rirebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi
daaxloebiT igive rCeba. telekompania `imedis aqciis fasi mniSvnelovnad meryeobs.

aRsaniSnavia,

rom

orive

aqciis

fasis

mosalodneli

mniSvneloba

Tanabari _ 100 lari. Tumca tele-aqcia ufro riskiania, vidre

aris

komunaluri

momsaxurebis kompaniis aqcia.

131

am

ori

aqciis

SesaZlo

Semosavlebis

cvalebadoba

(romlis

sazomsac

variacia warmoadgens) sruliad gansxvavebulia TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. Mmeriis

dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqciis Rirebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT
igive rCeba, maSin roca telekompania `imedis aqciis fasi mniSvnelovnad meryeobs.
M

mokled, telekompaniis aqciis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi investori ufro mets

moigebs an aseve ufro mets waagebs, vidre adgilobrivi komunaluri momsaxurebis

kompaniis aqciaSi investirebis dros.
riskianobis xarisxis Sefasebis sakiTxSi meti sicxadis Setanis mizniT
davubrundeT

Cvens

mier

ganxilul

magaliTs

da

naxazs

6.2

komunaluri

momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciis albaTobis ganawilebas aqvs naklebi variacia.

gamoTvlebi gviCveneben, rom dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqciis mosalodneli
Semosavlidan - 100 laridan namdvili Semosavlis 10 Sansidan gadaxris mxolod 2
Sansi arsebobs.
Aamis sapirispirod, telekompania `imedis aqciis albaTobis ganawilebas
aqvs

maRali

variacia.

gansxvavdeba/gadaxrilia

10

Sansidan

mosalodneli

SemTxvevaSi

Semosavlidan

namdvili
100

Semosavali

laridan.

maRali

variaciis mqone aqcia ufro metad sariskoa, vidre dabali variaciis mqone aqcia.
zogadad variaciis gamosaTvlelad saWiroa sami safexuris gavla:
1.

gamoiTvleba latariis mosalodneli mniSvneloba;

2. yoveli

SesaZlo

mosalodneli
kvadratSi.

SedegisaTvis

mniSvneloba,

AmiRebul

miRebul

xolo

maCvenebels

Semdeg
ewodeba

namdvil

Semosavlebs

miRebuli

sidide

kvadratul

gadaxra

akldeba
ayvaniliaY
(Squared

Deviation);
3.

yoveli SesaZlo SedegisaTvis kvadratuli gadaxra mravldeba am SedegTan

dakavSirebul albaTobaze. Semdeg ikribeba miRebuli namravlebi. namravlebis
dajamebiT miRebuli Sedegi aris variacia.
cxrili 6.1 `a~ da cxrili 6.1 `b~ gviCveneben, Tu rogoraa gamoTvlili ori

aqciis variaciebi. es gamoTvlebi adastureben, rom telekompaniis aqciis variacia

metia komunaluri momsaxurebis aqciis variaciaze. es niSnavs, rom telekompaniis
aqciis saSualo gadaxra misi mosalodneli mniSvnelobidan ufro metia, vidre
komunaluri

kompaniis

aqciis

fasis

saSualo

gadaxra

misive

mosalodneli

mniSvnelobidan. amitom telekompaniis aqciis SeZena ufro sarisko operaciad

ganixileba, vidre komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciis SeZena.
telekompania ,,imedis aqciis variaciis gamoTvla
cxrili 6.1 `a~
telekompania `imedi-s aqciis variaciis gamoTvla
Semosavali

albaToba

kvadratuli gadaxra

kvadratuli
gadaxris namravli
albaTobaze

80

132

0.3

(80-100)2=400

0.3X400=120

100

0.4

(100-100)2=0

0.4X0=0

120

0.3

(120-100)2=400

0.3X400=120

variacia

120+0+120=240

komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciis variaciis gamoTvla

cxrili 6.1 `b~

komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciis variaciis gamoTvla

Semosavali

albaToba

kvadratuli gadaxra

kvadratuli
gadaxris namravli
albaTobaze

80

0.1

(80-100)2=400

0.1X400=40

100

0.8

(100-100)2=0

0.8X0=0

120

0.1

(120-100)2=400

0.1X400=40

variacia

40+0+40=80

L
sarisko

gadawyvetilebebis

standartuli

gadaxra

riskianobis

(Standard

alternatiul

Deviation).

igi

sazomad

ariTmetikuli

gamoiyeneba

(kvadratuli)

fesvia variaciidan. standartuli gadaxrac gvawvdis zustad igive informacias

gadawyvetilebis riskianobis Sesaxeb (Tu ramdenad didia riski), rogorc variacia.
zemoT aRwerili gaTvlebis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:

telekompaniis aqciis standartuli gadaxra aris ariTmetikuli

fesvi 240-dan

anu 15,5;

standartuli

gadaxra

komunaluri

momsaxurebis

kompaniidan

aris

ariTmetikuli fesvi 80-dan anu 8,9.

cvalebadobas zomaven Semdegi garemoebis gamo: didi sxvaoba mosalodnel
da namdvil Semosavlebs Soris (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) gulisxmobs did risks. A
sxvaobebs mosalodnel da TiToeuli Sedegis namdvil Semosavlebs Soris ewodeba
gadaxrebi (Deviations).6
TavisTavad gadaxris maCveneblebi ar gamodgebian cvalebadobis maCveneblad,
radgan isini xan dadebiTia, xan _ uaryofiTi, xolo saSualo Sewonili gadaxra
yovelTvis aris 0. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gadaxrebi erTmaneTs abaTileben, ramac
SeiZleba Seqmnas iluzia TiTqos saSualo gadaxra aris umniSvnelo sidide. Aam
problemis

gadasaWrelad

TiToeuli

gadaxris

maCvenebeli

unda

aviyvanoT

kvadratSi, raTa miviRoT dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi ase miviRebT kvadratul

gadaxrebs
6

(Squared

Deviations).

Aamis

Semdeg

cvalebadobas

vangariSobT

., . , , . 2002, . ., 5, gv. 150-151

133

standartuli gadaxris (Standard Deviation) meSveobiT: jer vangariSobT namdvili

Sedegebis mosalodnelidan gadaxris kvadratTa saSualo mniSvnelobas (saSualo
Sewonils), xolo Semdeg ki amoviRebT kvadratul fesvs am saSualo Sewonilidan.
cvalebadobis kidev erTi maCvenebeli - variacia aris standartuli gadaxris
kvadrati.
zemoT

aRniSnul

moqmedebaTa

Tanmimdevroba

ori

alternativisa

da

TiToeulisaTvis ori SesaZlo Sedegis SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia cxrilSi 6.2

cvalebadobis gaangariSeba standartuli gadaxris meSveobiT

variacia

standartuli gadaxra

saSualo mniSvneloba)

(gadaxris kvadratTa

saSualo Semosavali

namdvili II Sedegis)

M(mosalodnelidan

gadaxris kvadrati

II Sedegi

namdvili I Sedegis)

(mosalodnelidan

I Sedegi

M gadaxris kvadrati

cxrili 6.2

alternativa 1
alternativa 2
rac

ufro

naklebia

standartuli

gadaxra/variacia,

miT

ufro

naklebriskiania gadawyvetileba da naklebad gaurkvevelia Sedegi.

zogadad ori Sedegis ( X 1 da X 2 ), maTi Sesabamisi ori albaTobis ( Pr 1, Pr 2 ) da
mosalodneli mniSvnelobis formuliT

standartuli gadaxra

E (X )

SemTxvevaSi variacia gaiangariSeba Semdegi

Pr [( X1 E ( X ))2 ] Pr [( X 2 E ( X ))2 ]
1

aris ariTmetikuli fesvi variaciidan.

Pr1 X 1 E ( X ) 2 Pr2 X 2 E ( X ) 2

6.2
wina

paragrafSi

sarisko Sedegebis Sefaseba

aRvwereT

sarisko

mosalodneli mniSvnelobisa da variaciis

Sedegebi

albaTobis

cnebebis meSveobiT.

ganawilebis,

am paragrafSi

aRvwerT, Tu rogor afasebs da adarebs erTmaneTs riskis gansxvavebuli xarisxis

mqone alernativebs gadawyvetilebis mimRebi individi. kerZod, vaCvenebT rogor

134

SeiZleba sargeblianobis funqciis koncefciis gamoyeneba sarisko alernativebis

Sefasebisas.

sargeblianobis funqcia da riskisadmi damokidebuleba

warmoidgineT,

rom

Tqven

xarT

magistraturis

damamTavrebeli

kursis

studenti da universitetis damTavrebisTanave muSaobis dasawyebad miiReT ori

SeTavazeba. pirveli samuSao SemogTavazaT mineraluri wylebis bazarze ukve
kargad cnobilma da warmatebiT momuSave msxvilma kompaniam `wyali margebeli,
sadac gTavazoben 54 000 lars wliuri xelfasis saxiT. meore samuSaos ki
gTavazobT

internet-qselis

`axdenili

ocnebebi,

meSveobiT

romelic

samrewvelo

Tqveni

mSoblebisa

saqonliT
da

movaWre

naTesavebis

firma
mieraa

daarsebuli. radganac es firma jer-jerobiT zaraliT muSaobs, igi gTavazobT

mxolod 4 000 lar wliur xelfass. garda amisa, gpirdebian 100 000 lars premiis
saxiT Tu kompanias eqneba warmatebuli weli da gaxdeba momgebiani.
orive kompaniis Seswavlisa da Sefasebis Semdeg darwmundiT, rom premiis
miRebis an miuReblobis albaTobebi Tanabaria (0,5). am SemoTavazebebidan romeli
samuSaos miRebas daTanxmdebodiT? (realur cxovrebaSi albaT gaiTvaliswinebdiT
xelfasis

permanentulad

dakavSirebul

arafulad

zrdis
aspeqtebs,

SesaZleblobebsac.
magaliTad:

samuSao

aseve

samuSaosTan

pirobebs,

samuSaos

xasiaTs, adgilmdebareobas da a.S.)

Zalian saintereso gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaSe dgaxarT. erTi SexedviT,
`wyali margebelSi muSaobis dawyebisas Tqven gaqvT garantirebuli Semosavali.
`axdenil

ocnebebSi

muSaobis

dawyebisas

ki

Tqveni

xelfasi

azartuli

TamaSiviTaa: Sansebis naxevari modis 4 000 larian xelfasze, xolo meore naxevari
_ 104 000 larze (4 000 stabiluri xelfasi + 100 000 lari premia). Tu SeadarebT
SemoTavazebebs

erTmaneTTan

maTi

Sesabamisi

mosalodneli

mniSvnelobebis

mixedviT, aRmoaCenT, rom `axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli xelfasi `wyali

margebelis mier yovelgvari riskis gareSe SemoTavazebuli xelfasis tolia _ 54
000 lari. am cifris gamosaangariSeblad mogiwevdaT im gamoTvlebis Catareba,
romelTa Sesaxebac Ppirvel paragrafSi visaubreT.
`axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli xelfasi:(0,5 X 4 000)= (0,5 X 104 000)=54 000
lari
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive samuSaos xelfasis mosalodneli odenoba
erTi da igivea, erT-erTi maTgani (kompaniaSi `wyali margebeli) araviTar risks
ar Seicavs, xolo meore sarisko SemoTavazebaa.
rogor vafasebT sxvadasxva alternativebs, romelebic riskis sxvadasxva
xarisxs Seicaven? erT-erTi gza aris sargeblianobis funqciis gamoyeneba. naxazi
6.3 asaxavs sargeblianobasa da Semosavals Soris urTierTdamokidebulebas.
rogorc naxazidan Cans, sargeblianobis funqcia zrdadia, rac gulisxmobs
Semdegs - adamianebs meti Semosavali urCevniaT (radganac met sargeblianobas

135

iReben). naxazi aseve asaxavs zRvruli sargeblianobis klebadobas - Semosavlis

zrdis kvalobaze Semosavlis Tundac sruliad umniSvnelo sididiT zrdisas
yovel damatebiT erTeuls sul ufro da ufro klebadi sargeblianoba moaqvs.
magaliTad, igive naxazis mixedviT, dabali Semosavlis pirobebSi (4 000 lari)
Semosavlis umniSvnelo zrdas moaqvs ufro meti sargeblianoba (QR monakveTi),

vidre

maRali

Semosavlis

pirobebSi

(104

000

lari)

Semosavlis

imave

sididiT zrdas (ST monakveTi). QR monakveTis sigrZe aRemateba ST monakveTis

sigrZes.
sargeblianobis
funqcia

sargeblianoba

T
S

R
Q

04

Semosavali (aTasi lari)

104

nax. 6.3 damokidebuleba sargeblianobasa da Semosavals Soris klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis dros.
sargeblianobis funqcia zrdadia: adamianebs meti Semosavali urCevniaT (radganac met sargeblianobas iReben).
zRvruli sargeblianoba klebadia Semosavlis umniSvnelo sididiT zrdisas yovel damatebiT erTeuls sul ufro da ufro
klebadi sargeblianoba moaqvs. dabali Semosavlis pirobebSi (4000 lari) Semosavlis umniSvnelo zrdas moaqvs ufro
meti sargeblianoba (QR monakveTi), vidre maRali Semosavlis pirobebSi (104000 lari) Semosavlis imave sididiT
zrdas (ST monakveTi).

136

sargeblianoba

320

sargeblianobis
funqcia

230
190

60

0 4

104

54

Semosavali (aTasi lari)

nax. 6.4 riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia da mosalodneli mniSvneloba
`axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli sargeblianoba naklebia `wyali margebelis mosalodnel sargeblianobasTan SedarebiT.
gadawyvetilebas garantirebuli Semosavlis, anu kompania `wyali margebelis sasargeblod miiRebT.

naxazi 6.4 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor unda gamoviyenoT sargeblianobis funqcia

samuSaos Sesaxeb ori sxvadasxva SemoTavazebis SefasebisaTvis:

`wyali margebelSi miRebuli Semosavlis sargeblianoba naxazze Seesabameba

B wertils _ 54 000 lari Semosavali, romelsac Seesabameba 230 erTeuli
sargeblianoba, anu U (54 000)=230;

`axdenili ocnebebis Semosavlis sargeblianoba premiis gareSe mxolod

garantirebuli xelfasis miRebis SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba A wertils. am
SemTxvevaSi iRebT 4000 lar Semosavals, romelsac moaqvs 60 erTeuli
sargeblianoba, anu U (4 000)=60;

`axdenili

ocnebebis

Semosavlis

sargeblianoba,

roca

garantirebul

xelfasTan erTad iRebT premias, Seesabameba C wertils. am SemTxvevaSi

iRebT

104

000

lar

Semosavals,

romelsac

moaqvs

320

erTeuli

sargeblianoba, anu U (104 000)=320;

`axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli sargeblianoba aris misive Semosavlebis

(an 4 000 an 104 000) Sesabamisi sargeblianobebis mosalodneli mniSvneloba.

am SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli sargeblianoba tolia:

0,5 X U(4 000) + 0,5 X U(104 000) = 0,5 X 60 + 0,5 X 320 = 190
naxazze 6.4 D wertils Seesabameba 190 erTeuli sargeblianoba.
ufro zogadad, nebismieri sarisko situaciis mosalodneli sargeblianoba
aris

misi

mniSvneloba.

SesaZlo
kerZod,

Semosavlebis
Tu

Sesabamisi

A, BB, .......Z iT

sargeblianobebis

aRvniSnavT

mosalodneli

gaurkveveli

situaciis

137

SesaZlo

Semosavlebs,

maSin

misi

mosalodneli

sargeblianoba

gamoiTvleba

Semdegnairad:
mosalodneli sargeblianoba =

= A-s albaToba X A-s Semosavlis sargeblianobaze, Tu A moxdeba

+ B-s albaToba X B-s Semosavlis sargeblianobaze, Tu B moxdeba
+ .........................................................................................................................................................................
+ Z-s albaToba X Z-s Semosavlis sargeblianobaze, Tu Z moxdeba
naxazis 6.4 analizi gviCvenebs, rom `axdenili ocnebebi igive mosalodnel
Semosavals gTavazobT, rasac `wyali margebeli (54 000 lari), magram pirvelis
mosalodneli

sargeblianoba

naklebia

im

mosalodnel

sargeblianobasTan

SedarebiT, romelsac miiRebT, Tuki kompania `wyali margebelis SemoTavazebas

daTanxmdebiT

(190<230).

sargeblianobis

Tu

funqciis

orive

mixedviT

SemoTavazebas
SeafasebT,

naxazze

maSin

6.4

gamosaxuli

gadawyvetilebas

udaod

garantirebuli Semosavlis, anu kompania `wyali margebelis sasargeblod miiRebT.

naxazebi 6.3 da 6.4 asaxaven riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili adamianis
(Risk Averse) sargeblianobis funqciebs. riskis mowinaaRmdge adamiani Tanabari
mosalodneli Semosavlebis SemTxvevaSi upiratesobas aniWebs garkveulobas da
garantirebul

Semosavals.

sargeblianobis

funqcia

Semosavlis

naxazze

gviCvenebs,

sargeblianoba

sargeblianobas,

miuxedavaT

6.4

rom

aWarbebs
imisa,

gamosaxuli
garkveuli

sarisko

rom

sarisko

klebadi

movlenis

zRvruli

garantirebuli

Semosavlis

mosalodnel

Semosavlis

mosalodneli

Rirebuleba da garantirebuli Semosavlis mosalodneli Rirebuleba erTmaneTis

tolia.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom roca midixarT `axdenil ocnebebSi samuSaod,
garantirebuli Semosavlis aRmniSvneli urisko situaciis _ B wertilis zemoT
Tqven geqnebaT 104000 54000 = 50000 lariT meti Semosavali, vidre maSin Tu
garantirebul

Semosavals

amjobinebdiT.

meore

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

premias

ver

miiRebT da mxolod Tavdapirvel 4000 larian xelfass dasjerdebiT, maSin Tqven

gaqvT 54000-4000=50000 lariT naklebi Semosavali (B wertilis qvemoT). radganac
zRvruli

sargeblianoba

klebadia,

qveda

nawilSi

(B

wertilis

qvemoT)

sargeblianobis Semcireba ufro metia, vidre sargeblianobis mateba zeda nawilSi

(B wertilis zemoT).
ganxilul
gadawyvetilebis

magaliTSi, klebadi zRvruli

mimRebi

subieqtis

sargeblianobis

sargeblianoba

ufro

kanonis

metad

gamo

mcirdeba

gaurkveveli situaciis arasasurveli Sedegis dadgomisas (B wertilis qvemoT),

vidre igi matulobs gaurkveveli situaciis sasurveli Sedegis dadgomisas (B
wertilis

zemoT).

swored

amitom

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi

subieqti

mowinaaRmdge xdeba. adamianTa umravlesoba swored aseTebi arian.

riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili da riskis moyvaruli adamianebi

138

riskis

zogierTi

adamiani

riskisadmi

neitralurad

aris

ganwyobili.

riskisadmi

neitraluri adamiani erTmaneTs adarebs gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebis

mxolod

da

mxolod

mosalodnel

mniSvnelobebs

(magaliTad,

mosalodnel

Semosavlebs) da misTvis sul erTia garkveuli Tu gaurkveveli Sedegebi, Tu

orives

mosalodneli

Semosavali

sargeblianobis funqcia wrfea:

erTnairia.

U a bI ,

sadac

risk-neitraluri
a

da

adamianis

dadebiTi ucvleli

sidideebia. axla ganvixiloT gaurkveveli situacia ori SesaZlo SemosavliT: I 1 da

I2 ,

romelTa

Sesabamisi

albaTobebia

Pr da

(1 Pr ).

am

gaurkveveli situaciis

mosalodneli sargeblianoba (EU ) aris

EU Pr (a bI 1 ) (1 Pr )( a bI 2 ) a b[ Pr I 1 (1 Pr ) I 2 ]

advilad SevamCnevT, rom gamosaxuleba did frCxilebSi aris gaurkveveli

situaciis mosalodneli mniSvneloba (Expacted Value - EV). amrigad, mosalodnel
sargeblianobasa da mosalodnel mniSvnelobas Soris arsebobs aseve wrfivi
funqciuri damokidebuleba:
EU a b(EV )

naxazi

6.5

gviCvenebs

riskisadmi

neitralurad

ganwyobili

adamianis

sargeblianobis funqcias. isev davubrundeT kompaniebSi muSaobis dawyebis Sesaxeb

zemoT ganxilul or SemoTavazebas.
igi aris swori xazi, rac migvaniSnebs rom zRvruli sargeblianoba aris
mudmivi. rogoric ar unda iyos gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis Semosavlis
done

(dabali

Tu

maRali),

Semosavlis

nebismieri

umniSvnelo

miRebuli sargeblianoba aris erTi da igive sidide. (naxazze 6.5

cvlilebisas

ST monakveTi

tolia QR monakveTisa).

139

T
S

sargeblianoba

sargeblianobis
funqcia

R
Q

0 4

104

Semosavali (aTasi lari)

nax. 6.5 riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia

sargeblianobis funqcia gamoixateba swori xaziT, radganac zRvruli sargeblianoba aris mudmivi. rogoric ar unda
iyos gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis Semosavlis done (dabali Tu maRali), Semosavlis nebismieri umniSvnelo
cvlilebisas miRebuli sargeblianoba aris erTi da igive sidide. ST monakveTi tolia QR monakveTis.

riskis

moyvaruli

adamiani

gaurkvevel

situacias

amjobinebs

erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvrul situacias, Tu orive situaciis mosalodneli

mniSvnelobebi erTnairia. Tu Tqven riskis moyvaruli adamiani brZandebiT, maSin
TqvenTvis

`axdenil

gadaaWarbebs

ocnebebSi

`wyali

muSaobis

margebelSi

mosalodneli

miRebuli

sargeblianoba

garantirebuli

Semosavlis

sargeblianobas.
naxazi 6.6 gviCvenebs riskis moyvaruli adamianis sargeblianobis funqcias.
am

SemTxvevaSi

gamoxatavs.

sargeblianobis

Semosavalis

sargeblianoba

izrdeba

funqcia

yoveli

zrdad

umniSvnelo

Semosavlis

zrdasTan

zRvrul

zrdisas
erTad.

sargeblianobas

miRebuli

(ST

zRvruli

monakveTis

sigrZe

aRemateba QR monakveTis sigrZes).

6.3 riskis miReba da riskis Tavidan acileba

ekonomistebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas riski arasasurvelad miaCnia,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme

exeba mniSvnelovan TanxebTan dakavSirebul

gadawyvetilebebs (SeiZinon Tu ara dazRveva avtomobilebisaTvis an daabandon Tu

ara fuli fasian qaRaldebSi). avtomZRolebi yiduloben dazRvevas im rwmeniT,
rom maT mier gadaxdili dazRvevis safasuri, bevrad naklebia im TanxebTan
SedarebiT, risi gaRebac maT SesaZloa mouxdeT avtoavariis dros. avtomZRoli
riskis

140

srul

likvidacias

an

mis

Semcirebas

cdilobs.

avtomZRolisagan

gansxvavebiT,

adamiani,

romelic Tavisi danazogebis

garkveul nawils

fasian

qaRaldebSi abandebs, risks iRebs sakuTar Tavze.

sargeblianobis
funqcia

sargeblianoba

R
Q

Semosavali (aTasi lari)

104

nax. 6.6 riskis moyvaruli adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia.

sargeblianobis funqcia asaxavs zrdad zRvrul sargeblianobas. Semosavalis umniSvnelo zrdisas miRebuli zRvruli
sargeblianoba izrdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad. ST monakveTis sigrZe aRemateba QR monakveTis sigrZes.

rodis arian mzad riskis misaRebad riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili

adamianebi da rodis surT misi sruli anulireba an Semcireba? dasmul kiTxavze
pasuxis gasacemad gavecnoT riskis premiis koncefcias da riskis uarmyofeli
adamianis stimulebs dazRvevis SeZenis mimarT.

141

riskis premia
riskis premia (Risk Premium) es aris im Tanxis maqsimaluri odenoba,
romlis gadasaxdeladac mzad aris riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili adamiani,
raTa

Tavidan

aicilos

riski.

zogadad

premia

damokidebulia

im

sarisko

alternativebze, romelTa winaSec dgas adamiani.

ori alternatiuli samuSaos Sesaxeb Cvens mier wina paragrafSi ganxilul
magaliTSi

arCevani

ganxorcielda

garkveuli

situaciisa

da

garantirebuli

Semosavlis SemTavazebeli kompaniis sasargeblod. Tu Tqveni, rogorc arCevanis

ganmaxorcielebeli
iqneboda

subieqtis,

mniSvnelovnad

didi,

mosalodneli
vidre

xelfasi

`axdenil

garantirebuli

ocnebebSi

Semosavali

`wyali

margebelidan, maSin SesaZloa arCevani saqmianobis damwyebi mcire sawarmos _

`axdenili ocnebebis sasargeblod gagekeTebinaT.
naxazi 6.7 gviCvenebs, rom roca `axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli xelfasi
aris 54 000 lari da `wyali margebelis xelfasi 29 000, `axdenili ocnebebis
xelfasis

mosalodneli

sargeblianoba

(naxazi

6.7,

wertili

D)

aWarbebs

mosalodnel sargeblianobas, romelic `wyali margebelSi miRebul xelfass

moaqvs (F wertili).

sargeblianoba

320

190

60

0 4

29

54

104

Semosavali (aTasi lari)

nax. 6.7 riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianma SesaZloa riski amjobinos gaurkvevlobas
roca `axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli xelfasi aris 54 000 lari da `wyali margebelis xelfasi 29 000, maSin `axdenili
ocnebebis xelfasis mosalodneli sargeblianoba (naxazze D wertili) aWarbebs `wyali margebelSi miRebuli xelfasis
mosalodnel sargeblianobas (F wertili). OAFC aris `wyali margebelis sargeblianobis funqcia, xolo OADC `axdenili
ocnebebis sargeblianobis funqcia.

naxazi 6.7 aRwers Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxs _ riskisadmi uaryofiTad

ganwyobilma admanianma SesaZloa amjobinos gaurkvevloba, da Sesabamisad riski,
garantirebul Semosavalsa da erTmniSvnelovnad garkveul situacias. sxvagvarad

142

rom vTqvaT, riskis uarmyofeli adamiani mzadaa riskis misaRebad, Tu iarsebebs

damatebiTi `jildo premiis saxiT, romelic moaxdens am riskis kompensacias.
Tu

ramdenad

damokidebulia
aucilebeli
ueWveli

didi

an

gaurkveveli

sxvaoba

Sedegis

mcire

unda

situaciis

gaurkveveli

Semosavals

iyos

riskis

situaciis

Soris.

am

es

damatebiTi

premiaze.

riskis

mosalodnel

situaciaSi

`jildo,

premia

mniSvnelobasa

gadawyvetilebis

aris
da

mimRebi

neitraluria saeWvo da ueWveli Sedegebis mimarT. riskis premiis asaxsnelad

warmovidginoT,

rom

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi

subieqtis

winaSe

dgas

ori

alternativa _ gaurkveveli raime situacia da udaod cxadi Sedegis momtani

situacia,

romlis

Semosavali

tolia

gaurkveveli

situaciis

mosalodneli

Semosavlisa. aqamde Catarebuli msjelobis safuZvelze cxadia, rom subieqti

amjobinebs garkveul Sedegs da garantirebul Semosavals.
magram axla davuSvaT, rom Seamcires garantirebuli Semosavlis odenoba.
Tu

garantirebuli

Semosavali

umniSvnelod

Semcirda,

maSin

SesaZloa

gadawyvetilebis mimRebs isev garantirebuli Semosavali urCevnia gaurkveveli

situaciis

mosalodnel

Semosavals.

magram

Tuki

garantirebul

Semosavals

mniSvnelovnad SevamcirebT, maSin SesaZloa gaurkvevelis situaciisa da riskis

Semcveli alternativis sasargeblod gakeTdes arCevani. riskis premia gviCvenebs
im wertils, sadac individis upiratesobebi icvleba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.
riskis premia im Tanxis odenobaa, romliTac unda Semcirdes garantirebuli
Semosavali, raTa riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
individi neitraluri iyos Tavdapirvel sarisko situaciisa da arasarisko, magram
axla ukve Semcirebuli garantirebuli Semosavlis mimarT.
ufro

zogadad,

Tu

Cven

gvaqvs

gaurkveveli

situacia

ori

SesaZlo

SemosavlebiT _ I 1 da I 2 , Sesabamisi albaTobebiT Pr da (1 Pr ), maSin riskis premia

RP SegviZlia gamoviangariSoT Semdegi formulidan, sadac formulis marcxena
mxare gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodneli sargeblianobaa
Pr U ( I 1 ) (1 Pr ) U ( I 2 ) U[ Pr I 1 (1 Pr ) I 2 RP]

naxazi 6.8 gviCvenebs rogor SeiZleba gamovsaxoT riskis premia `axdenili

ocnebebis SemoTavazebis SemTxvevaSi.
gavixsenoT, rom `axdenil ocnebebSi muSaobis dawyebis saSualo Semosavali
(mosalodneli mniSvneloba) tolia 54 000 laris (D wertili), romlis Sesabamisi
sargeblianoba naxazze 6.8 aris 190 erTeuli. 190 erTeuli sargeblianoba amave
naxazis mixedviT Seesabameba 37 000 larian garantirebul Semosavals, miRebuls
`wyali margebelidan (E wertili). E da D wertilebs erTnairi sargeblianoba aqvs,
riskis uarmyofeli adamiani airCevs garantirebul 37000 larian Semosavals da
Sesabamis samuSaos. `axdenili ocnebebis mier SeTavazebuli samuSaos riskis
premia ki iqneba 17 000 lari (54 000 - 37 000). naxazze ED monakveTis sigrZe
gamoxatavs swored riskis premias.

143

naxazze 6.8 grafikis saSualebiT aRwerili 17 000 laris riskis

premiis interpretireba yoveldRiur sametyvelo enaze Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
Tu

`wyali

margebeli

marTlac

gTavazobT

37

000

larian

garantirebul

Semosavals (E wertili), maSin `axdenilma ocnebebma sul mcire 17 000 lariT meti
mosalodneli saSualo Semosavali unda SemogTavazoT, rom miiRoT SemoTavazeba.
es 17 000 lari aris is minimaluri Tanxa _ `jildo, romlisTvis gulisTvisac
garantirebuli Semosavlis miRebis ueWveloba unda gacvaloT saTuo, magram ufro
maRali Semosavalis miRebis SesaZleblobaze. riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili
adamiani

amjobinebs

mosalodneli

gaurkvevelobasa

saSualo

Semosavali

da

risks,

riskis

Tu

premiaze

gaurkveveli

situaciis

ufro

odenobiT

meti

aRemateba garantirebuli Semosavals.

riskis premiis uniSvnelovanesi determinanti aris gaurkveveli situaciis
cvalebadoba

(variacia).

Tu

erTmaneTs

SevadarebT

toli

mosalodneli

mniSvnelobisa da gansxvavebuli variaciebis mqone or gaurkvevel situacias, ufro

maRali variaciis mqone gaurkveveli situaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iqneba ufro
maRali riskis premiac. es garemoeba niSnavs, rom rac ufro maRalia riski, miT
meti damatebiTi `jildo sWirdeba adamians am riskis misaRebad.

sargeblianoba

320

sargeblianobis
funqcia

190

riskis

60

premia

37

0 4

54

104

Semosavali (aTasi lari)

nax. 6.8 riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianis riskis premia
E da D wertilebs erTnairi sargeblianoba aqvs. `axdenili ocnebebis mier SeTavazebuli samuSaos riskis premia aris

17 000 lari (54 000-37 000). naxazze ED monakveTis sigrZe gamoxatavs riskis premias.

riskis Tavidan acileba. riski da dazRveva

riskis
riskisadmi

144

premiis

Cvens

uaryofiTad

mier

ganxorcielebuli

ganwyobili

adamiani

mzadaa

analizi
riskis

gviCvenebs,
sakuTar

rom
Tavze

asaRebad, Tu amisaTvis sakmarisad did `jildos miiRebs. riskis uarymyofeli

adamianis qcevis es logika naTels hfens im SemTxvevebsac, roca igive adamiani
amjobinebs riskis Tavidan acilebas dazRvevis SeZenis gziT.
riskis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis sailustraciod,
warmovidginoT, rom Tqven SeiZineT axali Zvirfasi avtomobili da amasTanave
wlis

ganmavlobaSi

yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis

sxvadasxva

xarjebis

dasafarad

gankuTvnili gaqvT 50 000 lari. Tu yvelaferi ise warimarTeba, rogorc dagegmili

gaqvT, anu Tu avtomobili gamarTulad imuSavebs da avtoavariac ar SegemTxvevaT,
maSin Tqveni samomxmareblo xarjebis odenoba isev 50 000 lari iqneba.
magram Tu avtomanqanisaTvis dazRveva SeZenili ara gaqvT da mas avtosagzao
SemTxvevaSi daazianebT, maSin SesakeTeblad 10 000 laris daxarjva mogiwevT. es
gauTvaliswinebeli

danaxarji

sxva

saqonlisa

da

momsaxurebis

SesaZenad

gankuTvnil Tqvens wliur xarjebs 40 000 laramde Seamcirebs. davuSvaT, rom

Tqveni manqanis avtoavariaSi dazianebis albaToba aris 0,05. Sesabamisad, avariis
gareSe mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi manqaniT mgzavrobis albaToba iqneba 0,95. Tu
Tqveni manqana ar aris dazRveuli, maSin Tqven dgaxarT riskis winaSe: 40 000
laris

samomxmareblo

xarjebiT

darCenis

Sansi

5%-ia,

xolo

50

000

laris

samomxmareblo xarjebiT darCenis Sansi ki 95%.

axla davuSvaT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZinoT 10 000 laris Rirebulebis
wliuri dazRvevis polisi weliwadSi 500 larad. polisis Rirebulebas - 500 lars
ewodeba dazRvevis premia (sadazRvevo Senatani). dazRvevis aseTi polisis SeZenis
SemTxvevaSi, sadazRvevo kompania Tanaxmaa gadaixados avtoavariisas dazianebuli
Tqveni manqanis SesakeTebeli xarji 10 000 laris odenobiT. aseT sadazRvevo
poliss ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani gaaCnia: (1) mTlianad faravs yvela xarjs,
romelic SesaZloa gamoiwvios manqanis avariaSi dazianebam, anu eweva danaxarjebis
srul kompensacias da (2) polisis Rirebuleba obieqturad aris Sefasebuli
(Fairly Priced). obieqturad Sefasebuli sadazRevvo polisis dros dazRvevis
premia sadazRvevo kompaniis mier dapirebuli sakompensacio Tanxis mosalodneli
mniSvnelobis

tolia.

obieqturad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisis

fasi (anu

dazRvevis premia) dazRveuli zianis dasafari Tanxis mosalodneli mniSvnelobis

tolia.
Cveni

magaliTis

SemTxvevaSi

kompaniis

mier

dapirebuli

10

000

laris

gadaxdis Sansi 5%, xolo gadauxdelobis ki - 95%-ia. amitom sadazRvevo kompaniis

mier dapirebuli sakompensacio Tanxis mosalodneli mniSvneloba aris (0,05 X
10000)+(0,95X0)=500 lari. obieqturad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisi sxvanairadac
SegviZlia

aRvweroT:

erT

larze

sadazRvevo

premiis

odenoba

(500/10

000)

avtoavariis albaTobis toli unda iyos (0,05).

riskis Tavidan acilebis logika aCvenebs, rom aseTi sadazRvevo polisis
SeZena xelsayrelia.
polisis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi samomxmareblo xarjebi aris

145

50 000 - 500=49 500 (avtoavariis SemTxvevis gareSe)

50 000 500 - 10 000 + 10 000= 49 500 (avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi)

ase

rom,

sadazRvevo

polisi

mTlianad

auqmebs

risks,

amasTanave,

saSualebas iZleva yovelgvari gaurkvevlobis gareSe daixarjos 49 500 lari

wliuri

samomxmareblo

xarjebis

saxiT.

sadazRvevo

polisis

gareSe

samomxmareblo xarjebi aris: 50 000 lari (avtavariis gareSe) da 40 000 lari

(avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi)
sadazRvevo
mosalodneli

polisis

SeuZenlobis

mniSvneloba

aris

SemTxvevaSi

samomxmareblo

0,95 50000+0,05 40

000=49500.

xarjebis
ase

rom,

samomxmareblo xarjebis mosalodneli mniSvneloba (49 500) polisis SeuZenlobis

SemTxvevaSi tolia polisis SeZenis Semdeg darCenili realuri samomxmareblo
xarjebisa (50 000 - 500=49 500). radgan riskis mowinaaRmdege adamiani garkveulobas
amjobinebs erTnairi mosalodneli mniSvnelobis gaurkvevel Sedegebs, amitom
yovelTvis

urCevnia

SeiZinos

samarTlianad

Sefasebuli

sadazRevvo

polisi,

romelic danakargis srul kompensirebas hpirdeba.

riskis uarmyofel individebs aqvT dazRvevis SeZenis Zlieri stimulebi,
magram

ratom

surT

sadazRvevo

kompaniebs

sadazRvevo

polisebis

momxmareblebisaTvis miwodeba? Tu riskis uarmyofeli adamianebi qmnian moTxovnas

sadazRvevo bazarze, maSin miwodeba riskis moyvaruli sadazRvevo kompaniebis
mieraa Seqmnili? sadazRvevo kompaniebi sakuTar Tavze iReben klientebis risks im
imediT, rom klientebis zaralis anazRaureba ar mouwevT bednieri SemTxvevebis
wyalobiT? dazRvevis miwodebis msurveli kompaniebis arseboba srulebiTac ar
gulisxmobs, rom dazRvevis mimwodeblebi riskis moyvarulebi arian. sadazRevvo
biznesis istoriaze Tvalis gadavleba advilad dagvarwmunebs am Tvalsazrisis
WeSmaritebaSi.
mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben,7 rom sadazRvevo biznesis fesvebi antikuri epoqidan
modis. Zvel saberZneTsa da romis imperiaSi dRevandeli sicocxlis dazRvevis
polisis msgavsi dazRvevis mimwodeblebi imdroindeli gildiebi iyvnen (ostatTa
gaerTienebebi antikur samyaroSi). gildiebi sTxovdnen TavianT wevrebs garkveuli
Tanxa

permanentulad

SeegrovebinaT

organizaciis

wevrebis

ojaxebis

dasaxmareblad ojaxis ufrosis moulodnelad gardacvalebis SemTxvevebisaTvis.

Sua saukuneebis italiaSi warmoiSva marcvleulis dazRvevis sistema: fermerebma
Seqmnes kooperaciuli gaerTianeba, sadac cudi amindis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTis
danakargebs azRvevdnen. maTi SeTanxmebis mixedviT, qveynis erT nawilSi mcxovrebi
fermerebi, sadac kargi amindi iyo, kompensacias uxdidnen qveynis sxva nawilSi
mcxovreb fermerebs, romlebsac amindma ar gaumarTla. da bolos, 1771 wels
daarsda mTels msoflioSi cnobili sadazRvevo kompania `loids of london
(LIoyds of London), rodesac kompania `loids-is kuTvnil yavis saxlSi moRvawe

Bernstein, P.L., Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk, Chapter 5., New York, 1996

146

adamianTa

jgufi

SeTanxmda,

gaeRoT

piradi

simdidre

jgufis

wevrebisa

da

klientebis moulodneli danakargebis dasafaravad. adamianTa jgufi, romelic

dazRvevis premias uxdida `loids-s Sedgeboda gemTmflobelebis, vaWrebisa da
Senoba-nagebobebis mflobelebisagan.
istoriuli magaliTebi naTlad gviCveneben dazRevvis fundamentur princips
_ adamianTa jgufi, romelTac aranairi danakargebi ar aqvs, kompensacias uxdis
imaT, visac danakargebi gauCndaT sarisko situaciebSi. riskis ganawilebisa da
riskebis

damoukideblobis

principebi

Tanamedrove

sadazRvevo

biznesis

fuZemdebluri principebia. dazRveva Tavis SinaarsiT aris riskis ganawileba

adamianTa jgufis mier, ise, rom arcerTi maTgani ar iRebs gansakuTrebulad didi
odenobis risks sakuTar Tavze. swored amitom sadazRvevo bazari SesaZloa
warmoiSvas

maSinac

ki,

roca

dazRvevis

mimwodebeli

jgufis

wevrebi

riskis

uarmyofeli adamianebi arian. erTaderTi piroba rac am dros unda Sesruldes,

aris riskebis damoukidebloba.
individebis

mier

sakuTar

Tavze

aRebuli

riskebi

garkveuli

doziT

damoukidebeli unda iyvnen erTmaneTisagan. riskebis damoukideblobis SemTxvevaSi,

roca

erTi

adamiani

zaralobs,

arseboben

sxva

dauzaralebeli

adamianebi,

romlebic ixdian dazaralebulisaTvis kompensacias. riskebis damoukideblobis es

debuleba marTebulia TiTqmis yvela saxis dazRvevis SemTxvevaSi (avtomobilis,
sicocxlis,

qonebis,

janmrTelobis

dazRveva

Tu

sxva).

arsebobs

iSviaTi

gamonaklisebi, roca riskebis damoukideblobis principi ar sruldeba. magaliTad,

stiqiuri ubedurebebis dros adamianTa qonebisa da janmrTelobisadmi miyenebuli
ziani SesaZloa imdenad farTod gavrceldes, rom sadazRvevo kompaniebs mouwioT
didZali sakompensacio Tanxebis gacema. aseT SemTxvevebSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi
didi finansuri sirTuleebis winaSe aRmoCndebian. aseTi SemTxvevbi gamonaklisia.
umravles

SemTxvevaSi

sadazRvevo bazrebi

warmatebiT

funqcionireben:

riskis

ganawileba SesaZlebelia da riskebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia.

6.4 asimetriuli informacia sadazRvevo bazrebze

sadazRvevo
SemTxvevaSi

polisebi,

zaralis

rogorc

odenobis

wesi,

Seicaven

dauzRvevel

mosalodneli

minimums

zaralis

(Deductible).

wina

paragrafSi ganxiluli magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, dauzRveveli minimumi aris manqanis

SekeTebis
polisis
kompaniis

xarjebis

is

mflobelma
mier

dauzRveveli

aris

minimumi

nawili

unda

(magaliTad

gadaixados,

dazRveuli
riskebs

da

sruli

1000

lari),

xolo

danarCeni

kompania

uxdis

dazRvevidan

romelic

sadazRvevo

nawili

sadazRvevo

polisis

mflobels.

nawilobriv

dazRvevad

gadaaqcevs, anu moiTxovs Tana-gadaxdas.

147

ratom

aweseben

sadazRevvo

kompaniebi

dauzRvevel

minimums?

ratom

moiTxoven Tqvengan Tanagadaxdas zaralis kompensaciisas? sadazRvevo kompaniebis

aseTi qceva ganpirobebulia asimetriuli informaciis arsebobiT. asimetriuli
informacia gulisxmobs iseT situacias, roca bazarze monawile erT-erTi mxare
flobs ufro met informacias sakuTari qcevisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, vidre
meore mxare. sadazRvevo bazrebze asimetriuli informacia ori mniSvnelovani
formiT vlindeba: esenia moraluri safrTxe (Moral Hazard) da araxelsayreli
SerCeva (Adverse Selection).
moraluri safrTxe warmoiSoba, Tu dazRveul mxares aqvs SesaZlebloba
faruli

moqmedebiT

gavlena

moaxdinos

dazRveuli

SemTxvevis

moxdenis

albaTobaze. araxelsayreli SerCeva warmoiSoba, roca erT-erTi mxare flobs

farul informacias SemTxvevis riskis an zaralis odenobis Sesaxeb.

148

faruli qmedeba: moraluri safrTxe

davubrundeT wina paragrafSi aRweril avtomobilis dazRvevis magaliTs.
davuSvaT,

Tqven

SeiZineT

sadazRvevo

polisi,

romelic

mTlianad

faravs

avtomobilis qurdobisa da SekeTebis xarjebs avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi. xom ar

gamoiwvevs es garemoeba Tqveni sifxizlis modunebas? ramdenad frTxili iqnebiT
Tqvens moqmedebebSi imasTan SedarebiT, Tu srulad dazRveuli ar iqneboda Tqveni
avtomobili?

SesaZloa

Tqven

marTlac

naklebi

yuradRebiT

marToT

manqana,

moumatoT siswrafes, Tavi aRar SeikavoT Zlieri wvimis pirobebSi mgzavrobisagan,

aRar SeiZinoT usafrTxoebis ZviradRirebuli mowyobilobebi manqanisaTvis, RamRamobiT aRar daayenoT igi dacul avtosadgomze an uyuradRebod miatovoT mcire
xniT manqanidan gadmosvlisas. wminda efeqti, rac Tqveni sifxizlis modunebam
gamoiwvia, aris mosalodneli zaralis albaTobis gazrda. magaliTad, sruli
dazRvevis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi zaralis Sansi Tu 10% iyo, axla SesaZloa
gaxdes 15%, 20% an sulac ufro meti.
es magaliTi warmoadgens moraluri safrTxis koncefciis ilustrirebas.
moraluri safrTxe aRwers fenomens, roca dazRveuli mxare nakleb mzrunvelobas
iCens dazRveuli obieqtis mimarT, vidre igi gamoiCenda dazRvevis uqonlobis
SemTxvevaSi.

radganac

sadazRvevo

kompaniebs

ar

SeuZliaT

monitoringi

ganaxorcielon klientebis yoveldRiur qmedebebze, informacia aseTi qmedebebis

Sesaxeb

dafarulia

sadazRvevo

kompaniisaTvis.

sadazRevvo

polisis

miyidvis

Semdeg kompanias aRar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos klientis qcevaze.

klientebis mxridan aseTi faruli qmedebebis arseboba didi problemaa
sadazRvevo kompaniebisaTvis, rameTu moraluri safrTxis SesaZlebloba pirdapir
axdens

gavlenas

sadazRvevo

kompaniis

kompania

mogebaze.

muSaobs

Tu

nulovani

Cvens

mogebis

mier

ganxilul

pirobebSi

da

magaliTSi

avtomobilis

dazianebis albaToba aris 10%, maSin klientebis mxridan naklebi sifrTxilis

gamoCeniT

avtomobilis

dazianebis

albaTobis

gazrda

20%-mde

kompanias

daazaralebs (mogebis sidides uaryofiT ricxvad gadaaqcevs).

sadazRvevo
erTerTi

kompaniebisaTvis

saSualeba

SemdegSi

moraluri

mdgomareobs:

safrTxis

problemis

mogvarebis

sadazRvevo

kompaniebi

dazRveuls

uxdian kompensacias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki klienti daasabuTebs, rom

SemTxveva ar gamouwvevia mis uyuradRebo qcevas, naklebi sifrTxilis gamoCenas an
uzrunvelobas.

magram

mouxerxebelia.

igi

sadazRvevo

moiTxovs

kompaniebisaTvis

bevr

dros

da

aseTi

kompaniis

praqtika
mxridan

zogjer

TiToeuli

SemTxvevisaTvis ZviradRirebuli kvleva-Ziebis Catarebas.

aseTi gamoZiebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSic ki Zalzed Znelia klientis faruli
qmedebebis saaSkaraoze gamotana da kompensaciis gadaxdaze uaris Tqma. magaliTad,
sasursaTo

maRaziis

win

gaCerebuli

avtomanqanis

qurdobis

an

dazianebis

SemTxvevaSi rogor SeiZleba sadazRevvo kompaniam gaarkvios, klientma Segnebuli

gaufrTxileblobiT

datova

saval

nawilze

gaCerebuli

manqana

Tu

Zalian

149

eCqareboda da ramdenime wuTSi sigaretis yidvis Semdeg swrafad dabrunebas

apirebda.
moraluri

safrTxis

problemis

mogvarebis

ukeTesi

gzaa

sadazRvevo

polisis mflobelebisaTvis faruli qmedebebisagan Tavis Sekavebis stimulebis

gaCena. (magaliTad, avtomZRolisaTvis sadazRvevo polisis miyidvasTan erTad
mgzavrobisas sifrTxilis gamoCenis stimulebis SenarCuneba).
sadazRvevo polisiT gaTvaliswinebuli dauzRveveli minimumi aris swored
aseTi stimulebis gaCenis erTerTi saSualeba. Tu dazRveulma mZRolma icis, rom
avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi mas mouwevs SekeTebis xarjebis nawilis Tavad dafarva,
savaraudod, igi ufro yuradRebiT marTavs avtomobils.
sadazRvevo bazris wilis gazrdisaTvis erTmaneTTan konkurenciaSi myofi
sadazRvevo kompaniebi saintereso dilemis winaSe dganan: erTi mxriv, sadazRvevo
polisi unda faravdes mosalodneli zianis xarjebis rac SeiZleba met nawils,
raTa individebma SeiZinon igi, xolo meore mxriv, dauzRveveli minimumi unda iyos
mniSvnelovnad didi, raTa dazRveul pirs faruli qmedebebisagan Tavis Sekavebis
stimulebi gauCinos.

faruli informacia. araxelsayreli SerCeva

moraluri safrTxis fenomeni gvixsnis, Tu ratom ar axdenen riskebis
srulad dazRvevas zogierT SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi. araxelsayreli
SerCevis fenomeni ki gvixsnis, Tu ratom axorcieleben sadazRvevo kompaniebi
potenciuri klientebis erTiani jgufis diferencirebas riskis xarisxis mixedviT
da

ratom

axdevineben

sadazRevvo Senatanebs.
dauzRveveli

minimumis

erTi

da

igive

kategoriis

klientebs

gansxvavebul

moraluri safrTxis SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi

meSveobiT

cdiloben

zemoqmedebas

klientebis

qcevis

stimulebze, xolo araxelsayreli SerCevisas _ kompaniebi dazRvevis premiis

odenobiT gavlenas axdenen erTi da igive kategoriis potenciuri klientebis
sxvadasxva jgufze. potenciuri klientebis saerTo jgufidan sarisko jgufebs
ufro met dazRvevis premias axdevineben, xolo naklebad sarisko jgufebs ki
SedarebiT naklebs.
Cvens

magaliTSi

avtomZRolTa

saerTo

raodenoba

bazarze

sxvadasxva

individisagan Sedgeba. maT Soris zogi ufro metad gamocdili, daxelovnebuli da

frTxili mZRolia, zogi - naklebad. naklebad frTxili da gamoucdeli mZRolebi
avtoavariisas ufro didi riskis matareblebi arian. Tu sadazRvevo kompaniebi
erTnair sadazRvevo Senatans daawesebdnen orive tipis mZRolebisaTvis, maSin
axalbeda mZRolebisaTvis polisis miyidva ufro naklebad xelsayreli iqneboda.
aseT SemTxvevaSi sadazRevvo kompaniis mier ganxorcieldeboda misi interesebis
sazianod klientebis araxelsayreli SerCeva, rameTu klientebis am jgufis riskis
xarisxi ufro maRalia, vidre dazRvevis premia (sadazRevo Senatani).

150

sadazRvevo

kompanias

SeuZlia

am

viTarebis

gaTvaliswineba

da

araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis mogvareba potenciur klientTa sxvadasxva

jgufisaTvis maTi riskis xarisxis Sesabamisi sadazRvevo Senatanis dawesebiT.
Cvens magaliTSi sadazRvevo kompaniebma, araxelsayreli SerCevis problema
SesaZloa

moagvaron

Semdegnairad:

30-wlamde

axalgazrda

mZRolebs

dauweson

ufro maRali sadazRvevo Senatani, xolo mZRolTa ufro xandazmul kategorias

ki ufro naklebi sadazRevevo Senatani.
xSirad

potenciur

diferencirebulia,

farTo

klientTa
speqtrs

jgufis
moicavs

riskebis
da

sidideebi

informacia

imdenad

miuwvdomelia

sadazRvevo kompaniisaTvis, rom Znelia TiToeuli risk-jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi

dazRvevis

premiis

dadgena.

sadazRvevo

kompaniis

uunaroba,

ganasxvavos

erTmaneTisagan sadazRvevo polisebis SemZenTa riskis sidideebi, kompaniebs uqmnis

seriozul siZneleebs da warmoSobs araxelsayreli SerCevis problemas.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT kompania, romelic janmrTelobis dazRvevis
poliss yidis. fiqsirebuli sadazRvevo Senatanis pirobebSi sadazRvevo polisi,
romelic

srulad

faravs

mkurnalobis

xarjebs,

ufro

metad

mimzidveli

aRmoCndeba maRali riskis matarebeli individebisaTvis (magaliTad, cxovrebis

arajansaRi

wesis

moyvarulebisaTvis

an

memkvidreobiTi

avadmyofobis

matareblebisaTvis), vidre dabali riskis mqone individebisaTvis. aseTi situacia

iwvevs sadazRvevo kompaniisaTvis xarjebis zrdas. martivi gamosavali iqneboda
sadazRvevo kompaniis mier sadazRevvo Senatanis gazrda riskis maRali xarisxis
gamo.
araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis gadasaWrelad sadazRvveo Senatanis
gazrda

ar

gamoiwvevda

dadebiT

Sedegebs.

yvela

potenciuri

klientisaTvis

sadazRvevo Senatanis erTnairad gazrda kidev ufro gaauaresebda situacias:

maRali riskis mqone individebi isev gaagrZelebdnen polisis SeZenas (sadazRvevo
polisi maTTvis Zalzed Rirebulia), xolo dabali riskis matarebeli zogierTi
individi ki saerTod aRar SeiZenda poliss maRali sadazRvevo Senatanis gamo
(SesaZloa maT polisi arc ki dasWirdeT, rameTu kargi janmrTeloba aqvT).
sadazRvveo

polisis

xarjebis

dasafarad

dazRvevis

premiis

odenobis

gazrda moqmedebs dabali riskis matarebel individTa im jgufze, romelTac jer

kidev surdaT sadazRvevo polisis SeZena. aseTi nabijiT sadazRvevo kompaniam
klientebis araxelsayreli SerCeva ganaxorciela potenciur klientTa sxvadasxva
jgufebidan.
SeuZliaT

Tu

ara

sadazRvevo

kompaniebs

warmatebiT

funqcionireba

araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis arsebobisas? warmatebis momtani erT-erTi gza

iqneba, Tu kompaniebi momxmareblebs SesTavazeben sadazRvevo polisebis farTo
speqtrs, miscemen saSualebas Tavad SearCion maTTvis yvelaze misaRebi sadazRvevo
polisi. is momxmareblebi, romlebsac mosalodneli avadmyofobis naklebi Sansebi

151

aqvT,

SearCeven

sadazRvevo

poliss,

romelic

iTvaliswinebs

didi

odenobis

dauzRvevel minimums da mcire sadazRvevo Senatans.

mcire dauzRveveli minimumisa da didi sadazRvevo Senatanis mqone polisi ki
mimzidveli iqneba iseTi momxmareblebisaTvis, romelTac mosalodneli avadmyofobis
ufro meti Sansebi aqvT.
araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis mogvarebis kidev erTi gzaa sadazRvevo
kompaniebis mier polisebis ara calkeul individze, aramed adamianTa jgufze
miyidva.

magaliTad,

zogjer

sxvadasxva

firmebi

TavianTi

TanamSromlebisagan

moiTxoven janmrTelobis savaldebulo dazRvevas. sadazRvevo kompania, romelic

aseT firmas jgufur sadazRvevo poliss sTavazobs, faqtiurad aerTianebs maRali
da dabali riskis mqone firmis TanamSromelTa riskebs.
sxvadasxva xarisxis riskebis aseTi `nakrebi saSualebas aZlevs sadazRvevo
kompanias

warmatebiT

gadaWras

araxelsayreli

SerCevis

problema.

TiToeuli

maTganisaTvis sadazRvevo polisi individualurad rom mieyida, maSin firmis

maRali riskis

mqone TanamSromlebisaTvis

es

SeTavazeba Zalzed mimzidveli

aRmoCndeboda, xolo dabali riskis mqone firmis TanamSromlebi ar moindomebdnen

polisis SeZenas.

ZiriTadi terminebi

gaurkvevloba
riski
mosalodneli mniSvneloba (maTematikuri lodini)
variacia
riskis moyvaruli, riskis uarmyofeli da riskisadmi neitraluri adamianis
sargeblianobis funqcia
riskis premia
samarTlianad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisi
riskebis ganawileba
riskebis gaerTianeba
moraluri ziani
araxelsayreli SerCeva

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

gaurkvevloba aris situacia, roca cnobilia Sedegebi, xolo TiToeuli

Sedegis moxdenis albaToba ki ara. riski

aRniSnavs situacias, roca

cnobilia Yyvela SesaZlo Sedegi da TiToeuli maTganis moxdenis albaTobac.

2.

sarisko situaciis mosalodneli mniSvneloba (maTematikuri lodini) aris

yvela SesaZlo Sedegis Sesabamisi Semosavlebis saSualo Sewonili sidide.
mosalodneli mniSvneloba gamoxatavs ZiriTad tendencias anu im Semosavals,
romelsac saSualod SesaZloa velodeT.

3.

sarisko

situaciis

variacia

asaxavs

mniSvnelobidan saSualo gadaxras.

152

SesaZlo

Sedegebis

variacia aris

mosalodneli

gaurkveveli situaciis

SesaZlo

Sedegebis

cvalebadobis

sazomi.

igi

axasiaTebs

im

sazRvrebs,

romelSic icvleba (varirebs) gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebi.

4.

riskis

mowinaaRmdege

adamiani

amjobinebs

garkveulobas

gaurkvevel

situaciasTan SedarebiT, Tuki orive situaciis mosalodneli mniSvnelobebi

tolia.

riskis

upiratesobebi
romelic

mowinaaRmdege

SesaZloa

klebadi

mowinaaRmdege
situaciis

gadawyvetilebis

aRiweros

zRvruli

individi

sargeblianobis

sargeblianobis

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi

individis

funqciis

meSveobiT,

kanons

miRebisas

asaxavs.

afasebs

SesaZlo Sedegebs maTi sargeblianobebis

mixedviT.

riskis

gaurkveveli
riskisadmi

neitralurad ganwyobili adamiani gaurkvevel situacias afasebs SesaZlo

Sedegebis Sesabamisi Semosavlebis mosalodneli mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
5.

riskis moyvaruli individi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

afasebs gaurkveveli

situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianis msgavsad: afasebs

maT

Sesabamisi

sargeblianobebis

mixedviT,

oRond

aseTi

adamianis

sargeblianobis funqcia zrdad zRvrul sargeblianobas gamoxatavs.

6.

riskis premia aris im Tanxis maqsimaluri odenoba, romlis gadaxdisTvisac

mzad aris riskis uarmyofeli adamiani. riskis premia aris aucilebeli
sxvaoba gaurkveveli situaciis Semosavlis mosalodnel mniSvnelobasa da
ueWveli

Semosavlis

mowinaaRmdege

odenobas

individi

Soris.

gadawyvetilebis

indiferentulia

risksa

da

mimRebi

riskis

garkveulobas

Soris

arCevanis mimarT.
7.

obieqturad

(samarTlianad)

dazRveuli
riskis

zianis

Sefasebuli

dasafari

mowinaaRmdege

Tanxis

individi

sadazRvevo

mosalodneli

risksa

da

polisis

mniSvnelobis

gaurkvvelobas

fasi
tolia.

yovelTvis

amjobinebs SeiZinos obieqturad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisi.

8.

dazRveva Tavis SinaarsiT aris riskis ganawileba adamianTa jgufis SigniT,

ise rom arcerTi maTgani ar iRebs gansakuTrebulad did risks sakuTar
Tavze. sadazRvevo bazari SesaZloa warmoiSvas maSinac ki, roca dazRvevis
mimwodebeli jgufis wevrebi riskis uarmyofeli adamianebi arian.

9.

riskis

ganawilebisa

principebi

da

Tanamedrove

gaerTianebis,
sadazRvevo

aseve

biznesis

riskebis

damoukideblobis

fuZemdebluri

principebia.

sadazRvevo sistemaSi adamianTa jgufi, romelsac aranairi danakargebi ar

aqvs,

uxdis

kompensacias

imaT,

visac

danakargebi

gauCndaT

sarisko

situaciebSi.

10.

asimetiuli informaciis arseboba sadazRvevo bazrebze warmoSobs moraluri

zianisa da araxelsayreli SerCevis problemebs. asimetriuli informacia
gulisxmobs iseT situacias, roca bazarze monawile erT-erTi mxare flobs
ufro met informacias sakuTari qcevis an Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

ratom aris albaTobaTaA jami 1-is toli?

153

2.

ra aris latariis mosalodneli mniSvneoba (maTematikuri lodini)? ra aris

variacia? risi sazomia TiToeuli maTgani?

3.

ra

gansxvavebaa

latariis

mosalodnel

mniSvnelobasa

da

latariis

mosalodnel sargeblianobas Soris?

4.

axseniT,

rom

klebadi

zRvruli

sargeblianobis

kanoni

aucileblad

gulisxmobs riskis uarmyofel adamians.

5.

ra

gansxvavebaa

riskis

moyvarul,

riskis

uarmyofel

da

riskisadmi

neitralurad ganwyobili adamianis sargeblianobis funqciebs Soris?

6.

ra aris riskis premia? ra gansazRvravs mis sidides?

7.

rogor gamoiTvleba samarTlianad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisis fasi?

8.

ra aris moraluri ziani? ra aris araxelsayreli SerCeva? axseniT gansxvaveba

maT Soris da moiyvaneT magaliTebi.

154

Tavi 7. warmoebis Teoria

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

warmoebis procesis analizs erTi cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT

2. warmoebis procesis analizs ori cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT

3.

kapitalis SromiT teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvruli normis gazomvas

4. mwarmoeblis wonasworobis miRwevis pirobebis gaanalizebas

5. masStabidan ukugebis aRweras

7.1

warmoeba erTi cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT.

klebadi zRvruli

mwarmoebluroba

warmoebis procesis cnebis qveS resursebis produqtad gardaqmnis procesi

igulisxmeba. Tanamedrove mikroekonomikaSi warmoeba gulisxmobs mizandasaxul
saqmianobas warmoebis faqtorebis (resursebis) gamoyenebiT sasurveli Sedegebis
misaRwevad. Tu resursebis gamoyenebis moculoba cnobilia,

maSin xdeba Sedegis

maqsimizacia, xolo Tu cnobilia Sedegi (romlis miRwevac aucilebelia), maSin

xdeba resursebis moculobis minimizacia.
sawarmoo

funqcia

(Production

Function)

gansazRvravs

danaxarjebis

mocemuli raodenobidan saqonlis gamoSvebis maqsimalur raodenobas. igi ajamebs

gamoSvebis danaxarjebis sxvadasxva kombinaciis teqnikurad efeqtian gzebs.
warmoebis

procesSi

mravali

faqtori

gamoiyeneba.

aqedan

gamomdinare,

firmis ekonomikuri saqmianoba SeiZleba aisaxos Semdegi sawarmoo funqciiT:

Q ( F1 , F2 ,..., Fn ),
(7.1)
sadac

Q - warmoebis maqsimaluri moculobaa mocemuli danaxarjebis pirobebSi:

F1 - gamoyenebuli pirveli faqtoris raodenoba;
F2 - gamoyenebuli meore faqtoris raodenoba;
. . .

Fn - gamoyenebuli me-n-e faqtoris raodenoba.

sawarmoo funqciis kerZo SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegnairad:

Q = F (K, L)
(7.2)

155

igi

gviCvenebs

gamoSvebis

maqsimalur

moculobas

(Q),

romelic

firmas

SeuZlia awarmoos warmoebis faqtorebis _ Sromisa (L) da kapitalis (K) sxvadasxva

raodenobis gamoyenebiT.
Tu davuSvebT, rom F1 aris cvalebadi faqtori, danarCeni (n-1) faqtorebi ki

( F2 ,....Fn ) mudmivi, maSin

es piroba Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:

Q= f (F1,

F2,Fn)

(7.3)
const

rodesac

warmoebas

warmoebis

cvalebad

faqtoris

gavlenis

erTi

cvalebadi

faqtorad
asaxvis

Sromas

mizniT

faqtoris

mixedviT

ganvixilavT.

vaanalizebT,

warmoebaSi

Tavdapirvelad

ganvsazRvroT

cvalebadi
mTliani,

saSualo da zRvruli produqti.

mTliani produqti (Total Product TP) es aris ekonomikuri dovlaTis
raodenoba, romelic gamoSvebulia garkveuli raodenobis cvalebadi faqtoris
(Sromis) gamoyenebiT (igulisxmeba, rom sxva faqtorebis raodenoba fiqsirebulia).
Tu

erTobliv

produqts

gavyofT

cvalebadi

faqtoris

raodenobaze, miviRebT saSualo produqts (Averige Product

AP = TP / F1
an roca F1=L

an

daxarjul

AP):

AP = Q / F1

da Q=Q(K,L)
AP = Q / L

(7.4)
zRvruli produqti
nazrdi,

romelic

miiReba

(Marginal Product - MP)

Sromis

erTi

erTeulis

aris mTliani produqtis

damatebiT,

rodesac

sxva

faqtorebis danaxarjebi ucvlelia:

MP TP / F1 an MP Q / F1
an MP = Q / L
(7.5)
mTliani produqti (TP) warmoebaSi cvalebadi faqtoris (F1) gamoyenebis
zrdasTan erTad gaizrdeba. Tumca mocemuli teqnologiis CarCoebSi am zrdas
sazRvari aqvs. ganvixiloT naxazi 7.1.
I stadiaze (OA) zRvruli produqtis sidide izrdeba, xolo II stadiaze (AB)
zRvruli

produqtis

utoldeba: MP=AP

sidide

mcirdeba

da

wertilSi

saSualo

produqts

(naxazi 7.1 `b). Tu I stadiaze (OA) mTliani produqti nela

izrdeba, vidre gamoyenebuli cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba, maSin II stadiaze

(AB) mTliani produqti ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre gamoyenebuli cvalebadi
faqtoris raodenoba (naxazi 7.1 `a~).

156

warmoebis III stadiaze (BC) zRvruli produqti saSualo produqtze naklebia

(MP<AP), ris Sedegadac mTliani produqti cvalebadi faqtoris danaxarjebTan
SedarebiT ufro nela izrdeba. rodesac zRvruli produqti naklebia saSualo

mTliani produqti

produqtze, saSualo produqti mcirdeba.

Q3
Q2

I
stadia

II
stadia

III
stadia

IV
stadia

C
Q1

B
(a)
TP
A

X0

X2

X4

X3

A1

saSualo zRvruli
mwarmoebluroba

MP

X1

B1

(b)
C1
AP

X1

X2

X3

X4

cvalebadi faqtori F1

nax. 7. 1 cvalebadi faqtoris zrda; warmoebis stadiebi

I stadiaze (OA) Sromis zRvruli da mTliani mwarmoebluroba izrdeba. es aisaxeba zRvruli da
saSualo produqtis zrdaze. am dros MP>AP
(nax. `b~). mTliani produqti nela izrdeba, vidre
gamoyenebuli cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba. II stadiaze (AB) zRvruli produqtis sidide mcirdeba
da B wertilSi utoldeba saSualo produqts (MP=AP, nax. `b). mTliani produqti ufro swrafad
izrdeba, vidre gamoyenebuli cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba (nax. `a~). III stadiaze (BC) MP<AP, ris
Sedegadac mTliani produqti cvalebadi faqtoris danaxarjebTan SedarebiT ufro nela izrdeba. IV
stadiaze (C wertilis Semdeg), roca MP<0
cvalebadi
( F1)
faqtoris zrda iwvevs mTliani
produqtis gamoSvebis Semcirebas.

157

naxazidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia gavakeToT zogadi daskvna: Tu zRvruli

produqti metia saSualo produqtze, saSualo produqti izrdeba. Tu zRvruli
produqti naklebia saSualo produqtze, saSualo produqti mcirdeba. zRvruli
produqti utoldeba saSualo produqts maSin, rodesac saSualo produqti aRwevs
maqsimums.
bolos, IV stadiaze (C wertilis Semdeg), roca MP<0

cvalebadi

faqtoris zrda iwvevs mTliani produqtis gamoSvebis Semcirebas (im

rom

cvalebadi

yoveli

axali

faqtoris
erTeulis

yvela

F1

pirobiT,

erTeuli xarisxobrivad erTgvarovania da

TandaTanobiTi

mateba

ar

iwvevs

teqnologiis

xarisxobriv cvlilebas). naxazidan gamomdinare SeiZleba CamovayaliboT klebadi

zRvruli ukugebis kanoni.
klebadi zRvruli ukugebis kanoni (Low of Diminishing Marginal Return)
amtkicebs, rom romelime sawarmoo faqtoris gamoyenebis zrdasTan erTad (Tu sxva
danarCeni

faqtorebi

ucvlelia),

dgeba

faqtoris

gamoyeneba

iwvevs

cvalebadi

Tavdapirvelad

SedarebiT,

Semdgom

ki

iseTi

momenti,

produqtis
absolutur

rodesac

gamoSvebis
Semcirebas.

damatebiT
moculobis
ramdenime

faqtorisgan erT-erTis gamoyenebis zrda (danarCeni faqtorebis ucvlelobisas)

iwvevs misi gamoyenebidan miRebuli ukugebis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas.
klebadi
dasabuTebuli,

zRvruli
igi

soflis meurneobaSi,
aramed

SefardebiTi

ukugebis

kanoni

eqsperimentuli

wesiT

Teoriulad
ufroa

mkacrad

dadgenili

ar

aris

(Tavdapirvelad

Semdgom sxva dargebSi). am kanons aqvs ara absoluturi,

xasiaTi.

pirvel

rigSi,

igi

gamoiyeneba

mxolod

drois

moklevadian monakveTSi, rodesac warmoebis Tundac erTi faqtori mainc ucvleli

rCeba. teqnikuri progresi mudmivad cvlis am sazRvrebs. aRniSnulis ilustracia
movaxdinoT grafikze (naxazi 7.2).
C3

C2

mTliani produqti Q

III

C1

II
I

X1

X2

X3

cvalebadi faqtori F1

158

nax. 7.2 mTliani produqtis zrda da cvalebadi faqtoris gamoyeneba axal teqnologiaze gadasvlis
pirobebSi
X1 gviCvenebs I teqnologiiT cvalebadi faqtoris maqsimalurad SesaZlo gamoyenebas. II teqnologiaze gadasvla cvalebadi
faqtoris raodenobas zrdis X2-mde (X2 > X1), III teqnologiaze gadasvla X3-mde da a.S.

X1-iT aRvniSnoT cvalebadi faqtoris maqsimalurad SesaZlo gamoyeneba I

teqnologiiT.

aSkaraa,

rom

II

teqnologiaze

gaizardos cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba

gadasvla

saSualebas

iZleva

X2-mde (X2 > X1), III teqnologiaze

gadasvla X3-mde da a.S.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zRvruli produqti mTliani gamoSvebis mrudis nebismieri
wertilisaTvis

mrudis

mocemul

wertilSi

tangensis tolia. Tu gavixsenebT naxazs 7.1 `a~,

tg

misi

mxebis

daxrilobis

kuTxis

A wertilisaTvis:

AX 1
X 0 X1

(7.6)

C wertilSi mTliani produqti aRwevs maqsimums, xolo zRvruli produqti

0-is tolia (MP=0). C wertilamde MP> 0, am wertilis Semdeg MP<0.

warmoebis

faqtorebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT me-15 TavSi visaubrebT.

7.2

sawarmoo teqnologiis arCeva.

teqnikuri da

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba
produqtis garkveuli raodenobis gamoSvebisaTvis warmoebis faqtorebis
SeerTebis mravali kombinacia arsebobs. magaliTad, avtomobilebis warmoebisas
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas didi raodenobis Sroma martiv amwyob xazebze, an
piriqiT, mcire raodenobis Sroma ZviradRirebuli, maRali sirTulis robotul
teqnikasTan

erTad.

sawarmom

mogebis

maqsimizaciisa

da

TviTRirebulebis

minimizaciis mizniT, nebismieri moculobis produqtis sawarmoeblad, saukeTeso

sawarmoo teqnologiebi unda airCios.
firmam,

romelic

iwyebs

raime

saqonlis

warmoebas

da

cdilobs

iyos

efeqtiani, unda icodes, rogoria am saqonlis warmoebis alternatiuli wesebi. am

miznis

misaRwevad

ki

unda

gamoiyenos

teqnologiuri

da

ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT warmoebis efeqtiani meTodebi.

warmoebis wesi teqnologiurad efeqtianad iTvleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar
arsebobs

sxva

wesi,

romlis

drosac

mocemuli

raodenobis

produqtis

sawarmoeblad ixarjeba Tundac erTi resursiT naklebi raodenoba im pirobiT,

rom sxva saxis resursi meti raodenobiT ar ixarjeba.

159

Tu arsebobs warmoebis pirveli da meore wesi da pirveli wesis pirobebSi

erTi faqtori mainc gamoiyeneba meti raodenobiT, vidre meoris dros, xolo sxva
saxis danaxarjebi erTmaneTis tolia, maSin pirveli wesis dros erTi saxis
resursi

mainc

araracionalurad

ixarjeba.

am

resurss

aqvs

alternatiuli

Rirebuleba, romelic aucileblad unda iqnas mxedvelobaSi miRebuli.

Tu warmoebis meore wesis dros, faqtorTa imave raodenobis gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba warmoebul iqnas meti saqoneli, vidre pirveli wesis dros da Tu firma
ar

awarmoebs

produqtis

damatebiT

raodenobas,

am

SemTxvevaSi

resursebs

araracionalurad xarjavs.
ganvixiloT cxrili 7.1, sadac mocemulia xorblis warmoebis 4 sxvadasxva
wesi.

xorblis warmoebis alternatiuli wesebi

cxrili 7. 1
saWiro resursebi
mowyobiloba

Sroma (dRe)

traqtori (cali)

miwa (ha)

10

15

II

18

19

III

10

25

IV

10

25

(cali)

IV wesi teqnologiurad araefeqtiania, radgan am dros ufro meti miwa da

traqtori gamoiyeneba, vidre III wesis dros. Tu miwa da traqtori ufaso iqneboda,
SesaZlebelia romelime firmas
araviTar

upiratesobas

ar

IV wesi aerCia,

mogvcemda.

firma

ar

magram

am

pirobebSic ki es

gamoiyenebs

teqnologiurad

araefeqtian warmoebis wess.

I, II da III warmoebis wesebi teqnologiurad efeqtianad iTvleba. magaliTad,
I wesis dros gamoiyeneba miwis ufro meti farTobi, magram naklebi mowyobiloba,
vidre III wesis dros; warmoebis II wesis dros ixarjeba meti Sroma, vidre III wesis
dros, magram naklebi traqtorebi da mowyobilobebi gamoiyeneba. teqnologiurad
efeqtiani wesis arCevis Semdeg firmam unda airCios ekonomikurad efeqtiani
warmoebis

wesic.

man

maqsimizaciis misaRwevad.

160

unda

moaxdinos

danaxarjebis

minimizacia

mogebis

warmoebis wesi ekonomikurad efeqtianad iTvleba maSin, rodesac mocemuli

raodenobis

produqtis

sawarmoeblad

gamoyenebuli

danaxarjebis

saxeebis

alternatiuli Rirebuleba minimaluria.

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis misaRwevad firmam unda ganixilos da gaTvalos
yvela

saxis

danaxarji,

romelic

SeiZleba

gamoyenebul

iqnas

garkveuli

raodenobis produqtis sawarmoeblad. cxrilSi 7.1 firmam unda gaTvalos, Tu

romeli wesis (I, II Tu III) gamoyenebis dros iqneba xorblis warmoeba yvelaze
efeqtiani mocemuli miwis, Sromis, mowyobilobebisa da traqtorebis Rirebulebis
pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu Sroma gaZvirda, maSin II wesi naklebefeqtiani gaxdeba,
xolo Tu mowyobilobebi gaZvirdeba, maSin firma ar airCevs III wess.
warmoebis iseT wess, romelSic didZali kapitali da mcire samuSao
Zala gamoiyeneba, kapitaltevadi anu kapitalintensiuri ewodeba, xolo warmoebis
iseT wess, romelSic didi raodenobiT samuSao Zala da Sesabamisad mcire
kapitali gamoiyeneba Sromatevadi, anu Sromaintensiuri ewodeba. cxrili 7.1-is
monacemebidan gamomdinare II wesi ufro Sromaintensiuria, vidre danarCeni.
teqnologiuri

da

ekonomikuri

efeqtianobis

gansxvavebaTa

Sesabamisad

optimaluri sawarmoo procesis arCeva aris sainJinro-teqnikuri gadawyvetileba,

romlis Semdeg xdeba
teqnikuri

eqsperti

teqnologiur

sxva ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba. inJineri an sxva

uars

ambobs

procesebs,

teqnologiurad

romlebic

araefeqtian

xasiaTdebian

wesebze,

resursebze

irCevs

minimaluri

moTxovniT. Semdeg ekonomistma unda SearCios ekonomikurad efeqtiani wesi

minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri efeqtianobis miReba. es ki seriozuli
ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebaa.
teqnologiurad efeqtiani warmoebis wesis ganzogadebisaTvis ekonomistebi
firmis sawarmoo funqciiT sargebloben.
firmebi sainJinro-teqnikur da ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs ar ganixilaven
rogorc mocemulobas. isini mudmivad cdiloben SeimuSaon ekonomikurad ufro
efeqtiani warmoebis wesebi. amitom is mudmiv cvlilebebs ganicdis da Sesabamisad
miwodebac icvleba.

7.3 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT.

izokvantebi da teqnikuri Senacvlebis zona
gavixenoT
ganvixileT

im

sawarmoo
daSvebiT,

funqcia.
rodesac

warmoebis
icvleboda

moculobis
mxolod

erTi

cvlileba
resursi

Cven
_

F1,

danarCeni resursebi _ F2, F3 . . . Fn _ iyo mudmivi.

161

SemoviRoT meore daSveba: sawarmoo funqcia Sedgeba ara erTi, aramed ori
cvalebadi faqtorisagan, xolo warmoebis moculoba mudmivi sididea.
amrigad,
sawarmoo funqcia (I)

sawarmoo funqcia (II)

Q = f (F1, F2, . . . Fn)

Q = f (F1, F2)
cons

cons
cvalebadi
sidideebi

mudmivi
sidideebi

mudmivi
sidide

cvalebadi
sidideebi

II sawarmoo funqcia grafikulad gamosaxeba izokvantebis ruqis saSualebiT.

izokvantebis

erTobliobas,

romelTaganac

TiToeuli

gviCvenebs

produqtis

maqsimalur gamoSvebas gamoyenebuli resursebis saSualebiT, izokvantebis ruqa

(Isoquant Map) ewodeba.
naxazze 7.4 mocemulia izokvantebi firmisTvis, romelic uSvebs X saqonels
da gamoiyenebs mxolod 2 resurss:
mocemuli

teqnologiiT

F1 - Sromas da F2 - kapitals.

produqtis

erTi

da

igive

raodenoba,

Cvens

SemTxvevaSi 30 erTeuli X saqoneli, SeiZleba miviRoT kapitalis didi raodenobis

gamoyenebiT (naxazi 7.4 A wertili) an Sromis ufro meti raodenobis gamoyenebiT (D
wertili).
SevaerTebT

SesaZlebelia
am

Sualeduri

resursebis

yvela

variantebic

kombinacias,

(B

da

romelTa

wertilebi).
Sedegad

Tu

miiReba

gamoSvebis erTi da igive moculoba, miviRebT izokvantas. izokvanta mrudia,

amitom SesaZlo kombinaciebis ricxvi usasrulo iqneba. es uzrunvelyofs firmis
mier produqtis warmoebis organizaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis moqnilobas.

faqtori F2, kapitali

5
K=2

4
L=1

K=1

L=1

3
2

K=1

I3=50

L=2

I2=40
I1=30

faqtori F1, Sroma

nax. 7.4

162

izokvantebi

30 erTeuli X saqonlis warmoeba SesaZlebelia kapitalis (A wertili) an Sromis (D wertili) ufro

didi raodenobis gamoyenebiT. SesaZlebelia Sualeduri variantebic (B da C wertilebi). resursebis
yvela kombinaciis SeerTebiT, romelTa
Sedegad miiReba gamoSvebis erTi da igive moculoba,
miviRebT izokvantas _ I1. izokvantebi I2 da I3 aseve gviCveneben 40 da 50 erTeuli X saqonelis
warmoebis yvela SesaZlo kombinacias Sromisa da kapitalis sxvadasxva raodenobiT gamoyenebis
pirobebSi.

izokvanta (Isoquant) asaxavs warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjTa kombinaciebs,

romlebic

SeiZleba

sawarmoeblad.

gamoyenebul

igi

mravalricxovan

gviCvenebs

kombinacias,

iqnan

gansazRvruli

warmoebis
rac

faqtorebis

ganapirobebs

moculobis
(resursebis)

produqtis

produqtis
usasrulod

erTi

da

igive

moculobis gamoSvebas.
izokvanta warmoebis procesSi niSnavs igives, rasac ganurCevlobis mrudi
moxmarebis procesSi. isini erTnairi TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian: aqvT daRmavali
forma,

Cazneqilni

arian

koordinatTa

saTavis

mimarTulebiT

da

ar

kveTen

erTmaneTs. izokvanta, romelic mdebareobs ufro maRla da marjvniv, warmoadgens

gamosaSvebi produqtis ufro did moculobas. Tumca ganurCevlobis mrudebisagan
gansxvavebiT,

sadac

momxmareblis

mTliani

kmayofilebis

zusti

gazomva

SeuZlebelia, izokvantebi gviCveneben warmoebis realur dones. es kargad Cans

naxazze

7.4,

sadac

TiToeuli

izokvanta

gviCvenebs

warmoebis

sxvadasxva

raodenobas: I 1 30, I 2 40, I 3 50 erTeul produqts.

izokvantebi

mxolod

teqnikuri

Senacvlebis

(substituciis)

zonaSi

ganixileba, sadac isini erTmaneTs ar kveTen. am faqtis sailustraciod davuSvaT

sawinaaRmdego mosazreba izokvantebis gadakveTa (naxazi 7. 5).
davuSvaT, pirveli izokvanta - I 1 kveTs meores - I 2 -s A

da D wertilebSi. es

niSnavs, rom ufro naklebi raodenobis produqtis warmoebisTvis (magaliTad 30

cali X saqoneli) saWiroa imdenive resursi, ramdenic saWiro iqneboda ufro meti
raodenobis

produqtis

warmoebisTvis

magaliTad

40

cali

saqonlis

warmoebisTvis.

163

faqtori F2, kapitali

Y1

Y2

I1

I2

X1

X2

faqtori
F1, Sroma

nax. 7.5 teqnikuri Senacvlebis (substituciis) zona

Tu I 1 kveTs I 2 -s (A da D wertilebi), naklebi raodenobis raodenobis produqtis warmoebisTvis
imdenive resursia saWiro, rac ufro meti raodenobis produqtis warmoebisTvis. Cven ganvixilavT
izokvantis BC nawils _ teqnikuri Senacvlebis zonas. izokvantis kuTxuri koeficienti gviCvenebs
erTi resursis (kapitalis) teqnikur Senacvlebas (substitucia) meoreTi (Sroma). M kapitalis SromiT
teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvrul norma (MRTSLK) tolia - Y/X.

aSkaraa,

rom

mwarmoeblisaTvis

aseTi

sawarmoo

resursebis

kombinacia

optimaluri

araefeqtiania.

kombinaciebis

racionaluri

arCevanis

problema

SeiZleba dadges mxolod teqnikuri Senacvlebis zonaSi, e.i. BC mrudis farglebSi.

swored aRniSuli zona iqneba Cveni analizis sagani.
ganvixiloT
kompensirdeba

naxazi

kapitalis

7.5.

Sromis

danaxarjebis

danaxarjebis

zrda

(F2

SemcirebiT.

faqtori)

(F1

faqtori)
izokvantis

kuTxuri koeficienti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba erTi resursis (kapitali)

teqnikuri

Senacvleba

meoreTi

(Sroma).

amitom

am

koeficientis

absoluturi

mniSvneloba axasiaTebs teqnikuri (an teqnologiuri) Senacvlebis zRvrul normas

(Margimal Rate of Technical (or Technological) Substitution) MRTS.
teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvruli norma (MRTS) analogiuria momxmareblis qcevis
TeoriaSi Seswavlili Senacvlebis zRvruli normis (MRS):
MRTS LK

7.4

164

Y
X

an

MRTS LK

K
L

mwarmoeblis wonasworoba

(7.7)

mwarmoeblisaTvis

izokvantebis

daxmarebiT

Catarebul

analizis

dros

gamoiyeneba resursebis danaxarjebisa da gamoSvebuli produqtis naturaluri

maCveneblebi.

mocemuli

danaxarjebiT

gamoSvebis

maqsimizacia

SesaZlebelia

izokostis (Isocost Line) saSualebiT. danaxarjebis donis Sesaxeb informaciis

safuZvelze aigeba izokosta, romelic sabiujeto wrfis analogiuria (naxazi. 7.6).
Tu P1 aris Sromis faqtoris (F1) fasi, xolo P2 kapitalis (F2) faqtoris
fasi, maSin mwarmoebeli C

biujetiT

iyidis

X erTeul F1 da Y erTeul

F2

warmoebis faqtorebs:

C P1 X P2Y
Y

anda

(7.8)

P1
C
X .
P2
P2

(7.9)

Tu w aris Sromis Rirebuleba (sargo), xolo r kapitalidan miRebuli

sargeblis ganakveTi, maSin

Sromisa da kapitalisTvis

C wL rK anda K

C w
L.
r r

(7.10)

c
r

w
r

c
w

nax. 7.6 izokosta

MN

izokosta gviCvenebs resursebis kombinacias, romelTa warmoebaSi gamoyenebac

erTnair
danaxarjebs gvaZlevs. mwarmoeblebis biujetisa da resursebis fasis zrda an Semcireba, izokostas
gadaadgilebs Sesabamisad marjvniv ( MN izokosta gadaadgildeba M N mdgomareobaSi) an marcxniv
( MN izokosta gadaadgildeba MN mdgomareobaSi).

gantoleba

gviCvenebs

resursebis

kombinacias,

romelTa

warmoebaSi

gamoyeneba erTnair danaxarjebs gvaZleven (naxazi 7.6). mwarmoeblebis biujetis

zrda an resursebze fasebis Semcireba izokostas marjvniv

gadaaadgilebs

MN

izokosta gadaadgildeba M N mdebareobaSi, xolo biujetis Semcireba an fasebis

zrda

izokostas

izokostasTan
(naxazi 7.7). T

marcxniv,

SexebiT

M N mdebareobaSi

ganisazRvreba

mwarmoeblis

gadaadgilebs.

izokvantis

wonasworuli

mdgomareoba

wertilSi izokvantas da izokostas aqvT erTnairi daxriloba.

165

aRniSnulis

gaTvaliswinebiT

SeiZleba

wonasworobis

piroba

Semdegnairad

CavweroT:
MRTS LK

izokvantis

izokostasTan

K
w

L
r

Sexebis

wertilSi

(7.11)
produqtis

gamoSvebis

am

moculobis dros firma axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias. am dros warmoebis

faqtorebis zRvruli produqtis fasebTan Tanafardoba erTmaneTis tolia:
MRPn
MRP1 MRP2

...
.
P1
P2
Pn

(7.12)

T
I3
I2

- wr
O

nax. 7.7

I1
L

mwarmoeblis wonasworoba

izokvantis izokostasTan SexebiT ganisazRvreba mwarmoeblis wonasworuli mdgomareoba.

mwarmoeblis wonasworobis wertilSi (T) firma axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias.

7.5

firmis ganviTarebis gza da masStabidan

ukugeba

warmoebis faqtorebis Senacvlebis dros Catarebulma analizma aCvena ra

xdeba maSin, rodesac firma warmoebis erT faqtors meoreTi cvlis da produqtis
gamoSvebis mudmiv moculobas inarCunebs. grZelvadian periodSi, rodesac yvela
danaxarji cvalebadia, firmam produqtis gamoSvebis zrdis saukeTeso xerxi unda
gansazRvros. gamoSvebis zrdis miRwevis erT-erTi saSualeba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom Secvalos saqmianobis masStabi warmoebaSi amoqmedebuli yvela faqtoris
proporciuli zrdiT. davuSvaT, rom 1 heqtari miwidan 2,0 tona xorblis asaRebad
saWiroa erTi muSa da erTi kombaini; rogor Seicvleba gamoSvebis moculoba, Tu 2
heqtar miwaze mosavlis asaRebad gamoyenebuli iqneba ori muSa da ori kombaini?
gamoSveba albaT gaizrdeba, magram zustad 2-jer?

166

masStabidan ukugeba (Return to Scale) es iseTi proporciaa, romlis

drosac

produqtis

gamoSveba

gaizrdeba

warmoebis

faqtorebis

proporciuli

gazrdiT. ganvixiloT sami gansxvavebuli SemTxveva: masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba,

masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba da masStabidan klebadi ukugeba.

masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba

Tu gamoSvebis moculoba 2-jer metad izrdeba warmoebis danaxarjebis 2-jer
gazrdis pirobebSi, adgili aqvs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas (Increazing Return
to Scale). aseTi ukugebis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

warmoebis ufro

msxvili masStabi saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnas rTuli, msxvilmasStabiani

teqnologiebi, qarxnebi da aRWurvilobebi. konveieri zrdadi ukugebis cnobili
magaliTia.
masStabidan
saxelmwifo

zrdadi

politikis

ukugebis

SesaZlebloba

TvalsazrisiT.

Tu

mniSvnelovani

adgili

aqvs

ukugebas, maSin ekonomikurad momgebiania erTi msxvili

xvedriTi

danaxarjebiT)

da

ara

mravalricxovani

problemaa

masStabidan

zrdad

firma (SedarebiT naklebi

wvrili

firmebis

arseboba

(SedarebiT maRali xvedriTi danaxarjebiT). msxvil firmas SeuZlia mis mier

dawesebuli fasebis gakontroleba.

masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba

Tu danaxarjebis 2-jer gazrdisas gamoSvebac 2-jer gaizardeba, SeiZleba
visaubroT

masStabidanF

mudmivi

ukugebis

arsebobaze

(Constant

Return

to

Scale). masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis dros firmis saqmianobis farglebi misi

warmoebis

faqtorebis

romelic

iyenebs

mwarmoeblurobaze

garkveul

sawarmoo

gavlenas
process,

ar

axdens:

SeiZleba

erTi

qarxana,

martivad

iqnas

dublirebuli da maSin ori qarxana mogvcems orjer met produqts. magaliTad,

msxvil turistul saagentos SeuZlia klientebs SesTavazos igive momsaxureba da
gamoiyenos kapitalis (saofise farTi) da Sromis (turistuli agentebi) iseTive
kombinacia, rogorsac iyenebs umniSvnelo raodenobis klientebis momsaxure mcire
saagento.

masStbidan klebadi ukugeba

danaxarjebis 2-jer gazrdas SeiZleba Tan mohyves produqciis gamoSvebis
orjer ufro naklebad zrda. masStabidan klebad ukugebas (Decreazing Return to
Scale) zogierTi firma msxvilmasStabiani warmoebis dros awydeba. warmoebis
organizaciasTan

dakavSirebul

sirTuleebs

da

msxvilmasStabiani

sawarmoo

procesebis ganxorcielebas SeiZleba Tan moyves rogorc Sromis, aseve kapitalis

167

mwarmoeblurobis

Semcireba.

TanamSromlebsa

da

xelmZRvanelobas

Soris

komunikacia Zneldeba, amitom klebadi ukugebis situacia, upirveles yovlisa,

dakavSirebuli

iqneba

dasmuli

amocanis

koordinaciis

problemasTan

da

komunikaciebis sirTulesTan.

masStabidan ukugebis aRwera

masStabidan

ukugebis

arseboba

Tu

ararseboba

grafikulad

mocemulia

naxazze 7.8. OS wrfe, romelic koordinatTa saTavidan iwyeba, TiToeul grafikze

sawarmoo process aRniSnavs.
sawarmoo procesSi gamoiyeneba warmoebis faqtorebi _ Sroma da kapitali,
romliTac

warmoebuli

unda

iqnas

produqciis

sxvadasxva

gamoSvebis

done

TanafardobiT: Sroma 5 sT da manqana-sT _ 2 sT.

kapitalze danaxarji
manqana-sT

kapitalze danaxarji
manqana-sT

S
S
6
30

4
20

30
20

2
10

10
O

O0

10

15
SromiTi danaxarji, sT

nax. 7.8 masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba

sawarmoo procesi axdens masStabidan mudivi ukugebas,
rogorc amas OS wrfeze izokvantebis moZraoba
gviCvenebs. izokvantebi ganlagebulia Tanabari manZiliT
gamoSvebis moculobis proporciuli gazrdis dros.

10
SromiTi danaxarji, sT

nax. 7.9 masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba

sawarmoo procesi axdens masStabidan zrdad ukugebas, rogorc
amas OS wrfeze izokvantebis moZraoba gviCvenebs.
izokvantebi ganlagebulia erTmaneTTan sul ufro axlos
gamoSvebis moculobis proporciuli gazrdis dros.

naxazze 7.8 firmis sawarmoo funqcia gviCvenebs masStbidan mudmiv ukugebas.

5 sT Sromisa da 2 sT manqanebis muSaobisas warmoebis moculoba 10 erTeuls
Seadgens. rodesac orive faqtori 2-jer izrdeba, gamoSveba 10-dan 20 erTeulamde
izrdeba. rodesac faqtorebi sammagdeba, sammagdeba produqciis gamoSvebac _

10-

dan 30 erTeulamde.
naxazze 7.9 firmis sawarmoo funqcia gviCvenebs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas.
axla izokvantebi ufro axlosaa erTmaneTTan ganlagebuli. gamoSvebis 10-dan 20
erTeulamde gasazrdelad, warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjebi saWiroa 2-jer ufro

168

naklebi raodenobiT gavadidoT, xolo 30 erTeulis sawarmoeblad 3-jer ufro

mcired.
naxazze 7.10 naxazi 7.9-is sapirispiro situaciaa aRwerili. sawarmoo funqcia
gviCvenebs

masStabidan

klebad

ukugebas.

produqtis

gamoSvebis

proporciuli

zrdis dros izokvantebi sul ufro Sordebian erTmaneTs.

amrigad,
gamoyenebuli
ganisazRvros

izokvantis
mocemuli

saSualebiT
warmoebis

dargSi sawarmos

SesaZlebelia

moculobisaTvis

minimaluri

efeqtiani

ekonomiurad
arsebuli

zoma.

zrdadi

iqnas

resursebi,
ukugebis

SemTxvevaSi, firmam aucilebelia gazardos warmoebis moculoba, ramdenadac es

iwvevs mis xelT arsebuli resursebis SefardebiT ekonomias.
kapitalze danaxarji
manqana-sT

30

20
10

10

15

SromiTi danaxarji, sT

nax. 7.10 masStabidan klebadi ukugeba

sawarmoo procesi axdens masStabidan klebadi ukugebis demostrirebas, rogorc amas OS wrfeze
izokvantebis moZraoba gviCvenebs. izokvantebi ganlagebulia erTmaneTTan sul ufro Sors
gamoSvebis moculobis proporciuli gazrdis dros.

masStabidan klebadi ukugeba mianiSnebs, rom

firmis minimaluri efeqtiani

zoma ukve miRweulia da warmoebis moculobis gazrda

uazrobaa. masStabidan

ukugeba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia firmebisa da dargebis mixedviT. sxva Tanabar

pirobebSi, rac metia masStabidan ukugeba, miT metia dargebSi msxvili firmebis
gaCenis SesaZleblobebi. warmoeba ZiriTad kapitalSi did investiciebs moiTxovs,
amitom zrdadi ukugebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi
ufro maRalia, vidre momsaxurebis sferoSi. momsaxureba dakavSirebulia ufro
intensiuri Sromis danaxarjebTan da SeiZleba mcire raodenobis gamoyenebis dros
iseTive efeqtiani iyos, rogorc didi masStabis pirobebSi.

ZiriTadi terminebi

sawarmoo funqcia
mTliani produqti

saSualo produqti
zRvruli produqti

169


izokosta
teqnikuri
norma

izokvanta
Senacvlebis

zRvruli

masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba

masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba
masStabidan klebadi ukugeba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

warmoebis

procesSi

mravali

faqtori

gamoiyeneba.

firmis

ekonomikuri

saqmianoba SeiZleba aisaxos sawarmoo funqciiT, romelic gansazRvravs

danaxarjebis

mocemuli

raodenobidan

saqonlis

gamoSvebis

faqtoris

mixedviT

maqsimalur

raodenobas.
2. rodesac

warmoebas

erTi

cvalebadi

vaanalizebT,

warmoebis cvalebad faqtorad Sromas ganvixilavT. warmoebaSi cvalebadi

faqtoris gavlenis asaxvis mizniT ganisazRvreba mTliani, saSualo da
zRvruli produqti.
3.

Tu zRvruli produqti metia saSualo produqtze, saSualo produqti

izrdeba. Tu zRvruli produqti naklebia saSualo produqtze, saSualo
produqti

mcirdeba.

zRvruli

produqti

utoldeba

saSualo

produqts

maSin, rodesac saSualo produqti aRwevs maqsimums.

4. warmoebis wesi teqnologiurad efeqtianad iTvleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar
arsebobs

sxva

sawarmoeblad

wesi,

romlis

ixarjeba

drosac

Tundac

erTi

mocemuli

raodenobis

resursiT

naklebi

produqtis

raodenoba

im

pirobiT, rom sxva saxis resursi meti raodenobiT ar ixarjeba. warmoebis

wesi ekonomikurad efeqtianad iTvleba maSin, rodesac mocemuli raodenobis
produqtis

sawarmoeblad

gamoyenebuli

danaxarjebis

saxeebis

alternatiuli Rirebuleba minimaluria.

5.

rodesac

sawarmoo

funqcia

Sedgeba

ara

erTi,

aramed

ori

cvalebadi

faqtorisagan, xolo warmoebis moculoba mudmivi sididea, grafikulad

gamosaxeba izokvantebis ruqis saSualebiT. izokvanta asaxavs warmoebis
faqtorebis danaxarjTa kombinaciebs, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnan
gansazRvruli

moculobis

produqtis

sawarmoeblad.

igi

gviCvenebs

warmoebis faqtorebis (resursebis) usasrulod mravalricxovan kombinacias,

rac ganapirobebs produqtis erTi da igive moculobis gamoSvebas.
6. teqnikuri (an teqnologiuri) Senacvlebis zRvruli norma gviCvenebs im
proporcias,

romliTac

mewarme

erT

resurss

(kapitali)

Caanacvlebs

meoreTi (Sroma).
7.

danaxarjebis

donis

Sesaxeb

izokvantis

izokostasTan

moculobis

dros

firma

informaciis

Sexebis
axdens

safuZvelze

wertilSi

danaxarjebis

aigeba

produqtis

izokosta.

gamoSvebis

minimizacias

da

am

miiRweva

mwarmoeblis wonasworoba.
8.

masStabidan

ukugeba

iseTi

proporciaa,

romlis

drosac

produqtis

gamoSveba gaizrdeba warmoebis faqtorebis proporciuli gazrdiT. arsebobs

masStabidan

zrdadi,

klebadi

da

mudmivi

ukugeba.

masStabidan

mkveTrad gansxvavebulia firmebisa da dargebis mixedviT.

170

ukugeba

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

rogor airCeva warmoebis teqnikurad (teqnologiurad) efeqtiani wesi?

2. ra maCveneblebiT airCeen warmoebis ekonomikurad efeqtian wess?

3.

grafikulad gamosaxeT izokvanta da axseniT igi;

4. SeadareT

erTmaneTs

izokosta

da

sabiujeto

wrfe.

ra

msgavseba

da

gansxvaveba aris maT Soris?

5.

ra pirobebSi miiRweva mwarmoeblis wonasworoba?

6. isaubreT Sromisa da kapitalis erTmaneTTan Senacvlebis Sesaxeb;

7. CamoTvaleT

masStabidan

ukugebis

SemTxvevebi,

daaxasiaTeT

TiToeuli

maTgani da moiyvaneT Tqveni magaliTebi.

171

Tavi 8. warmoebis danaxarjebi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. danaxarjebis gansazRvras moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi
2. moklevadiani

da

grZelvadiani

periodebis

danaxarjTa

mrudebis

agebas da daxasiaTebas
3. danaxarjebis minimizaciis mizniT warmoebis faqtorebis optimaluri
Tanafardobis SerCevas
4. warmoebis moculobis donis gansazRvras minimaluri danaxarjebiT

8.1 danaxarjTa gazomva: romel danaxarjebs eniWebaT

mniSvneloba?
sanam ganvixilavT firma danaxarjTa minimizaciis wess, ganvsazRvroT ra
igulisxmeba danaxarjebis cnebaSi, rogor unda moxdes maTi gazomva, romeli
danaxarjebi

gaiTvaliswineba

firmis

mTlian

danaxarjebSi.

aSkaraa,

rom

danaxarjebSi Sedis xelfasi, romelsac firma uxdis Tavis muSakebs, arenda,

romelsac is ixdis saofise farTisTvis. magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac firma
TviTon flobs saofise farTs da ar uwevs arendis gadaxda? rogor unda
ganvixiloT is saxsrebi, romelic firmam aRWurvilobaze an kvleviT samuSaoebze
ori sami wlis win gaiRo da jer ar anazRaurebula? SevecadoT am kiTxvebze
pasuxi gavceT im ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis konteqstSi, romelsac firmis
xelmZRvanelebi iReben.
ekonomikuri da sabuRaltro danaxarjebi.
gaangariSebis

dros

buRaltrisTvis

gansxvavebulia

mniSvnelovania

warmoebis

ekonomistis

saangariSo

da

periodSi

danaxarjebis

buRaltris
firmis

xedva.

finansebis

retrospeqtiuli xedva, maT uwevT aqtivebsa da pasivebze Tvalyuris devneba da

firmis saqmianobis efeqtianobis Sefaseba.

sabuRaltro danaxarjebi (Accaunting

Cost) is danaxarjebia, romelic izomeba buRaltris mier (Sesabamisi muxlebiT).

magaliTad,

sabuRaltro

danaxarjebi

moicavs

faqtiur

xarjebs

damatebuli

amortizaciis xarjebi kapitalur aRWurvilobebze.

ekonomistebi da menejerebi firmis saqmianobas perspeqtivaSi ganixilaven.
maT

uwevT

Sesabamisad,

deficituri
maTi

resursebis

interesis

sagania

ganawilebis
samomavalo

racionaluri
danaxarjebi,

gzebis

Zieba.

danaxarjebis

Semcirebisa da momgebianobis amaRlebis gzebisa da xerxebis Zieba. ekonomistebs

172

saqme

aqvT

ekonomikur

danaxarjebTan

(Economic

Cost)),

e.i.

danaxarjebTan,

romlebic dakavSirebulia xelidan gaSvebul SesaZleblobebTan.

alternatiuli
danaxarjebi

da

danaxarjebi.

`alternatiuli

ekonomistebi
danaxarjebi

terminebs

iyeneben

`ekonomikuri

rogorc

sinonimebs.

alternatiuli danaxarjebi, igive alternatiuli Rirebuleba (Opportunity Cost)

dakavSirebulia
SezRuduli

im

SesaZleblobebTan,

resursebis

gamoyenebis

romelic

gamo

yvelaze

firmam
maRali

xelidan
mogebis

gauSva

misaRebad.

magaliTad, zogierTi firma flobs Senobas, amitom igi ar ixdis ofisis farTobis
saarendo

gadasaxads.

niSnavs

Tu

ara

es

imas,

rom

danaxarjebi

saofise

farTobisaTvis nulis tolia? am danaxarjebs buRalteri ganixilavs, rogorc

nulovans, magram ekonomisti SeniSnavs, rom firmas SeeZlo mieRo Semosavali
saofise farTobidan, Tu mas sxva kompaniaze gaaqiravebda. es xelidan gaSvebuli
saarendo Tanxa Seadgens saofise farTis gamoyenebis alternetiul danaxarjs da
gaTvaliswinebuli

unda

iqnes,

rogorc

biznesis

gaZRolis

ekonomikuri

danaxarjebis Semadgeneli nawili.

buRaltrebi

da

ekonomistebi

gaangariSebebis

dros

iyeneben

faqtobriv

fulad danaxarjebs, romelic cnobilia, rogorc fuladi nakadebi (Cash

fuladi nakadebi moicaven xelfass,

masalebisa da saarendo

Flows).

gadasaxdelebis

Rirebulebas.
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba ekonomikuri danaxarjebi sabuRaltro
danaxarjebisagan. davuSvaT, maRaziis mflobeli muSaobs Tavis maRaziaSi, magram
xelfass TviTon ar iRebs. am dros fuladi transaqcia xorcieldeba (miuxedavad
imisa, rom sabuRaltro danaxarjebi ar Cans), firma mainc gaiRebs alternatiul
danaxarjebs

mesakuTres

sxvagan

muSaobisas

SeeZlo

mieRo

konkurentuli

da

ekonomistebi

xelfasi.
aseve

sxvadasxvagvarad

ganixilaven

buRaltrebi

amortizacias. rodesac fasdeba biznesis momavali momgebianoba, ekonomisti an

mmarTveli daiTvlis qarxnis kapitalisa da mowyobilobebis

danaxarjebs.

es

danaxarjebi moicavs aramarto fulad danaxarjebs mowyobilobis SeZenasa da

eqspluataciaze, aramed im danaxarjebsac, romlebic dakavSirebulia ZiriTadi
kapitalis

fizikur

da

moralur

cveTasTan.

buRaltrebi

firmis

saqmianobis

Sefasebis dros xelmZRvaneloben dabegvris moqmedi wesebiT, raTa ganisazRvros

saamortizacio gadasaxdelebis odenoba da mogeba.
aradabrunebadi danaxarjebi.

alternatiuli

danaxarjebi

xSirad

aracxadia. miuxedavad amisa, is mainc unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli ekonomikuri

gadawyvetilebis

miRebis

dros.

gansxvavebuli

mdgomareobaa

aradabrunebadi

danaxarjebis (Sunk Cost) dros. es is sawarmoo danaxarjebia, romlebic SesaZloa

173

ar iqnes dabrunebuli. es danaxarjebi yvelasTvis naTelia, magram ekonomikuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, konkretul SemTxvevaSi, xdeba maTi ignorireba.
daubrunebeli
axdenen

firmis

damzadebuli
gamoyeneba

danaxarjebi

gadawyvetilebebze.

specialuri
da

anazRaurdeba,
magaliTad,

mowyobilobis

SesaZlebelia

gankuTvnili

ar

mxolod

misi

im

rekonstruqcia

isini

ganvixiloT

yidva.

mizniT,

amdenad

qarxnis

davuSvaT,
risTvisac

alternatiuli

gavlenas

am
igi

ar

SekveTiT

mowyobilobis
Tavidanve

gamoyenebis

iyo

mizniT

SeuZlebelia. aseT mowyobilobaze gaweuli xarjebi aradabrunebadi danaxarjebia.

vinaidan ar arsebobs mowyobilobis alternatiuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba,
misi

alternatiuli

Rirebuleba

nulis

tolia.

aseTi

mowyobilobis

yidvis

gadawyvetileba (mniSvneloba ar aqvs, warmatebulia an warumatebeli), firmis

amJamindel gadawyvetilebaze gavlenas aRar axdens.
ra

moxdeba

mowyobilobis

maSin,

Tu

gadakeTeba

SesaZloa

gasayidad

misi
anda

gamoyeneba
sxva

sxva

firmebze

SemTxvevaSi

arendisTvis?

_
am

SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs ekonomikur danaxarjebs, ufro zustad ki

alternatiul danaxarjebs.
axla

ganvixiloT

perspeqtiuli

aradabrunebadi

danaxarjebi.

davuSvaT,

firmas jer ar uyidia specialuri mowyobiloba, mxolod fiqrobs, Rirs Tu ara

misi yidva. perspeqtuli aradabrunebadi danaxarjebi aris investiciebi. firmam
unda gadawyvitos, aris Tu ara specialur mowyobilobaSi Cadebuli investicia
ekonomikuri,

anu moitans

Tu ara igi

sakmaris Semosavals

imisaTvis,

rom

gamoisyidos Tavi. SemdgomSi Cven detalurad aRvwerT, rogor unda iqnes miRebuli
aseTi saxis sainvesticio gadawyvetileba.

8. 2

warmoebis danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi

optimaluri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad firmas srulyofili informacia

unda hqondes danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. moklevadian periodSi firmis danaxarjebi
iyofa mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad.
mudmivi danaxarjebi (Fixed Costs - FC) iseTi danaxarjebia, romelic ar
icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvlilebis dros. maT miekuTvneba danaxarjebi,
romlebic

dakavSirebulia

gamoyenebasTan,

arendasTan,

Senobebis,
kapitalur

nagebobebisa
remontTan,

da

manqana-mowyobilobebis

agreTve

administraciuli

xarjebi (administraciuli da kapitaluri remontis xarjebi SeiZleba pirobiTad

mudmiv danaxarjebs mivakuTvnoT, radganac isini garkveul donemde
zomaze arian damokidebulni).

174

warmoebis

warmoebis moculobis zrdasTan erTad amonagebi izrdeba, amitom saSualo

mudmivi
saSualo

danaxarjebi
mudmivi

(mudmivi

danaxarjebi

danaxarjebi

(Average

produqtis

Fixed

Costs

erTeulze)
-

AFC)

mcirdeba.

Semdegnairad

gaiangariSeba:

AFC FC / Q

(8.1)

sadac FC mudmivi danaxarjebia, Q produqtis raodenoba.

cvalebadi danaxarjebi (Variable Costs - VC) is danaxarjebia, romlebic
icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvlilebis dros. maT miekuTvneba danaxarjebi
nedleulze,

eleqtroenergiaze,

gansxvavebiT

mudmivi

izrdeba

an

damxmare

danaxarjebisagan,

mcirdeba

produqtis

masalebze,

cvalebadi
gamoSvebis

Sromis

danaxarjebi,

anazRaurebaze.
rogorc

proporciulad.

wesi,

warmoebis

organizaciis sawyis periodSi cvalebadi danaxarjebi izrdeba ufro swrafad,

vidre gamoSvebuli produqtis moculoba (naxazi 8.1).
saSualo

cvalebadi

danaxarjebi

(Average

Variable

Costs

AVC)

ganisazRvreba cvalebadi danaxarjebis ( VC ) SefardebiT produqtis moculobasTan

(Q )

AVC VC / Q.

(8.2)

saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis ( AVC ) cneba metad mniSvnelovania firmis

efeqtianobis,

wonasworuli

perspeqtivebis

gansazRvrisTvis

mdgomareobisa
(gafarToeba,

da

misi

warmoebis

ganviTarebis
Semcireba,

axlo

dargidan

gasvla).
mTliani danaxarjebi (Total Costs - TC an C) aris warmoebis procesSi
firmis mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebis erToblioba:
TC FC VC

(8.3)

mTliani danaxarjebi aris warmoebuli produqtis ( Q ) funqcia: TC (Q) .

naxazze 8.1 mocemulia mudmivi, cvalebadi da mTliani danaxarjebis mrudebi.
mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi aigeba mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebis mrudebis
SekrebiT.

175

TC

danaxarjebi

VC

FC

Q1

warmoebuli raodenoba

nax. 8.1 mudmivi, cvalebadi da mTliani danaxarjebis mrudebi

warmoebis optimaluri zomis miRwevis Semdeg ( Q1 wertili) xdeba cvalebadi da Sesabamisad mTliani
danaxarjebis SedarebiTi ekonomia. warmoebis Semdgomi gafarToeba cvalebadi danaxarjebs gazrdis.

saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi (Average Total Costs ATC an AC), igive

xvedriTi

danaxarjebi

gaiangariSeba

mTliani

danaxarjebis

( TC )

SefardebiT

produqtis raodenobasTan (Q).

ATC TC / Q ( FC VC ) / Q

(8.4)

sxvanairad, misi gaangariSeba SeiZleba saSualo mudmivi ( AFC ) da saSualo

cvalebadi ( AVC ) danaxarjebis SejamebiT:
ATC AFC AVC

grafikulad ATC mrudi miiReba

AFC da

(8.5)

AVC mrudebis SekrebiT (naxazi 8.2).

C
ATC

danaxarjebi

AVC

AFC
O

Q1
A1
1A

warmoebuli raodenoba

nax. 8.2 saSualo mudmivi, saSualo cvalebadi da saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudebi
saSualo cvalebadi ( AVC ) da saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi (ATC) minimaluria, roca miiRweva sawarmos
teqnologiurad optimaluri zoma (Q1).

176

firmis TeoriisTvis metad mniSvnelovania saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis

cnebac.

saSualo

mTliani

danaxarjebis

Sedareba

produqtis

fasTan

mogebis

sididis gansazRvris saSualebas gvaZlevs.

zRvruli danaxarjebi (Marginal Costs - MC) aris mTliani danaxarjebis
nazrdi,

romelic

danaxarjebSi

gamoiwvia

igulisxmeba

warmoebis

danaxarjebi,

erTi

erTeuliT

romlebic

gadidebam.

dakavSirebulia

zRvrul

produqtis

bolo erTeulis warmoebasTan:

MC

TC ( FC VC ) FC VC

(Q)
Q
Q
Q
Q

(8.6)

imis gamo, rom FC=0, amitom mudmivi danaxarjebi gavlenas ar axdenen

zRvruli danaxarjebis sidideze. zRvruli danaxarjebi aris mxolod cvalebadi
danaxarjebis warmoebuli funqcia:

MC VC / Q,
rodesac

MC ATC,

saSualo

(8.7)

mTliani

danaxarjebis

mrudi

( ATC )

daRmavalia, e.i. produqtis yvela momdevno erTeulis warmoeba amcirebs saSualo

danaxarjebs. rodesac MC ATC, saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi aRmavalia,
e.i. produqtis yoveli morigi erTeulis warmoeba zrdis saSualo danaxarjebs.
A T C m i n , maSin MC ATC. zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi ( MC ) kveTs

rodesac

saSualo cvalebadi ( AVC ) da saSualo mTliani ( ATC ) danaxarjebis mrudebs

minimumis wertilebSi (naxazi 8.3).
ratom kveTs zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi saSualo mTliani da saSualo
cvalebadi danaxarjebis mrudebs maTi minimumis
rom Tu

ATC

da

AVC

wertilebSi? es xdeba imitom,

mrudebi daRmavalia, e.i. es danaxarjebi mcirdeba,

MC

yovelTvis maT dablaa (produqtis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze gaRebuli

danaxarjebi saSualoze dabalia, rac amcirebs saSualo danaxarjebs). Tu ATC da
AVC

danaxarjebi

(produqtis

izrdeba,

damatebiTi

maTi

erTeulis

mrudebi

aRmavalia

warmoebaze

da

gaRebuli

MC

maT

danaxarjebi

zeviTaa
metia

saSualoze, rac zrdis saSualo danaxarjebs). ATC da AVC minimaluria, roca

isini

MC -s tolia. Tu amasTan erTad

MC

izrdeba, maSin man aucilebelad

minimumis wertilebze unda gaiaros.

177

C
MC

danaxarjebi

ATC

AVC

Q warmoebuli raodenoba

nax. 8.3 zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebi

roca MA<ATC, saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi (ATC) mcirdeba. roca MA>ATC saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi izrdeba.
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi (MC) saSualo cvalebadi (AVC) da saSualo mTliani (ATC) danaxarjebis mrudebs
minimumis wertilebSi kveTs.

am
ramdenime

msjelobis

sailustraciod

testirebis

safuZvelze

ganvixiloT
miiReT

testirebaze ki 80 qula (M=80).

magaliTi.

saSualo

qula

davuSvaT,
(A=100).

Tqven
morig

radgan zRvruli (damatebiTi) qula (M)

saSualoze naklebia, amitom saSualo mniSvneloba mcirdeba

(M<A=80<100 anu maTi

saSualo aris 180/2=90, ese igi A Semcirda). Tu morigi testirebis Sedegad 120
qulas miiRebdiT, maSin saSualo mniSvneloba gaizrdeboda, radgan zRvruli
qulebi saSualoze metia (M>A=120>100 anu maTi saSualo aris 220/2=110, ese igi A
gaizarda).
wina

TavSi

grafikulad

ganvixileT

gamovsaxoT

zRvruli

da

saSualo

urTierTdamokidebuleba

mwarmoeblurobasa da zRvrul

mwarmoebluroba.
zRvrul

da saSualo danaxarjebs Soris.

da

axla

saSualo

zogadad, isini

erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi sarkiseburad simetriulebi arian (naxazi 8.4). aseTi

Tanafardoba

SesaZlebelia

garkveuli saxeebisaTvis.

178

sawarmoo

funqciisa

da

danaxarjebis

funqciis

zRvruli
saSualo da
mwarmoebluroba

AP
MP
MC

danaxarjebi

AVC

produqciis raodenoba
nax. 8.4
saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebisa da saSualo da zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis
urTierTdamokidebuleba
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi (MC) saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis mruds (AVC) minimumis wertilSi kveTs. zRvruli
produqtis mrudi (MP) saSualo produqtis mruds (AP) maqsimumis wertilSi kveTs. rodesac MC<AVC, saSualo
cvalebadi danaxarjebi mcirdeba da piriqiT. rodesac MP>AP, saSualo produqti izrdeba da piriqiT.

8. 3 firmis amonagebi da warmoebis danaxarjebi

firmis

saqmianobis

ufro detaluri analizisaTvis

ganvmartoT

Semdegi

cnebebi:
mTliani
produqtis

amonagebi

(Semosavali)

realizaciidan

miRebuli

(Total

Revenue

Semosavlis

TR)

Tanxa

da

aris

firmis

Semdegnairad

gaiangariSeba

TR =PxQ

(8.8)

sadac

TR - mTliani amonagebia (Semosavali);

P - produqtis fasi;

Q - realizebuli produqciis raodenoba.

damokidebuleba gayiduli produqciis

raodenobasa da miRebul Semosavals

Soris gamoisaxeba mTliani amonagebis mrudiT (naxazi 8.5).

im SemTxvevaSi, roca

fasi mudmivia, igi aris wrfe da gamodis koordinatTa saTavidan. grafikidan

gamomdinare, MN/ON = tga=P.
saSualo amonagebi (Average Revenue - AR) aris Semosavali, romelic miiReba
gayiduli produqtis erTi erTeulidan:

179

AR TR / Q.

(8.9)

TR

mTliani amonagebi

TR

TR

raodenoba Q

nax. 8.5 mTliani amonagebis mrudi

mTliani amonagebis mrudi (TR) aris wrfe (im SemTxvevaSi, roca fasi mudmivia). MN/ON = tga=P.

zRvruli amonagebi (Marginal Revenue - MR) aris mTliano amonagebis nazrdi,

miRebuli damatebiT erTi erTeuli produqtis warmoebis Sedegad.
MR

Q
TR ( P Q)

P
P.
Q
Q
Q

(8.10)

naxazi 8.5-is mixedviT

AR TR / Q MN / ON tga MR P
zRvruli

amonagebis

mrudi

(MR)

daRmavalia

(naxazi

zRvruli amonagebi

uaryofiTic gaxdes gamoSvebis maRali moculobis dros.

MR
O

raodenoba Q

nax. 8. 6 zRvruli amonagebis mrudi

180

(8.11)
8.6).

is

SeiZleba

Tu

firmis

moTxovnis

mrudi

daRmavalia,

maSin

SegviZlia

aRvniSnoT

zRvruli amonagebis ori Tavisebureba. 1. roca izrdeba produqtis gamoSveba,

zRvruli amonagebi mcirdeba;

2. zRvruli amonagebi naklebi unda iyos

im fasze, romliTac produqtis bolo erTeuli gaiyida.

zRvruli

amonagebis

mrudis

forma

damokidebulia

mxolod

firmis

moTxovnis mrudis formaze.

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

da

zRvruli

amonagebi

gansazRvraven

gamoSvebis

moculobas (naxazi 8.7). optimaluri gamoSveba aris Q1 romlis drosac zRvruli

amonagebi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs:
MR MC

(8.12)

Q1 -is marcxniv zRvruli amonagebi ufro metia, vidre zRvruli danaxarjebi

da

firmam

produqtis

unda

gazardos

gamoSveba

ufro

gamoSveba,
didia,

rogorc
vidre

es

naCvenebia

isrebiT.

Tu

Q1 , zRvruli amonagebi naklebia

zRvrul danaxarjebze da mogeba izrdeba gamoSvebis SemcirebiT. Tu firmas aqvs

danakargebi Q1 gamoSvebis dros ( E wertilSi), man unda gadawyvitos uari Tqvas

zRvruli danaxarjebi,
zRvruli amonagebi

warmoebaze, Tu awarmoos Q1 . am problemas mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

MC

MR
O

Q1

gamoSveba

nax. 8.7 zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi

Tu zRvruli amonagebi metia zRvrul danaxarjebze (MR>MC) mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis firmam unda
gazardos gamoSveba. Tu zRvruli amonagebi naklebia zRvrul danaxarjebze (MR<MC) firmas mogebis
maqsimizacia SeuZlia gamoSvebis Semcirebis xarjze.

vTqvaT, firmam gadawyvita Tavis muSakebs xelfasi gauzardos, an gaizarda

nedleulis fasi. amis Sedegad, TiToeuli gamoSvebis moculobisTvis zRvruli
danaxarjebi gaizrdeba. am cvlilebas gviCvenebs naxazi 8.8. MC
MC mdgomareobaSi. Tu firma irCevs variants, rodesac MC = MR ,

gadaadgildeba

E wertilSi

181

ufro maRali zRvruli danaxarjebi amcirebs mogebis gazrdis SesaZleblobas ( Q1 dan Q2 -mde).
MC
MR

zRvruli danaxarjebi,
zRvruli amonagebi

MC1
MC

E1
E

MR
O

Q2

Q1

gamoSveba

nax. 8.8 zRvruli danaxarjebis gavlena gamoSvebaze

firma irCevs variants, rodesac MR=MC, gadadis E wertilSi da uSvebs Q2-s. Tu zRvruli
danaxrjebi gaizrdeba, mogebis gazrdis SesaZlebloba mcirdeba. am dros firma amcirebs
gamoSvebis moculobas Q1-dan Q2-mde.

firmis gamoSvebis moculobis gansazRvra

cxrili 8.1
zRvruli
piroba
MR MC
MR MC
MR MC

gadawyvetileba
gamoSvebis zrda
gamoSvebis
Semcireba
optimaluri
gamoSveba

Semowmeba

Tu mogeba dadebiTia, SesaZlebelia mocemuli

donis warmoeba. Tu mogeba ar aris dadebiTi,
firma unda daxuros (moklevadian periodSi) an
datovos bazari (grZelvadian periodSi).

vTqvaT, firmis moTxovnis mrudi da zRvruli amonagebis mrudi gadaadgilda

marjvniv. TiToeuli gamoSvebis moculoba, fasi da zRvruli amonagebi sawyisze
maRali iqneba (naxazi 8.9) MR mrudi gadaadgildeba MR mdgomareobaSi da viRebT
E1 wertils, e.i. ufro maRalma moTxovnam gamoiwvia is, rom firma zrdis
gamoSvebis moculobas Q Q1 -dan Q2 -mde.

182

MC
MR

zRvruli danaxarjebi,
zRvruli amonagebi

MC

E1
E
O

MR1

MR

Q1

Q2

gamoSveba

nax. 8.9 zRvruli amonagebis zrdis gavlena gamoSvebaze

Tu firmis zRvruli amonagebi gaizarda, MR mrudi gadaadgildeba M1R1 mdgomareobaSi. gamoSvebis
moculoba, fasi da zRvruli amonagebi sawyisze maRalia. firma zrdis gamoSvebis moculobas QQ1-dan Q2-mde

8.4

danaxarjebi

grZelvadian
gamoyenebuli

periodSi

moculoba.

firmam
am

grZelvadian
SeiZleba

TavSi

Secvalos

ganvixilavT,

periodSi
warmoebis

rogor

faqtorebis

SeirCes

warmoebis

faqtorebis kombinaciebi, romlebic minimumamde daiyvanen warmoebis danaxarjebs.

aseve ganvixilavT grZelvadiani periodis danaxarjebsa da produqtis gamoSvebis
doneebs

Soris

kavSirs.

dasawyisSi

ufro

detalurad

SevCerdebiT

firmis

danaxarjebze ZiriTadi kapitalis gamoyenebis dros. Semdeg avxsniT, Tu rogor

iReben monawileobas

es

danaxarjebi SromiT

danaxarjebTan erTad sawarmoo

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.

kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba

firmebi

xSirad

qiraoben,

lizingiT

iReben

aRWurvilobas

an

ubralod

yiduloben kapitals. ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac xdeba kapitalis arendiT

aReba. davuSvaT, rom Delta Air lines gegmavs TviTmfrinavis Bboing 777-is yidvas
150 mln dolarad. kompanias axlave rom gadaexada msxvili Tanxa TviTmfrinavSi,
ekonomikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, SenaZenis fasi ganawilebuli iqneboda
mTeli periodis manZilze. es aviakompanias saSualebas miscemda Seedarebina Tavisi
Semosavlebi

da

danaxarjebi

yovelwliuri

fuladi

nakadis

mixedviT.

TviTmfrinavis saeqsploatacio vada 30 welia. amortizirebis danaxarjebi am dros

weliwadSi 5 mln dolars utoldeba. aRniSnuli Tanxa SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc wliuri ekonomikuri cveTa (amortizacia).

183

Cven ar viTvaliswinebT, rom Tu aviakompania uars ityoda TviTmfrinavis

SeZenaze, mas SeeZlo 150 mln dolaridan sargebeli (procentis saxiT) mieRo. es
xelidan gaSvebuli sargebeli warmoadgens alternatiul danaxarjebs, romlis
gaTvalsiwinebac aucilebelia. amrigad, kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba (User
Cost

of

Capital)

warmoadgens

TviTmfrinavis

flobisa

da

eqspolataciis

yovelwliur danaxarjebs misi gayidvis an yidvaze uaris Tqmis nacvlad. es

amortizacias

damatebuli

procenti

(anu

finansuri

Semosavali),

SeiZleboda miRebuliyo sxva adgilas misi investirebis SemTxvevaSi.

aris

romelic

formalurad

es ase gamoiyureba:
kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba = ekonomikuri cveTa (amortizacia) +
(saprocento

ganakveTi)

(kapitalis

Rirebuleba)

(8.12)
Cvens magaliTSi, avialaineris ekonomikuri cveTa weliwadSi 5 mln dolaris
tolia

da

Seadgens

gamoemuSavebina

1/30=3,33

wliuri

10%,

procents
SegviZlia

weliwadSi.
gamovTvaloT

Tu

Delta-s

kapitalis

SeeZlo

gamoyenebis

Rirebuleba r = 3,33+10 = 13, 33% weliwadSi.

grZelvadian periodSi firmaSi icvleba warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis
moculobebi. Tavdapirvelad ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor airCevs firma warmoebis
faqtorebis kombinacias, rac warmoebis minimalur danaxarjebs iZleva mocemeuli
moculobis

saqonlis

gamoiSvebisas.

Semdeg

ki

ganvixiloT

Tanafardoba

grZelvadiani periodis danaxarjebsa da gamoSvebis doneebs Soris.

warmoebis faqtorTa SerCeva danaxarjebis minimizaciis mizniT
rogor SeirCes warmoebis faqtorebis kombinacia, rom gamoSvebul iqnas
produqtis gansazRvruli moculoba minimaluri danaxarjebiT? simartivisaTvis
davuSvaT,

rom

arsebobs

mxolod

ori

cvalebadi

warmoebis

faqtori:

Sroma

(izomeba samuSao saaTebiT) da kapitali (izomeba mowyobilobis gamoyenebis droiT

weliwadSi).
firmis mier gamoyenebuli Sromisa da kapitalis raodenoba, damokidebuli
iqneba

am

warmoebis

faqtorTa

fasebze.

vvaraudobT,

rom

orive

faqtors

konkurentuli bazari gaaCnia, e.i. maTi fasebi ar eqvemdebareba firmebis mxridan

gavlenas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi Sromis fasi utoldeba ubralod xelfasis w
dones. magram rogoria kapitalis fasi?
kapitalis fasi. grZelvadian periodSi firmas SeuZlia koreqtireba gaukeTos
gamoyenebuli

kapitalis

raodenobas

(Tu

kapitali

moicavs

specializirebul

mowyobilobebs, romelTac ar aqvT alternatiuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, am

mowyobilobaze gaweuli xarjebi mainc ar aris daubrunebeli da unda iqnes
gaTvalsiwinebuli;
praqtikulad).

184

firma

magram

gadawyvets,
Sromaze

Tu

ramdeni

danaxarjebisagan

kapitali

unda

gansxvavebiT,

gamoiyenos
kapitalze

Tavdapirveli msxvili xarjebi aucileblad unda iqnes gaRebuli. kapitalze

firmis danaxarjebi rom SevadaroT Sromaze danaxarjebs, saWiroa kapitalze
danaxarji warmovadginoT rogorc nakadi, anu gadaangariSebuli TiTo weliwadze
(larebSi).

amisaTvis

eqspulataciis

xarjebi

periodze.

unda

gadanawildes

gasaTvaliswinebelia

da

xelidan

gaiweros

gaSvebuli

mTeli

procentic,

romelsac firma aiRebda am fulis investirebiT.

amrigad, kapitalis fasi utoldeba kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebulebas
amortizaciis

normas

procentuli

r =

ganakveTi

(8.13)
kapitalis saarendo ganakveTi. zogjer kapitalis yidvis nacvlad xdeba misi
arenda. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia moviSvelioT maRalsarTulian SenobaSi ofisis
arendiT aReba. am SemTxvevaSi

kapitalis fasi saarendo ganakveTis (Rental Rate),

anu kapitalis erTeulze wliuri saarendo xarjis tolia. unda ganvasxvavoT Tu

ara

arendiT

aRebuli

da

SeZenili

kapitali?

ara.

Tu

kapitalis

bazari

konkurentulia, saarendo ganakveTi unda iyos gamoyenebis Rirebulebis (r) toli.

ratom? imitom, rom konkurentul bazarze kapitalis mflobeli firmebi (rogorc
saofise Senobis mflobeli) elodebian, rom Senobis arendiT gacemis SemTxvevaSi
miiReben

konkurentul

Semosavals.

konkurentuli

Semosavali

kapitalis

gamoyenebis Rirebulebas utoldeba.

bevr saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoiTqmis varaudi, rom mTeli kapitali r saaarendo
ganakveTiT aiReba arendaSi. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, es daSveba mizanSewonilia.
kapitali, romlis yidvac xdeba, unda ganixilebodes, TiTqos igi arendiT aris
aRebuli saarendo ganakveTis Sesabamisad. es, Tavis mxriv, kapitalis gamoyenebis
Rirebulebis tolia.
mocemuli Tavis darCenil nawilSi Cven Semdeg daSvebas vakeTebT: firma
arendiT iRebs mTel Tavis kapitals saarendo ganakveTiT an r `fasiT~, zustad
ise, rogorc igi qiraobs Sromas saxelfaso ganakveTiT, anu w fasiT. axla Cven
SegviZlia gamovarkvioT, rogor iTvaliswinebs firma am fasebs saWiro kapitalisa
da Sromis dasaangariSeblad.
izokosta da warmoebis faqtorTa danaxarjebi
ganvixiloT

warmoebis

faqtorebis

daqiravebis

xarjebi,

rogorc

firmis

izokosta. gavixsenoT, rom izokosta gviCvenebs Sromisa da kapitalis yvela

SesaZlo

kombinacias,

romlebic

SeiZleba

SeZenil

iqnes

mocemuli

mTliani

danaxarjebis dros. gavixsenoT, rom mTliani danaxarjebi (C) warmoebis garkveuli

moculobisaTvis tolia Sromisa (wL) da kapitalis danaxarjebis (rk) jamisa:
C

wL

rk

(8.14)
naxazze 8.10

C0

izokosta aRwers Sromisa da kapitalis yvela SesaZlo

kombinaciebs, romelTa daqiravebis saerTo danaxarjebi C0-s utoldeba.

Tu mTlian danaxarjebze gantolebas gadavwerT rogorc wrfis gantolebas,
miviRebT:

185

K=

C/r

(w/r)

(8.15)
amrigad, izokostas aqvs K/L = -(w/r) daxriloba, romelic tolia saxelfaso
ganakveTis fardobisa kapitalis arendis ganakveTTan. es daxriloba analogiuria
sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobisa. Tu firma uars ambobs erT erTeul Sromaze (da
ukan iRebs w lars) raTa iyidos w/r erTeuli kapitali, romlis fasia r erTi
erTeulisTvis, misi mTliani danaxarjebi igive rCeba. magaliTad, Tu xelfasi
Seadgens 10 lars, xolo kapitalis arendis danaxarjebi 5 lars,
erTeuli

Sroma

ori

erTeuli

kapitaliT

Secvalos

firmas SeuZlia

mTlian

danaxarjebSi

cvlilebis gareSe.
kapitalis wliuri
danaxarji

K2

K1
K3

Q1

C0
L2

C1
L1

C2
L3

Sromis wliuri danaxarji

nax. 8.10 mocemuli moculobis produqciis warmoeba minimaluri danaxarjebiT

izokosta gviCvenebs warmoebis faqtorebis yvela kombinacias, romlis drosac firmis danaxarjebi
igive rCeba. C0 izokosta Q1 izokvantas exeba A wertilSi da gviCvenebs, rom Q1 warmoebis moculobis
miRweva SeiZleba minimaluri danaxarjebiT, roca danaxarjebi Sromaze aris L1 da kapitalze K1.
warmoebis faqtorebis sxva kombinaciebi L2, K2 da L3, K3 igive moculobis produqcias iZleva ufro
maRali danaxarjebiT.

warmoebis faqtorebis SerCeva

vTqvaT vapirebT Q1 moculobis warmoebas. rogor vawarmooT es moculoba
minimaluri danaxarjebiT? naxazze 8.10 mocemulia izokvanta (Q1). masze avirCioT
wertili, romelSic danaxarjebi minimaluria.
dauSvaT, firma apirebs warmoebis faqtorebze daxarjos C0. samwuxarod, C0
danaxarjebis pirobebSi ar arsebobs faqtorebis iseTi kombinacia, romelic Q1
moculobis

uzrunvelsayofad

sakmarisi

iqneboda.

magram

SeiZleba miRweul iqnas C2 mTliani danaxarjebis doniT an

warmoebis

es

done

K2 erTeuli kapitalis

da L2 erTeuli Sromis, aseve K3 erTeuli kapitalis da L3 erTeuli Sromis

186

gamoyenebiT.

aseTive

moculobis

produqcia

SeiZleba

ufro

iafad

iqnas

warmoebuli C1 danaxarjebiT (Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba K1 erTeuli kapitali da L1

erTeuli Sroma). faqtiurad, C1 izokosta aris yvelaze dabla mdebare izokosta,
romelic Q1 moculobis produqciis gamoSvebis saSualebas iZleva. Q1 izokvantisa
da C1 izokostis Sexebis A wertili uCvenebs warmoebis fatorebis L1 da K1
kombinacias,

romelic

minimizacias

ukeTebs

danaxarjebs.

am

wertilebSi

izokostisa da izokvantis daxriloba tolia.

Tu yvela faqtorze danaxarji izrdeba, izokostis daxriloba ar icvleba,
radgan warmoebis faqtorebis fasebi ar Secvlila. magram RerZebTan gadakveTis
wertilebi zemoT gadainacvlebs. davuSvaT, Sromaze fasma aiwia. am SemTxvevaSi
izokostis daxrilobis absoluturi sidide (w/r) gaizrdeba da izokosta ufro
damreci

gaxdeba.

naxazze

8.10

C1

sawyis

izokostaze

firma

danaxarjebis

minimizacias axdens Q1 moculobis dros A wertilSi, iyenebs ra L1

erTeul

Sromas da K1 erTeul kapitals. Semdeg Sromis fasi izrdeba da izokosta ufro

damreci xdeba. C2 izokosta aRwers Sromis ufro maRal fass. aseTi fasis dros
firma Q1 moculobis danaxarjebis minimizacias axdens B wertilSi, iyenebs L2
erTeul Sromas da K2 erTeul kapitals. firma reagirebs Sromis fasis awevaze da
warmoebis procesSi mas kapitaliT cvlis.
rogor aris izokosta dakavSirebuli firmis warmoebis procesTan? warmoebis
teqnologiis analizSi vuCveneT, rom teqnologiuri cvlilebebis dros Sromis
kapitaliT Canacvlebis zRvruli norma (MRTS) warmoadgens izokvantis uaryofiT
daxrilobas da utoldeba Sromisa da kapitalis zRvruli produqtebis fardobas:
MRTS = -K/L = MPL / MPK
(8.16)
izokostas daxriloba tolia K/L= -w/r. amrigad, Tu firma axdens warmoebis
danaxarjebis minimizacias, sruldeba Semdegi piroba:
MPL / MPK = w/r
Cven SegviZlia cotaTi SevcvaloT es piroba:
MPL / w = MPK /r

(8.17)

MPL / w aris damatebiTi gamoSveba, romelic warmoiSoba Sromaze damatebiTi

laris daxarjvis gamo. vTqvaT, saxelfaso ganakveTi tolia 10 laris. xolo
damatebiTi muSa warmoebis moculobas gazrdis 20 erTeuliT. maSin produqtis
damatebiTi gamoSveba, damatebiT muSaze daxarjul erT larze gaangariSebiT
Seadgens 20/10=2 erTeuls. analogiurad, MPK /r damatebiTi gamoSvebaa, romelic
kapitalze damatebiTi laris daxarjviT warmoiSoba. amrigad firmam, romelic
cdilobs

danaxarjebis minimizacias, warmoebis faqtorebis iseTi kombinacia unda

187

SearCios, rom warmoebis nebismier faqtorze daxarjulma bolo larma produqtis

moculobas erTnairi namati misces.
ratom

unda

davuSvaT,

rom

Seadgens

sruldebodes

es

10

lari

saxelfaso

lars.

aseve

davuSvaT,

piroba

danaxarjebis

ganakveTis
rom

zeviT

kapitalis

minimizaciisaTvis?

kapitalze

gazrda

gadasaxadi

erTi

erTeuliT

produqtis moculobis 20 erTeuliT zrdas gamoiwvevs. am SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi

kapitalis gamoSveba, erT larze gaangariSebiT mogvcemda: 20/2 lari = 10 erTeul
produqcias

larze.

mwarmoebluria,
gamoiyenos

radgan

vidre

meti

kapitalze

Sromaze

kapitali

da

daxarjuli

daxarjuli
naklebi

erTi

lari

erTi

lari,

Tu

firma

Sroma.

5-jer

firma

ufro

moindomebs

Seamcirebs

Sromis

danaxarjebs da kapitalze danaxarjebs gazrdis, Sromis zRvruli produqti

daiwyebs
miiRweva

zrdas,

xolo kapitalis

wertili,

sadac

zRvruli produqti Semcirebas. sabolood

damatebiTi

erTeulis

warmoebis

Rirebuleba

danaxarjebis kuTxiT aRmoCndeba erTi da igive, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli

faqtori

gamoiyeneba

damatebiT.

am

wertilSi

firma

axdens

danaxarjebis

minimizacias.

danaxarjebis minimizacia gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebisas

ganvixiloT

SemTxveva,

romelic

gviCvenebs

firmis

danaxarjebis

damokidebulebas produqciis moculobaze.

am

analizis

raodenobebi,

Sesasruleblad

romlebic

davadginoT

konkretuli

warmoebis

raodenobis

faqtorebis

produqtis

is

gamoSvebis

danaxarjebis minimizacias axdens da Semdeg gamovTvaloT saboloo danaxarjebi.

danaxarjebis

minimizaciis

amocana

mocemulia

naxazze

8.11

`a.

davuSvaT

firmas SeuZlia L Sromis daqiraveba w=10 lari/sT xelfasiT da arendiT aiRos K

erTeuli kapitali r = 20 lari /sT ganakveTiT. am danaxarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT
daxazulia sami izokosta. yoveli izokosta mocemulia Semdegi gantolebiT:
C = (10 lari /sT)(L) + (20 lari /sT)(K)
naxazze yvelaze dabali izokosta (naxazze ar aris miTiTebuli) Seesabameba
1000 laris Sesabamis danaxarjebs; saSualo

wrfe _ 2000 laris danaxarjebs, zeda

_ 3000 laris danaxarjebs.

A, B da C wertilebi naxazze 8.11 `a
wertilebia.

magaliTad,

wertili

izokostisa da izokvantis Sexebis

gviCvenebs,

rom

200

erTeuli

produqtis

warmoebisaTvis minimaluri danaxarjebis pirobisaTvis aucilebelia 100 erTeuli

Sromisa da 50 erTeuli kapitalis gamoyeneba. es kombinacia 2000 laris Sesabamis
izokostaze Zevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas A da C wertilebze (warmoebas moculoba
100 da 300 erTeuli).
izokostebisa da izokvantebis Sexebis wertilebze gamaval wrfes warmoebis
gafarToebis traeqtoria ewodeba. warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria (Erpansion
Path) aRwers Sromisa da kapitalis kombinaciebs, romlebsac irCevs firma, raTa
produqtis gamoSvebis yoveli donisaTvis moaxdinos danaxarjebis minimizacia.

188

sanam produqtis moculobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba Sromisa da kapitalis

raodenoba, mruds eqneba aRmavali (dadebiTi) daxriloba. rodesac warmoeba 100-dan
200 erTeulamde izrdeba, kapitalis faqtori 25-dan 50 erTeulamde, xolo Sromisa
50-dan 100-mde izrdeba. gamoSvebis yoveli donisaTvis firma iyenebs orjer met
Sromas kapitalTan SedarebiT. maSasadame, warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria
aris swori wrfe daxrilobiT, romelic tolia:
K/L = (50-25)/(100-50) = 1/2
kapitalze wliuri
danaxarji (lari)

150
izokosta C=3000 lari

warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria

izokosta C=2000 lari

100

75

izokvanta Q=300 erTeuli

B
50
A

izokvanta

Q=200 erTeuli

25

50

100 150

200

300

Sromis wliuri danaxarji

`a
wliuri danaxarji
(lari)

3000

grZelvadiani periodis
mTliani danaxarjis mrudi
E

2000
D

1000

100

200

300

gamoSvebis moculoba (cali)

`b

nax. 8.11 firmis warmoebis gafarToebis traqtoria da grZelvadiani mTliani danaxarjebis

mrudi
`a naxazze warmoebis gafarToebis traqtoria (sakoordinato saTavidan A, B da C wertilebis
gavliT) gviCvenebs Sromisa da kapitalis kombinaciebs, romelTa gamoyenebiT danaxarjebi minimumamde
daiyvaneba (saWiro produqciis gamoSvebis grZelvadian periodze gadaangariSebiT) anu rodesac
orive warmoebis faqtori SeiZleba Seicvalos. koordinatTa saTavidan D, E da F wertilebis gavliT
naxazi `b (grZelvadiani periodis mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi) gviCvenebs sami donis gamoSvebis
Sesabamis umcires danaxarjebs, rac Tavis mxriv `a naxazzea mocemuli.

warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria da grZelvadiani danaxarjebi

189

firmis warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria Seicavs igive

informacias, rasac

grZelvadiani mTliani danaxarjebis C(q) mrudi. es SeiZleba davinaxoT naxazze 8.11

`b. warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria unda gardaiqmnas danaxarjebis mrudad sam
etapad:
a) avirCioT gamoSvebis done, romelic naxazze 8.11 `a izokvantiTaa mocemuli.
vipovoT am izokvantasTan izokostis Sexebis wertili;
b) arCeuli izokostiT ganvsazRvroT warmoebis minimaluri danaxarjebi Cvens
mier arCeuli warmoebis donisaTvis;
g) naxazze 8.11 `b gamovsaxoT gamoSveba-danaxarjebis kombinacia.
vTqvaT, viwyebT 100 erTeuli produqtis gamoSvebiT. A wertili naxazze 8.11
`a

izokvantis

Sexebis

wertils

warmoadgens,

rac

100

erTeulis

gamoSvebis

izokostas Seesabameba. A wertili mdebareobs izokostaze, romelic 1000

danaxarjebs

utoldeba.

es

niSnavs,

rom

100

erTeuli

produqtis

laris

warmoebis

minimaluri danaxarjebi grZelvadian periodSi 1000 laris tolia. 100 erTeuli

produqtis

da 1000 laris

danaxarjebis

kombinacias

wertiliT

aRvniSnavT

(naxazi 8.11 `b). analogiurad, SegviZlia E (200 erTeuli 2000 laris minimaluri
danaxarjebi)

da

wertilis

danaxarjebi),

romlebic

da

miReba
C

(300

wertilebs

erTeuli

3000

Seesabamebian.

laris
yoveli

minimaluri
gamoSvebis

donisaTvis vimeorebT am etapebs da viRebT grZelvadiani periodis mTliani

danaxarjebis mruds (naxazi 8.11 `b).
mocemul

magaliTSi

grZelvadiani

periodis

danaxarjebis

mrudi

wrfes

warmoadgens. ratom? am SemTxvevaSi masStabis mudmivi efeqti moqmdebs: rodesac

proporciulad

izrdeba

danaxarjebi,

igive

emarTeba

gamoSvebis

moculobas.

rogorc Semdegi paragrafidan davinaxavT, warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoriis

forma imaze metyvelebs, Tu rogor icvleba danaxarjebi saqmianobis masStabis
cvlilebasTan erTad.

8.5

grZelvadiani da moklevadiani danaxarjebis mrudi

Cven gamovarkvieT, rom moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mruds U-s forma

aqvs. grZelvadini saSualo danaxarjebis mruds aseve SeiZleba U-s forma hondes,
magram maTi formebi gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri mizezebiTaa ganpirobebuli. am
TavSi ganvixilavT grZelvadian saSualo da zRvrul danaxarjebs da davadgenT
gansxvavebebs am mrudebsa da maT moklevadian analogebs Soris.

warmoebis sixiste moklevadian periodSi

190

viciT, rom firmisaTvis grZelvadian periodSi warmoebis yvela faqtori

cvalebadi sididea. grZelvadian periodSi firmas SeuZlia Secvalos sawarmos
zomis da amasTan produqti awarmoos SedarebiT dabali saSualo danaxarjebiT,
vidre

moklevadian

periodSi.

aRniSnuli

movlenis

logikaSi

gasarkvevad

ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac Sroma da kapitali icvleba da SevadaroT im

SemTxvevas, rodesac kapitali moklevadian periodSi mudmivia.
naxazi 8.12 gviCvenebs firmis izokvantebs. firmis gafarToebis grZelvadiani
traeqtoria gamoiyureba rogorc wrfe, romelic koordinatTa saTavidan iwyeba da
naxazze 8.12 mocemul gafarToebis traeqtorias Seesabameba. axla davuSvaT, rom
kapitali

moklevadian

periodSi

dafiqsirebulia

K1

doneze.

Q1

warmoebis

moculobis dros firma axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias, irCevs ra Sromis L1

raodenobas, rac AB izokostasTan Sexebis wertils Seesabameba. sixiste mJRavndeba
maSin, rodesac firma gadawyvetilebas iRebs gazardos gamoSveba
kapitalis

gazrdis

gareSe.

kapitali

fiqsirebuli

rom

ar

Q2 donemde

yofiliyo,

igi

gamouSvebda sasurvel moculobas K2 kapitalisa da L2 Sromis meSveobiT. mis

danaxarjebs asaxavda CD izokosta. magram kapitali mudmivia da es aiZulebs
firmas gazardos Tavisi warmoeba K1 kapitalisa da L3

Sromis saSualebiT P

wertilSi. P wertili EF izokostaze mdebareobs da Seesabameba danaxarjebis

ufro maRal dones, vidre CD izokosta. ratom aris danaxarjebi ufro maRali
mudmivi kapitalis pirobebSi? imitom, rom gafarToebis SemTxevevaSi firmas ar
SeuZlia

iafi

kapitali

ZviradRirebuli

SromiT

Caanacvlos.

warmoebis

gafarToebis moklevadiani traeqtoria (wrfe koordinatTa saTavidan) kapitalis K1

donis

miRwevis

Semdeg horizontaluri xdeba da Segvaxsenebs, rom warmoeba

moklevadian periodSi xistia.

kapitalze wliuri
danaxarji
E
warmoebis gafarToebis
grZelvadiani traeqtoria

C
A

K2

warmoebis gafarToebis

K1

Q2

moklevadiani traeqtoria

Q1
191

L1

L2

L3

Sromis wliuri

danaxarji

nax. 8.12 warmoebis sixiste moklevadian periodSi

moklevadian periodSi firmas, kapitalis danaxarjebis sixistis gamo, ar SeuZlia minimizacia
gaukeTos danaxarjebs. pirvel etapze gamoSveba Q1 doneze iyo. moklevadian periodSi Q2 dones
SeiZleba mivaRwioT mxolod Sromis L1-dan L3-mde gazrdiT, radgan kapitali K1 donezea fiqsirebuli.
grZelvadian periodSi igive moculobis gamoSvebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia ufro iafad Sromis
L1-dan L2-mde da kapitalis K1-dan K2-mde gazrdiT.

192

grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi

grZelvadian
saSualebas

periodSi

aZlevs

kapitalis

Seamciros

cvlilebis

danaxarjebi.

SesaZlebloba

gavarkvioT

firmas

rogor

icvleba,

grZelvadian periodSi danaxarjebi firmis warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoriis

gaswvriv gadaadgilebasTan erTad. amisaTvis ganvixiloT saSualo da zRvruli
danaxarjebis grZelvadiani mrudebi. vTqvaT, sawarmoo process gaaCnia mudmivi
ukugeba

masStabidan

warmoebis

faqtorebis

nebismieri

moculobisaTvis.

am

SemTxvevaSi warmoebis faqtorebis gaormageba gamoiwvevs produqtis moculobis

gaormagebas.

radgan

faqtorebze

fasebi

igivea

warmoebis

moculobis

zrdis

periodSi, warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi gamoSvebis yvela doneze igive unda

darCes.
ra

xdeba

maSin,

Tu

warmoebis

procesi

xasiaTdeba

masStabidan

zrdadi

ukugebiT (rodesac warmoebis faqtorebis gaormageba iwvevs warmoebis moculobis

gazrdas

orjer

metad)?

am

SemTxevevaSi

saSualo

danaxarjebi

warmoebis

moculobis zrdasTan erTad Semcirdeba. igive logikiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

masStabidan klebadi ukugebis dros warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi izrdeba
produqtis gamoSvebis zrdasTan erTad.
gaixseneT

grZelvadiani

saerTo

danaxarjebis

mrudi,

romelic

warmoebis

gafarToebis mrudTanaa dakavSirebuli (naxazi 8.11 `a). am SemTxvevaSi, masStabidan

ukugebis mudmivi sididis pirobebSi, grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi ucvleli
rCeba. warmoebis nebismieri donis dros isini erTeul produqtze 10 laris
tolia.
niSnavs,

radgan

mudmivi saSualo

grZelvadiani

horizontaluri

danaxarjebi

saSualo

wrfeebiT

aris

da

mocemuli

mudmiv

zRvrul

danaxarjebsac

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

erTeulze

danaxarjebis

mrudebi
10

laris

doneze.
naxazze 8.13 naCvenebia grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis (Long-run

Average Cost Curve, LAC) damokidebuleba warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebsa da

gamoSvebis im dones Soris, rodesac yvela warmoebis faqtori cvalebadia.
erTeulze danaxarji
(lari)
zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi, LMC

A
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjis mrudi, LAC

gamoSvebis moculoba
nax. 8.13 grZelvadiani saSualo da zRvruli danaxarji

193

Tu grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi LAC mcirdeba, maSin grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebi LMC
mocemuli warmoebis dros ufro mcirea, vidre LAC da piriqiT, rodesac LAC izrdeba, LMC metia vidre
LAC. mrudebi A wertilSi ikveTebian, sadac LAC mrudi minimumia.

moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis (Short-run Average Cost Curve)

msgavsad grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mruds U-s forma aqvs, magram am
formis mizezi masStabidan ukugebis mzardi da Semcirebadi xasiaTia da ara
warmoebis faqtoridan Semcirebuli ukugeba.
grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi (Long-run Marginal Cost Curve,
LMC) SeiZleba ganisazRvros grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudidan. LMC
mrudi mdebareobs grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis qvemoT, rodesac
LAC

mcirdeba da mis zemoT, roca LAC izrdeba1.

ekonomia da zarali masStabidan

grZelvadin
cvlileba

periodSi

SeiZleba

Tanafardoba

firmisaTvis

sasargeblo

icvleba,

warmoebis

aRmoCndes.

warmoebis

faqtorebis

rodesac

gafarToebis

Tanafardobis

warmoebis

traeqtoria

faqtorebis

aRar

aris

wrfe;

masStabidan ukugebis principi am situaciaSi ar gamodgeba. amis nacvlad vambobT,

rom firma iRebs masStabidan ekonomias (Economies of Scale), Tu mas SeuZlia
gamoSveba

orjer,

xolo

danaxarjebi

orjer

ufro

naklebad

gazardos.

Sesabamisad, masStabidan zaralze (Diseconomies of Scale) saubroben maSin,

rodesac gamoSvebis gaormageba moiTxovs danaxarjebis gazrdas 2-jer metad.
masStabidan ekonomiis cneba Tavis TavSi moicavs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas,
rogorc kerZo SemTxevevas. Tumca igi ufro zogadi cnebaa, asaxavs ra warmoebis
faqtorebis proporciebis cvlilebebs, romlebic Tavs iCenen warmoebis axal
doneze. aseT formulirebaSi grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis U-s
forma aqvs im firmas, romelic awydeba masStabidan ekonomias SedarebiT mcire
warmoebis moculobis dros da zarals masStabidan SedarebiT maRali warmoebis
moculobis dros.
masStabidan
elastikurobis
gamoxatuli

ekonomia
terminebSi

procentebSi,

xSirad
(Ec).

es

romelic

izomeba
aris

gamoSvebis
warmoebis

warmoiSoba

mixedviT

danaxarjebis

danaxarjebis

produqciis

cvlileba,

gamoSvebis

1%-iT

momatebis SemTxevevaSi:
Ec = (C/C)/(Q/Q)
(8.18)
rogor aris dakavSirebuli Ec

Cveulebriv danaxarjebis maCveneblebTan?

aRniSnulis gasagebad (8.18) gantoleba Semdegnairad gadavweroT:

Ec = (C/Q )/( C/Q)= MC/AC
(8.19)
cxadia, rom Ec=1, rodesac zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi tolia. am
SemTxvevaSi danaxarjebi izrdeba gamoSvebis proporciulad da masStabidan ar
gaixseneT, rom AC = TC/Q. aqedan AC/Q = [Q (TC/Q) - TC]Q2 = (MC-AC)/Q. cxadia, rodesac AC izrdeba,
AC/Q dadebiTia da MC>AC. Sesabamisad, rodesac AC mcirdeba, AC/Q uaryofiTia da MC<AC.
1

194

aris arc ekonomia da arc zarali. masStabidan ekonomiis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli

danaxarjebi saSualoze mcirea (orive saxis danaxarji mcirdeba) da Ec <1. Tu
adgili

aqvs

masStabidan

zarals,

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

metia

saSualo

danxarjebze da Ec >1.

grZelvadian da moklevadian danaxarjebs Soris damokidebuleba

naxazi

8.14

da

8.15

gviCveneben

kavSirs

grZelvadian

da

moklevadian

danaxarjebs Soris. vTqvaT, firma ar aris darwmunebuli, rom mis produqtze

moTxovna

momavalSic

iqneba

alternatiul proeqts.
mrudi _ SAC1, SAC2

da

naxazze

ganixilavs

sam

variants

qarxnis

sam

8.14 warmodgenilia sami qarxnis moklevadini

da SAC3. firmisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis

miReba, radgan qarxnis aSenebis Semdeg mas aRar SeeZleba garkveuli periodi mainc
Secvalos misi zomebi.
naxazze

8.15

gamosaxulia

grZelvadian

periodSi

masStabidan

ukugebis

mudmivobis SemTxveva. Q1 gamoSvebis moculobis dros firmas urCevnia mcire

qarxana aaSenos. misi warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebis mniSvneloba 10 laria; es
minimaluri danaxarjebia, radgan moklevadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi SMC
moklevadian saSualo danaxarjebis mruds SAC kveTs wertilSi. Tu firma fiqrobs
Q2 moculobis produqcia gamouSvas, optimaluri gadawyvetileba iqneba saSualo
moculobis qarxnis aSeneba. misi saSualo danaxarjebi aseve 10 laris tolia. Tu
dagegmili warmoebis moculoba Q3 donezea, yvelaze kargi varianti mesame qarxanis
aSenebaa. radgan qarxnis mxolod es sami zomaa SesaZlebeli, nebismieri arCevani
Q1-sa da Q2-s Soris gamoiwvevs warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebis gazrdas. aseTive
mdgomareobaa, Tu arCevani iqneba warmoebis moculoba Q2-ze meti da Q3-ze naklebi.
rogori

iqneba

firmis

grZelvadiani

danaxarjebis

mrudi?

grZelvadin

periodSi firmas SeuZlia qarxnis zomis Secvla. amrigad, Tu is moisurvebs

sawyisi Q1 done Q2-mde gazardos, mas SeuZlia es gaakeTos saSualo danaxarjebis
donis

SenarCunebiT.

grZelvadini

saSualo

aqedan

gamomdinare,

danaxarjebis

sami

mrudi

SesaZlo
Sedgeba

zomis

qarxnisaTvis

saSualo

moklevadini

danaxarjebis mrudebis im monakveTebisagan, romlebic wyvetiliT aris aRniSnuli.

es monakveTebi warmoebis nebismieri donisaTvis minimaluri warmoebis danaxarjebs
aRniSnaven grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebisaTvis, radgan gars uvlian an
SemosazRvraven moklevadian danaxarjebis mrudebs.
erTeulze danaxarji

SAC1
SAC2

SAC3
SMC1

SMC2

SMC3

10$
195

LAC=LMC

Q1

Q2

Q3

gamoSvebis moculoba
nax. 8.14 grZelvadini danaxarjebi masStabidan mudmivi ukugebisas
LAC grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi, romelic emTxveva grZelvadiani zRvruli
danaxarjebis LMC mruds, gars uvlis moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebs (SAC1, SAC2, SAC3).
masStabidan mudmivi ukugebisas grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi Sedgeba moklevadiani
saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebis minimumis wertilebisagan.

davuSvaT arsebobs qarxnis zomebis uamravi arCevani, romelTagan TiToeuls

Seesabameba moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi, romlis minimumi 10 laria.
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi aRmoCndeba moklevadiani saSualo
danaxarjebis SemomsazRvreli. naxazze 8.14 es aris wrfe LAC. ramdeni produqciis
gamoSvebac ar unda dagegmos firmam mas SeuZlia airCios qarxnis iseTi zoma,
romelic

saSualebas

miscems

awarmoos

es

moculoba

minimaluri

saSualo

danaxarjebiT 10 laris doneze.

masStabidan

ekonomiis

SemTxvevaSi

igive

mosazrebebi

gamoiyeneba,

magram

grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi ukve aRar aris horizontaluri. naxazi

8.15 gviCvenebs tipiur suraTs, rodesac qarxnisaTvis sami SesaZlo zoma arsebobs:
minimaluri saSualo danaxarjebi umciresia saSualo zomis qarxnisaTvis. amitom
grZelvadiani

saSualo

danaxarjebis

mrudi

Tavidan

masStabidan

ekonomias

aCvenebs, xolo Semdeg, warmoebis ufro maRali moculobisas, masStabidan zarals.

da

isev,

StrixebiT

aRniSnuli

xazebi

gviCveneben

grZelvadian

saSualo

danaxarjebs, romlebic am sam qarxanasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

naTlad rom warmovidginoT grZelvadian da moklevadian danaxarjebis Soris
kavSiri, ganvixiloT firma, romelic apirebs Q1 moculobis produqtis gamoSvebas
(naxazi 8.15). Tu aSendeba patara qarxana, moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis
mrudi iqneba SAC1. warmoebis saSualo danaxarji 8 lars utoldeba (B wertili
SAC1 mrudze). patara qarxana ufro misaRebi arCevania, vidre saSualo qarxana,
romlis warmoebis saSualo danaxarji 10 laria (A wertili SAC2 mrudze). amrigad,
maSin, roca qarxnis mxolod 3 SesaZlo zoma arsebobs, B wertili aRmoCndeba
grZelvadiani danaxarjebis funqciis erT-erTi wertili. Tu arsebobs sxva zomis
qarxnis

aSenebis

saSualebas,

rom

SesaZlebloba
awarmoos

Q2

an

Tundac

moculobis

erT-erTi
produqcia

maTgani
8

lari

mogvcems

danaxarjebiT

erTeulze, grZelvadiani danaxarjebis mrudidan B wertili gamoiricxeba.

196

imis

nebismieri zomis qarxnis aSeneba rom SesaZlebeli iyos, grafikze gaCndeba LAC
mrudi, romelsac U-s msgavsi forma eqneboda (naxazi 8.15). kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT,
rom LAC mrudi yovelTvis ganlagebulia moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis
mrudebis qvemoT. aseve, radgan grZelvadian periodSi adgili aqvs masStabidan
ekonomias

an

zarals,

saSualo

danaxarjebis

minimumebis

wertilebi

yvelaze

patara da yvelaze didi qarxnisaTvis ar mdebareobs grZelvadiani saSualo

danaxarjebis mrudze. magaliTad, patara qarxana, romelic minimaluri saSualo
danaxarjebiT muSaobs ar aris efeqtiani, radgan msxvilma qarxanam SeiZleba
isargeblos masStabidan mzardi ukugebis upiratesobiT da SeuZlia awarmoos
produqti ufro dabali saSualo danaxarjebiT.

danaxarji erTeul
warmoebaze (lari)
SAC1

SAC2

SAC3
SMC1
10

SMC2

SMC3

LAC
8

LMC

Q0

Q1

raodenoba
nax. 8.15 grZelvadiani danaxarjebi warmoebis masStabidan ekonomiisa da zaralis
SemTxvevaSi
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis LAC mrudi SemosazRvravs moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis
SAC1, SAC2, SAC3 mrudebs. warmoebis masStabidan ekonomiisa da zaralis SemTxvevaSi moklevadiani
saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebis minimumebis wertilebi ar Zevs grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis
mrudze. mrudebi ikveTebian A wertilSi, sadac grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi Tavis
minimums aRwevs. kerZo SemTxevevaSi, roca LAC mrudi mudmivia, LAC da LMC erTmaneTs emTxevevian.

moklevadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli

qarxnis mimarT; grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi ki gamoiyeneba yvela
zomis

qarxnis

mimarT.

grZelvadiani

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudis

yoveli

197

wertili asaxavs zRvrul danaxarjebs, romlebic yvelaze efeqtian danaxarjebs

Seesabamebian.

swored

amitom,

SMC1

kveTs

LMC

mruds

wertilSi,

gamoSvebis Q0 dones Seesabameba. es aris wrfe, romelSic SAC1

romelic

exeba LAC-s (naxazi

8.15).

8.6

warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoriT _ ekonomia

asortimentidan

firmebis

umetesoba

specializebuli.

isini

mxolod

erTi

awarmoeben

produqtis

produqtebs,

damzadebaze

romlebic

ar

mWidrod

aris
arian

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli: mefrinveleobis firma awarmoebs Sinaur frinvelsa

da kvercxs, saavtomobilo kompania _ msubuq da satvirTo avtomobilebs. zogjer
firmis

mier

gamoSvebuli

produqtebi

fizikurad

erTmaneTTan

ar

arian

dakavSirebuli. ori an meti dasaxelebis produqciis warmoebisas firma mogebuli

rCeba.

sargebeli

erToblivma
marketinguli

SeiZleba

gamoyenebam

moitanos

(rodesac

programiTaa

ori

faqtorebis

an

sxvadasxva

gaerTianebuli).

xSirad

sawarmoo

produqtis
erTi

simZlavreebis
warmoeba

produqtis

erTi

warmoeba

TavisTavad iwvevs meore produqtis warmoebas, romelic Tavis mxriv, garkveul

faseulobas warmoadgens. magaliTad, liTonis nakeTobebis damuSavebisas iReben
jarTs da burbuSelas, romelic Semdeg SeiZleba gaiyidos.

produqtis transformaciis mrudebi

erToblivi

warmoebis

ekonomikuri

upiratesobebis

ilustraciisaTvis

ganvixiloT avtomobilebis mwarmoebeli kompania, romelic ori saxis saqonels

awarmoebs, kerZod avtomobilebsa da traqtorebs. orive produqtis warmoebaSi
warmoebis faqtorebad gamoiyeneba kapitali (nageboba da mowyobiloba) da Sroma.
Cveulebriv avtomobilebi da traqtorebi erT qarxanaSi ar iwarmoeba, magram
menejmenti maT saerTo aqvT, xolo Sroma erTnairi kvalifikaciisaa. naxazze 8.16
naCvenebia
Curves),

produqtis
romlebic

transformaciis
asaxaven

ori

mrudi

avtomobilebisa

(Product

da

Trasformation

traqtorebis

sxvadasxva

kombinaciebs, Sromisa da mowyobilobebis mocemul pirobebSi. O1 mrudi asaxavs am

produqtebis
danaxarjebi

gamoSvebis
SedarebiT

yvela
naklebia.

faqtorebis gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi.

198

Tanafardobas,

O2

mrudi

romlis

asaxavs

drosac

warmoebis

kombinaciebs

warmoebis

produqtis transformaciis mruds gaaCnia uaryofiTi daxriloba. imisaTvis,

rom erTi dasaxelebis produqti ufro meti raodenobiT gamouSvas, firmam uari
unda Tqvas garkveuli raodenobis meore produqtze. magaliTad firma, romelic
manqanebis warmoebaze akeTebs aqcents, nakleb resurss gamoiyenebs traqtorebis
warmoebaze. naxazze 8.16

O2 mrudi orjer ufro Sorsaa sakoordinato saTavidan,

vidre O1 mrudi, rac gulisxmobs masStabidan mudmiv ukugebas ori produqtis

warmoebis procesSi.
traqtorebis raodenoba

O2
O1
0
avtomobilebis raodenoba
nax. 8.16. produqtis transformaciis mrudi
produqtis transformaciis mrudi asaxavs fiqsirebuli raodenobis warmoebis faqtorebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciiT ori produqtis gamoSvebas.
transformaciis O1 da O2 mrudebi amozneqilia, radgan
warmoebisas arsebobs ekonomia asortimentidan.

O1 mrudi wrfe rom yofiliyo, erToblivi warmoeba ar gamoiwvevda arc

sargebls da arc zarals. ori kompania, romelTaganac erTi specilizibulia
manqanebis, xolo meore traqtorebis warmoebaze, gamouSvebda igive moculobis
produqcias, rasac ufro didi moculobis qarxana, romelic orive produqts
uSvebs. magram produqtis transformaciis mrudi amozneqilia, radgan erToblivi
warmoeba upiratesobiT xasiaTdeba. resursebis Tanabari xarjvis pirobebSi, erTi
qarxana met avtomanqanas da traqtors uSvebs, vidre ori kompania, romlebic erTi
produqtis warmoebaze arian orientirebulni. erToblivi warmoebis upiratesoba
warmoebis faqtorebis erToblivi
ufro

kargad

arTmevs

Tavs

gamoyenebis Sedegia. saerTo menejmenti xSirad

dagegmvas

da

warmoebis

organizacias,

aseve

sabuRaltro da finansur aspeqtebs, vidre cal-calke mmarTveli jgufebi.

ekonomia da zarali asortimentidan

mTlianobaSi ekonomia asortimentidan (Economies of Scope) arsebobs, roca
ori produqtis mwarmoebeli firmis mTliani gamoSveba metia, vidre gamoSvebis is
moculoba, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios orma firmam erTi dasaxelebis produqts

199

warmoebiT (warmoebis faqtorebis eqvivalenturi moculobis dros). Tu aseTi

firmis warmoebis moculoba ufro naklebia, vidre danarCeni oris erTad aRebuli,
sawarmoo process moaqvs zarali asortimentidan (Diseconomies of Scope). am
movlenas adgili aqvs, roca erTi produqtis warmoeba xels uSlis meoris
warmoebas.
pirdapiri damokidebuleba asortimentidan da masStabidan ekonomias Soris
ar

arsebobs.

ori

produqtis

mwarmoebel

firmas

SeuZlia

miiRos

ekonomia

asortimentidan im SemTxevevaSic ki, rodesac aqvs zarali masStabidan. davuSvaT,

pianinosa da roialis warmoeba erT sawarmoSi ufro iafi jdeba, vidre maTi calcalke warmoeba. maTi damzadeba moiTxovs maRalkvalificiur Sromas, amitom
warmoebis mcire moculoba ufro efeqtiania. zustad aseve, firmas romelic
ramdenime saxis produqts uSvebs, SeuZlia miiRos ekonomia warmoebis masStabidan
yoveli

calke

magaliTad,

produqtisaTvis,

warmoidgineT

magram

msxvili

ver

iRebdes

konglomerati,

mogebas

romelic

asortimentidan.

ramdenime

firmis

mflobelia. es firmebi gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania warmoebis didi masStabebis

dros, magram ar gaaCnia asortimentidan ekonomiis upiratesoba radgan firmebSi
gansxvavevebuli mmarTveloba aqvT.

ekonomiis

xarisxi

asortimentidan

ekonomiis

xarisxi

asortimentidan

danaxarjebis

gansazRvris

xarjze.

Tu

SeiZleba
faqtorebis

gamoviTvaloT
erTnairi

firmis

kombinaciisas

erToblivi warmoeba ufro did moculobas iZleva, vidre ori damoukidebeli

firma, maSin ori produqtis warmoebis danaxarjebi erTaderT firmas ufro
naklebi

eqneba,

vidre

or

damoukidebel

firmas.

asortimentidan

ekonomiis

xarisxis gasazomad saWiroa ganisazRvros, Tu danaxarjebis ra procents zogavs

firma,

roca

ramdenime

produqts

erTdroulad

awarmoebs.

gantoleba

8.20

gviCvenebs ekonomiis xarisxs asortimentidan (Degree of Economies of Scope, SC),

Semdegnairad SegviZlia CavweroT:

SC

C (Q1 ) C (Q 2 ) C (Q1 ; Q 2 )
C (Q1 ; Q 2 )

(8.20)

sadac C(Q1) aris warmoebis danaxarjebi Q1 moculobis dros, C(Q2) _ warmoebis

danaxarjebi Q2 moculobisTvis, xolo C(Q1, Q2)

_ ori produqtis erToblivi

warmoebis danaxarjebi Q1 da Q2 moculobisaTvis.

Tu

SesaZlebelia gamoSvebuli produqtis

fizikuri erTeulebis Sekreba,

rogorc traqtorebisa da manqanebis magaliTSi, zemoT mocemuli gamosaxuleba

Semdeg saxes miiRebs C(Q1+Q2). asortimentidan ekonomiis pirobebSi erToblivi
danaxarjebi ufro mcirea, vidre individualuri danaxarjebis jami da SC 0-ze

200

metia. asortimentidan zaralis pirobebSi SC uaryofiTia. zogadad, rac metia SC

sidide, miT metia ekonomia asortimentidan.

8.7 dinamiuri cvlilebebi danaxarjebSi _ swavlebis

mrudi
aqamde Cven CamovayalibeT mxolod erTi mizezi, ris gamoc grZelvadini
saSualo danaxarjebi msxvili firmisTvis SeiZleba ufro dabali aRmoCndes,
vidre mcire firmebisaTvis. es aris warmoebis masStabidan zrdadi ukugebis
maCvenebeli.

Cndeba

cduneba,

gavakeToT

daskvna:

firmebi,

romelTa

saSualo

danaxarjebi droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba, xasiaTdebian winsvliT da masStabidan

zrdadi ukugebiT. magram es mtkicebuleba yovelTvis rodia WeSmariti. zogierT
firmaSi grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba imis
gamo, rom momuSaveebi da menejerebi iTviseben informacias axali teqnologiebis
Sesaxeb da ufro kvalificiurebi xdebian.
rodesac

menejerebi

da

momuSaveebi

muSaobis

gamocdilebas

warmoebis

procesSi iZenen, garkveuli moculobis produqciis warmoebisaTvis saSualo da

zRvruli danaxarjebi oTxi mizezis gamo mcirdeba:
1. garkveuli davalebis Sesasruleblad momuSaveebs meti dro sWirdebaT,
rodesac samuSaos pirvelad asruleben da maTi Sromis nayofiereba izrdeba,
rodesac ufro kompetenturebi xdebian;
2.

menejerebi

sawarmoo

procesis

dagegmvas

ufro

efeqtianad

swavloben

warmoebis procesSi;
3. inJinrebi, romlebic Tavidan skurpulozurad cdiloben gayvnen proeqts,
sakmao gamocdilebas iZenen, raTa garkveuli gadaxrebi dauSvan. es cvlilebebi
amcireben danaxarjebs saqonlis defeqtebis gazrdis gareSe. ufro xarisxiani da
specializebuli instrumentebi da qarxnis sivrcis gaazrebuli organizeba aseve
amcirebs danaxarjebs;
4. masalis momwodeblebi swavloben masalis ufro efeqtianad damuSavebas da
SeuZliaT

nawilobriv

es

upiratesoba

masalis

da

nedleulis

ufro

dabal

RirebulebaSi warmoadginon.
yvela

zemoT

CamoTvlilis

Sedegad

firma

`swavlobs~

misi

gamoSvebuli

produqciis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad. menejerebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon es

efeqti

warmoebis

efeqtiani

dagegmvisa

da

momavali

danaxarjebis

prognozirebisaTvis. naxazi 8.17 asaxavs am process swavlebis mrudis (Learning

201

Curve) saxiT. igi asaxavs kavSirs firmis warmoebis kumulaciur moculobasa* da

warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis moculobas Soris, romelic saWiroa yoveli
erTeulis gamosaSvebad.

swavlebis mrudis gamosaxva

naxazze 8.17 mocemulia swavlebis mrudi avtomaturi dazgebis warmoebisTvis.
horizontalur RerZze aRniSnulia avtomaturi dazgebis partiebis raodenoba,
romelic

firmam

awarmoa.

vertikalur

RerZze

naCvenebia

samuSao

saaTebis

raodenoba, romelic saWiroa yoveli partiis dasamzadeblad. Sromis danaxarjebi

erTeul

produqtze

pirdapir

naklebi

saaTi muSaoba

gavlenas

sWirdeba

axdens

yovel

warmoebis

partias,

miT

danaxarjebze,

naklebia

rac

zRvruli da

saSualo danaxarjebi.
naxazze 8.17 mocemuli swavlebis mrudi Semdeg tolobazea dafuZnebuli:
L = A + BN-
(8.21)
sadac N _ warmoebuli produqciis kumulaciuri raodenobaa, L _ danaxarji
erT erTeul produqciaze. A, B da mudmivebi, amasTan A da B dadebiTi sidideebia,
xolo 0<<1. rodesac N=1, L = A + B. ase, rom A + B Seadgens samuSao Zalaze
danaxarjebs, rac pirveli erTeulis warmoebisTvisaa saWiro, roca =0, Sromis
danaxarjebi

erTeul

produqtze

kumulaciuri

moculobis

zrdasTan

erTad

mudmivi rCeba; swavleba ar xdeba, roca >0 da N izrdeba, L sidide A-sken

miiswrafvis.

amrigad,

warmoadgens

Sromis

minimalur

danaxarjebs

erTeul

produqtze mas mere, rac swavleba dasruldeba.

rac metia , miT metad vlindeba swavlebis efeqti. magaliTad,
Sromis

danaxarjebi

moculobidan

erT

kvadratuli

erTeul
fesvis

produqciaze

proporciulad.

mcirdeba
aseT

=0,5 dros
kumulaciuri

swavlebis

xarisxis

SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamciros firmis sawarmoo danaxarjebi, roca igi sakmao

gamocdilebas SeiZens.
Cvens magaliTSi, CarxebTan dakavSirebiT =0,31. am konkretuli mrudisaTvis
kumulaciuri raodenobis yoveli gaormageba amcirebs danaxarjebs daaxloebiT
20%-iT danaxarjebisaTvis minimalur dasaSveb moTxovnebis gaTvalswinebis gareSe.
rogorc

naCvenebia

Carxebis

partiaTa

naxazze

8.17,

kumulaciuri

swavlebis

mrudi

raodenoba

mkveTrad

20-mde

iklebs,

izrdeba.

me-20

rodesac
partiis

gamoSvebis Semdeg danaxarjebis Semdgomi Semcireba SedarebiT naklebia.

erTi partia Carxebis
*

kumulacia _ (laT. cumulatio_gadideba, dagroveba) _ raRacis Tavmoyra, dagroveba SezRudul sivrceSi da /an
SezRuduli drois intervalSi.

202

dasamzadeblad saWiro dro

10

20

30

40

50

firmis mier damzadebuli

Carxebis raodenoba

nax. 8.17. swavlebis mrudi

firmis sawarmoo danaxarjebi droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba, radgan menejerebi da muSebi
xdebian ufro kvalificiurebi da efeqtianad iyeneben maT gankargulebaSi arsebul qarxanasa da
mowyobilobebs. swavlebis mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mcirdeba erTi erTeulis warmoebisaTvis
saWiro Sromis saaTebi gamoSvebis kumulaciuri moculobis zrdasTan erTad.

swavleba da ekonomia warmoebis masStabidan

Tu firma gamouSvebs 20 da met partia Carxs, swavlebis efeqti faqtiurad
qreba da SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT danaxarjebis Cveulebrivi analizi. magram
sawarmoo procesi SedarebiT axali rom yofiliyo, maSin SedarebiT maRali
danaxarjebi

warmoebis

dabal

moculobasTan

erTad

(da

SedarebiT

dabali

danaxarjebi ufro maRali moculobis dros) gviCvenebda swavlebis efeqts da ara

ekonomias masStabidan. swavlebis dasrulebis Semdeg gamocdilebis mqone firmis
warmoebis danaxarjebi SedarebiT dabalia imis miuxedavad, Tu warmoebis ra
masStabia. Tu avtomaturi Carxebis mwarmoebeli firmisaTvis moqmedebs masStabidan
ekonomiis efeqti, igi unda awarmoebdes Carxebs Zalian did partiebad, raTa
isargeblos

upiratesobiT

masStabTan

dakavSirebuli

mcire

danaxarjebis

pirobebSi. Tu adgili aqvs swavlebis mruds, maSin firmas SeuZlia miuxedavad

sawarmos zomisa, Seamciros danaxarjebi ufro didi raodenobis warmoebiT.
naxazze 8.18 swored am fenomens gviCvenebs. AC1 warmoadgens grZelvadiani
saSualo danaxarjebs, romelic masStabidan ekonomiis gavlenas ganicdis. amrigad,
cvlilebebi warmoebaSi A-dan B-mde AC1-is gaswvriv iwvevs danaxarjebis Semcirebas
masStabidan ekonomiis gamo. magram AC1-is gaswvriv A-dan C-mde gadaadgileba AC2
mrudze

iwvevs

danaxarjebis

Semcirebas

swavlebis

xarjze,

rac

saSualo

danaxarjebis mruds dabla gadaadgilebs.

203

swavlebis mrudi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania firmisaTvis axali produqtis

warmoebis danaxarjebis prognozirebisaTvis. davuSvaT, firmam romelic avtomatur
Carxebs awarmoebs, icis, rom Sromis danaxarjebze moTxovna erT Carxze pirveli
10 manqanisTvis Seadgens 1,00-s, minimaluri moTxovna Sromaze A udris 0-s, xolo
daaxloebiT 0,32-s.
erTeul produqtze
gaweuli danaxarjebi

ekonomia masStabidan

B
C

swavleba

AC1
AC2
gamoSvebis moculoba

nax. 8.18 ekonomia swavlebis masStabidan

saSualo danaxarjebis Semcireba droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia gayidvebis moculobis
zrdasTan erTad Tu arsebobs zrdadi ukugeba (A-dan B wertilSi moZraoba AC1 mrudis gaswvriv) an
swavlebis mrudis gavleniT (moZraoba A-dan AC1 mrudze C-mde AC2 mrudze).

cxrilSi 8.3 warmodgenilia Sromis danaxarjebis erToblivi moTxovnebis

gaTvlebi 80 CarxisTvis.
Sromaze moTxovnis prognozireba mocemuli warmoebis moculobisaTvis
cxrili 8.3
kumulaciuri
gamoSveba
N
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Sromaze moTxovna erTeul

produqtze yovel 10 erTeul
gamoSvebaze,
L
1,00
0,80
0,70
0,64
0,60
0,56
0,53
0,51

erToblivi
moTxovna Sromaze

18,0
25,0
31,4
37,4
43,0
48,3
53,4

10,0
(10,0+8,0)
(18,0+7,0)
(25,0+6,4)
(31,4+6,0)
(37,4+5,8)
(43,0+5,6)
(48,3+5,1)

swavlebis mrudis arsebobis gamo moTxovna Sromaze erTeuli produqtisTvis

mcirdeba

gamoSvebis

moculobis

zrdasTan

erTad.

amis

Sedegad,

erToblivi

moTxovna Sromaze mzardi warmoebis moculobisaTvis izrdeba sul ufro da

ufro

mcire

proporciebiT.

amrigad

firma,

romelic

yuradRebas

amaxvilebs

am svetSi mocemuli cifrebi miRebulia Semdegi gantolebiT: log (L)= -0,322log (N/10), sadac L -es aris
Sromaze danaxarjebi, xolo -produqtis kumulaciuri moculoba.

204

mxolod Sromis maRali danaxarjebis moTxovnaze, sawyis etapze, mTlianobaSi

Tavis biznesze pesimistur Sexedulebas miRebs. davuSvaT, firma gegmavs imuSaos
dargSi sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi da awarmoos 10 erTeuli yovel wels.
warmoebis pirvel wels qarxnis danaxarjebi maRali iqneba, radgan igi swavlebis
procesSia.

magram

roca

swavlebis

efeqti

srulad

gamJRavndeba,

warmoebis

danaxarjebi Semcirdeba. 8 wlis Semdeg 10 erTeulisTvis warmoebisaTvis saWiro

Sroma

utoldeba

5,1-s,

xolo

danaxarjebi

erTeul

produqtze

gautoldeba

pirveli wlis danaxarjebis naxevars. amrigad, swavlebis mrudma SesaZloa sakmaod

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

ZiriTadi terminebi

ekonomikuri da sabuRaltro danaxarjebi

mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebi
mTliani, saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebi
mTliani, saSualo da zRvruli amonagebi
kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba
kapitalis fasi da saarendo ganakveTi
izokosta
warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarji
grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarji
ekonomias da zarali masStabidan
transformaciis mrudebi
ekonomia da zarali asortimentidan
ekonomiis xarisxi asortimentidan
swavlebis mrudi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. warmoebis
periodebSi.

aseve

danaxarjebi

gansxvavebulia

gansxvavebulia

danaxarjTa

moklevadian
saxeebi.

da

grZelvadian

ekonomistebi

saqmianobas perspeqtivaSi ganixilaven. ekonomistebs saqme

firmis

aqvT `alternatiul

danaxarjebTan e.i. danaxarjebTan, romlebic dakavSirebulia xelidan gaSvebul

SesaZleblobebTan.
2. moklevadian

periodSi,

rodesac

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

saSualo

danaxarjebze naklebia, produqtis yoveli momdevno erTeulis warmoeba amcirebs

saSualo danaxarjebs. rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi saSualo danaxarjebze
metia, produqtis yoveli morigi erTeulis warmoeba zrdis saSualo danaxarjebs.
zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudi

saSualo

cvalebadi

da

saSualo

mTliani

danaxarjebis mrudebs minimumis wertilebSi kveTs.

3. zRvruli amonagebis mrudis forma damokidebulia firmis moTxovnis mrudis
formaze. zRvruli amonagebi naklebi unda iyos im fasze, romliTac saqonlis

205

bolo

erTeuli

gansazRvraven

gaiyida.

gamoSvebis

zRvruli
optimalur

danaxarjebi
moculobas,

da

zRvruli

romlis

amonagebi

drosac

zRvruli

amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjebs utoldeba.

4. teqnologiuri cvlilebebis dros Sromis kapitaliT Canacvlebis zRvruli
norma warmoadgens izokvantis uaryofiT daxrilobas da utoldeba Sromisa da
kapitalis

zRvruli

produqtebis

fardobas.

Tu

firma

axdens

warmoebis

danaxarjebis minimizacias, Sromis zRvruli produqtisa da kapitalis zRvruli

produqtis Sefardeba saxelfaso da sargeblis ganakveTis Sefardebis tolia.
5. grZelvadian periodSi firma cvlis gamoyenebuli warmoebis faqtorebis
moculobas

da

sawarmos

zomis

cvlilebis

saSualebas

iZleva.

amiT

firmas

saSualeba eZleva saqoneli awarmoos SedarebiT dabali saSualo danaxarjebiT,

vidre moklevadian periodSi. rodesac sawarmoo process gaaCnia mudmivi ukugeba
masStabidan warmoebis faqtorebis nebismieri

moculobisaTvis, maSin warmoebis

faqtorebis gaormageba gamoiwvevs produqtis moculobis gaormagebas.

6. moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis msgavsad grZelvadiani saSualo
danaxarjebis mruds U-s forma aqvs, magram am formis mizezi masStabidan ukugebis
zrdadi da Semcirebadi xasiaTia da ara warmoebis faqtoridan Semcirebuli
ukugeba. grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi mdebareobs grZelvadiani
saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis qvemoT, rodesac igi

mcirdeba da mis zemoT, roca

igi izrdeba.
7. masStabidan
ukugebas,

rogorc

ekonomiis
kerZo

cneba

Tavis

SemTxevevas.

TavSi

moicavs

masStabidan

masStabidan

ekonomia

xSirad

zrdad
izomeba

gamoSvebis mixedviT danaxarjebis elastikurobis terminebSi. es aris warmoebis

danaxarjebis

cvlileba,

gamoxatuli

procentebSi,

romelic

warmoiSoba

produqtis gamoSvebis 1%-iT momatebis SemTxevevaSi.

8. grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi masStabidan mudmivi ukugebisas,
Sedgeba moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebis minimumis wertilebisagan.
masStabidan ekonomiis SemTxvevaSi igi ukve aRar aris horizontaluri, amitom
Tavidan masStabidan ekonomias aCvenebs, xolo Semdeg, warmoebis ufro maRali
moculobisas, masStabidan zarals. warmoebis masStabidan ekonomiisa da zaralis
SemTxvevaSi

moklevadiani

saSualo

mrudebis

minimumebis

wertilebi

ar

Zevs

grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudze.

9. firmebis umetesoba erTi produqtis damzadebaze ar aris specializebuli,
aramed awarmoeben erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul produqtebs. erToblivi
warmoebis ekonomikuri upiratesobebis ilustraciisaTvis aigeba transformaciis
mrudebi, romlebic asaxaven ori produqtis warmoebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebs,
Sromisa

da

mowyobilobebis

mocemul

pirobebSi.

erToblivi

upiratesoba warmoebis faqtorebis erToblivi gamoyenebis Sedegia.

206

warmoebis

10. ekonomia asortimentidan arsebobs maSin, roca ori produqtis mwarmoebeli

firmis

mTliani

gamoSveba

metia,

vidre

gamoSvebis

is

moculoba,

romelsac

SeiZleba miaRwios orma firmam erTi dasaxelebis produqtis warmoebiT (warmoebis

faqtorebis
moculoba

eqvivalenturi
ufro

moculobis

naklebia,

vidre

dros).

danarCeni

Tu

oris

aseTi
erTad

firmis

warmoebis

aRebuli,

sawarmoo

process moaqvs asortimentidan zarali. am movlenas adgili aqvs, roca erTi

produqtis warmoeba xels uSlis meoris warmoebas.
11. ekonomiis

xarisxi

asortimentidan

SeiZleba

gamoviTvaloT

danaxarjebis gansazRvris xarjze. asortimentidan ekonomiis

saWiroa

ganisazRvros,

Tu

danaxarjebis

ra

procents

firmis

xarisxis gasazomad

zogavs

firma,

roca

ramdenime produqts erTdroulad awarmoebs.

12. swavlebis mrudi asaxavs kavSirs firmis warmoebis kumulaciur moculobasa
da warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis moculobas Soris, romelic saWiroa yoveli
erTeulis gamosaSvebad. swavlebis dasrulebis Semdeg gamocdilebis mqone firmis
warmoebis danaxarjebi SedarebiT dabalia warmoebis masStabis miuxedavad.
kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

CamoTvaleT

da

gaiangariSeT

firmis

danaxarjebi

moklevadian

periodSi,

daaxasiaTeT maTi mrudebi;

2. daaxasiaTeT

zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi,

grafikulad axseniT

maT

Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba;
3.

daaxasiaTeT

saSualo da zRvrul danaxarjebsa da saSualo da zRvrul

mwarmoeblurobas Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba;

4. daaxasiaTeT zRvruli amonagebi. rogor icvleba zRvruli amonagebi produqtis
gamoSvebis cvlilebasTan erTad?
5. daaxasiaTeT zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi, rogoria
maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba?
6. gansazRvreT firmis gamoSvebis moculoba zRvruli analizis gamoyenebiT;
7.

gansazRvreT

moklevadian

da

grZelvadian

periodebs

Soris

gansxvavebani,

daaxasiaTeT grZelvadiani periodis danaxarjebi;

8. rogor ganisazRvreba kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba? kapitalis saarendo
ganakveTi?
9. rogor

xdeba

mocemuli

moculobis

produqciis

warmoebis

faqtorebis

SerCeva

warmoeba

minimaluri

danaxarjebiT?
10. rogor

xdeba

minimaluri

danaxarjebiT

warmoebis pirobebSi?
11. rogor xdeba danaxarjebis minimizacia gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebisas?
12. ras

gviCvenebs

warmoebis

warmoebis

gafarToebis

gafarToebis

traqtoria?

daaxasiaTeT

firmis

traqtoria da grZelvadiani mTliani danaxarjebis

mrudi;

207

13. ras niSnavs warmoebis sixiste? daaxasiaTeT

warmoebis sixiste moklevadian

periodSi;
14. daaxasiaTeT grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis Taviseburebani;
15. daaxasiaTeT ekonomia da zarali masStabidan;
16. daaxasiaTeT

grZelvadian

da

moklevadian

danaxarjebs

Soris

urTierTdamokidebuleba;
17. ras gviCvenebs transformaciis mrudi?
18. ras

niSnavs

ekonomia

da

zarali

asortimentidan?

dawereT

da

axseniT

asortimentidan ekonomiis xarisxis formula;

19. ras asaxavs swavlebis mrudi? rogor miiRweva ekonomia swavlebis masStabidan?

208

Tavi 9. mogebis maqsimizacia da konkurentuli miwodeba

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

srulyofili konkurenciis Taviseburebebis axsnas

2. konkurentuli

firmis

mogebis

maqsimizaciis

pirobebis

gansazRvras

moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi

3.

warmoebis moculobis SerCevas moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi

4. konkurentuli

firmis

moTxovnis

da

miwodebis

mrudebis

aRweras

moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi

5. moklevadiani

da

grZelvadiani

konkurentuli

wonasworobis

pirobebis

daxasiaTebas
6. konkurentuli

firmis

warmoebis

moculobaze

gadasaxadebis

gavlenis

analizs

9.1 srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi

srulyofili

konkurenciis

modeli

mniSvnelovania

sasoflo-sameurneo

produqtebis, sawvavis, sabinao momsaxurebisa da finansuri bazrebis gamokvlevis

dros.
Tavi 2_dan gavixsenoT, rom
fasis

miReba;

saqonlis

aradiferencirebuloba);

am modelis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:

erTgvarovneba

bazarze

Tavisufali

(homogenuroba,
Sesvla

da

identuroba,

gasvla;

bazarze

gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis didi ricxvi.

fasis

miReba.

bazarze

uamravi

firma

uwevs

erTmaneTs

konkurencias.

vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani yidis erToblivi sabazro warmoebis sakmaod mcire

nawils,

amitom

maTi

gadawyvetilebebi

gavlenas

ver

axdenen sabazro

fasze.

TiToeuli firma sabazro fass Rebulobs, rogorc mocemulobas. ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT es imas niSnavs, rom srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi firmas
aqvs absoluturad elastikuri moTxovnis mrudi (ix. Nnax. 9.1).
srulyofili konkurenciis dros samomxmareblo arCevani horizontaluri
moTxovnis mrudiT xasiaTdeba.
gavixsenoT, rom
AR TR / Q

PQ
P,
Q

MR TR / Q

(9.1)

( P Q)
P
Q

(9.2)

maSasadame, srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze firmisaTvis fasi, saSualo

da zRvruli amonagebi erTmaneTis tolia ( P AR MR D). rac Seexeba mTlian

209

amonagebs (TR) , igi izrdeba gayiduli produqtis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad (ix.
Nnax. 9.1).

fasi, saSualo, zRvruli da mTliani amonagebi

P, AR,
MR,TR

TR

D AR MR P

raodenoba

nax. 9.1 moTxovna, saSualo da zRvruli amonagebi srulyofili konkurenciis

pirobebSi

varaudi
momxmareblebis,
TiToeuli

fasis
ise

miRebis
firmebis

momxmarebeli

Sesaxeb
mimarT.

yidulobs

Tanabrad

srulyofili

dargis

gamoiyeneba

rogorc

konkurenciis

bazarze

erToblivi

warmoebis

imdenad

umniSvnelo nawils, rom gavlenas ar axdens sabazro fasze. maSasadame, Rebulobs

fass, rogorc mocemulobas. bazarze arsebobs uamravi damoukidebeli firma da
momxmarebeli, romelTac samarTlianad sjeraT, rom maTi gadawyvetilebebi ar
moqmedeben fasze.

saqonlis erTgvarovneba. fasis miReba Cveulebriv fiqsirdeba im bazrebze,

sadac

firmebi

awarmoeben

erTnair

an

TiTqmis

erTgvarovan

produqtebs.

Tu

bazarze yvela firmis produqts SeuZlia erTmaneTis Senacvleba, maSin sxvebTan

SedarebiT arc erT firmas ar SeuZlia fasis momateba Tavis produqtze sakuTari
biznesis

nawilobriv

an

mTlianad

dakargvis

gareSe.

sasoflo-sameurneo

produqtebis umravlesoba erTgvarovania. magaliTad, marcvleulis myidvelebs ar

ainteresebT dedofliswyaros Tu gurjaanis raionis

fermerul meurneobaSia

moyvanili produqti. aseve, navTobi, benzini, spilenZi, xe-tyis masala, bamba da

sxva sakmaod erTgvarovani saqonelia.
Tu produqtebi araerTgvarovania, maSin firmas SeuZlia moumatos fass
konkurentebis fasis doneze metad.
SeiZleba

210

gaiyidos

ufro

maRal

magaliTad, maRalxarisxiani nayini ,,kampara

fasad,

vinaidan

nayinis

Semadgenloba

gansxvavebulia

sxvebisagan

da

myidvelTa

produqtis

erTgvaroba

umravlesobisTvis

maRali

xarisxis

produqtia.
bazarze
gvisabuTebs,

rom

moTxovnisa

da

mniSvnelovan

miwodebis

rols

analizis

asrulebs.

Sesabamisad

igi

arsebobs

erTaderTi sabazro fasi.

bazarze

Tavisufali

gansakuTrebuli

Sesvla

danaxarji,

da

romelic

bazridan
SezRudavs

gasvla.
firmis

ar

arsebobs

dargSi

iseTi

Tavisuflad

Sesvlas da warmoebis dawyebas; aseve, advilia dargidan gasvla, Tu firma mogebas

ver miiRebs.
Bbazarze Tavisufali Sesvlisa da bazridan gasvlis piroba mniSvnelovania
konkurenciis efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiTac. Tu erTi firma produqtze fass
moumatebs,

momxmareblebs

advilad

SeuZliaT

gadaerTon

konkurenti

firmis

produqtze. firmas SeuZlia uproblemod Sevides bazarze, Tu dainaxavs mogebis

miRebis SesaZleblobas da gavides bazridan, Tu izrdeba zarali. maSasadame,
firmas

SeuZlia

daiqiraos

muSebi

da

iyidos

warmoebisaTvis

aucilebeli

resursebi, xolo Tu moindomebs daxurvas an gadaadgilebas, maSin warmoebis

faqtorebis gayidva sirTules ar warmoadgens.
Tu srulyofili konkurenciis zemoT daxasiaTebuli pirobebi sruldeba,
maSin

fasebis

analizisTvis

SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT

sabazro

miwodebisa

da

moTxovnis mrudebi. bazrebis umravlesobisTvis es pirobebi zustad ar aris

daculi.

cxadia,

es

ar

niSnavs,

rom

srulyofili

konkurenciis

modeli

usargebloa.
maRalkonkurentuli bazrebi. realurad srulyofili konkurencia bazrebis
mcire nawils gaaCnia. Bbazrebis umravlesoba maRalkonkurentulia, rac imas
niSnavs, rom firmis moTxovnis mrudi maRalelastikuria, bazarze Sesvla da
bazridan gasvla SedarebiT rTulia.
samwuxarod, ar arsebobs ubralo wesi imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad axlos
aris bazari srulyofil konkurenciasTan. ratom xdeba es? savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
rom dargi firmebis didi raodenobiT axlos iyos srulyofili konkurenciis
bazarTan. magram firmebs SeuZliaT farulad an cxadad SeTanxmdnen fasebis
donis Sesaxeb. amitom dargSi uamravi firmis arseboba arasakmarisi indikatoria
imisaTvis, rom visaubroT srulyofil konkurenciaze. aseve piriqiT, bazarze
firmebis mcire raodenobis arseboba ar gamoricxavs konkurentul qcevas.
davuSvaT, rom bazarze mxolod sami firmaa, magram sabazro moTxovna
produqtze maRali elastikurobiT xasiaTdeba. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firmis
saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebuli

moTxovnis

mrudi

savsebiT

SesaZlebelia

miiswrafodes horizontaluri wrfisaken da firmebi moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc

srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebze. maSinac ki, rodesac sabazro moTxovna ar
xasiaTdeba maRali elastikurobiT, samive firmis konkurencia SeiZleba metad
agresiuli gaxdes. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes Semdegi: firmebi xSirad moqmedeben

211

rogorc konkurentulebi, magram ar arsebobs martivi maCvenebeli, romliTac

gamoikveTeba

bazris

konkurenciis

done.

xSirad

saWiroa

ara

mxolod

TviT

firmebis, aramed maTi strategiuli urTerTmoqmedebis gaanalizebac.

9.2 mogebis maqsimizacia

biznesSi

firmebis

saqmianobis

umniSvnelovanesi mizania

mogebis

miReba.

miiswrafvian Tu ara firmebi maqsimaluri mogebisken?

mogebis

maqsimizacia

perspeqtivas,

sakmaod

zustad

axasiaTebs

biznesis

ganviTarebis

Tumca sadaoa pasuxi kiTxvaze _ namdvilad miiswrafian Tu ara

firmebi mogebis maqsimizaciisaken?

mcire firmebis mflobelebisTvis mogeba mTavari kriteriumia nebismieri
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. ufro msxvil firmebSi menejerebs, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian yoveldRiur gadawyvetilebebze, iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba
mesakuTreebTan (magaliTad, aqcionerebTan). Sedegad mesakuTreebs ar SeuZliaT
mudmivad akontrolon menejerTa qmedebebi. amitom menejerebi ufro Tavisufalni
arian

firmebis

marTvaSi

da

SeuZliaT

gadauxvion

mogebis

maqsimizaciaze

mimarTul qcevas.
menejerebs
maqsimizacia,

xSirad

awuxebT

amonagebis

iseTi

zrda,

sakiTxebi,

rogorebicaa:

dividendebis

gadaxda

amonagebis
aqcionerTa

dasakmayofileblad da sxva. zogjer menejeri zedmetad SeiZleba gaitacos firmis

moklevadianma mogebam grZelvadiani mogebis sazianod, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi,
roca grZelvadiani mogebis maqsimizacia ukeTesad pasuxobs aqcionerTa interesebs.
sxvagvarad
marTebuli

rom

vTqvaT,

mizania,

firmis

vidre

sabazro

mogebis

Rirebulebis

maqsimizacia.

maqsimizacia

sabazro

ufro

Rirebuleba

iTvaliswinebs mogebas, romelsac firma miiRebs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi.

amitom aqcionerebs ainteresebT mogebis miRebis yvela SesaZlebloba.
menejerTa

qceva

grZelvadiani

SezRudulia. maT gadawyvetilebebze

mogebis

maqsimizaciaze

SedarebiT

SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon aqcionrebma an

direqtorTa sabWom an

SesaZlebelia firmam menejerTa axali gundi daiqiraos.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

firmebi, romlebic orientirebulebi ar arian mogebis

maqsimizaciaze iSviaTad gadarCebian; firmebi, romlebic gauZleben konkurencias,

grZelvadiani mogebis maqsimizacia maTi saqmianobis prioriteti iqneba.
amrigad,

varaudi,

maqsimizaciisaken,

rom

dasabuTebulia.

firmebi

namdvilad

biznesSi

miiswrafian

gamocdili

firmebi

mogebis
seriozulad

zrunaven mogebaze, maSinac ki, roca menejerebis qmedebebi am sakiTxSi eWvs iwveven.
magaliTad,

firma,

romelic

axorcielebs

sazogadoebrivi

televiziis

subsidirebas, SeiZleba mogveCvenos sazogadoebrivi suliskveTebiT gamsWvalulad

da altruistulad. Tumca aseTi strategia mainc Seesabameba mis grZelvadian
interesebs, vinaidan qmnis keTil ganwyobilebas firmisa da produqtebis mimarT.

212

213

9.3 zRvruli amonagebi, zRvruli danaxarjebi da mogebis

maqsimizacia moklevadian periodSi
SevecadoT gavarkvioT, warmoebis ra doneze miiRweva maqsimaluri mogeba, e.i.
rodis xdeba mTlian amonagebsa ( TR ) da mTlian danaxarjebs ( TC ) Soris sxvaobis
maqsimizacia. Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria amtkicebs, rom mogebis maqsimizacia
an danaxarjebis minimizacia miiRweva maSin, rodesac zRvruli amonagebi
utoldeba

zRvrul

(MC ),

danaxarjebs

e.

i.

sruldeba

piroba:

(MR )

MR MC;

srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze myofi firma mogebis maqsimizacias axdens

maSin, rodesac irCevs warmoebis iseT moculobas, romlis drosac zRvruli
amonagebi

zRvruli

danaxarjebisa

da

mimdinare

sabazro

fasis

(P)

tolia:

MR MC P.

es piroba ganvixiloT grafikulad. abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnoT produqtis

raodenoba, xolo ordinatTa RerZze mTliani amonagebi da danaxarjebi (ix. Nnax.
9.2).
ganvsazRvroT gamoSvebis moculoba, romelic uzrunvelyofs maqsimalur
mogebas nebismieri firmisTvis (imis miuxedavad Tu romel bazarze moqmedebs
firma). vinaidan mogeba (Profit) aris sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs Soris,
upirveles

yovlisa,

saWiroa

amonagebis

gaanalizeba.

davuSvaT,

rom

firmis

warmoebis moculoba aris q da mas moaqvs amonagebi R . amonagebi udris saqonlis

fasi ( P ) gamravlebuli gayiduli produqtis raodenobaze:

R Pq . warmoebis

danaxarjebi ( C ) agreTve damokidebulia warmoebis moculobaze. firmis mogeba ( )

aris sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs Soris:

q Rq C q

(9.3)

mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis firma irCevs warmoebis moculobas, rodesac

sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs Soris yvelaze maqsimaluria. es principi
aRwerilia naxazze 9.2. amonagebi Rq gamosaxulia mrudis saxiT. naxazze agreTve
naCvenebia mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi C q . am mrudis daxriloba asaxavs erTi
damatebiTi

erTeulis

produqciis

warmoebaze

gaweul

damatebiT

danaxarjebs

(firmis zRvruli danaxarjebs). mTliani danaxarjebi C q dadebiTia, rodesac

produqtis warmoeba udris nuls, vinaidan moklevadian periodSi arsebobs mudmivi
danaxarjebi.
warmoebis mcire moculobis SemTxvevaSi firmis mogeba uaryofiTia, vinaidan
amonagebi

arasakmarisia

danaxarjebi.
swrafad,

Tu

vidre

imisaTvis,

gamoSvebis
danaxarjebi,

rom

moculoba
sabolood

dafaros

gaizrdeba,
mogeba

mudmivi
amonagebi

gaxdeba

da

cvalebadi

gaizrdeba ufro

nulze

meti.

mogeba

izrdeba manam, sanam warmoebis moculoba ar miaRwevs q * dones. am wertilSi

zRvruli amonagebi udris zRvrul danaxarjebs, xolo daSoreba vertikalze

214

amonagebsa da danaxarjebs

maqsimaluria ( AB monakveTi).

Soris

q * -ze didi

warmoebis moculobis SemTxvevaSi danaxarjebi izrdeba ufro intensiurad, vidre

amonagebi, e.i. zRvruli danaxarjebi aRemateba zRvrul amonagebs. maSasadame,
mogeba mcirdeba Tavis maqsimalur mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT, rodesac warmoebis
moculoba aRemateba q * -s.

C,R,

C(q)

wliuri
danaxarji,
amonagebi,
mogeba

R(q)
A

(lari)

q*

q0

wliuri gamoSveba, cali

P(q)

nax. 9.2 mogebis maqsimizacia moklevadian periodSi

*

firma irCevs q warmoebis moculobas, rodesac mogeba aRwevs maqsimums (sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs
Soris). warmoebis am moculobis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli amonagebi (amonagebis mrudis daxriloba) udris zRvrul
danaxarjebs (danaxarjebis mrudis daxriloba).

amrigad, mogeba maqsimums aRwevs maSin, rodesac yvela firmisTvis sruldeba

zRvruli

amonagebisa

da

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

tolobis

piroba.

es

mniSvnelovani wesi SeiZleba gamovsaxoT algebruladac:

MRq MC q anu

MR MC 0

/ q R / q C / q 0 ,
R / q - aris zRvruli amonagebi

sadac

(9.4)

MR , xolo

C / q - zRvruli

danaxarjebi MC .

moTxovna da zRvruli amonagebi konkurentuli firmisTvis

vinaidan TiToeuli firma konkurentul dargSi yidis dargis gayidvebis
mTliani

moculobis

Zalian

mcire

nawils,

firmis

gadawyvetileba

warmoebis

moculobaze ar moaxdens raime gavlenas saqonlis sabazro fasze. sabazro fasi

ganisazRvreba

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

dargobrivi

mrudebiT.

maSasadame,

konkurentuli firma warmoadgens fasis mimRebs. gavixsenoT, rom fasis miReba

aris srulyofili konkurenciis erT-erTi fundamenturi daSveba. fasis mimRebma
firmam icis, rom misi sawarmoo gadawyvetileba raime gavlenas ar moaxdens
produqtis

fasze. magaliTad, dauSvaT fermerma gadawyvita xorbalis moyvana 3

heqtar farTobze. am wels xorblis sabazro fasia 40 lari erT centnerze, es

215

fasi SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc mocemuloba, radgan igi ar Seicvleba fermeris

mier farTobis raodenobis cvlilebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT.
xSirad saWiroa gansxvavebis gavleba sabazro moTxovnisa da calkeuli
firmis moTxovnis mrudebs Soris. am TavSi aRvniSnavT warmoebisa da moTxovnis
sabazro moculobas Sesabamisad Q da D , xolo firmis warmoebis moculobas da
moTxovnas q da d asoebiT.
vinaidan firma warmoadgens fasis mimRebs, konkurentuli firmis moTxovnis
mrudi,

aisaxeba

horizontaluri

wrfiT.

naxazze

9.3,

,,a

moTxovnis

mrudi

fermerisTvis Seesabameba xorblis erTi centneris fass 40 lars. horizontalur

RerZze aRniSnulia xorblis raodenoba, romlis gayidvac SeuZlia fermers, xolo
vertikalur RerZze _ fasi.
SevadaroT

erTmaneTs

firmisaTvis

(Cven

SemTxvevaSi

fermerisTvis)

damaxasiaTebeli moTxovnis mrudi d (nax. 9.3, ,,a) da moTxovnis sabazro mrudi D

(nax. 9.3, ,,b). moTxovnis sabazro mrudi gviCvenebs, ramden xorbals iyidis yvela
momxmarebeli

TiToeuli

SesaZlo

fasis

SemTxvevaSi.

mas

aqvs

uaryofiTi

(daRmavali) daxriloba, vinaidan ufro dabal fasad momxmareblebi iyidian ufro

met xorbals. magram moTxovnis mrudi firmisTvis aris horizontaluri, vinaidan
firmis

gayidvebi

saerTod

ar

moqmedebs

fasze.

davuSvaT,

firmis

gayidvebi

gaizrdeba 100-dan 200 centneramde. es TiTqmis ar imoqmedebs bazarze, vinaidan

dargSi

xorblis

warmoebis

moculoba

Seadgens

100

mln

centners.

fasi

ganisazRvreba bazarze yvela firmisa da momxmareblis urTierTmoqmedebiT da ara

romelime firmis gadawyvetilebiT gamoSvebis Sesaxeb.
Tu
gayidos

calkeuli
produqtis

firmis

moTxovnis

damatebiTi

mrudi

erTeuli

horizontaluria,

fasis

Semcirebis

mas

SeuZlia

gareSe.

Sedegad

saqonlis damatebiTi erTeulis gayidvisas firmis saerTo amonagebi gaizrdeba

fasis toli sididiT; xorblis erTi centneri, gayiduli 40 larad, moitans
damatebiT Semosavals 40 lars.

216

P
dargi

40

lari

Ffasi, lari
erT centnerze

Ffasi, lari
erT centnerze

firma

40

D
0

100

200

A,,a

100

A,,b raodenoba
mln centneri

raodenoba
centneri

nax. 9.3 konkurentuli firmisa da sabazro moTxovnis mrudi

konkurentuli firma yidis mocemuli dargis warmoebis moculobis mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. firma Rebulobs sabazro
fass, rogorc mocemulobas da irCevs warmoebis moculobas im varaudiT, rom es arCevani ar imoqmedebs fasze. firmis
moTxovnis mrudi sruliad elastikuria (nax. ,,a), Tumca sabazro moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia (nax. b).

amrigad, zRvruli amonagebi mudmivia da 40 lars udris. firmis mier

miRebuli saSualo amonagebi, agreTve 40 lars Seadgens, vinaidan warmoebuli
xorblis erTi centneri gaiyideba 40 larad. maSasadame, moTxovnis mrudi
calkeuli

firmisTvis

konkurentul

bazarze

erTdroulad

warmoadgens

misi

saSualo da zRvruli amonagebis mruds. moTxovnis mrudze aRniSnuli zRvruli

amonagebi, saSualo amonagebi da fasi erTmaneTis tolia.

9.4 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra moklevadian periodSi

konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizacia moklevadian periodSi
moklevadian periodSi firmisTvis kapitalis danaxarjebi mudmivia. mogebis
maqsimizaciisTvis

aucilebelia

cvalebadi

(Sroma

da

kapitali)

daxarjebis

gansazRvra. naxazi 9.4 gviCvenebs konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizacias

moklevadian

periodSi.

saSualo

da

zRvruli

amonagebis

mrudebi

naCvenebia

horizontaluri wrfis saxiT 40 laris fasis doneze. naxazze aseve naCvenebia

saSualo mTliani (ATC), saSualo cvalebadi (AVC) da zRvruli (MC) danaxarjebis
mrudebi. mogeba maqsimaluria A wertilSi, sadac warmoebis moculoba 8 erTeuls,
xolo

fasi

40

lars

Seadgens.

am

wertilSi

danaxarjebs utoldeba. rogor davrwmundeT, rom

zRvruli
q*=8

amonagebi

zRvrul

aris gamoSvebis iseTi

moculoba, romlic drosac mogeba maqsimums aRwevs? warmoebis ufro dabali

moculobis, vTqvaT, q 1 =7 SemTxvevaSi, zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjebs
aRemateba, anu SeiZleboda Tu ara mogebis gazrda gamoSvebis moculobis zrdis
xarjze?

217

erTeulis fasi
lari

P
60

MC
mogebis danakargi
q2<q* dros

mogebis danakargi
q1<q* dros

50

AR=MR=P

40

ATC
C
30

AVC

20

10

0
1

q0

q1

q*

q2

10

11

raodenoba

nax. 9.4 konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizacia moklevadian periodSi

konkurentuli firma axdens mogebis maqsimizacias, irCevs ra warmoebis q* moculobas, rodesac zRvruli danaxarji (MC)
saqonlis fass ( P) an zRvrul amonagebs (MR) utoldeba. firmis mogeba aris marTkuTxedi ABCD. NgamoSvebis nebismieri
sxva moculoba gamoiwvevs mogebis ufro dabal dones.

naxazze 9.4 daStrixuli nawili q 1 =7-sa da q*-s Soris aris mogebis danakargi
(zarali)

q1

donis

SemTxvevaSi,

vTqvaT,

warmoebis
q2

pirobebSi.

doneze,

gamoSvebis

zRvruli

ufro

danaxarjebi

maRali

aRemateba

donis

zRvrul

amonagebs, Sedegad, danaxarjebis SemcirebiT amonagebi imdenad mcirdeba, rom

danaxarjebi faravs mas. daStrixuli zona (q* da q2=9 Soris) gviCvenebs mogebis
danakargs q 2 doneze warmoebis pirobebSi.
MR da MC mrudebi erTmaneTs kveTen warmoebis rogorc q 0 , aseve q* moculobis
dros. magram q 0

doneze mogeba maqsimaluri aSkarad ar aris. gamoSvebis gadideba

q 0 -ze zemoT zrdis mogebas, radgan zRvruli danaxarjebi naklebia zRvrul

amonagebze.

maSasadame,

Camoyalibdes:

zRvruli

mogebis

maqsimizaciis

amonagebi

unda

piroba

udrides

SeiZleba

zRvrul

Semdegnairad

danaxarjebs

im

wertilSi, sadac zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi zrdas iwyebs. es daskvna Zalian

mniSvnelovania. misi saSualebiT, firmis konkurentulobis miuxedavad, nebismier
bazarze SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT gamoSvebis optimaluri moculoba.

konkurentuli firmis mogeba moklevadian periodSi

218

naxazi 9.4 gviCvenebs firmis moklevadian mogebas. AB monakveTi aris sxvaoba

fassa

da

saSualo

danaxarjebs

q*

Soris

moculobis

dros.

igi

mocemuli

gamoSvebis dros erTeul produqtze saSualo mogebis tolia. BC aris warmoebuli

produqtis mTliani raodenoba. ABCD marTkuTxedi firmis mogebas gviCvenebs.
naxazze 9.5 Cans, rom firmam moklevadian periodSi SeiZleba ver miiRos
mogeba. naxazisagan 9.4 gansxvavebiT, warmoebis q* moculobis dros saqonlis fasi
P saSualo mTlian danaxarjebze naklebia. maSasadame, AB monakveTiT gaizomeba
danakargebi

erTeul

produqtze.

Aanalogiurad,

marTkuTxedi

ABCD

gviCvenebs

firmis mTlian danakargebs (zarals).

ratom

agrZelebs

zaralis

mqone

firma

dargSi

muSaobas?

moklevadian

periodSi firmas saqmianobis arCevis ori varianti gaaCnia: 1. awarmoos produqtis

garkveuli raodenoba; 2. droebiT daixuros.
davuSvaT, fasi saSualo mTlian danaxarjebze naklebia, rogorc es naCvenebia
naxazze 9.5. Tu firma muSaobas gaagrZelebs, misi danakargi q * moculobis doneze
minimaluri iqneba. marTalia firma mogebas ver miiRebs, magram igi Tavidan
aicilebs mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebs. firmam unda gaagrZelos saqmianoba, Tu
AVC<P<ATC;

firmam unda Sewyvitos saqmianoba, Tu

P< AVC.

moklevadiani wonasworobis pirobebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos firmis 4 tipi (nax. 9.6).

P
produqciis
fasi, lari

MC

ATC

B
AVC

P=MR

F
E

Q
q*

raodenoba

nax. 9.5 zaralis mqone konkurentuli firma

Tu AVC<P<ATC, maSin konkurentulma firmam unda gaagrZelos saqmianoba moklevadian periodSi;
Tu P< AVC, maSin firma unda gaCerdes.

219

,,a zRvarze myofi firma

,,b zRvars gareT myofi firma

P<AVC

P=AVC
MC

MC
ATC

ATC

AVC

AVC
P

`g~ zRvaramde myofi firma

normaluri mogebiT

`d~ zRvaramde myofi firma

zemogebiT

P=ATC (P>AVC)

P>ATC (P>AVC)

MC

MC

ATC

ATC

AVC

AVC

P
P

nax. 9.6 firmebis klasifikacia moklevadiani wonasworobis dros

naxazis `a~ nawilidan Cans, rom firmas SeuZlia dafaros mxolod saSualo
cvalebadi danaxarjebi ( P AVC ), amitom mas zRvarze myofi firma ewodeba.

Tu fasi ver aanazRaurebs saSualo cvalebad danaxarjebsac ki, maSin firma

daxurvis

zRvars

konkurentunariani,

gareT

imyofeba.

naxazis

radgan igi veRar faravs

`b~

nawilSi

mimdinare

firma

aRar

aris

danaxarjebsac ki da

iZulebulia datovos dargi (igi mis sazRvrebs gareT aRmoCndeba). am SemTxvevaSi

P AVC

da aseT firmas zRvars gareT myofi firma ewodeba. `g~ nawilSi myofi

firma moklevadian periodSi SeZlebs aanazRauros saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi

P ATC.

es

niSnavs, rom

P AVC ,

e.i. firmas aqvs normaluri mogeba da igi

amjobinebs dargSi darCenas, vidre daxurvas, radgan am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi

igi ufro metad izaralebs. naxazis `d~ nawilSi myofi firmis produqtis fasi
metia saSualo mTlian danaxarjebze P ATC, e.i. firma iRebs zemogebas.
A

amrigad,

mogebis Sesaxeb

moklevadian

periodSi

Semdegnairia:

konkurentuli

firmis

gadawyvetileba

1. ganisazRvreba gamoSvebis moculoba, romlis

drosac P MC ; 2. Semowmdeba, Tu AVC<P<ATC,

konkurentuli firma gaagrZelebs

saqmianobas moklevadian periodSi; Tu P< AVC, firma gaCerdeba.

9.5 konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi

Kkonkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs produqtis moculobas,
romelic miwodebul iqna sabazro fasis yvela SesaZlo mniSvnelobis pirobebSi.

220

ganvixiloT

naxazi

9.7.

davuSvaT,

produqtis

fasi

aris

da

igi

horizontaluri moTxovnis mruds emTxveva. MC MR P toloba gulisxmobs,

rom

P4

firma irCevs gamoSvebis dones q 4 -s, romlis drosac fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis
tolia.
firmam

unda

miiRos

gadawyvitileba,

Sewyvitos

Tu

ara

saqmianoba

moklevadian periodSi. rogorc viciT, firma daixureba mxolod maSin, Tu

fasis

P4

pirobebSi ver SeZlebs dafaros saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebi. naxazze

9.7 fasi

aWarbebs

P4

q 4 gamoSvebis doneze. Aamrigad, firma agrZelebs

AVC -s

saqmianobas.
davuSvaT,

firmas

surs

nebismieri fasi, magram

Secvalos

fasi.

es

cvlileba

SeiZleba

iyos

P1 -ze meti. P1 -ze naklebi fasis dros firma ver dafaravs

saSualo cvalebad danaxarjebs _ AVC -s. P1 -ze meti fasis dros (magaliTad, P2 )
firma uSvebs produqtis Q 2 moculobas, romlis drosac fasi utoldeba zRvrul
danaxarjebs.
mrudi, romelic gviCvenebs produqtis im raodenobas, romelic firmam unda
awarmoos

TiToeul

fasSi,

aris

konkurentuli

firmis

miwodebis

mrudi

moklevadian periodSi.
naxazze igi aris MC mrudis gamuqebuli nawili, romelic AVC mrudis A
wertilidan

zemoT

miemarTeba.

wertili

aris

yvelaze

dabali

niSnuli,

romelic warmoebis Sewyvetis fasis ( P1 ) Sesabamisia. Tu fasi naklebia saSualo

mTlian danaxarjebze,

da

wertilebs Soris firmas eqneba danakargebi

moklevadian periodSi, magram P3 -is qvemoT nebismier fasad igi nawilobriv mainc
axerxebs danaxarjebis anazRaurebas. yvelaze dabal

wertilSi, sadac

MC

mrudi ATC mruds kveTs, firmas aqvs normaluri buRaltruli mogeba.

P

MC
D

P4

ekonomikuri
mogeba

AVC

P2

ATC

P3

P1

uzaralobis fasi
(normaluri mogeba)

q1

q2

q3

q4

warmoebis
Sewyvetis fasi
(zarali)
raodenoba

nax. 9.7 konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi

221

fasis dros mogeba produqtis erTeulze gamosaxulia DG

P4

monakveTiT,

romelic fassa da saSualo mTlian danaxarjebs Soris gansxvavebis maCvenebelia.

es aris zenormaluri mogeba (ekonomikuri mogeba).

firmis reaqcia warmoebis faqtorTa fasis cvlilebaze

produqtis fasis cvlilebis Sesabamisad firma cvlis warmoebis moculobas,
raTa SeinarCunos zRvruli danaxarjebisa da fasis toloba. magram xSirad fasi
warmoebis faqtorebis fasTan erTad icvleba. ganvixiloT ra gavlenas moaxdens
warmoebis erT-erT faqtorze fasis cvlileba warmoebis moculobaze.
P
Ddanaxarjebi
lari
fasi, lari

MC2
MC1

q2

q1

raodenoba

nax. 9.8. firmis reaqcia warmoebis faqtoris fasis cvlilebaze

warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji izrdeba MC1-dan MC2-mde. produqtis gamoSveba, romelic axdens mogebis
maqsimizacias, Semcirdeba q1-dan q2 -mde.

naxazze 9.8 gamosaxulia firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi. produqtze

fasi 5 laria, xolo zRvruli danaxarjebi MC1 mrudis saxiT aris mocemuli. firma
mogebis

maqsimizacias

axdens

q1 moculobis dros. davuSvaT, rom warmoebis

faqtoris fasi izrdeba. Sedegad produqtis erTeulze gaweuli danaxarjebic

gaizrdeba da

mrudi MC1-dan MC2 mdgomareobaSi gadaadgildeba. warmoebis axali

moculoba mogebis maqsimizacias axdens

q2

doneze, vinaidan

P=MC2.

NnaTelia,

rom warmoebis faqtoris maRali fasi aiZulebs firmas Seamciros warmoebis

moculoba.
Tu firma warmoebis q 1 dones SeinarCunebda, mas zarali eqneboda momdevno
erTeuli produqtis gamoSvebidan. faqtiurad, q 2 -s zemoT yovelgvari warmoeba
amcirebs mogebas.

9.6 moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi

222

moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs gamoSvebis moculobas,

romelsac dargi awarmoebs moklevadian periodSi yoveli SesaZlo fasis dros.
igi aris calkeuli firmis miwodebis moculobaTa jami. naxazze 9.9 aRniSnuli
SemTxveva

ganxilulia

gansxvavebuli

sami

danaxarjebi

firmis

magaliTze.

gaaCnia.

firmis

TiToeul

zRvruli

firmas

warmoebis

danaxarjebis

mrudi

gamosaxulia im nawiliT, romelic saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis mrudis

zemoT mdebareobs. P1 -ze qvemoT nebismieri fasis dros dargSi aRar awarmoeba
produqti.

P
fasi
lari

MC1

MC2

MC3

S
P3

P2
P1

0
2

10

15

21

raodenoba

nax. 9.9 dargobrivi miwodeba moklevadian periodSi

dargSi moklevadiani miwodebis mrudi aris firmebis miwodebaTa mrudebis jami. mesame firmas aqvs ufro dabali saSualo
cvalebadi danaxarji, vidre pirvel ors. sabazro miwodebis S mrudi P1 fasidan iwyeba da mesame firmis zRvruli danaxarjis
MC3 mruds emTxveva manam, sanam fasi P2 gaxdeba. Semdeg mrudi gadaxrilia. dargSi miwodebis sidide samive firmis
miwodebis sidideTa jams udris.

P1 -sa da P2 -s fasebs Soris produqts awarmoebs mxolod mesame firma.

maSasadame, miwodebis dargobrivi mrudi Seesabameba firmis zRvruli danaxarjis
mruds

MC3

nawilSi.

P2

fasis dros dargobrivi miwodeba utoldeba samive

firmis miwodebis sidides. ,,firma I Tavazobs 2 erTeul, ,,firma II _ 5, xolo

,,firma III _ 8 erTeul produqts. e. i. dargobrivi miwodeba 15 erTeuls Seadgens.
P3

fasis

SemTxvevaSi

dargobrivi

miwodeba

aRmavalia, magram P2

firmebi
21

Tavazoben

erTeuls

Sesabamisad

Seadgens.

4,

miwodebis

7,

da

10

erTeuls.

dargobrivi

mrudi

wertilSi gadaxra aqvs. Mmocemul wertilSi samive firma

muSaobs. bazarze mravali firmis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gadaxra mniSvnelovani ar

aris. aseT dros dargobrivi miwodebis mrudi gaSlili da aRmavalia.

223

sabazro miwodebis elastikuroba

samwuxarod, dargobrivi miwodebis mrudi yovelTvis ver miiReba miwodebaTa
mrudebis SejamebiT. Tu fasi izrdeba, dargSi yvela firma warmoebas afarToebs.
damatebiTi warmoeba faqtorebze moTxovnas zrdis, rac iwvevs maTze maRali
fasebis dawesebas. rogorc naxazze 9.8 vnaxeT, warmoebis faqtorebze zrdadi fasi
firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds zemoT gadaadgilebs. magaliTad, saqonlis
xorcze moTxovnis zrda yvelaze metad gamoiwvevs soiosa da simindze moTxovnis
zrdas, maTi fasi aiwevs. warmoebis faqtorebze maRali fasi firmis zRvruli
danaxarjebis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT. es zrda gamoiwvevs firmis warmoebis
moculobis Semcirebas nebismier mocemul bazarze da dargobrivi moTxovnis
mruds

gaxdis

naklebmgZnobiares

produqtis

fasis

cvlilebis

mimarT,

vidre

sawyiss SemTxvevaSi iyo.

sabazro

miwodebis

safaso

elastikuroba

asaxavs

dargis

warmoebis

moculobis mgrZnobiarobas sabazro fasis mimarT:

E s = (Q / Q) /( P / P)
sadac,

Es

_ miwodebis elastikuroba;

(9.5)

Q _ miwodebis sididis procentuli

cvlileba P fasis 1% -is cvlilebis sapasuxod.

vinaidan zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi aRmavalia, miwodebis moklevadiani
elastikuroba yovelTvis

dadebiTia.

rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi swrafad

izrdeba, zrdadi warmoebis sapasuxod miwodebis elastikuroba ar aris maRali.

firmebis

sawarmoo

simZlavreebi

SezRudulia,

warmoebis

zrda

Zviri

jdeba.

rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi warmoebis moculobis gadidebaze nela reagirebs,

miwodeba SedarebiT elastikuria. am dros fasebis umniSvnelo zrda ubiZgebs
firmas awarmoos ufro meti.
SesaZloa

ganvixiloT

SemTxveva,

rodesac

adgili

aqvs

sruliad

araelastikur miwodebas sawarmoo simZlavreebi da aRWurviloba ise rTulad

gamosayenebelia,

rom

warmoebis

ufro maRali

done

miiRweva mxolod

axali

qarxnebis aSenebiT. aseve, ganixileba SemTxveva sruliad elastikuri miwodeba,

rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi mudmivia.

224

9.7 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra grZelvadian periodSi

grZelvadian

periodSi

firmas

SeuZlia

warmoebis

nebismieri

faqtori

Secvalos. mas SeuZlia daixuros (gavides dargidan) an pirvelad daiwyos warmoeba

(Sevides dargSi). vinaidan ganvixilavT konkurentul bazrebs, vgulisxmobT, rom
firmebs SeuZliaT yovelgvari iuridiuli an sxva SezRudvebis gareSe Sevidnen
bazarze an gavidnen bazridan.

mogebis maqsimizacia grZelvadian periodSi

rogor Rebulobs konkurentuli firma gadawyvetilebas mogebis maqsimizaciis
Sesaxeb grZelvadian periodSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi asaxulia naxazze 9.10 iseve,
rogorc moklevadian periodSi, firmis moTxovnis mrudi horizontalur wrfes
warmoadgens (firma Rebulobs sabazro fass, rogorc mocemuls). moklevadiani
saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi SAC da saSualo zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi SMC
gviCvenebs, rom firma mogebas ver miiRebs ( ABCD marTkuTxedi, q1

gamoSvebis

moculoba, roca MC P MR ). grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi LAC

gviCvenebs ekonomias masStabidan warmoebis q 2 doneze da danakargs masStabidan
warmoebis sxva doneze gadasvlis dros. grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis
mrudi ( LMC ) kveTs grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mruds ( LAC ) minimumis
wertilSi

q 2 warmoebis dros.
LMC

LAC

SMC

fasi
lari
SAC
40

P=MR

C
G

30

q1

q2

q3
raodenoba

nax. 9.10 warmoebis moculoba grZelvadian periodSi

firma mogebis maqsimizacias axdens warmoebis moculobis xarjze, romlis drosac fasi grZelvadian LMC zRvrul
danaxarjebs utoldeba. firma grZelvadian periodSi warmoebis moculobis gamo mogebas zrdis ABCD-dan EFGDmde.

Tu firma darwmunebulia, rom sabazro fasi 40 laris doneze darCeba, mas

moundeba

sawarmos

zomis

gafarToeba

(q3

moculobis

doneze

grZelvadiani

zRvruli danaxarjebi fass _ 40 lars gautoldeba). gafarToebis Semdeg zRvruli

225

mogeba AB-dan EFmde gaizrdeba, mTliani mogeba ki ABCD-dan EFGD-mde. q3 moculobis

warmoeba axdens firmis mogebis maqsimizacias. warmoebis nebismieri ufro dabali
moculobis,

vTqvaT

danaxarjebi.

q3

q2-is

dros,

moculobis

zRvruli

doneze

amonagebi

meti

metia,

warmoebis

vidre

zRvruli

SemTxvevaSi

zRvruli

danaxarjebi zRvrul amonagebze meti iqneba. aseT dros damatebiTi warmoeba

mogebas Seamcirebs. Sedegad, warmoebis grZelvadiani moculoba, romlis drosac
konkurentuli

firmis

mogeba

maqsimums

miaRwevs

grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebi produqtis fass

aris

wertili,

sadac

gautoldeba. rac ufro

maRalia sabazro fasi, miT ufro maRalia mogeba. Sesabamisad, rodesac fasi 40
laridan 30 laramde mcirdeba, aseve mcirdeba mogebac.

grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba

grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworobis dros Semdegi

dargSi yvela firma axdens mogebis maqsimizacias;

firmebs ar aqvT

produqtze

pirobebi sruldeba:

bazridan gasvlis an masSi Sesvlis survili;

fasi

iseTia,

rom

dargSi

erToblivi

miwodeba

erToblivi

moTxovnis tolia;

firmebi Rebuloben nulovan ekonomikur mogebas.

nulovani ekonomikuri mogeba

niSnavs, rom firma investiciebisgan iRebs

normalur Semosavals. normaluri Semosavali warmoadgens firmis alternatiul

danaxarjebs.

maSasadame,

firma,

romelsac

nulovani

ekonomikuri

mogeba

aqvs

ZiriTadi kapitalis investirebiT, iseve kargad muSaobs, rogorc is imuSavebda

fulis sxvagan investirebis SemTxvevaSi da Rebulobs konkurentul Semosavals.
aseTi firma adeqvaturad funqcionirebs da amitom biznesSi unda darCes.

226

dargi

firma

fasi
lari

fasi
lari

LMC

S1

P1

40

P1
S2

LAC
P2

30

P2

0
,,a

q2

raodenoba

,,b

Q1

Q2
raodenoba

nax 9.11 grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba

grZelvadiani wonasworuli fasi 40 lars Seadgens (nax. ,,b, sadac moTxovnis D mrudi da miwodebis S1 mrudi erTmaneTs
kveTen). ,,a naxazze vxedavT, rom firmebs dadebiTi mogeba aqvT, radganac saSualo grZelvadiani danaxarji minimalur
mniSvnelobas 30 laris dros (q2 wertilSi) aRwevs. dadebiTi Semosavali waaxalisebs axal firmebs Sevidnen dargSi da iwvevs
miwodebis mrudis marjvniv, S2 mdgomareobaSi gadaadgilebas. grZelvadiani wonasworoba Cndeba 30 laris dros, rodesac
yoveli firma nulovan ekonomikur mogebas iRebs da bazarze Sesvlis an gamosvlis stimulebi aRar arsebobs (nax. ,,b).

naxazi gviCvenebs, rom fasi _ 40 lari firmebs stimuls aZlevs gazardon

warmoebis moculoba. ramdenadac mogeba gaiangariSeba kapitalis alternatiuli
danaxarjebis gamoricxviT, dadebiTi mogeba niSnavs finansuri investiciebisgan
miRebul maRal Semosavals. aseTi mogeba aiZulebs investorebs sxva dargidan
moizidon resursebi adgili aqvs bazarze Sesvlas. bazarze firmebis SesvliT
gamowveuli warmoebis zrdadi done gamoiwvevs sabazro miwodebis gazrdas da
mrudis marjvniv gadanacvlebas. Sedegad, sabazro miwodeba izrdeba, produqtis
fasi mcirdeba. naxazi 9.11 ,,b asaxavs situacias, rodesac miwodebis mrudi S1-dan
S2-Si gadaadgildeba. amis gamo fasi 40 laridan 30 laramde Semcirdeba. naxazis
,,a nawilSi grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi fasis horizontalur
wrfes exeba warmoebis q2 moculobis dros.
Aamrigad, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri wonasworobis dros firmebi Rebuloben
nulovan ekonomikur mogebas. nulovani mogebis dros firmas ar aqvs stimuli
gavides

bazridan,

gaumjobesdeba.

Tu

gasvlis
firma

Semdeg

SeZlebs

misi

finansuri

bazarze

adre

mdgomareoba

Sevides,

raTa

naklebad

moklevadian

periodSi miiRos ekonomikuri mogeba, mas gaumarTlebs. analogiurad, Tu firma

swrafad gava misTvis aramomgebiani bazridan,

is naklebad dazaraldeba.

firmebi Tanabari danaxarjebiT

ratom

unda

Sesruldes

grZelvadiani

wonasworobis

yvela

piroba?

aRniSnulis asaxsnelad dauSvaT, rom yvela firmas identuri danaxarjebi gaaCnia.

ganvixiloT, ra moxdeba, Tu dargSi Seva mogebis msurveli bevri firma. naxazze

227

9.11 ,,b dargis miwodebis mrudi sul ufro da ufro marjvniv gadainacvlebs.
vTqvaT, fasi 30 larze naklebi, kerZod 25 lari gaxda. am fasis dros firmebs
zarali eqnebaT. Sedegad, zogierTi firma dargs datovebs da es gagrZeldeba
manam, sanam miwodebis sabazro mrudi S2 mdgomareobas ar daubrundeba. mxolod
maSin, roca daikargeba dargSi Sesvlis da gasvlis motivi, bazari grZelvadiani
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba.

firmebi gansxvavebuli danaxarjebiT

davuSvaT, rom yvela firmas danaxarjebis sxvadasxva mrudi aqvs. SesaZloa,
erT-erT firma flobs patents, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs produqti ufro
dabali

danaxarjebiT

awarmoos.

am

SemTxvevaSi

grZelvadian

wonasworul

mdgomareobaSi firmisTvis bunebrivi iqneba sabuRaltro mogebisa da mwarmoeblis

ufro didi nametis miReba. sanam sxva investorebi da firmebi ver SeZleben
patentis miRebas, manam firmebs ar eqnebaT dargSi Sesvlis stimuli da piriqiT,
sanam iRbliani firma dargSi erTaderTi iqneba, mas bazridan gasvla ar moundeba.
aseT situaciaSi mniSvnelovania sabuRaltro da ekonomikur Semosavlebs
Soris

sxvaobis

analizi.

Tu

patenti

momgebiani

aRmoCndeba,

sxva

firmebi

gadaixdian misi gamoyenebis safasurs an Seecdebian am firmis yidvas. patentis

gazrdili Rirebuleba aris misi mflobeli firmis alternatiuli danaxarji. Tu
firmebi erTnairad efeqtiania, firmis ekonomikuri mogeba nulamde daecema. magram
Tu patentis mflobeli firma ufro efeqtiania, mas dadebiTi mogeba eqneba. Tu
patentis mqone firma efeqtiani ar aris, misTvis umjobesia gayidos patenti da
gavides dargidan.

9.8 firmis miwodebis mrudi grZelvadian periodSi

moklevadiani miwodebis analizis dros vnaxeT, rom individualuri firmis
mrudebi jamSi sabazro miwodebis mruds warmoqmnian. grZelvadiani periodisTvis
es

meTodi ar gamodgeba.

grZelvadian periodSi firmebi

bazarze

Sedian da

gamodian. aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia mrudebis Sejameba, radgan ar viciT

romeli moculobebi SevajamoT.
grZelvadiani miwodebis

mrudis

forma damokidebulia imaze,

Tu rogor

moqmedebs dargSi warmoebis moculobis Secvla warmoebis faqtorTa fasebze.

grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudis misaRebad vuSvebT, rom sawarmoo teqnologiebi
yvela firmisTvis xelmisawvdomia. produqtis gamoSveba izrdeba didi raodenobis
warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebiT da ara inovaciebiT. aseve vuSvebT, rom Tu
dargi

farTovdeba

an

mcirdeba,

warmoebis

faqtorTa

bazris

ganmsazRvreli

pirobebi ucvlelia. magaliTad, Sromaze moTxovnis zrda profkavSirebs ar aZlevs

molaparakebebis SesaZleblobas Tavisi wevrebisaTvis ufro xelsayreli SromiTi
SeTanxmebebis Sesaxeb.

228

grZelvadiani miwodebis analizis dros ganasxvaveben dargebis sam tips: 1.

dargi mudmivi danaxarjebiT; 2. dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT; 3. dargi klebadi
danaxarjebiT.

dargi mudmivi danaxarjebiT

naxazi

9.12

gviCvenebs

grZelvadiani

miwodebis

mruds

dargSi

mudmivi

danaxarjebiT. ,,a naxazze naCvenebia firmaSi, xolo ,,b naxazze ki dargSi

warmoebis

moculoba.

moTxovnisa da

S1

davuSvaT,

dargi

Tavidanve

moklevadiani miwodebis

wonasworobaSia

mrudebis

gadakveTis

D1

sabazro

wertilSi.AAA

wertilSi gadis miwodebis grZelvadiani mrudi SL. igi gviCvenebs, rom dargi
produqtis Q1 erTeuls awarmoebs grZelvadiani wonasworuli P1 fasis dros.
grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudze sxva wertilebis misaRebad davuSvaT, rom
saqonelze sabazro moTxovna gaizarda (vTqvaT, pirad Semosavalze gadasaxadis
Semcirebis gamo). ganvixiloT tipiuri firmis magaliTi: pirvel etapze warmoebis
moculoba q1s udrida grZelvadiani zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebisa da P1
fasis tolobis dros. magram misi moklevadian wonasworobaSi yofnis gamo fasi
utoldeboda aseve moklevadian zRvrul danaxarjebs. gadasaxadis Semcirebis gamo
sabazro moTxovnis mrudi D1 mdgomareobidan D2 mdgomareobaSi gadadis. moTxovnis
D2

mrudi kveTs miwodebis

S1 mruds C wertilSi. Sedegad, fasi P1-dan P2-mde

gaizrdeba.
naxazi 9.12 ,,a gviCvenebs, rom fasis aseTi zrda moqmedebs dargSi tipiur
firmaze. roca fasi izrdeba P2 -mde, firmis warmoebis moculoba gaizrdeba q 2 -mde.
gamoSvebis es moculoba axdens mogebis maqsimizacias, radgan is akmayofilebs
pirobas

P MC .

moklevadian

Tu

yvela

wonasworobis

firma

igivenairad

situaciaSi

dadebiT

reagirebs,
mogebas

yoveli

miiRebs.

maTgani

es

mogeba

investorebs miizidavs, moqmedi firmebi saqmianobas gafarToeben, axali firmebi ki

bazarze

Sevlen.

mdgomareobaSi

Sedegad,

gadainacvlebs.

moklevadiani
bazari

miwodebis

mrudi

grZelvadian

axal

marjvniv,

S2

wonasworul

mdgomareobaSi gadadis (D2 da S2 wertilebis gadakveTa). aRniSnuli gadakveTa

grZelvadiani wonasworuli mdgomareoba rom iyos, warmoebis moculoba imdenad
unda gafarTovdes, rom firmebma miiRon nulovani mogeba. es is mdgomareobaa,
roca firmebs ar uCndebaT dargSi arc Sesvlis da arc gamosvlis stimuli.

229

fasi
lari

fasi
lari

MC

S1
S2

AC

P2

P2
P1

C
B

P1

SL

D2
D1

0
q1

,,a

q2

raodenoba

,,b

Q1

Q2

raodenoba

nax 9.12 miwodebis grZelvadiani mrudi mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi

mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi mocemulia SL horizontaluri wrfiT (nax. ,,b). zrdadi
moTxovna iwvevs fasis matebas (A wertilidan C wertilSi gadaadgileba) da firma zrdis warmoebis moculobas q1-dan q2-mde
(nax. ,,a). radganac warmoebis gazrdili moculoba ar moqmedebs warmoebis faqtorTa fasebze, axali firmebis bazarze
Semosvla ar mTavrdeba manam, sanam B wertilSi sawyisi fasi ar miiRweva.

mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi warmoebis moculobis gafarToebisTvis

aucilebeli damatebiTi warmoebis faqtorebi SeiZleba SeZenil iqnes xarjebis
wilis gazrdis gareSe. magaliTad, Tu warmoebis ZiriTadi faqtori kvalificiuri
Sromaa, amiT xelfasis sabazro ganakveTi ar Seicvleba. firmis danaxarjebis
mrudic igive darCeba, wonasworobis axal B wertilSi, sadac fasi Tavdapirvel

P1 fass utoldeba (naxazi 9.12 ,,b).

maSasadame, mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargisTvis grZelvadian periodSi
miwodebis mrudi aris horizontaluri wrfe fasis im doneze, romelic warmoebis
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis minimumis tolia. nebismieri maRali fasis
dros

warmoiqmneboda

dadebiTi

mogeba,

rac

dargSi

bevri

axali

monawilis

farTovdeba,

warmoebis

SesvliTa da moklevadiani miwodebis gazrdiT damTavrdeboda.

dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT

zrdadi

danaxarjebis

mqone

dargSi,

Tu

dargi

zogierT an yvela faqtorze fasi izrdeba, izrdeba agreTve moTxovna warmoebis

faqtorebze.

aseTi

situacia

SeiZleba

gaCndes

dargSi

kvalificiuri

Sromis

gamoyenebis dros (kvalificiuri Sroma deficitia, TuU masze moTxovna gaizarda).

Aaseve, Tu firmas mineraluri resursebi sWirdeba, warmoebis zrdasTan erTad
izrdeba im miwis fasi, sadac es resursebia ganTavsebuli. naxazze 9.13 aRwerilia
grZelvadiani wonasworobis mrudi dargSi zrdadi danaxarjebiT. Tavdapirvelad
dargi wonasworobaSia A wertilSi (naxazi 9.16 ,,a). rodesac moTxovnis mrudi
swrafad gadadis D1-dan D2 mdgomareobaSi, produqtis fasi moklevadian periodSi
izrdeba P2-mde, dargis warmoebis moculoba _ Q1-dan Q2-mde. tipiuri firma ufro

230

maRali fasis sapasuxod zrdis warmoebis moculobas q1 -dan q 2 -mde moklevadiani

zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis gadaadgilebiT (naxazi 9.13, ,,a). ufro maRali
mogeba axal firmebs ubiZgebs dargSi Sesvlas.
rodesac dargSi axali firmebi Cndebian da warmoeba farTovdeba, warmoebis
faqtorTa fasic izrdeba. moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi isev marjvniv
gadainacvlebs da gaCndeba axali wonasworobis B wertili P3 fasis dros. es fasi
Tavdapirvel P1 fasze maRalia. radganac warmoebis faqtorze ufro maRali fasi
zemoT

gadaaadgilebs

moklevadiani

da

grZelvadiani

danaxarjebis

mrudebs,

amdenad firmebi nulovani ekonomikuri mogebis garantiis misaRebad grZelvadiani

wonasworobis dros aweseben ufro maRal fass. saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi
gadaadgildeba
marcxniv

MC 2

MC1 -dan

wonasworobis
pirveladi

AC1 -dan

P3

fasi

moTxovnis

AC 2 -Si.

amave

dros

mdgomareobaSi
utoldeba

zrdiT

zRvruli

gadainacvlebs.

axal

gamowveuli

minimalur
ufro

danaxarjebis
axali

saSualo

maRali

mrudi

grZelvadiani
danaxarjebs.

moklevadiani

mogeba,

grZelvadian periodSi qreba. rodesac firma warmoebis moculobas zrdis, amis

gamo danaxarjebi warmoebis faqtorebze izrdeba.
P

MC2

MC1
AC2

P2

S1

fasi
(lari)

fasi (lari)

S2
P2
SL

P3

P3

AC1

P1

P1

D2
D1

q1

q2

0
Q1

Q2

Q2

,,b dargi

,,a firma

nax 9.13 firmis grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi zrdadi danaxarjebiT

zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi miwodebis grZelvadiani mrudi aRmavali SL mrudis saxiTaa naCvenebi (nax. ,,b).
moTxovnis zrda iwvevs sawyisi fasis zrdas, firmebi warmoebis moculobas zrdian q1-dan q2-mde (nax. ,,a). axali firmebis
bazarze Sesvla iwvevs miwodebis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas . amis gamo izrdeba warmoebis faqtorTa fasebi, axali
grZelvadiani wonasworoba dgeba sawyis fasze gacilebiT maRali fasis dros.

grZelvadian

periodSi,

rodesac

firma

warmoebis

moculobas

zrdis,

moklevadiani mogeba qreba. amis gamo danaxarjebi warmoebis faqtorebze izrdeba.

231

wonasworobis
miwodebis

axali

mrudze

wertili

(naxazi

9.13

,,b).

mdebareobs
zrdadi

grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia.

magram

fasi

gaizrdeba,

raTa

dargis

danaxarjebis

grZelvadiani
mqone

dargSi

dargi ufro met produqts awarmoebs,

kompensirebul

iqnas

faqtorebze

gazrdili

danaxarji.

dargi klebadi danaxarjebiT

dargSi miwodebis mrudi SeiZleba qvemoTac iyos mimarTuli. am SemTxvevaSi
moTxovnis moulodneli zrda dargs aiZulebs gazardos warmoeba. Tu dargi
sakmaod

gafarToebulia,

warmoebis

faqtorebis

iafad

SesaZenad

mas

SeuZlia

upiratesobebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, msxvil dargs SeuZlia Tavs ufleba misces

gamoiyenos srulyofili, ganaxlebuli transportirebis sistema an ufro sando
finansuri qseli. am SemTxvevaSi firmis saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi qvemoT
gadainacvlebs da saqonlis sabazro fasi Semcirdeba. ufro dabali sabazro fasi
da

warmoebis

wonasworobis
maSasadame,

saSualo
axal

dargs

danaxarjebi

mdgomareobas

Semcirebuli

gamoiwveven

didi

firmisaTvis

moculobiTa

danaxarjebiT

gaaCnia

da

grZelvadiani

dabali

fasebiT.

grZelvadiani

sabazro

miwodebis mrudi daRmavali daxrilobiT.

gadasaxadebis Sedegebi
ganvixiloT,
dabegvraze.

Tu

rogori

simartivisaTvis

teqnologiebs

faqtorTa

reaqcia

eqneba

warmovidginoT,

fiqsirebuli

firmas
rom

warmoebis

firma

TanafardobiT.

Tu

moculobis

iyenebs

sawarmoo

firma

garemos

abinZurebs, gadasaxadi mas aiZulebs Seamciros warmoeba da Sesabamisad, narCenebis

moculoba.
davuSvaT,
moqmedebs

saqonlis

Seamciros
mogebis

rom

mxolod
sabazro

warmoebis

mqone

moculobisa da

firma

fasze.

moculoba.

firmis

P1

es

gamoSvebaze

naxazi

moklevadiani

ibegreba.
9.14

am

gadasaxadi

gviCvenebs

danaxarjebis

SemTxvevaSi

ubiZgebs

dadebiTi

mruds

gadasaxadi

q1

firmas,

ekonomikuri
wonasworuli

fasis dros. gadasaxadi warmoebis yovel erTeuls exeba,

amitom firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi

MC1 gadaadgildeba MC 2 = MC1 + t

mdgomareobaSi (t aris gadasaxadi warmoebuli produqciis erTeulze). gadasaxadi

agreTve saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis mruds gazrdis t sididiT.
gadasaxads ori savaraudo Sedegi mohyveba. Tu firmas aqvs dadebiTi an
nulovani ekonomikuri mogeba, igi mogebis maqsimizacias moaxdens warmoebis axali
donis

xarjze,

romlis

drosac

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

da

gadasaxadebi

mTlianobaSi Seadgens misi saqonlis fass. firmis warmoebis moculoba q1 -dan q 2 mde Semcirdeba da gadasaxadis uxilavi efeqti gamovlindeba miwodebis mrudis

232

zemoT

gadaadgilebaSi

(gadasaxadis

toli

sididiT).

Tu

firma

ver

iRebs

ekonomikur mogebas gadasaxadis SemoRebis Semdeg, is bazars tovebs.

MC2=MC1+t

fasi, lari

MC1

t
P1
AVC1+t

AVC1

q2

q1

raodenoba

nax. 9.14 gadasaxadis gavlena konkurentuli firmis warmoebis moculobaze

gadasaxadi gadaadgilebs zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds gadasaxadis toli mniSvnelobiT. firma Seamcirebs warmoebis
moculobas im wertilamde, sadac zRvruli danaxarjebisa da gadasaxadis jami saqonlis fass utoldeba.

P
S2=S1+t
fasi, lari

S1

P2
P1

Q
Q2

Q1

raodenoba

nax. 9.15 gadasaxadis gavlena dargis warmoebis moculobaze

konkurentuli bazris yvela firmisTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadi, dargis miwodebis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT gadasaxadis
toli sididiT. es gadaadgileba zrdis saqonlis sabazro fass da amcirebs dargSi warmoebis mTlian moculobas.

233

axla davuSvaT, rom dargis yvela firma ibegreba. maTi zRvruli danaxarjebi
izrdeba. TiToeuli firma amcirebs warmoebis moculobas mimdinare sabazro fasis
dros. dargis mTliani miwodeba Semcirdeba. es iwvevs saqonlis fasis zrdas (nax.
9.15). miwodebis mrudi zemoT S1 -dan S 2 S1 t mdgomareobaSi gadainacvlebs, rac
gamoiwvevs produqtis sabazro fasis gazrdas P1 -dan P2 -mde. firmebi warmoebas
Seamcireben, magram ara imdenad, rogorc mudmivi fasis dros.
da bolos warmoebis moculobis dabegvra didi danaxarjebis mqone firmas
bazris datovebas aiZulebs. am procesSi grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis
mrudi TiToeuli firmisaTvis gadasaxadis gavleniT gadainacvlebs zemoT.

miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba

miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba aris warmoebis moculobis ( Q/Q)
procentuli cvlileba, romelic fasis procentuli cvlilebis ( P/P) Sedegad
Cndeba. mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria.
zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba aris
dadebiTi sidide. elastikurobis mniSvneloba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor
izrdeba faqtorebis danaxarjebi bazris gafarToebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad,
dargs, romelic xelmisawvdom faqtorebs iyenebs, grZelvadiani miwodeba ufro
elastikuri

eqneba,

vidre

dargs,

romelic

warmoebis

deficitur

faqtorebs

iyenebs.

ZiriTadi terminebi

mogebis maqsimizacia
maRalkonkurentuli bazari
konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizacia
konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi
dargobrivi miwodeba moklevadian periodSi
grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba
firmis miwodebis mrudi grZelvadian periodSi
dargi mudmivi danaxarjebiT
dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT
dargi klebadi danaxarjebiT
miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

menejerTa

qceva

SezRudulia.

grZelvadiani

firmebisaTvis

mogebis

grZelvadiani

maqsimizaciaze
mogebis

SedarebiT

maqsimizacia

maTi

saqmianobis prioritetia.
2. zogierTi
bazarze

234

bazari SeiZleba miuaxlovdes srulyofil konkurencias, roca

moqmedebs ramdenime firma TiTqmis horizontaluri moTxovnis

mrudiT.

zogadad,

dargSi

firmebis

raodenoba

ar

aris

bazris

konkurentulobis kargi indikatori.

3.

konkurentul bazarze firmas aqvs dargSi mTliani gamoSvebis mcire wili.

firma

gamoSvebis

gadawyvetilebas

Sesaxeb

gavlena

arCevans
ar

eqneba

akeTebs

im

produqtis

varaudiT,
fasze.

am

rom

mis

SemTxvevaSi

moTxovnis da zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudebi identuria.

4. moklevadian periodSi konkurentuli firma axdens mogebis maqsimizacias
gamoSvebis moculobis arCeviT, romlis drosac fasi zRvruli danaxarjis
tolia. magram fasi minimalur saSualo cvalebad danaxarjze ufro maRali
an toli unda iyos.
5. moklevadian periodSi dargSi sabazro miwodebis mrudi aris firmebis
miwodebis mrudebis horizontaluri Sejameba. igi SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes
miwodebis

safaso

raodenobis

elastikurobiT,

procentul

rac

cvlilebas

niSnavs

miwodebuli

gamowveuls

fasis

produqtis
procentuli

cvlilebiT.
6. grZelvadian periodSi konkurentuli firmebi, romlebic axdenen mogebis
maqsimizacias,

irCeven

gamoSvebis

moculobas,

romlis

drosac

fasi

grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjis tolia.

7. grZelvadiani

konkurentuli

wonasworoba

miiRweva

im

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

sruldeba oTxi piroba: a) firmebi axdenen mogebis maqsimizacias; b) yvela

firma iRebs nulovan ekonomikur mogebas; g) ar arsebobs bazarze Sesvlis
an misi datovebis stimuli; d) produqtze fasi iseTia, dargSi moTxovnili
da miwodebuli produqtis raodenobebi tolia.
8. mudmivi

danaxarjebis

mqone

dargSi

grZelvadiani

miwodebis

mrudi

horizontaluria da warmoebis faqtorebze gazrdil moTxovnas araviTari

gavlena ar aqvs faqtorTa sabazro fasze.

firmis grZelvadiani miwodebis

mrudi aRmavalia zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone

dargSi, sadac warmoebis

faqtorebze gazrdili moTxovna iwvevs yvela faqtoris sabazro fasebis

zrdas.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba srulyofili konkurenciis bazari?

2. rogor

irCevs firma warmoebis moculobas mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis?

Ppasuxi daasabuTeT grafikulad.

3.

CamoayalibeT

konkurentuli

firmis

mogebis

maqsimizaciis

pirobebi

moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi.

4. ganmarteT warmoebis moculobis SerCevis wesi moklevadian periodSi.

235

5. aageT konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudebi moklevadian da grZelvadian

periodebSi; ganixileT TiToeuli SesaZlo SemTxvevis analizi.
6. ras

gviCvenebs

moklevadiani

sabazro

miwodebis

mrudi?

Ppasuxi

warmoadgineT grafikulad da daasabuTeT misi elastikuroba.

7. rogoria mwarmoeblis nameti moklevadian

periodSi? SeadareT mwarmoeblis

nametisa da mogebis kategoriebi.

8. daaxasiaTeT grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba.
9. rogoria

mwarmoeblis

nameti

grZelvadian

periodSi?

Ppasuxi

axseniT

grafikulad.
10. grafikulad

gamosaxeT

miwodebis

grZelvadiani

mrudi.

Aanalizi

warmoadgineT dargebis sami jgufisTvis: a) dargi mudmivi danaxarjebiT; b)

dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT; g) dargi klebadi danaxarjebiT.
11. ra

gavlenas

gadasaxadebis

axdens

gadasaxadebi

gavleniT

firmisa

warmoebis
da

dargis

gadaadgileba.
12. SeafaseT miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba.

236

moculobaze?
miwodebaTa

ganixileT
mrudebis

Tavi 10

konkurentuli bazrebis analizi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT

1. saxelmwifo politikiT Seqmnili sargeblisa da zaralis Sefasebas
2.

saxelmwifos

Carevis

Sedegebisa

da

ekonomikuri

efeqtianobis

miRwevis

SesaZleblobaTa gansazRvras
3 konkurentuli bazris efeqtianobis analizs
4. saxelmwifo politikis Sefasebas minimaluri fasebis, saimporto qvotebisa da
tarifebis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi
5. gadasaxadebis da subsidiebis gavlenis analizs da saxelmwifo politikis
Sefasebas

10.1

saxelmwifo politikiT gamowveuli sargeblisa

da zaralis Sefaseba _ mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis

nameti
rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifos mier fasebis zeda zRvaris daweseba bazars
aiZulebs

produqtze

momxmareblebi

moTxovnis

cdiloben

meti

sidide
SeiZinon),

gazardos
xolo

(dabali

miwodebis

fasis

pirobebSi

sidide

Seamciros

(mwarmoeblebi Tanaxma ar arian bazarze produqtis aseTi raodenoba dabal fasad

gamoitanon). Sedegad warmoiqmneba deficiti anu moTxovnis siWarbe. momxmareblebi,
romlebsac jer kidev SeuZliaT produqtis yidva moigeben, radgan naklebs ixdian
(savaraudod, es iyo aRniSuli politikis mizani). magram am politikis Sedegad
ramdenad mogebulni rCebian is momxmareblebi, romlebmac ver SeZles produqtis
yidva? iqneb maTi mdgomareoba gauaresdeba kidec? rogori iqneba momxmareblebisa
da mwarmoeblebis erToblivi keTildReoba? ramdenad Seicvleba igi? am kiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa saxelmwifo CareviT gamowveuli mogebisa da zaralis
(danakargebis) cvlilebebis gansazRvra.
viciT, rom momxmareblis nameti gamoxatavs erTobliv wminda sargebels,
romelsac

isini

iReben

konkurentul

bazarze.

xolo

mwarmoeblis

nameti

gansazRvravs mwarmoebelTa erTobliv sargebels. ganvixiloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba

praqtikaSi gamoviyenoT mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa nametebi.
araregulirebad

konkurentul

bazarze

momxmareblebi

da

mwarmoeblebi

produqts yiduloben da yidian dadgenili sabazro fasiT. garkveul pirobebSi,

zogierTi momxmarebeli produqts mis fasze ufro metad afasebs. momxmareblis

237

nameti aris sidide anu saerTo sargebeli, romelsac igi iRebs gadaxdisadmi
mzadyofnisa da produqtis sabazro fass Soris sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi.
davuSvaT, rom produqtis erTeulze sabazro fasi aris 5 lari (naxazi 10.1).
zogi momxmarebeli am produqts gacilebiT ufro metad afasebs da SesaZloa 5
larze metic gadaixados. magaliTad, I momxmarebeli mzadaa 10 lari gadaixados.
magram sabazro fasi mxolod 5 laria, amitom igi iRebs wminda sargebels _ anu
momxmareblis namets 5 laris odenobiT. II momxmarebeli aRniSnul produqts ufro
naklebad

afasebs

da

mzadaa

magaliTad

lari

gadaixados.

maSasadame,

momxmareblis nameti (wminda sargebeli) Seadgens 2 lars. bolos, III momxmarebeli

mzadaa produqtSi zustad 5 lari gadaixados, anu

igi aranair

namets ar

miiRebs.
grafikulad, yvela momxmareblisTvis momxmarebelTa nameti aris farTobi,
romelic mdebareobs moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris (naxazi 10.1).
radgan momxmareblis nameti momxmarebelTa erTobliv sargebels warmoadgens,
momxmarebelTa

nametebis

saboloo

cvlilebis

gazomviT

Cven

SegviZlia

saxelmwifo CareviT ganpirobebuli momxmarebelTa sargeblisa da danakargebis

gazomva.
fasi

10

momxmareblis nameti

S
7

D
mwarmoeblis nameti

Q0
I momxmarebeli
nax. 10.1

raodenoba

II momxmarebeli III momxmarebeli

momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nameti

produqtSi, romlis sabazro fasi 5 laria, I momxmarebeli mzadaa gadaixados 10 lari. misi
momxmareblis nameti 5 laria. III momxmarebeli ar iRebs aranair sargebels. momxmarebelTa nameti,
romelic gamoxatavs yvela momxmareblis mTlian sargebels, mocemulia daStrixuli farTobiT
moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris. mwarmoeblis nameti aris daStrixuli farTobi miwodebis
mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris. mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa erToblivi nameti gviCvenebs
keTildReobis dones konkurentul bazarze.

momxmareblis nametis analogiuri maCvenebelia mwarmoeblis nameti. zogierTi

mwarmoeblisaTvis

238

erTeuli

produqtis

gamoSveba

dakavSirebulia

iseT

danaxarjebTan, romlebic SeiZleba zustad gautoldes sabazo fass. SesaZlebelia

es

danaxarjebi sabazro

fasze

naklebi iyos.

amrigad,

mewarmeebi

produqtis

gayidvidan iReben sargebels _ mwarmoeblis namets. produqtis yoveli erTeulis

gayidvis SemTxvevaSi sargebeli utoldeba sabazro fassa da warmoebis zRvrul
danaxarjebs Soris sxvaobas.
mTlianad bazrisaTvis mwarmoeblis nameti grafikulad aris miwodebis mrudis
zeviT

da

sabazro

fasis

qveviT

mdebare

samkuTxedis

farTobi.

es

aris

is

sargebeli, romelsac dabali danaxarjebis mqone mwarmoeblebi iReben produqtis

sabazro

fasad

mwarmoebelTa

gayidvis

erToblivi

SemTxvevaSi.
wminda

radgan

sargebeli,

mwarmoeblis

misi

nameti

saSualebiT

aris

SesaZlebelia

saxelmwifo Carevis Sedegad mwarmoeblebis mogebisa an danakargebis gazomva.

mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis nameti da keTildReobis efeqti

Tu viciT mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis nameti, SegviZlia im keTildReobis
efeqtis

(Welfare

Effects)

Sefaseba,

romelic

miiReba

sabazro

meqanizmSi

saxelmwifo CareviT. aseve SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT, aseTi CareviT vin rCeba

mogebuli an wagebuli da ramdenad. gavixsenoT fasebis kontrolis SemTxveva _
saxelmwifo iRebs kanons, romlis mixedviTac mwarmoeblebi ver daaweseben fasebis
zeda zRvarze ufro maRal fasebs, fasebis zeda zRvari ki dawesebulia bazris
wonasworobis

fasze

dabla.

viciT

rom

aseTi

fasebis

zeda

zRvari

iwvevs

deficits (Warbi moTxovna) warmoebis Semcirebisa da moTxovnis sididis gazrdis

gamo.
naxazze
romelic

10.2

naCvenebia

wamoiqmna

momxmareblis

fasebze

da

saxelmwifo

mwarmoeblis
kontrolis

nametis

cvlilebac,

politikis

Sedegad.

detalurad ganvixiloT es cvlilebebi.

1.

momxmareblis

nametis

cvlileba.

momxmarebelTa

erTi

nawilis

mdgomareoba aseTi politikis gatarebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba, xolo

meore nawili mogebuli rCeba. gauresdeba im adamianebis mdgomareobac, romelTa
SesaZleblobebi

amjerad

SeizRuda

warmoebis

da

gayidvebis

Q0-dan

Q1-mde

SemcirebiT. meore nawils gauCnda SesaZlebloba iyidos es produqti (SesaZloa

imitom,

rom

aRmoCndnen

saWiro

adgilze,

saWiro

dros).

es

momxmareblebi

mogebulni rCebian saxelmwifos mxridan fasebze kontrolis dawesebiT, radgan

produqtis yidva ufro dabal fasad SeuZliaT (Pmax

nacvlad P0-isa).

ramdenad kargi an cudi mdgomareoba eqneba yovel jgufs? momxmareblebs,

romlebsac jer kidev SeuZliaT iyidon produqti, samomxmareblo nametis zrda
aReniSnebaT (daStrixuli A marTkuTxedi). igi gviCvenebs TiToeul produqtze
fasis

Semcirebas

da

mravldeba

produqtis

im

raodenobaze,

romelzec

239

momxmareblebi acxadeben mzadyofnas iyidon igi ufro dabali fasis dros. meore
mxriv, is momxmareblebi, romlebic ukve veRar yiduloben produqts, kargaven
samomxmareblo namets. maTi danakargi warmodgenilia daStrixuli B samkuTxediT.
es samkuTxedi asaxavs momxareblisTvis aRniSnuli produqtis Sefasebas misi
realuri fasis gamoklebiT (Tanxa, romelsac kargaven warmoebis moculobis Q0-dan
Q1-mde SemcirebiT). is momxmareblebi, romlebsac jer kidev SeuZliaT iyidon
produqti, mas yvelaze metad Seafaseben. momxmarebelTa nametis wminda cvlileba
aris A-s minus B; radgan A marTkuTxedi B samkuTxedze didia (naxazi 10.2),
momxmarebelTa nametis cvlileba dadebiTi sididea.
fasi

wminda danakargi

P0

B
C
A

Pmax

D
deficiti

Q1

Q0

Q2

raodenoba

nax. 10.2 fasebze kontrolis dawesebis Sedegad momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nametis

cvlileba
fasebis regulirebis gamo produqtis fasi Pmax-s ver gadaaWarbebs, rac wonasworobis fasis P0-ze
qvemoTaa (A marTkuTxedsa da B samkuTxeds Soris sxvaoba). mwarmoeblis zarali aris A marTkuTxedis
farTobisa da C samkuTxedis farTobis jami. B da C samkuTxedebi erTad gviCveneben fasebze
kontrolis dawesebiT miRebul wminda danakargebs.

2. mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba. fasebze kontrolis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi

zogierTi mwarmoebeli bazarze darCeba. magram misi produqti ufro dabal fasad
gaiyideba, xolo sxva mwarmoeblebi bazars datoveben. orive jgufi dakargavs
mwarmoebelTa

namets.

gamouSveben
romelic

is

mwarmoeblebi,

romlebic

bazarze

darCebian

da

Q1 moculobas, miiReben ufro dabal fass. isini kargaven namets,

marTkuTxediTaa

warmodgenili.

amavdroulad

mTliani

warmoebac

Semcirdeba. C samkuTxedi asaxavs nametis damatebiT danakargs bazarze myofi

mwarmoeblebisTvis. amrigad, mwarmoebelTa nametis saerTo cvlileba udris -A-C;
mwarmoeblebi fasebze kontrolis SemoRebis Sedegad aSkarad ageben.
3. wminda danakargebi. fasebze kontrolis SemoRebis pirobebSi, momxmarebelTa
mier miRebuli mogeba mwarmoebelTa zaralis kompensirebas ver axdens. rogorc
naxazi

10.2

gviCvenebs,

danakargebamde

240

fasebze

(Deadweight

kontrols

Loss).

mivyavarT

gavixsenoT,

rom

mTliani

nametis

momxmarebelTa

wminda
nametis

cvlileba (danakargi) Seadgens A-B-s. aqedan gamomdinare, nametis saerTo cvlileba

udris (A-B)+(-A-C)= -B-C. amrigad, naxazze 10.2 wminda danakargi ori samkuTxediTaa
mocemuli (B da C). wminda danakargebi gviCveneben fasebze kontrolis dawesebis
araefeqtianobas:

mwarmoeblebis

mier

miRebuli

nametis

danakargebi

aWarbebs

momxmareblis nametis mogebas.

naxazze B samkuTxedi (im momxmarebelTa danakargebi, romlebic dazaraldnen
bazris

normirebis

Sedegad)

gacilebiT

didia

vidre

marTkuTxedi

(im

momxmarebelTa mogeba, romlebsac jer kidev SeuZliaT iyidon produqti). am

SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebs gadaxdisadmi sakmaod maRali mzadyofna aqvT. ase rom
maT, vinc dazaralda normirebis Sedegad, didi danakargebi eqnebaT.
fasi

P0
C
A
Pmax

Q1

Q2

raodenoba

nax. 10.3 fasebze kontrolis Sedegi moTxovnis araelastikurobis dros

Tu moTxovna naklebad elastikuria, B samkuTxedi SeiZleba A marTkuTxedze didi aRmoCndes. am
SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebi wminda danakargs ganicdian, rac fasebze kontroliTaa gamowveuli.

10.2

konkurentuli bazris efeqtianoba

bazris Sedegebis Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros miiRweva Tu ara

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba _ momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis erToblivi nametis
maqsimizacia? Cven vnaxeT, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba wminda danakargebi fasebze
kontroliT. amrigad, politika ekonomikas Tavs axvevs efeqtianobis danakargebs:
momxmarebelTa da mwarmoebelTa nametebis jami mcirdeba wminda danakargebiT. (es
ar

niSnavs,

rom

aseTi

politika

calsaxad

cudia.

SesaZlebelia

igi

sazogadoebisTvis sxva mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevaSi dagvexmaros.

241

bazris fiasko
Tu erTaderT mizans efeqtianobis miRweva warmoadgens, maSin ukeTesi xom ar
iqneba konkurentuli bazari Carevis gareSe davtovoT? zogjer asec xdeba, magram
ara yovelTvis. rig SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs bazris fiaskos (Cavardnas) (Market
Failure). am dros araregulirebadi konkurentuli bazari araefeqtiani xdeba, anu
ar axdens mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis erToblivi nametebis maqsimizacias.
arsebobs bazris uunarobis ori mniSvnelovani magaliTi:
1.

gare

efeqtebi

(Externalities).

zogjer

romelime

mwarmoeblis

an

momxmareblis qmedeba iseT sargebelsa da danaxarjebSi gamoixateba, romlebic ar

arian

sabazro

uwodeben.

fasis

nawili.

magaliTisaTvis

aseT

aviRoT

danaxarjebsa

qimikatebis

da

mogebas

mwarmoebeli

gare

efeqtebs

sawarmo,

romelic

sazogadoebisaTvis garemos dabinZurebis danaxarjebs qmnis. saxelmwifo Carevis

gareSe aseT mwarmoebels ar eqneba stimuli gaiTvaliswinos sazogadoebrivi
danaxarjebi dabinZurebaze. Cven gare efeqtebs da mTavrobis sapasuxo qmedebebs me19 TavSi ganvixilavT.
2. arasakmarisi informacia: bazris Cavardna SeiZleba warmoiSvas produqtis
xarisxisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb informaciis simwiris dros (momxmareblebi ver
iReben

gadawyvetilebebs,

romlebic

maqsimizacias

ukeTeben

sargeblianobas).

mTavrobis Careva (magaliTad, `produqtis markirebisas simarTle) am SemTxvevaSi

sasurveli iqneba. informaciis roli dawvrilebiT me-18 TavSi ganixileba.
Tu gare efeqtebi da informaciis simwire ar aRiniSneba, araregulirebad
konkurentul bazars warmoebis efeqtian donemde mivyavarT. ganvixiloT situacia,
rodesac fasis SenarCuneba wonasworuli fasisagan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba.
Cven ukve ganvixileT fasebis zeda zRvaris SemoRebis Sedegebi. rogorc
naCvenebia naxazze 10.2 warmoeba mcirdeba Q0-dan Q1-mde, Sedegad

warmoiqmneba

mTliani nametis danakargi (wminda danakargebis B da C samkuTxedebi). iwarmoeba

Zalian

cota

produqti

da

sabolood,

momxmareblebi

da

mwarmoeblebi

dazaralebulni rCebian.
AdavuSvaT saxelmwifom moiTxova, rom fasi bazris wonasworul fasTan
SedarebiT ufro maRali iyos, vTqvaT P2
gviCvenebs, mwarmoeblisTvis

nacvlad P0-isa. rogorc naxazi 10.4

maRali fasebis pirobebSi umjobesia awarmoos meti

produqti (Q2-s nacvlad Q0-isa), xolo momxmareblebi ufro naklebs yiduloben

s

nacvlad

Q0-isa).

Tu

davuSvebT, rom

mewarmeebi

zustad

im

(Q3-

raodenobas

awarmoeben, risi gayidvac SeuZliaT, bazris warmoebis moculoba iqneba Q3-is

toli da kvlav warmoiSveba mTliani nametis wminda danakargi. naxazze 10.4 A
marTkuTxedi warmoadgens daTmobas, rac gaswies

momxmareblebma mwarmoeblebis

sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSi mwarmoeblebi produqts ufro maRal fass yidian,

242

xolo B da C samkuTxedebi kvlav wminda danakargebs utoldeba. Uufro maRali

fasis gamo zogierTi momxmarebeli ukve aRar yidulobs produqts (momxmareblis
nametis

danakargi

warmodgenilia

samkuTxediT),

produqtis warmoebas (mwarmoeblis nametis danakargi

naxazze
politikis
SenarCuneba

10.4

warmodgenili

optimistur
wonasworul

moxiblulni

arian

warmoebis

moculoba.

wminda

Sefasebas
fasze

P2 fasiT,
es

SeiZleba

romlis

zogierTma
gazardon

warmoSobs

mwarmoebeli

wyvets

C samkuTxeds udris).

danakargebi

asaxavs,
maRla.

zogi
(B

da

drosac

samkuTxedebi)
xdeba

mwarmoebelma,

sawarmoo

gauyidavi

fasebis
romlebic

simZlavreebi

produqtis

da

masas.

243

S
P2

P0

C
D

Q3

nax. 10.4
dros

Q0

Q2

keTildReobis danakargebi moTxovnasa da miwodebis wonasworobaze maRali fasis

Tu fasi ise regulirdeba, rom mas ar SeuZlia P2 doneze qvemoT daweva, miewodeba mxolod Q3
moculoba. Tu warmoebis moculoba zustad Q3-ia, wminda danakargebi B da C samkuTxedebis farTobs
utoldeba. P2 fasis dros mwarmoeblebs urCevniaT Q3-ze meti awarmoon. Tu isini am gzas mimarTaven,
maTi wminda danakargebi ufro didi gaxdeba.

warmoebis

moculobis

Q2

doneze

SeinarCunebiT

saxelmwifo

Seisyidis

produqtis darCenil nawils (es xdeba amerikis soflis meurneobaSi). orive

SemTxvevaSi saerTo keTildReobis danakargebi B da C

samkuTxedebis zomebs

gadaaWarbebs.

10.3

minimaluri fasebi

Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul situaciaSi saxelmwifo politika mimarTulia

wonasworul fasTan SedarebiT fasis gazrdisken. naxazi 10.4-dan gamomdinare, Tu
mewarmeebi gonivrul daskvnas gaakeTeben, rom isini ver SeZleben Q3-ze meti
moculobis produqtis gayidvas, maSin keTildReobis wminda danakargi B da C
samkuTxedebis toli iqneba. magram ra moxdeba, Tu mewarmeebs imedi eqnebaT, rom am
momatebuli fasebis pirobebSi nebismieri moculobis produqts awarmoeben da
gayidian?
EaRniSnuli

situacia

warmodgenilia

naxazze

10.5,

sadac

Pmin

aris

saxelmwifos mier dawesebuli minimaluri fasi, romelic saxelmwifom daawesa.

miwodebis sidide am dros Q2-s, xolo moTxovnisa _ Q3-s Seadgens. Ggansxvaveba aris
gamoSvebuli

produqtis

cvlilebebs

eqneba

Warbi,

adgili

gauyidavi

mwarmoeblisa

moculoba.
da

Aaxla

SevxedoT

ra

momxmareblis

nametebSi.

is

momxmareblebi, romlebic jer kidev yiduloben produqts, axla ixdian ufro

maRal fass da

244

nametis dakargvis gamo zaraldebian. es danakargi naxazze 10.5

warmodgenilia A marTkuTxediT. momxmarebelTa nawilma momatebuli fasebis da

nametis dakargvis gamo bazari datova. am SemTxvevaSi danakargi warmodgenilia B
samkuTxediT. momxmareblis nametis saerTo cvlileba tolia:
CS

-A-B

(10.1)
fasi

S
Pmin
A

P0
C
D
D
Q3

Q0

Q2

raodenoba
nax. 10.5 minimaluri fasi
fasi regulirdeba imgvarad, rom ar SeiZleba iyos naklebi, vidre Pmin. mwarmoeblebs survili aqvT
gamouSvan Q2 produqtis moculoba, magram momxmareblebi yiduloben mxolod Q3-s. Tu mwarmoeblebi
awarmoeben Q2-s, maSin Q2-Q3 gauyidavi darCeba da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba iqneba A-C-D. am
SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebelTa mdgomareoba SeiZleba gauaresdes.

momxmareblebi aSkarad zaraldebian gatarebuli politikis Sedegad. rac

Seexeba mwarmoeblebs, isini gacilebiT maRal fass iReben im produqtSi, romlis
gayidvasac axerxeben. es zrdis mwarmoeblis namets. igi A

marTkuTxedis tolia.

Mmagram gayidvebis donis Q0-dan Q3-mde Semcireba iwvevs maTi nametis Semcirebas,
romelic

danaxarjebi,

samkuTxediTaa
romlebic

warmodgenili.

warmoebis

Q0-dan

Bbolos,
Q2

ganvixiloT

donemde

warmoebis

gazrdasTan

aris

dakavSirebuli. radgan mwarmoeblebi mxolod Q3 moculobis gayidvas axerxeben,

Semosavlebi

ar

aris

sakmarisi

Q2-Q3

moculobis

warmoebis

danaxarjebis

dasafaravad. rogor gavzomoT es danaxarjebi?

gavixsenoT, rom miwodebis mrudi es aris dargis zRvruli danaxarjebis
agregirebuli mrudi. Aaqedan gamomdinare, miwodebis mrudi iZleva informacias
yoveli damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWiro damatebiTi danaxarjebis
Taobaze. Aamrigad, miwodebis mrudis qvemoT farTobi Q3-dan Q2-mde aris warmoebis
danaxarjebi Q2-Q3 moculobisaTvis. naxazze is aRniSnulia, rogorc D trapecia.
sanam mwarmoeblebi warmoebis moculobas ar Seamcireben, raTa Tavidan aicilon
ararealizebuli produqtis arseboba, saerTo cvlilebebi mwarmoeblis nametSi
toli iqneba:

245

PS=A-C-D
(10.2)
Tu
daikavos,

gaviTvaliswinebT,
minimaluri

rom

fasebis

trapeciam

SemoRebam

SeiZleba

SesaZlebelia

ufro
mxolod

meti

farTobi

mwarmoebelTa

nametis wminda danakargebamde migviyvanos. rogorc Sedegi, saxelmwifo Carevis am

formam unda Seamciros mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebi warmoebis Warb moculobasTan
dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis gamo.

246

W xelfasi

S
Wmin

W0

D
L1

L0

L2

dasaqmeba
umuSevroba

nax. 10.6 minimaluri xelfasi

miuxedavad imisa, rom xelfasi moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi W0-is
tolia, firmebs ar aqvT ufleba dauniSnos muSebs Wmin-ze naklebi xelfasi. Amas mivyavarT
umuSevrobis gaCenamde L2-L1 sididiT da wminda danakargebamde, romelic B da
C
samkuTxedebis farTobis tolia.

saxelmwifos mier SemoRebuli fasTa minimumis kidev erTi magaliTi aris

kanoni minimaluri xelfasis Sesaxeb. Aam politikis Sedegebi naCvenebia naxazze
10.6. xelfasi dadgenilia Wmin doneze, rac moTxovna-miwodebis wonasworul W0
fasTan SedarebiT maRalia.

Sedegad muSebi, romlebmac samuSaos miReba SeZles,

ufro maRal xelfass miiReben. Mmagram zogma, visac surda

samuSaos miReba, es

ver moaxerxa. AaseTi politikis Sedegad warmoiSva umuSevroba (L2-L1).

10.4

garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze

minimaluri fasebis SemoRebis garda, saxelmwifos SeuZlia produqtze fasi

gazardos

ori

gziT.

aSS-s

garantirebuli fasebis (Price

soflis

meurneobaSi

gatarebuli

politika

Supports) sistemazea dafuZnebuli. saxelmwifo

awesebs produqtis sabazro fass Tavisufali bazris fasze maRla da yidulobs

gamoSvebis
saxelmwifos

mTel
aseve

moculobas,
SeuZlia

rac

gazardos

aucilebelia
fasebi

fasis

warmoebis

SesanarCuneblad.

SezRudvis

xarjze,

pirdapir an mwarmoeblis motivaciis saSualebiT. avxsniT am RonisZiebebis gavlena

momxmarebelze, mwarmoeblebsa da biujetze.

garantirebuli fasebi
247

garantirebuli
magaliTze.

aq

Tambaqoze,
maRali

fasebis

garantirebul

xorbalze

mogeba

fasebis

rom

miiRon).

politika
fasebs
asawevad

da

misi

iyeneben
(am

Sedegebi
rZis

produqtebze,

produqtebis

Ggarantirebuli

ganvixiloT

aSS-is

araqisze,

mwarmoeblebma

fasebis

politikis

ufro

mixedviT

saxelmwifo awesebs garantirebul fass PS-s, xolo Semdeg yidulobs produqtis

nebismier

moculobas,

romelic

iqneba

saWiro

sabazro

fasis

am

doneze

SesanarCuneblad. Ees situacia mocemulia naxazze 10.7. SevecadoT imis garkvevas,

Tu

ra

moaqvs

aseT

politikas

momxmareblisTvis,

mwarmoeblebisTvis

da

mTavrobisTvis.
momxmareblebi. PS fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis sidide am produqtze mcirdeba
Q1 donemde, magram miwodebis sidide izrdeba Q2-mde. Aam fasis SesanarCuneblad
saxelmwifo

iZulebulia

iyidos

produqti

Qg=Q2-Q1

raodenobiT.

faqtiurad

mTavroba umatebs Tavis Qg moTxovnas momxmarebelTa moTxovnas da mwarmoeblebs

SeuZliaT gayidon mTeli Tavisi produqti PS fasad.
momxmareblebi, romlebic agrZeleben produqtis SeZenas, iZulebulni arian
gadaixadon

SedarebiT

maRali

PS

fasi

P0-is

nacvlad.

am

SemTxvevaSi

isini

zaraldebian nametis dakargvis gamo (A marTkuTxedi). maRali fasis gamo sxva

momxmareblebi aRar yiduloben produqts an yiduloben ufro mcire raodenobiT.
maTi nametis danakargi gamoixateba B samkuTxediT. rogorc minimaluri fasis
SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblebi kargaven sidides, romelic tolia:
CS=-A-B
(10.3)
mwarmoeblebi. am politikiT mwarmoeblebi mogebulni rCebian (swored esaa
am politikis mizani). axla isini Q1 raodenobis nacvlad Q2 raodenobas yidian,
rac Q1-ze

metia,

amasTan ufro maRal PS

fasadac.

naxazidan 10.7

Cans,

rom

mwarmoebelTa nameti izrdeba sididiT

PS=A+B+D
(10.4)
mTavroba. mTavroba am SemTxvevaSi gaiRebs danaxarjebs (maTi dafarvac
xdeba

gadasaxadebis

xarjze

da

saboloo

jamSi

warmoadgens). Ees danaxarjebi tolia (Q2-Q1)PS.

momxmarebelTa

danaxarjebs

mocemuli moculobis produqtis

SesaZenad swored am Tanxas ixdis saxelmwifo (daStrixuli marTkuTxedi naxazze

10.7). mTavrobas SeuZlia Seamciros xarjebi, Tu is SeZlebs SeZenili produqtis
,,Tavidan

moSorebas

moqmedebiT

igi

xels

sazRvargareT
uSlis

dabal

adgilobriv

fasSi

firmebs

gayidvas.

MTumca

sazRvargareT

aseTi

sakuTari

produqtis gatanaSi. arada am politikiT saxelmwifo swored mewarmeebis dacvas

cdilobs.

248

ra

aris

danaxarjebi?

am

politikis

Aamis

gatarebiT

dasadgenad,

miRebuli

momxmarebelTa

keTildReobis

nametis

cvlilebas

mTliani
vumatebT

mwarmoeblis namets cvlilebas da gamovaklebT saxelmwifo danaxarjebs. amrigad,

keTildReobis saerTo cvlileba Seadgens:
CS+PS saxelmwifo danaxarjebi = D(Q2-Q1)PS

(10.5)

naxazi
daStrixuli

10.7-is

mixedviT,

marTkuTxedis

sazogadoebis

farTobis

mTliani

sididiT,

keTildReoba

romlidanac

mcirdeba

samkuTxedia

amoWrili.
rogorc Semdegi msjelobidan gaxdeba cnobili, keTildReobis danakargebi Zalian
didi

SeiZleba

warmoadgens

aRmoCndes.

faqti,

rom

am

politikis

arsebobs

yvelaze

fermerebis

arasasiamovno

daxmarebis

ufro

aspeqts
efeqtiani

saSualeba. A+B+D-s toli damatebiTi Semosavlebi fermerebma SeiZleba miiRon, Tu

maT pirdapir miecemaT es Tanxa da ara garantirebuli fasis saxiT.

sazogadoebas

es gacilebiT iafi daujdeba. radgan momxmareblebi yvela variantSi kargaven (A+B)

garantirebuli
SemTxvevaSi

fasebis

pirobebSi,

sazogadoeba

inarCunebs

fermerebisaTvis
ufro

pirdapiri

didi

farTobis

gadaxdis
daStrixul

marTkuTxeds D samkuTxedis gamoklebiT. maSin ratom ar aZlevs saxelmwifo fuls

pirdapir fermerebs? SesaZlebelia imitom, rom garantirebuli fasebi aSkarad
naklebi daTmobaa da politikurad metad momxibvlelia.
fasi
S
Qg
PS
A

P0
D
Q1
nax. 10.7

Q0

D+Qg

Q2

raodenoba

garantirebuli fasebi

PO wonasworul fasze maRali PS fasis SesanarCuneblad, mTavroba yidulobs gamoSvebuli produqtis

nawils Qg moculobiT. mwarmoebelTa mogeba aris A+B+D. momxmarebelTa danakargebi aris
A+B.
saxelmwifos danaxarjebi warmodgenilia daStrixuli marTkuTxedis farTobiT
Ps (Q2-Q1).

praqtikaSi

sasoflo-sameurneo

produqtebze

garantirebuli

fasebi

kreditebis saSualebiT regulirdeba. kreditis saprocento ganakveTi efeqtian

safaso minimums warmoadgens. Tu kreditiT sargeblobis periodSi sabazro fasebi

249

arasakmarisad

maRalia,

saxelmwifos

fermerebs

SeuZliaT

ubralod

gadascen

produqti

kreditis srulad dasafarad. fermerebs stimuli aqvT ase moiqcnen

manam, sanam sabazro fasebi garantirebul fasze zemoT ar gaizrdeba.

qvotebi warmoebaze
bazarze Sesvlisa da gamoSvebuli produqtis Sesyidvis garda (erToblivi
moTxovnis

zrdasTan erTad),

miwodebis

Semcirebis

kanoniT,

anu

saxelmwifos

xarjze.

gamoSvebul

SeuZlia

aRniSnulis

moculobaze

produqtze

miRweva

qvotebis

fasis

SesaZlebelia

dawesebiT.

amis

gazrda

Sesabamisi
safuZvelze

produqtze fasebi SeiZleba gaizardos.

ganvixiloT aSS-Si qalaqis mmarTvelobis mier taqsiT mgzavrobaze maRali
fasebis SenarCunebis magaliTi. mmarTveloba mTlian miwodebas zRudavs yoveli
taqsisTvis

specialuri

medalionis

moTxovniT,

Semdeg

zRudavs

aseTi

medalionebis raodenobas. magaliTad, niu-iorkSi 1995 wlamde ar gamouSviaT im

11 800 calze meti medalioni, rac 1937 wels iqna gamoSvebuli. amis Semdeg niuiorkSi taqsiT mgzavroba orjer ufro Zviri gaxda, vidre vaSingtonSi, sadac Ria
sistema moqmedebs.
warmoebaze dawesebuli qvotebis gavlena keTildReobaze naCvenebia naxazze
10.8.

saxelmwifo

gamawonasworebeli
miwodebis

mrudi

zRudavs
Q0

miwodebas

sididis

vertikaluri

Q1

nacvlad.
xdeba

doniT
Q1

(S).

moTxovnis

warmoebis

da

miwodebis

moculobis

pirobebSi

momxmareblis

nameti

mcirdeba

marTkuTxedis sididiT (momxmareblebi, romlebic yiduloben produqts, ixdian

ufro maRal fass) da B samkuTxedis sididiT (zogierT momxmarebels ar SeuZlia
produqtis SeZena momatebuli fasis gamo). mewarmeebis mier miRebuli nametis
sidide A marTkuTxedis farTobis tolia (ufro maRali fasiT gayidvisas). amave
dros

isini kargaven

C samkuTxedis sidides

(awarmoeben

nacvlad). isev adgili aqvs wminda danakargebs, romlebic

Q1 moculobas

Q0-is

B da C samkuTxedebiTaa

warmodgenili.

stimulirebis programebi
amerikuli sasoflo-sameurneo politika warmoebis moculobas ZiriTadad
stimulebisa

da

pirdapiri

qvotebis

xarjze

amcirebs.

naTesi

farTobebis

SezRudvis programebi fermerebisaTvis finansur stimulebs qmnian, raTa TavianTi

teritoriebis nawili dauTesavi datovon. naxazze 10.8 naCvenebia aseTi xerxiT
miwodebis

Semcirebis

gavlena

qveynis

keTildReobaze.

fermerebi

mzad

arian

SezRudon saTesi farTobebi, amitom miwodebis mrudi kvlav araelastikuri xdeba

Q1 warmoebis moculobis pirobebSi da sabazro fasi P0-dan P1-mde izrdeba.

250

iseve, rogorc warmoebaze qvotebis dawesebis dros, momxmareblis nametis

cvlileba Seadgens:
CS=-A-B
(10.6)
axla

fermerebi

ufro

maRal

fasad

yidian

Q1

moculobis

produqts,

romelic namets zrdis (A marTkuTxedis farTobi). imis gamo, warmoeba mcirdeba Q0dan Q1-mde da adgili aqvs mwarmoeblis nametis danakargs, romelic C samkuTxeds
Seesabameba.

da

bolos,

fermerebi

mTavrobisagan

fuls

iReben

warmoebis

Semcirebis stimulirebisaTvis. amrigad, mwarmoeblis nametis saerTo cvlileba

Seadgens:
PS=A C
mTavrobis

danaxarjebi

+ gadasaxadi warmoebis SezRudvaze

tolia

im

Tanxis,

romelsac

fermerebs

uxdian

warmoebis Q1 doneze Sesamcireblad. es stimuli B+C+D jamze mcire ar unda iyos,

radgan es jami aris damatebiTi mogeba, rac SeiZleboda mieRoT fermerebs PS
ufro maRali fasis pirobebSi (gaxsovdeT, rom maRali PS fasi stimuls uqmnis
fermerebs

ufro

meti

awarmoon,

Tundac

mTavroba

aiZulebdes

maT

naklebi

mosavali moiyvanon). amrigad, saxelmwifos danaxarjebi aris yvelaze mcire B+C+D

da jamuri cvlileba mwarmoeblis namets utoldeba:
PS=A C+B+C+D=A+B+D
(10.7)
mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba am dros igivea, rac garantirebuli fasebis
dros,

maSin

(naxazi

rodesac

10.8).

amitom

saxelmwifo

axorcielebda

fermerebisaTvis

Warbi

sulerTia,

Tu

produqtis
romeli

Sesyidvas

zoma

iqneba

gamoyenebuli, radgan Sedegad isini erTi da igive Tanxas igeben. analogiurad

momxmareblebi igive Tanxas kargaven.
fasi
S
S
PS
D
A

P0

C
D
Q1

Q0

raodenoba

nax. 10.8 miwodebis SezRudva

Ps maRali fasis SenarCunebis mizniT (P0-Tan SedarebiT, rodesac moTxovna da miwodeba
wonaswordeba) saxelmwifos SeuZlia SezRudos miwodeba Q1 doniT, an warmoebaze qvotebis dawesebiT
(rogorc taqsebze medalionebis SemoRebiT), an mwarmoeblisaTvis finansuri stimulirebis

251

SeTavazebiT warmoebis Semcirebis mizniT (rogorc naTesi farTobebis SezRudvis dros). imisaTvis,
rom stimulebma imoqmedon, isini unda iyos aranakleb B+C+D, e.i. ar unda iyos naklebi im damatebiT
Semosavlebze, romelsac miiRebdnen mosavlis ufro maRali Ps fasiT gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, mTavrobis danaxarjebi sul mcire B+C+D mainc unda iyos.

romeli politikaa mTavrobisTvis ufro Zviri? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze,

iqneba Tu ara B+C+D samkuTxedebis farTobebis jami (naxazi 10.8) ufro meti, vidre
(Q2 Q1)PS farTobi (didi daStrixuli marTkuTxedi, naxazi 10.7). rogorc wesi,
B+C+D

samkuTxedebis

farTobebis

jami

ufro

mcirea

da

saerTo

farTobis

SezRudvis programa mTavrobas ufro iafi ujdeba (aseve sazogadoebasac), vidre

garantirebuli fasebi.
magram mainc, naTesi farTobebis SezRudvis programa sazogadoebas ufro
Zviri ujdeba, vidre ubralod fermerebisaTvis fulis gadaxda. keTildReobis
saerTo

cvlileba

CS+PS

mTavrobis

danaxarjebi)

naTesi

farTobebis

SezRudvisas udris:
keTildReoba=-A-B+A+B+D-B-C-D=-B-C
(10.8)
efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebisaTvis namdvilad ukeTesi iqneboda,
Tu

mTavroba

pirdapir

miscemda

fermerebs

A+B+D

Tanxas,

xolo

fasebs

da

gamoSvebas ar Seexeboda. fermerebi am SemTxvevaSi moigebdnen A+B+D, mTavroba

dakargavda A+B+D da yovelive es moxdeboda keTildReobis nulovani danakargebis
pirobebSi,

B+C

danakargis

nacvlad.

magram

saxelmwifo

politikisaTvis

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba yovelTvis ar aris pirvelxarisxovani mizani.

10.5

saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi

bevri qveyana saimporto qvotebs (importirebuli produqtis raodenobis

SezRudva) iyenebs imisaTvis, rom produqtze Sida fasi msoflio fasebze ufro
maRal doneze SeinarCunos. mTavroba amiT erovnul warmoebas ufro maRali
Semosavlebis

miRebaSi

exmareba,

vidre

Tavisufali

vaWrobis

pirobebSi.

danaxarjebi, romlebsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs aseTi proteqcioneruli politikis

Sedegad,

SeiZleba

sakmaod

maRali

iyos

im

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

momxmarebelTa

danakargebi adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mogebas gadaaWarbebs.

Tu

qvotebi

da

tarifebi

ar

aris

gamoyenebuli,

qveyana

imports

ganaxorcielebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqtze msoflio fasi dabalia im

sabazro

fasTan

SedarebiT,

romelic

damyardeboda

importis

ararsebobis

SemTxvevaSi. naxazze 10.9 swored es movlenaa asaxuli. S da D Sida miwodebis da

moTxovnis mrudebia. Tu importi ar ganxorcieldeba, Sida adgilobrivi fasi da
raodenoba Sesabamisad P0 da Q0 iqneboda, romlis drosac moTxovna awonasworebs

252

miwodebas. radgan msoflio fasi Pw naklebia P0-ze, momxmareblebs stimuli aqvT

iyidon ucxouri produqti da asec moiqcevian, Tu importis SezRudva ar moxda.
produqtis ra raodenoba Semova qveyanaSi? produqtis Sida fasi msoflio
fasis Pw-s mniSvnelobamde Semcirdeba, am ufro dabali fasis pirobebSi erovnuli
moxmareba

gaizrdeba

da

Qd-s

miaRwevs.

amrigad,

importi

aris

sxvaoba

Sida

moxmarebasa da erovnuli warmoebis moculobas Soris _ Qd-Qs.

fasi

P0
A

Pw

Qs
nax. 10.9.

Q0

Qd

raodenoba

saimporto tarifi an qvota, romelic spobs imports

Tavisufal bazarze adgilobrivi fasi msoflio fass Pw-s utoldeba. mTliani moxmareba
Seadgens Qd-s, romlidanac Qs-s Sida mwarmoeblebi miawodeben, xolo danarCenis
importireba xdeba. rodesac importi ar arsebobs, fasi izrdeba P0-mde. mwarmoebelTa
mogeba A trapecias utoldeba. momxmarebelTa danakargebi Seadgens A+B+C sidides, wminda
danakargebi utoldeba B+C-s.

davuSvaT,

rom

adgilobriv

mwarmoebelTa

zewolis

Sedegad,

mTavroba

importze uars ambobs da nulovan qvotebs awesebs, anu garkveuli produqtis

imports krZalavs. rogori iqneba aseTi politikis gatarebiT miRebuli mogeba Tu
zarali?
Tu

importi

aikrZaleba,

adgilobrivi

fasi

P0

donemde

gaizrdeba.

momxmareblebi, romlebic uars ar ityvian produqtis yidvaze (Q0 raodenobiT)

gadaixdian ufro mets da maTi nameti Semcirdeba A trapeciisa da B samkuTxedis
jamis

toli

sididiT.

amis

garda,

ufro

maRali

fasis

dros

zogierTi

momxmarebeli saerTod aRar iyidis produqts da warmoiSoba momxmareblis nametis

kidev damatebiTi danakargi C samkuTxedis saxiT. amrigad, momxmarebelTa nametis
mTliani danakargi tolia:
CS=-A-B-C
(10.9)

253

rac Seexeba mwarmoeblebs, maTi warmoebis moculoba gaizarda (Q0 Qs-is

nacvlad), xolo produqti ufro maRal fasad

gaiyideba (P0 nacvlad Pw-sa).

mwarmoebelTa nameti gaizrdeba A trapeciis sididiT:

PS=A
(10.10)
saerTod nametis cvlileba CS+PS Seadgens _ B-C da isev adgili aqvs
wminda danakargebs momxmarebelTa danakargebi ufro metia, vidre mwarmoebelTa
mogeba.
importi

aseve

SeiZleba

nulamde

Semcirdes

sakmaod

maRali

tarifebis

SemoRebis gziT. tarifi unda iyos aranakleb P0-sa da Pw-s Soris sxvaobis sididis
toli. tarifis aseTi mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSi importi ar iarsebebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, saxelmwifos aRar eqneba am tarifebis mokrebis Sedegad miRebuli
Semosavlebi. amrigad, mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblisaTvis Sedegebi iseTive iqneba,
rogoric qvotis dros iqneboda.
ufro xSirad saxelmwifo politika mimarTulia importis Semcirebaze da
ara mTlianad mis akrZalvaze. es SeiZleba miRweul iqnas tarifebis an qvotebis
dawesebiT

(naxazi

10.10).

Tavisufali

vaWrobis

dros,

produqtze

Sida

fasi

msoflio fasis tolia (Pw), xolo importi Qd-Qs sxvaobas utoldeba. davuSvaT, rom
importirebuli

produqtis

yovel

erTeulze

SemoiRes

dolaris

odenobis

tarifi. rodesac Sida fasi gaizrdeba P* donemde (msoflio fass + tarifi), Sida
warmoeba gaizrdeba, xolo moxmareba qveynis SigniT Semcirdeba.
naxazze 10.10 aseTi tarifi momxmarebelTa nametis Semcirebamde migviyvans:
CS= A B C
D

(10.11)

mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba ki kvlav tolia

PS=A
bolos,

(10.12)
saxelmwifo

miiRebs

Semosavals,

romelic

udris

importis

moculoba gamravlebuli tarifze (D marTkuTxedi). warmoiSoba keTildReobis

saerTo cvlileba _ CS + PS + saxelmwifo Semosavlebi,

an -A-B-C-D+A+D=-B-C. B da

C samkuTxedebi kvlav asaxaven importis SezRudviT gamowveul wminda danakargebs

(B tolia Sida kvlavwarmoebiT gamowveul zaralisa, C Zalian mcire moxmarebis
Sedegad miRebuli zaralisa).
davuSvaT,

rom

mTavroba importis

SezRudvis

mizniT

tarifis

nacvlad

qvotebs iyenebs. ucxoel mwarmoeblebs qveyanaSi SeuZliaT Semoitanon produqtis

mxolod gansazRvruli raodenoba (Qd - Qs, naxazi 10.10).

254

fasi
S

P*

Pw

D
QS

QS
Qd

Qd

raodenoba

nax. 10.10

saimporto tarifi an qvota (zogadi SemTxveva)

Tu importi mcirdeba qvotis SemoRebis an iseTi tarifis dawesebis Sedegad, romelic tolia T=P*-Pw,
Sida fasi izrdeba Pw-dan P*-mde. A trapecia kvlav utoldeba erovnuli mwarmoeblebis mogebas.
momxmarebelTa danakargebi utoldeba A+B+C+D. Tu gamoiyeneba tarifi, maSin saxelmwifo iRebs
Semosavals, romelic D-s tolia. wminda Sida danakargebi B+C-s Seadgens. Tu tarifis nacvlad qvota
gamoiyeneba, D marTkuTxedi xdeba ucxouri mwarmoeblis mogebis nawili, xolo wminda Sida danakargi
tolia B+C+D.

davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo imports SezRudvis mizniT iyenebs, magram maT

SeuZliaT

ufro

produqtze.
iqneba

maRali

qarTveli

iseTive,

fasis

P*-s

mwarmoeblebisa

rac

tarifebis

da

daweseba

saqarTveloSi

momxmareblebis

SemTxvevaSi

iyo;

adgilobriv

nametebis

magram

cvlileba

Semosavlebi

(D

marTkuTxedis toli) saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar ekuTvnis. es Tanxa, ufro maRali

Semosavlis

saxiT,

saqarTvelosTvis

ucxoel

aseTi

mwarmoeblebs

mdgomareoba

momgebiania,

ekuTvniT.
vidre

saboloo
tarifebis

jamSi
SemoReba,

radgan qveyana kargavs D-s da amave dros aqvs B da C-s toli wminda danakargi.
swored aseTi mdgomareoba iyo 1980-ian wlebSi iaponiidan avtomobilebis
importTan dakavSirebiT. adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis zewolis Sedegad reiganis
administraciam ganixila importis ,,nebayoflobiTi SezRudvis pirobebi, romlis
mixedviTac

iaponelebi

Tanxmobas

acxadebdnen

aSS-Si

manqanebis

Semotana

SeemcirebinaT. am SezRudvas unda umadlodnen iaponelebi, radgan maT SeZles

TavianTi manqanebi msoflio fasebze ufro maRal fasad gaeyidaT da yoveli
avtomobilidan ufro maRali mogeba mieRoT. aSS ufro mets moigebda, am saxis
importze tarifebi rom daewesebina.

10.6

gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis gavlena

255

rogor Seicvleba produqtis fasi, Tu saxelmwifo gayiduli produqtis

yovel erTeulze 1 laris tol gadasaxads daawesebs? bevri upasuxebda, rom fasi
1 lariT gaizrdeba im pirobiT, rom momxmareblebi lariT mets gadaixdian erT
erTeul produqtSi, vidre am gadasaxadis SemoRebamde. magram pasuxi mcdaria.
davuSvaT saxelmwifos surs daawesos 50 TeTris toli gadasaxadi 1 litr
benzinze da am gadasaxadis akrefis or gzas ganixilavs: 1. yoveli benzingasamarTi
sadguris

mepatrone

gadasaxadis

benzinis

raodenobaze

Tanxas

(50

TeTri

gamravlebuli

gayiduli

litrebSi) moaTavsebda daluqul konvertSi,

raTa igi

Semdeg saxelmwifos gadasaxadis amkrefTaTvis gadaexada. 2. gadasaxadis pirdapir

saxelmwifosaTvis gadaxda. gadaxdis romeli meTodia momxmareblisaTvis ufro
iafi? umetesoba ityoda, rom meore meTodi ufro iafia, magram es pasuxi ar aris
swori.
gadasaxadebis

simZime

nawilobriv

momxmarebels

awveba,

nawilobriv

ki

mwarmoebels. ufro metic, sulerTia gadasaxadebis konvertSi vin debs fuls (an
qviTars ugzavnis mTavrobas) orive meTodi momxmarebels erTi da igive ujdeba.
Cven

ukve

viciT,

rom

gadasaxadis

is

wili,

romelic

momxmarebelze

modis,

damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis maCvenebelze. rac Seexeba

pirvel SemTxvevas produqtis erTeulze 1 laris odenobiT gadasaxadis daweseba
fasis zrdas gamoiwvevda, magram rogorc wesi, es zrda 1 larze ufro naklebia.

specialuri gadasaxadis Sedegebi

simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT gadasaxadi gayiduli produqtis erTeulze. anu
specialuri gadasaxadi (Specific Tax). specialuri gadasaxadis magaliTis saxiT
moviyvanoT gadasaxadebi benzinsa da sigaretze.
vTqvaT, saxelmwifom SemoiRo gadasaxadi _ t TeTri erTeul produqtze.
saxelmwifom unda miiRos yovel gayidul produqtze aRniSnuli t TeTri. fasi,
romelsac myidveli ixdis, t TeTriT unda aRematebodes im fass, romelsac
gamyidveli iRebs. aRniSnuli Sedegebi naCvenebia naxazze 10.11. am SemTxvevaSi P0 da
Q0 warmoadgens sabazro fassa da raodenobas gadasaxadis SemoRebamde. Pb aris is
fasi, rasac myidveli ixdis. PS

aris fasi, romelsac gamyidveli gadasaxadis

SemoRebis Semdeg iRebs. Pb PS sxvaoba t-s tolia, xolo gayiduli raodenoba

aris Q1.
fasi

Pb

S
A
t

P0
C
D
PS

256

Q1

Q0

raodenoba

nax. 10.11 gadasaxadis moqmedeba

Pb aris fasi gadasaxadis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac ixdis myidveli, PS _ fasi, romelsac iRebs
gamyidveli gadasaxadis gamoklebis Semdeg. mocemul SemTxvevSi sagadasaxado tvirTi Tanabrad
gadanawildeba myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris. myidvelebi kargaven A+B, gamyidvelebi _ D+C,
saxelmwifo iRebs A+D Semosavlis saxiT. wminda danakargebi tolia B+C.

ra

moaqvs

myidvelebsa

da

gadasaxadis

dawesebas?

gamyidvelebs

Soris

naxazze

daaxloebiT

10.11

sagadasaxado

Tanabradaa

tvirTi

ganawilebuli.

sabazro fasi, romelsac ixdis myidveli izrdeba gadasaxadis ganakveTis naxevriT.

Tanxa, romelsac miiRebs gamyidveli, mcirdeba imave odenobiT.
gadasaxadis SemoRebis Semdeg unda Sesruldes oTxi piroba:
1.

gayiduli produqtis moculoba da myidvelis mier gadaxdili fasi (Pb)

unda mdebareobdes moTxovnis mrudze (myidvelebi mxolod im fasiT arian

dainteresebulni, romelic maT unda gadaixadon);
2. gayiduli produqtis moculoba da gamyidvelis mier miRebuli fasi (PS)
unda mdebareobdes miwodebis mrudze (radgan gamyidvelebi zrunaven mxolod
im Tanxaze, romelic maT rCebaT gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg);
3.

moTxovnis sidide unda utoldebodes miwodebis sidides (Q1 );

4. myidvelis mier gadaxdil fassa da gamyidvelis mier miRebul fasebs

Soris sxvaoba unda udrides t gadasaxadis ganakveTs.
es pirobebi Semdegi tolobebiT aRiwereba:
QD = QD (Pb)
(10.13)
QS = Q S
(PS)
QD = QS
Pb Ps = t.
Tu moTxovnis mrudi QD (Pb), miwodebis mrudi QS (Ps) da gadasaxadis sidide
t

CvenTvis

cnobilia,

ganvsazRvroT

SegviZlia

myidvelis

miwodebis mTliani sidide

fasi
(QD

(Pb),

am

gantolebis
gamyidvelis

amoxsna.
fasi

(Ps)

Sedegad
da

SegviZlia

moTxovnisa

da

QS).

naxazi 10.11 aseve gviCvenebs, rom gadasaxadi iwvevs wminda danakargebs.

myidvelebi ixdian ufro maRal fass, amitom momxmareblis nameti mcirdeba is
sididemde, romelic tolia
CS= - A - B.
(10.14)
radganac gamyidvelebi iReben ufro dabal fass, adgili aqvs mwarmoeblis
nametebSi cvlilebas (Semcireba), romelic tolia
PS= - C - D.
(10.15)
saxelmwifo gadasaxadi utoldeba tQ1-s, es Tanxa gamosaxulia A da D
marTkuTxedebiT.

keTildReobis

saerTo

cvlileba,

CS+

PS

saxelmwifos

257

Semosavali,

Sesabamisad

utoldeba

-A-B-C-D+A+D=-B-C.

samkuTxedebi

da

warmoadgenen gadasaxadis SemoRebiT gamowveul wminda danakargebs.

naxazze

10.11

gadasaxadis

Tanabrad nawildeba.

simZime

sinamdvileSi

momxmarebelsa

es yovelTvis

da

ase

ar

gamyidvels
aris.

Tu

Soris

moTxovna

SedarebiT araelastikuria, xolo miwodeba SedarebiT elastikuri, sagadasaxado

tvirTi ufro metad myidvels awveba. naxazi 10.12 `a am movlenis mizezs xsnis:
saWiroa fasebis SedarebiT ufro metad gazrda, raTa Semcirdes miwodebis sidide
sul mcirediT, xolo miwodebis sididis Sesamcireblad, aucilebelia fasebis
mxolod umniSvnelod Semcireba. magaliTad, radgan sigaretisadmi ltolva aris
mZafri

(magram

(daaxloebiT
ekisrebaT.
SedarebiT

damRupveli),

0,3).

naxazi

ase

10.12

moTxovnis

rom,
`b

elastikuria,

elastikuroba

sigaretze

gviCvenebs
xolo

gadasaxadebi

sapirispiro

miwodeba

arc

Tu

ise

ZiriTadad

SemTxvevas:
SedarebiT

Tu

didia

myidvelebs
moTxovna

araelastikuri,

sagadasaxado tvirTi ZiriTadad gamyidvels awveba.

Tu saWiroa moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis Sefaseba moTxovnisa
da

miwodebis

mrudebis

calkeul

wertilSi,

Aan

fasebisa

da

moculobebis

umniSvnelo diapazonSi, maSin SesaZlebelia daaxloebiT ganisazRvros, Tu vis

daekisreba sagadasaxado tvirTis ZiriTadi nawili. amave dros, mniSvneloba ar
aqvs, es gadasaxadi ukve SemoRebulia, Tu mxolod ganxilvis procesSia. saerTod,
gadasaxadi ZiriTadad myidvels ekisreba, Tu Ed/Es Tanafardoba arcTu ise didia
da ZiriTadad gamyidvels ekisreba, Tu

Ed/Es Tanafardoba didia.

myidvelze dakisrebuli gadasaxadis procenti, misi `gadakisrebuli wili

Semdegi formulis meSveobiT gamoiTvleba:
gadakisrebuli wili = Es/(Es-Ed)
(10.16)
formula gviCvenebs, gadasaxadis ra wili ekisreba momxmarebels ufro
maRali fasebis dros. magaliTad, Tu moTxovna sruliad araelastikuria da Ed
utoldeba nuls, maSin gadakisrebuli wili 1-is tolia da gadasaxads mTlianad
momxmareblebi

sakuTar

Tavze

iReben.

(gadasaxadis

mwarmoebelze, tolia - Ed/(Es-Ed).

fasi

D
Pb
t

P0
PS

Q1
,,a
fasi

258

Q0

raodenoba

wili,

romelic

modis

S
Pb
P0

D
t

PS
Q1

Q0

raodenoba

,,b
nax. 10.12.
gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba damokidebulia moTxovnis da miwodebis
elastikurobaze
Tu moTxovna miwodebasTan SedarebiT araelastikuria, sagadasaxado tvirTis zidva upiratesad
myidvels uwevs (nax. `a). Tu moTxovna miwodebasTan SedarebiT elastikuria, sagadasaxado tvirTis
zidva upiratesad gamyidvels uwevs (nax. `b).

subsidiebis mikuTvnebis Sedegebi

subsidia

(Subsidy)

SeiZleba

iseTive

xerxiT

gaanalizdes,

rogorc

gadasaxadi. igi ganixileba, rogorc uaryofiTi gadasaxadi. subsidiis SemTxvevaSi

gamyidvelis
subsidiis

fasi

aWarbebs

Tanxa.

myidvelis

Sesabamisad,

fass

subsidiis

da

maT

Sedegebi

Soris

gansxvaveba

warmoebis

moculobasa

aris
da

moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi gadasaxadis Sedegebis urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, kerZod,

moculobebi gaizrdeba.
aRniSnuli

mtkiceba

grafikulad

asaxulia

naxazze

10.13.

mosalodneli

sabazro fasis (P0) dros moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba TiTqmis tolia.

Sedegad, subsidiidan miRebuli sargebeli daaxloebiT myidvelsa da gamyidvels
Soris Tanabrad iyofa. rogorc gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, es arc ise xSirad xdeba.
subsidiidan

miRebuli

sargebeli

Tanafardoba

Ed/Es

Tu

arc

ise

upiratesad

didia,

da

momxmareblebs

ZiriTadad

eniWebaT,

gamyidvels,

Tu

Tu
Ed/Es

Tanafardoba didia.
fasi
S
PS
P0

Pb
D

259

Q0

Q1

raodenoba
nax. 10.13

subsidia

subsidia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc uaryofiTi gadasaxadi. gadasaxadis msgavsad, subsidiidan

miRebuli sargebeli gadanawildeba myidvelsa da gamyidvels Soris da damokidebulia miwodebisa
da moTxovnis SedarebiT elastikurobasTan.

rogorc

gadasaxadis

SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac

cnobilia

miwodebis

mrudi,

moTxovnis mrudi da subsidiis sidide S, SesaZlebelia gantolebaTa sistemis

amoxsna

saboloo

fasebTan

da

moculobebTan

mimarTebaSi.

subsidiasTan

dakavSirebiTac igive oTxi piroba gamoiyeneba, oRond am SemTxvevaSi, gansxvaveba

gamyidvelis

fassa

da

myidvelis

fass

Soris

subsidiis

sidides

utoldeba.

aRniSnuli piroba kvlav algebruli formiT CavweroT:

QD = QD (Pb)
(10.17)
QS = QS (PS)
QD = QS
Pb Ps = S.

260

ZiriTadi terminebi

momxmareblis nameti
mwarmoeblis nameti
keTildReobis efeqti
wminda danakargebi
minimaluri fasebi
garantirebuli fasebi

qvotebi
stimulirebis programebi
saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi
gadasaxadebi da subsidiebi
wminda danakargebi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

moTxovnisa da
mTavrobis

miwodebis

politikis

martivi modelebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

mravalferovnebis

gasaanalizeblad.

specifikuri

politika, romelic Cven ganvixileT, moicavs fasebis kontrols, minimaluri

fasebis politikas, stimulirebis programebs, warmoebis SezRudvis mizniT
qvotebis programebs, saimporto tarifebsa da qvotebs,

gadasaxadebsa da

subsidiebs.
2. TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi,

momxmareblis

da

momxmareblis

mwarmoeblis

da

mwarmoeblis

mogebisa

da

nameti

zaralis

gamoiyeneba

SefasebisaTvis.

magaliTebis ganxilvis Sedegad Cans, rom mogeba da zarali SeiZleba Zalian

didi iyos.
3.

rodesac

mTavroba

awesebs

gadasaxads

an

subsidias,

Cveulebriv

fasi

ar

izrdeba/ar mcirdeba gadasaxadis an subsidiis mTliani Tanxis mixedviT. aseve,

gadasaxadi da subsidia gadanawildeba mwarmoebels da momxmarebels Soris.
wili,

romelsac

TiToeuli

jgufi

ixdis,

damokidebulia

miwodebis

da

moTxovnis elastikurobaze.
4. mTavrobis

Careva

Cveulebriv

danakargebs

iwvevs.

im

SemTxvevaSic

ki,

Tu

momxmareblis an mwarmoeblis nameti Tanabaria, mTavrobis politikis Sedegad

gamowveuli wminda zarali cvlis am namets erTi jgufidan meoreze. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi danakargi mcire iqneba, magram sxva SemTxvevaSi miwodebis fasi da
saimporto qvota aris imis magaliTi, rom danakargebi SesaZloa didi iyos.
danakargebi aris ekonomikis uunarobis forma, igi mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes
miRebuli, rodesac ekonomikuri politikis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba xdeba.
5.

konkurentunarian

bazarze

mTavrobis

Careva

yovelTvis

cudi

ar

aris.

mTavrobas da sazogadoebas, romelsac is warmoadgens, SeiZleba hqondes sxva

miznebi, vidre ekonomikis qmediTunarianoba. aris iseTi situaciebi, rodesac
mTavrobis

Carevas

SeuZlia

gaaumjobesos

ekonomikis

qmediTunarianoba.

amis

magaliTebia gare efeqtebi da bazris uunarobis SemTxvevebi. es situaciebi da

261

misi gadWris gzebi, romelzec mTavrobas SeuZlia pasuxis gacema, ganxilulia

Semdgom TavebSi.

262

kiTxvebi
1.

ganxilvisaTvis

rogor SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblis nameti

saxelmwifo politikiT Seqmili keTildReobis efeqtis Sesaswavlad?

2. gansazRvreT saxelmwifos mier fasebis zeda zRvaris dawesebis Sedegebi

mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis;
3.

gansazRvreT momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlilebis Sedegebi,

romlebic

warmoiqmnebian

fasebze

saxelmwifo

kontrolis

politikis

Sedegad;
4. daasaxeleT bazris uunarobis magaliTebi;
5. rogor regulirdeba minimaluri fasebis dawesebis Sedegad sabazro fasi
da raodenoba?
6. daaxasiaTeT minimaluri xelfasis dawesebis Sedegebi;
7. ra

gavlenas

axdens

garantirebuli

fasebis

politika

momxmareblebze,

mwarmoeblebze da mTavrobaze?
8. ra

gavlenas

axdens

warmoebaze

qvotebis

daweseba?

daaxasiaTeT

misi

Sedegebi.
9. daaxasiaTeT saimporto qvotebisa da tarifebis dawesebis Sedegebi;
10. ra Sedegebi aqvs gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis dawesebas?

263

Tavi 11

monopolia da monofsonia

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT

1.

monopoliuri fasdadebisa da optimaluri warmoebis moculobis dadgenas

2. monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizs

3.

mravalfirmiani

monopoliisa

da

kartelis

gadawyvetilebaTa

Taviseburebebis axsnas
4. monofsoniis pirobebSi winasworobis aRweras
5. monofsoniiT gamowveuli danakargebis Sefasebas

11.1 mogebis maqsimizacia monopoliis pirobebSi

monopolia
unikalur

aris

saqonels,

sabazro
romlis

struqtura,
uSualo

sadac

erTaderTi

Semcvleli

bazarze

firma
ar

yidis

moipoveba.

magaliTad, eleqtronul mrewvelobaSi naxevargamtarebis dasamzadeblad saWiro

masalis, beriliumis erTaderTi mimwodebeli msoflio bazarze aris amerikuli
firma

,,braS

uelmani~

wiaRiseuli

(Brush

sabadoebi

Wellman),

sakmarisia

romlis

mflobelobaSi

arsebuli

msoflio

moTxovnis

beriliumze

dasakmayofileblad momdevno 60 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

monopoliuri bazari erTi gamyidvelisa da mravali myidvelis bazaria.
Tumca

iseTi

wminda

monopoliebi,

rogoric

,,braS

uelmania~,

farTod

gavrcelebuli ar aris. umravles SemTxvevaSi monopoliur bazarze ramdenime

gamyidvelia, magram bazarze gayiduli produqciis udidesi nawili erT firmaze
modis.

magaliTad,

produqciis

80%

saparsi
cnobili

mowyobilobebis
firma

,,Jiletis

msoflio

bazarze

(Gillette)

gayiduli

nawarmia,

xolo

kompiuteruli operaciuli sistemebis msoflio bazarze gayiduli produqciis

90%

,,maikrosoftis~

(Microsoft)

cnobili

opraciuli

sistema

vindousia

(Windows).
Tu gamyidvels an myidvels SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos sabazro fasis
Camoyalibebaze,

maSin

mas gaaCnia sabazro Zalaufleba.

monopoliur bazarze

sabazro Zalauflebis mflobeli gamyidvelia. roca bazarze erTaderTi myidveli

da mravali gamyidvelia, maSin myidveli flobs sabazro Zalauflebas da gavlenas
axdens sabazro fasis Camoyalibebaze. aseT sabazro struqturas monofsonia
ewodeba.

monofsonia

damaxasiaTebeli.

ZiriTadad

monofsonia

nedleulis

damaxasiaTebelia

da

faqtorTa

iseTi

bazrebisTvisaa

bazrebisTvisac,

sadac

saxelmwifo saagentoebi erTaderTi myidvelia, magaliTad kosmosis kvlevis an

samxedro daniSnulebis samrewvelo dargebi.

mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba

264

radgan monopolia erTaderTi gamyidvelis bazaria, mis gadawyvetilebas

gamoSvebuli

produqciis

raodenobis

Sesaxeb

arsebiTi

mniSvneloba

aqvs

myidvelebisaTvis. amasTanave, monopolia bazarze fasis damwesebelia da ara fasis

mimRebi.

monopolia,

uzrunvelmyofel

iseve

warmoebis

rogorc

yvela

moculobas

firma,

irCevs,

xolo

maqsimaluri
saqonelze

mogebis
moTxovnis

mrudis Sesabamis fass awesebs.

monopoliis

moTxovnis

mrudi

daRmavalia

da

emTxveva

dargis

sabazro

mruds. mogebis maqsimizaciisas monopoliuri firma mniSvnelovani arCevanis winaSe

dgas: mogebis gazrdis mizniT igi dainteresebulia rac SeiZleba meti raodenobis
produqciis gayidviT, magram yoveli damatebiTi erTeuli nawarmis gayidva mas
SeuZlia mxolod dawesebuli fasis Semcirebis gziT.
monopolistis mier fasis dawesebis analizis gamartivebisaTvis davuSvaT,
igi jer gamoSvebis raodenobas ( Q ) gansazRvravs da Semdeg, moTxovnis mrudis
Sesabamisad awesebs fass TiToeuli gayiduli erTeulisaTvis P (Q ).
davuSvaT, beriliumis msoflio bazarze monopolisti firmis produqciaze
moTxovnis

mrudi,

romelic

naCvenebia

naxazze

11.1,

aRiwereba

gantolebiT

P(Q) 12 Q, sadac P aris erTi kilogrami beriliumis fasi dolarebSi, xolo Q

beriliumis raodenoba, gamoxatuli milionobiT kilogramebSi. Tu monopolists

surs zustad 2 milioni kilogrami beriliumis gayidva, man unda daawesos $10-is
toli fasi. Tu 5 milioni kilogramis gayidva surs, maSin fasi $7-mde unda

fasi (dolari TiToeul kilogramze)

Seamciros.

$12
10

D
0

12

raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

nax. 11.1 monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi beriliumis msoflio bazarze
monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi aris amave dros D sabazro moTxovnis mrudic. Tu monopolistrs surs zustad 2
milioni kilogrami beriliumis gayidva, man unda daawesos $10-is toli fasi. Tu 5 milioni kilogramis gayidva surs,
maSin fasi $7-mde unda Seamciros.

moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv produqciis TiToeuli raodenobis gayidvas

Sesabamis fasad sxvadasxva amonagebi moaqvs monopolistisaTvis. mTliani amonagebi

265

aris fasisa da produqciis raodenobis namravli:

TR P(Q).

Cvens SemTxvevaSi

gveqneba TR (12 Q) Q 12Q Q 2 .

davuSvaT, rom monopolistis mTliani danaxarjebi mocemulia formuliT
TC (Q) (1 2)Q 2 .

cxrili

11.

gviCvenebs

mocemuli

formulebiT

gamoTvlil

monopolistis mTlian danaxarjebs, mTliani Semosavlebs da mogebas TiToeuli

fasisaTvis.

266

monopolistis Amonagebi, danaxajebi da mogeba

cxrili 11.1
Q

TR

TC

mogeba

(milioni

dolari

milioni

milioni

milioni

kilogrami)

kilogramze

dolari

dolari

dolari

12

11

11.00

0.50

10.50

10

20.00

2.00

18.00

27.00

4.50

22.50

32.00

8.00

24.00

35.00

12.50

22.50

36.00

18.00

18.00

35.00

24.50

10.50

32.00

32.00

27.00

40.50

13.50

10

20.00

50.00

-30.00

cxrilis 11.1 monacemebi grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 11.2. `a~ . rogorc

naxazi

gviCvenebs,

gansxvavebiT,

TR

TC

izrdeba,

roca

jer

izrdeba,

Semdeg

izrdeba.

ki

mTliani

mcirdeba.

danaxarjebisagan

analogiurad,

Mmogebac

Tavdapirvelad izrdeba, Semdeg ki klebulobs. monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria,

roca igi awarmoebs da yidis 4 milion kilogram beriliums. maqsimaluri mogebis
am

wertilamde

amonagebs,

vidre

produqciis
mTlian

raodenobis

danaxarjebs.

gazrda
mogebis

ufro

metad

gamomxatvel

zrdis
grafikze

mTlian
firma

moZraobs mrudis pikuri wertilisaken, rogorc es warmodgenilia naxazze 11.2 `b~.

am monakveTSi monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi ( MR ) metia zRvrul danaxarjze
( MC ): MR MC .
4 milion kilogramze meti beriliumis warmoebisas gamoSvebuli produqtis
raodenobis Semcireba zrdis mogebas. am dros mTlian danaxarjebi ufro metad
mcirdeba, vidre mcirdeba mTliani amonagebi. am SemTxvevaSic mogebis gamomxatvel
grafikze

firma

mrudis

pikuri

wertilisaken

moZraobs.

am

monakveTze

monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi naklebia zRvrul danaxarjze: MR MC .

267

amrigad, monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria roca MR MC . monopolists ar

SeuZlia

mogebis

gazrda

gamoSvebuli

produqtis

raodenobis

gazrdiT

an

SemcirebiT, Tuki zRvruli amonagebi zRvruli danaxarjis tolia. naxazze 11.2 `b~
maqsimaluri

mogebis

Sesabamisi

wertili

zRvruli

amonagebisa

da

zRvruli

mTliani Semosavali, mTliani danaxarji da

mTliani mogeba
(mln dolari weliwadSi)

danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertilia.

TC

$24

TR

~a
~

raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

fasi (dolari TiToeul kilogramze)

MC

MR
0

`b~

raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

nax. 11.2 monopolistis mier mogebis maqsimizacia

naxazi `a~ gviCvenebs monopolistis mTliani amonagebis, mTliani danaxarjis da mTliani mogebis mrudebs. naxazi `b~
gviCvenebs monopolistis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobas zRvruli amonagebisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
meSveobiT: MR=MC

Tu maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamis produqciis moculobas Q * -iT aRvniSnavT,

maSin mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba monopolistisaTvis Semdegnairad SegviZlia
CavweroT:
MR(Q * ) MC (Q * )

(11.1)
268

11.1 gantolebiT Cawerili mogebis maqsimazaciis piroba zogadia da igi

marTebulia

rogorc

monopoliuri,

aseve

konkurentuli

firmisaTvis.

konkurentuli firmis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli amonagebi fasis tolia. ase rom, 11.1
gantolebaSi

MR -is

nacvlad

sabazro

fasis

CasmiT

miviRebT

mogebis

maqsimizaciis pirobas konkurentuli firmisaTvis, romelic mogebis maqsimizaciis

zogadi wesis konkretuli SemTxvevaa:
P MC (Q * ).

monopoliis zRvruli amonagebi

monopolistisaTvis fasi ar aris zRvruli danaxarjis toli. ganvixiloT
monopolistis magaliTi, romelic warmodgenilia naxazze 11.3.
naxazi 11.3. gviCvenebs mTliani amonagebis cvlilebas monopolistis mier
warmoebis moculobis gazrdisas. monopolistis mTliani amonagebis cvlileba
aris OHLK marTkuTxedis farTobs minus OEFG marTkuTxedis farTobi.
davuSvaT

Tavdapirvelad

monopolisti

awarmoebs

milion

kilogram

beriliums da yidis kilograms $10-ad. misi mTliani amonagebi iqneba 2 milioni X

fasi (dolari TiToeul kilogramze)

$10, romelsac naxazze 11.3. Seesabameba OEFG marTkuTxedi.

$10

II

G
0

raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

nax. 11.3 cvlileba mTlian SemosavalSi monopolistis mier warmoebis moculobis gazrdisas monopolistis
mTliani Aamonagebis cvlileba aris OHLK farTobs minus OEFG farTobi.

davuSvaT, monopolistma gadawyvita warmoebis moculobis gazrda 5 milion

kilogramamde. am raodenobis beriliumis gasayidad man fasi unda Seamciros
TiToeul kilogramze $7-mde. misi MmTliani amonagebi iqneba 5 milioni X $7, rasac
naxazze Seesabameba OHLK marTkuTxedi.
monopolistis mTliani amonagebis cvlileba aris OHLK farTobs minus OEFG
farTobi, rac niSnavs rom naxazze 11.3 II farTobs akldeba I farTobi.

II farTobi warmoadgens damatebiT amonagebs, romelsac monopolisti iRebs

damatebiT 3 milioni kilogramis gayidviT: $7X(5-2)milioni = 21 milions. fasis

269

SemcirebiT damatebiT gayidul produqtis erTeulebs zRvruli erTeulebi

ewodeba. fasis SemcirebiT monopolisti zrdis Tavis amonagebs. am SemTxvevaSi
man miiRo damatebiT 21 milioni dolari.

farTobi

warmoadgens

monopolisti

miiRebda

im

`msxverplad

milioni

gaRebul~

kilogramidan

amonagebs,

romelsac

Tavdapirveli

milioni

kilogrami produqtis kvlav maRal fasad, $10-ad gayidvis SemTxvevaSi: ($10-$7) X

2

milioni

milioni.

produqciis

im

erTeuls,

romlis

gayidvac

monopolists fasis daklebamde ufro maRal fasad SeeZlo, infrazRvruli

erTeuli (Inframarginal Unit)
yoveli

damatebiTi

ewodeba. roca monopolisti fass amcirebs

erTeulis

gasayidad,

igi

`msxverplad

gaiRebs~

infrazRvruli erTeulis SesaZlo gayidviT misaReb amonagebs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi

infrazRvruli erTeulis gayidviT mosalodneli amonagebi 6 milioni dolaria.
ganxilul magaliTSi, mTliani amonagebis cvlileba aris $15 milioni, anu
monopolistis amonagebi gaizarda $15 milioniT.
TR = II farTobi - I farTobi
TR = $7 X (5-2) milioni ($10-$7) X 2 milioni = $15 milioni

rogorc vxedavT, warmoebis moculobis 3 milioni kilogramiT gazrdisas

monopolistis

Aamonagebi

gaizarda

$15

milioniT,

anu

yoveli

TiToeuli

damatebiTi milioni kilogramis gamoSvebisas, monopolistis amonagebi izrdeba $5

milioniT ($15 milioni/3 milionze). rogorc naxazidan 11.3. Cans
II farTobi = fasi raodenobis cvlileba = PQ
I farTobi = - raodenoba fasis cvlileba =- QP ( ,,- niSani formulaSi
aucilebelia,

raTa

marTkuTxedis

farTobis

mniSvneloba

dadebiTi

sidide

gamovides. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi fasis Semcirebisas, fasis cvlileba uaryofiTia

da

marTkuTxedis

farTobis

sididec

uaryofiTi

mniSvnelobis

iqneba).

maSasadame,
TR = II farTobi - I farTobi = PQ QP

gavyoT
tolobis

tolobis

marjvena

orive mxare

mxare

aris

raodenobis

zRvruli

cvlilebaze.

amonagebi

(Tu

gayofis

mTliani

Semdeg

amonagebis

cvlilebas gavyofT raodenobis cvlilebaze, miviRebT zRvrul amonagebs):

MR

TR
P
P Q
Q
Q

(11.2)

zRvruli amonagebi Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: pirveli nawili, romelic

saqonlis sabazro fasia, Seesabameba amonagebis zrdas damatebiTi produqtis
gayidvisas;
romelic

xolo

meore

gamoiwvia

nawili

infrazRvrul

Q(P / Q)

Seesabameba

erTeulebze

fasis

amonagebis
Semcirebam.

Semcirebas,
zRvruli

amonagebis meore nawili Q(P / Q) uaryofiTi sididea, radganac (P / Q) 0 . ase

rom 11.2 gantolebaSi zRvruli amonagebi yovelTvis naklebi iqneba I komponentze
anu fasze.
MR P .

270

produqtis

0-ze

meti nebismieri raodenobisas

monopolistisaTvis

roca Q=0, gantoleba 11.2 gviCvenebs, rom monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi

da fasi erTidaigivea. zRvruli amonagebi SesaZloa iyos uaryofiTi sididec.

rac

ufro didia gayiduli produqtis raodenoba, miT ufro mosalodnelia, rom

zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTi iqneba. es niSnavs, rom fasis Semcirebis xarjze
gayiduli

produqtis

raodenobis

gazrdiT

miRebuli

amonagebi

naklebia

,,msxverplad gaRebul~ amonagebze, romelsac monopolisti naklebi raodenobis

produqtis

maRal

fasad

gayidviT

miiRebda.

zRvruli

amonagebis

uaryofiTi

mniSvneloba miuTiTebs, rom fasis Semcireba zrdis infrazRvruli erTeulebis

uarnaTqvam Semosavals.

monopolistis saSualo amonagebi da zRvruli amonagebi

monopolistis

saSualo

amonagebi

aris

mTliani

amonagebis

ganayofi

produqciis raodenobaze:
AR

TR
Q

gavixsenoT, rom mTliani amonagebi aris fasisa da produqciis namravli, ase

rom saSualo amonagebi fasis tolia:
AR

P Q
P
Q

monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi amave dros bazris moTxovnis mrudicaa,

radgan monopolisti erTaderTi firmaa bazarze:
AR(Q P(Q)

maSasadame, radgan monopolistisaTvis zRvruli amonagebi naklebia fasze,

xolo

fasi

saSualo

amonagebis

tolia,

maSin

zRvruli

amonagebi

naklebia

saSualo amonagebze Q-s nebismieri dadebiTi mniSvnelobisas.

radgan

monopolistis

saSualo

amonagebis

mrudi

emTxveva

bazris

moTxovnis mruds, xolo zRvruli amonagebi naklebia saSualo amonagebze, amitom

monopolistis zRvruli amonagebis mrudi mdebareobs saSualo amonagebis mrudis
anu sabazro moTxovnis daRmavali mrudis qvemoT. zogadad, roca saSualo sidide
mcirdeba, am dros zRvruli sidide saSualoze naklebia.
damokidebuleba monopolistis zRvrul, saSualo da mTlian amonagebs Soris
asaxulia naxazze 14.4
savarjiSo 1
monopolistis zRvruli da saSualo amonagebi
amocana: davuSvaT sabazro moTxovnis mrudis aRmweri gantolebaa
P a bQ .

rogori iqneba monopolistisaTvis saSualo da zRvruli amonagebis

mrudebis aRmweri gantolebebi?

amoxsna:

saSualo amonagebi sabazro moTxovnis mruds emTxveva, amitom

AR a bQ

271

zRvruli amonagebis dasadgenad unda gvaxsovdes, rom

P
b
Q

gamoviyenoT 11.2 formula:

TR (mln. dolari weliwadSi)

$35

roca PP=$7/kg
Q=5, da TR=$35

TR=P Q

0
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

,,a~

AR, MR (mln dolari kilogramze)

MC

$12
10

roca Q=5, PP=$7/kg

da TR=$35, maSin AR=$35/5=$7,

P
7

P / Q =-$1/kg; roca Q=5, PP=$7/kg,

maSin MR=$7+(-$1)5=$2/kg

MR =P+Q

AR =

Q
P
Q

= sabazro moTxovnis mrudi

0

12

raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

,,b~
nax. 11.4 damokidebuleba monopolistis mTlian, saSualo da zRvrul amonagebs Soris.
naxazi ,,a~ asaxavs monopolistis mTliani amonagebis mruds. naxazi ,,b~ asaxavs monopolistis saSualo da zRvruli
amonagebis mrudebs. saSualo amonagebis mrudi emTxveva sabazro moTxovnis mruds.

MR(Q) P Q

P
a bQ Q(b) a 2bQ
Q

rogorc vxedavT, wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis mqone monopolistis zRvruli

amonagebis mrudic wrfivia. zRvruli amonagebis mrudi fasis RerZs kveTs imave
wertilSi, sadac moTxovnis mrudi gadakveTs mas. xolo zRvruli amonagebis
mrudis

daxriloba

2-jer

metia

moTxovnis

mrudis

daxrilobaze.

zRvruli

amonagebis mrudi koordinatTa saTavesa da moTxovnis mrudis horizontalur

RerZTan gadakveTis manZils zustad Suaze yofs. zRvruli amonagebis mrudis
horizontalur RerZTan gadakveTis wertilSi produqtis raodenobaa Q a /(2b). am

272

raodenobaze meti produqtis gayidvisas, zRvruli amonagebis mrudi uaryofiTi

xdeba. (naxazze 11.4 zRvruli amonagebis mrudi gadakveTs horizontalur RerZs,
grZeldeba da iRebs uaryofiT mniSvnelobas).

mogebis maqsimizaciis grafikuli asaxva

naxazi 11.5 gviCvenebs monopolistis mier mogebis maqsimizacias grafikulad.
naxazze moTxovnisa da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebTan erTad naCvenebia zRvruli
da

MC

saSualo

danaxarjebis

mrudebi.

AC

Q -s

nebismieri

dadebiTi

mniSvnelobisaTvis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi gadis saSualo danaxarjis mrudis

zemoT.

fasi (mln dolari kilograamSi)

$12

MC

A
8
B

AC

4
E
2
F
MR
0

4
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

nax. 11.5 monopolistis mier mogebis maqsimizacia

maqsimaluri mogebis dros monopolistis zRvruli danaxarji tolia zRvruli amonagebis. 4 miloni kilogrami produqtis
gamoSvebisas monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria.

naxazze

zRvruli

amonagebisa

da

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudebis

gadakveTis wertili aRniSnavs maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi raodenobas - 4

milioni kilogrami produqcia weliwadSi. maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi fasis
sapovnelad moTxovnis mrudze unda vipovoT 4 milioni kilogramis Sesabamisi
fasi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi aseTi fasia $8 kilogram beriliumze.
monopolistis mogeba aris sxvaoba monopolistis mTlian amonagebsa da
mTlian

danaxarjebs

Soris,

sadac

mTlian amonagebs Seesabameba B+E+F

TR AR Q,

xolo

TC AC Q.

naxazze

11.5.

BfarTobi, xolo mTlian danaxarjs ki F

farTobi. ase rom mTliani maqsimaluri mogeba aris

B+E+F-F=B+E
Tu gavixsenebT 11.1 cxrilis monacemebs, aRmoCndeba rom es areali tolia $
24 milionis.
naxazi

11.5

asaxavs

monopoliur

bazarze

wonasworobis

ramdenime

mniSvnelovan kanonzomierebas:

273

monopolistis
danaxarjs.

maqsimaluri

amiT

igi

mogebis

gansxvavdeba

Sesabamisi

fasi

konkurentuli

aRemateba

firmisagan,

zRvrul

sadac

fasi

zRvruli danaxarjis tolia.

monopoliur bazarze grZelvadian periodSi firmas mainc aqvs dadebiTi mogeba

konkurentuli
firmebis

bazris

grZelvadiani

mogeba nulovania.

emuqrebaT

konkurentebis

wonasworobisagan

monopolistebs

bazarze

gamoCenis

gansxvavebiT,

sadac

grZelvadian periodSic ki ar
saSiSroeba,

rac

gamoiwvevda

nulovani mogebis miRebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom monopolisti zRvrul danaxarjze met fass awesebs,

mainc arsebobs samomxareblo nameti. naxazze 11.5 es nameti aris A farTobi
moTxovnis mrudsa da fasis wrfes Soris. am magaliTSi samomxmareblo nameti
$8 milionis tolia.

keTildReobis erTobivi nameti aris samomxareblo nametisa da monopolistis

mogebis jami: A B E $32 milioni weliwadSi.

savarjiSo 2
maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi raodenobisa da fasis gamoTvla
amocana
davuSvaT

rom,

monopolistis

moTxovnis

mrudi

aRiwereba

gantolebiT

P 12 Q. xolo zRvruli danaxarjis gantolebaa MC Q. ras udris maqsimaluri

mogebis Sesabamisi fasi da raodenoba monopolistisaTvis?

amoxsna
amocanis
Sesaruleba:

(1)

amosaxsnelad
vipovoT

saWiroa

zRvruli

sami

amonagebis

Tanmimdevruli
mrudi,

(2)

proceduris

zRvruli

amonagebi

gavutoloT zRvrul danaxarjs, raTa vipovoT maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi

raodenoba, (3) moTxovnis gantolebaSi CavsvaT raodenobis miRebuli mniSvneloba
da gamovTvaloT wonasworobis Sesabamisi fasi.
gavixsenoT, rom zRvruli Amonagebis mruds aqvs vertikalur RerZTan igive
gadakveTis wertili, rac moTxovnis mruds, magram misi daxriloba orjer metia.
ase rom moTxovnis gantolebidan P 12 Q miviRebT zRvruli danaxarjis

Semdeg

gantolebas:
MR 12 2Q

amasTanave viciT, rom maqsimaluri mogebis wertilSi

MR MC
12 2Q Q,

saidanac
CavsvaT
P 12 4 8.

274

Q4.

raodenobis

miRebuli

mniSvneloba

moTxovnis

gantolebaSi:

amrigad,

maqsimaluri

mogebis

Sesabamisi

raodenoba

aris

milioni

kilogrami, xolo Sesabamisi fasi ki TiToeul kilogramze $8 dolaria.

miwodebis mrudi da monopolia

monopoliuri

firma,

konkurentuli

firmisagan

gansxvavebiT,

fasis

damwesebelia da ara fasis mimRebi. konkurentuli firma fass ganixilavs rogorc

garedan mocemul egzogenur faqtors. yoveli mocemuli fasisaTvis is irCevs
maqsimaluri

mogebis

Sesabamis

warmoebis

moculobas.

Sesabamisad

SegviZlia

SevadginoT konkurentuli firmis miwodebis ganrigi da avagoT miwodebis mrudi.

monopoliuri firmisaTvis fasi aris endogenuri faqtori, anu monopolisti
TviTon gansazRvravs mas. monopolisti gansazRvravs gamoSvebis moculobasac da
fassac. monopolists SeuZlia awarmoos erTidaigive raodenobis produqcia ori
sxvadasxva fasis dros an sxvadasxva raodenobis produqcia erTidaigive fasis
dros. fassa da warmoebuli produqciis moculobas Soris is damokidebuleba,
rac

damaxasiaTebelia

konkurentuli

bazrisaTvis,

ar

arsebobs

monopoliis

SemTxvevaSi. monopolias ar aqvs miwodebis mrudi.

naxazi 11.6 naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba monopoliuri firma
sxvadasxva fasis dros mainc erTsadaimave raodenobis produqcias awarmoebdes.
D1 moTxovnis mrudis SemTxvevaSi maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi raodenoba aris

milioni

moTxovna
moTxovnis

kilogrami
Seicvleboda
mruds.

am

produqcia
da

weliwadSi

moTxovnis

SemTxvevaSi

mrudi

kilogrami

$15

dolarad.

gadainacvlebda,

maqsimaluri

mogebis

miviRebT

Tuki
D2

uzrunvelmyofeli

raodenoba isev 5 milioni kilogramia, magram axla kilogrami ukve $20 Rirs. ase
rom monopolias, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, miwodebis mrudi
marTlac ar gaaCnia.

275

fasi (dolari produqciis erTeulSi)

MC
$20
15
10
D1

MR2
0

D2

MR1

5
raodenoba (erTeuli produqcia weliwadSi)

nax. 11.6 monopolias ar aqvs miwodebis mrudi

monopoliuri firma sxvadasxva fasis dros erTidaigive raodenobis produqcias awarmoebs

11.2

monopoliuri fasdadeba

monopolia fasis dawesebisas iTvaliswinebs saqonelze moTxovnis mruds.

maqsimaluri

mogebis

Sesabamisi

fasi

aRemateba

gayiduli

bolo

erTeulis

warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjs. ra ganapirobebs monopoliur fassa da zRvrul

danaxarjs Soris sxvaobis sidides? monopolistis saqonelze moTxovnis mrudis
formis specifika da, Sesabamisad, moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba gadamwyvet
rols asrulebs monopoliuri fasdadebisas.

moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba da maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi

naxazi

11.7

gviCvenebs

Tu

ra

gavlenas

axdens

moTxovnis

safaso

elastikuroba monopolistis mogebis maqsimizaciisas. naxazi 11.7 ,,a~ gviCvenebs

maqsimaluri mogebis PA fass da Q A raodenobas erT-erT
naxazi 11.7

`b~ gviCvenebs sxva monopoliur B bazars, sadac moTxovna naklebad

mgrZnobiarea fasis mimarT.

276

monopoliur A bazarze.

fasi

PB
PA

DA
DA
MC

MC
DB

,,a~

QA
produqciis raodenoba

QB

,,b~

MRA

bazari A

QA
MRB

bazari B

nax. 11.7 rogor gansazRvravs elastiuroba monopoliur fasdadebas

naxazi ,,a~ gviCvenebs maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamis PA fass da Q A raodenobas monopoliur A
bazarze. naxazi ,,b~ gviCvenebs meore monopoliur B bazars, sadac moTxovna naklebad mgrZnobiarea PA fasis
mimarT.
naxazze ,,b~ moTxovnis mrudi miRebulia DA moTxovnis mrudis SebrunebiT maqimaluri mogebis
Sesatyvisi PA fasisa da QA raodenobis amsaxveli wertilis mimarT. B bazarze maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi
gaxda PB. B bazarze moTxovna DB naklebad elastikuria, vidre A bazarze moTxovna DA. fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs
Soris gansxvaveba ufro metia B bazarze, sadac moTxovnis fasismieri elastikuroba naklebia.

naxazze

B11.7

,,b~

moTxovnis

mrudi

miRebulia

DA

moTxovnis

mrudis

SemobrunebiT maqimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi PA fasisa da QA raodenobis amsaxveli

wertilis mimarT. amis Semdeg

PB.

BB

monopoliur

B bazarze maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi gaxda

bazarze

moTxovna

DB

naklebad

elastikuria,

vidre

monopoliur bazarze moTxovna DA. orive bazris Sedarebisas, aSkaraa, rom fassa
da zRvrul danaxarjs Soris gansxvaveba ufro metia B bazarze, sadac moTxovnis
fasismieri elastikuroba naklebia.
moTxovnis mrudis elastikurobis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba monopoliuri
fasdadebisas aixsneba im arapirdapiri konkurenciiT, rasac monopolisti awydeba
sxva dargebis mxridan. magaliTad, beriliumis mompovebel monopolist firmas
konkurencias uwevs beriliumis Semcvleli liTonebis titaniumisa da aluminis
mwarmoebeli firmebi. Tu bazarze arsebobs monopoliuri dargis produqciis
axlo Semcvlelebi, maSin momxmareblebi ufro metad mgrZobiareni arian fasis
cvlilebis

mimarT.

monopolisti ver SeZlebs

daawesos

zRvrul

danaxarjze

bevrad ufro maRali fasi.

zRvruli amonagebi da moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba

277

moTxovnis safaso elastikurobasa da monopolistis mier dawesebul fass

Soris

damokidebuleba

SesaZlebelia

gamoisaxos

formuliT.

zRvruli Aamonagebi gamoixateba Semdegi formuliT:M MR P Q

gavitanoT P frCxilebs gareT, miviRebT MR P 1

gavixsenoT,

rom

P
Q

Q P

P Q

gavixsenoT, rom moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba,P mocemulia formuliT

Q P
Q P
aris elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sidide da
. ase rom, gamosaxuleba

P Q
P Q

tolia

1
E Q,P

rogorc
sididea.

vxedavT,

miRebuli

Tu zRvruli amonagebis

gamosaxuleba

elastikurobis

Sebrunebuli

gamomxatvel formulaSi SevitanT

miRebul

gamosaxulebas, maSin zRvruli amonagebi Semdegi formuliT gamoixateba:

M MR P 1
miRebuli

formula

gviCvenebs,

rom

1
Q , P

monopolistis

zRvruli

amonagebi

damokidebulia moTxovnis safaso elastikurobaze:

roca moTxovna elastikuria, anu E Q , P aris minus usasrulobasa da -1-s Soris,

zRvruli amonagebi dadebiTia. (gamosaxuleba 1
aris minus usasrulobasa da
awarmoebs

Q, P

, dadebiTia

roca

E Q,P

-1-s Soris). maSasadame, roca monopolisti

moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze, mas

SeuZlia mTliani

amonagebis gazrda fasis Semcirebis xarjze gayiduli produqtis moculobis

gazrdiT;

roca moTxovna araelastikuria, anu E Q , P aris -1-sa da 0-s Soris, zRvruli

Aamonagebi uaryofiTia (gamosaxuleba 1

Q, P

naklebia nulze mxolod maSin

roca E Q , P aris 0-sa da -1-s Soris). maSasadame, roca monopolisti awarmoebs

moTxovnis mrudis araelastikuri monakveTze, mas SeuZlia mTliani amonagebis
gazrda fasis gazrdis xarjze gayiduli produqciis moculobis SemcirebiT;

roca moTxovna xasiaTdeba erTeulovani elastikurobiT anu

E Q , P = -1, maSin

monopoliis zRvruli Aamonagebi nulis tolia. ( roca E Q , P = -1, maSin 1

Q, P

=0)

naxazi 11.8 gviCvenebs elastikurobasa da monopoliis zRvrul amonagebs

Soris damokidebulebas moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis SemTxvevaSi, romelic aRiwereba
gantolebiT P a bQ . roca moTxovna elastikuria, anu Q a / 2b, maSin zRvruli
amonagebi dadebiTia. roca moTxovna araelastikuria, anu

a / 2b Q a / b,

maSin

zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTia. zRvruli amonagebi nulis tolia (gadakveTs

278

horizontalur

wrfes)

gamoSvebuli

produqciis

iseTi

raodenobisas,

roca

fasi (dolari produqciis erTeulSi)

moTxovna erTeulovani elastikurobisaa Q a / 2b.

elastikuri monakveTi
Q, P 1, MR 0

moTxovna aris erTeulovani elastiuroba

Q, P 1, MR 0

araelastikuri monakveTi
1 Q, P 0, MR 0

D
0

a
2b
MR
raodenoba (produqciis erTeuli weliwadSi)

a
b

nax. 11.8 zRvruli amonagebi da moTxovnis elastikuroba

Tu moTxovna elastikuria, anu Q < a/2b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi dadebiTia. Tu moTxovna araelastikuria anu
a/2b<Q<a/b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTia. zRvruli amonagebi nulis tolia (gadakveTs horizontalur wrfes)
gamoSvebuli produqciis iseTi raodenobisas, roca moTxovna erTeulovani elastiurobisaa Q=a/2b.

fasdadebis wesi ukuelastikurobis mixedviT

ganvsazRvroT
amonagebsa

da

monopolistis

moTxovnis

safaso

mogebis

maqsimizaciis

elastikurobas

piroba

Soris

zRvrul

damokidebulebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.
gavixsenoT,

rom

maqsimaluri

mogebisas

zRvruli

amonagebi

zRvruli

danaxarjis tolia. es niSnavs, rom maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi P * fasi da

Q * raodenoba unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg pirobas:

1
P * 1
Q,P

MC (Q*)

(11.3)

martivi algebruli gardaqmenebis Semdeg miviRebT:

P * MC *
1

,
P*
Q,P

sadac

MC *

aRniSnavs

zRvrul

danaxarjs

mogebis

(11.4)

maqsimizaciis

dros:

MC* MC (Q*).

11.4 gantolebis marcxena mxare warmoadgens monopolistisaTvis optimalur

fasnamats (sxvaobas mis mier dawesebul fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs Soris),
romelic warmodgenilia rogorc fasis procentuli wili.

279

11.4 gantolebiT gamoxatulia monopolistis optimaluri fasdadebis piroba,

romelsac

ukulastikurobis

mixedviT

fasdadebis

wesi

ewodeba

(Inverse

Elasticity Pricing Rule, IEPR). am wesis Tanaxmad, zRvrul danaxarjis tol

fassze monopolistis mier damatebuli fasis sidide (fasnamati) tolia moTxovnis
safaso elastikurobis Sebrunebuli uaryofiTi sididisa. IEPR wesi gviCvenebs, rom
moTxovnis

elastikurobas

maqsimaluri

mogebis

gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba

uzrunvelmyofeli

fasis

aqvs

monopolistis

gansazRvrisas.

rac

mier
ufro

elastikuria moTxovna, miT naklebia monopolistis optimaluri fasnamati.

savarjiSo 3
IEPR

wesis

gamoyeneba

mudmivi

elastikurobis

moTxovnis

mrudis

mqone

monopolistis optimaluri fasis gansazRvrisas

Tu

cnobilia

moTxovnis

safaso

elastikuroba,

IEPR

wesis

gamoyenebiT

SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT monopolistisaTvis maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi

fasi.
amocana
(a) davuSvaT, moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT
Q 100 P 2

es

gaxlavT

gantoleba,

sadac

mudmivi

elastikurobis

elastikuroba

mrudis

mqone

moTxovnis

nebismier

mrudis

wertilSi

aRmweri

tolia

_2-is.

davuSvaT, monopolistis zRvruli danaxarjic mudmivi sididea da tolia $50 (MC =

$50). ras udris monopolistis optimaluri fasi?
(b) davuSvaT, rom moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT
Q 100 P 5

ras udris monopolistis optimaluri fasi am SemTxvevaSi?

amoxsna
(a) viciT, rom moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba -2-is tolia. gamoviyenoT
IEPR wesi maqsimaluri mogebis uzrunvelmyofeli fasis gansazRvrisaTvis:
P 50
1

P
2

amovxsnaT mocemuli gantoleba P-s mimarT. miviRebT, rom P=$100

(b)
gamoviyenoT

am

SemTxvevaSi
IEPR

wesi

moTxovnis
maqsimaluri

safaso
mogebis

elastikuroba

-5-is

uzrunvelmyofeli

gansazRvrisaTvis:
P 50
1

P
5

amovxsnaT mocemuli gantoleba P-s mimarT. miviRebT, rom P=$62.50

280

tolia.
fasis

savarjiSo 4
IEPR

wesis

gamoyeneba

wrfivi

moTxovnis

mrudis

mqone

monopolistis

optimaluri fasisa da gamoSvebis moculobis gansazRvrisas

monopolistis optimaluri fasis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia maSinac ki, roca
moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba mudmivi ar aris. moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis
gaswvriv elastikuroba icvleba. mocemuli savarjiSo gviCvenebs, rom IEPR wesis
gamoyenebiT gansazRvruli optimaluri fasi

emTxveva MR=MC wesis gamoyenebiT

gansazRvrul fass. monopolistis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis analizisas

orive es wesi erTnairi warmatebiT SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
amocana
davuSvaT, monopolistis mudmivi zRvruli danaxarji MC aris $50, xolo
1
2

moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT P 100 Q , romelic martivi algebruli

gardaqmnebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia Caiweros Semdegi saxiT

Q 200 2 P :

(a) vipovoT maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba

IEPR wesis gamoyenebiT;
(b) vipovoT maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba
MR=MC wesis gamoyenebiT.
amoxsna
a) radgan moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis gaswvriv elastikuroba icvleba, ar
SegviZlia mivmarToT savarjiSo 11.3-Si aRweril proceduras.
am SemTxvevaSi unda gavixsenoT elastikurobis gamoTvlis zogadi formula:
Q , P (Q / P )( P / Q)

mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi Q / P 2 . ase rom, elastikuroba iqneba

Q , P 2

P
2P

Q
200 2 P

axla ki gamoviyenoT IEPR wesi, miviRebT ( P MC ) / P 1 / Q ,P .

Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
P 50 200 2 P

P
2P

Tu tolobis orive mxares gavamravlebT 2P-ze, miviRebT martiv wrfiv gantolebas

2P 100 200 2 P ,

saidanac

P 75.

CavsvaT fasis miRebuli mniSvneloba moTxovnis mrudis aRmwer

gantolebaSi: Q 200 2 P , Q 200 2(75) 50.

(b)

P 100 (1 / 2)Q,

gantolebiT

aRweril

moTxovnis

mrudis

SemTxvevaSi,

zRvruli amonagebi aris MR 100 Q.

gavutoloT es gantoleba zRvrul danaxarjs, romelic Cvens SemTxvevaSi
aris $50. miviRebT 100 Q 50, saidanac Q=50.

281

gamoSvebis moculobis miRebuli mniSvneloba CavsvaT moTxovnis mrudis

aRmwer gantolebaSi P 100 (1 / 2)Q 100 (1 / 2)(50), saidanac P=75.
rogorc

vxedavT,

orive

wesis

gamoyenebiT

erTidaigive

mniSvnelobebi

miviReT. monopolistis maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasisa da gamoSvebis

moculobis gansazRvrisas orive wesi erTnairi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. es gasagebi
gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom IEPR wesi gamoyvanilia
unda

gvaxsovdes,

rom

moTxovnis

wrfivi

MR=MC wesidan. amasTanave

mrudis

gaswvriv

cvalebadi

elastikurobis gamo IEPR wesis gamoyenebisas saWiroa elastikurobis zogadi

formulis gamoyenebac.
monopolisti

produqcias

yovelTvis

moTxovnis

mrudis

elastikur

monakveTze awarmoebs. Teoriulad monopolists SeuZlia daawesos nebismieri fasi

moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv, magram mogebis maqsimizaciis msurveli monopolisti
awarmoebs mxolod moTxovnis elastikur monakveTze (sadac moTxovnis safaso
elastikuroba E Q , P aris minus usasrulobas (- ) da minus erTs (-1) Soris).
naxazi
monopolisti

11.9

gviCvenebs,

awarmoebs

Tu

ratom

iqceva

wertilSi,

monopolisti

romelic

ase.

davuSvaT

Seesabameba

moTxovnis

araelastikur monakveTs. mas SeuZlia gadainacvlos B wertilSi, riTac gazrdis

mogebas produqciaze fasis momatebiT da gamoSvebis moculobis SemcirebiT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi

monopolistis

mTliani

amonagebi

izrdeba

naxazze

11.9.

da

II

farTobebs Soris sxvaobis toli sididiT. amasTanave monopolistis mTliani

danaxarjebi axla ufro naklebia, radganac axla ufro naklebi raodenobis
produqcias awarmoebs. Tu mTliani amonagebi izrdeba da mTliani danaxarjebi ki
mcirdeba, maSin mogeba izrdeba.
maSasadame

moTxovnis

araelastikur

monakveTze

myof

monopolists

yovelTvis SeuZlia moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze gadainacvlos iseTi

wertilSi, sadac misi mogeba ufro maRali iqneba.
igive daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, Tuki IEPR-is wess gamoviyenebT. saRi azri
gvkarnaxobs, rom zRvruli danaxarji dadebiTi sidide unda iyos. maSasadame 11.3
gantolebaSi

gamosaxuleba

1 (1 / E Q , P )

aseve

dadebiTi

unda

iyos.

es

ki

SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu E Q , P aris minus usasrulobasa (- ) da 1-s Soris, anu roca moTxovna elastikuria.
IEPR-is wesis mixedviT fasdadebis principi samarTliania arasrulyofili
konkurenciis nebismieri bazris SemTxvevaSi nebismieri firmisaTvis, romlsac
sabazro moTxovnis daRmavali mrudi gaaCnia.
monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze msgavsi produqciis diferencirebis
SemTxvevaSi firmebs daRmavali sabazro moTxovnis mrudi aqvT, magram isini ar
arian

am

produqciisa

erTaderTi

gamyidvelebi.

diferencirebuli

produqtis

gamyidvelisaTvis optimaluri fasis dasadgenad aseve SesaZlebelia IEPR-is wesis

gamoyeneba. oRond unda gvaxsovdes, rom am SemTxvevaSi 11.4 gantolebaSi

282

E Q,P

gamosaxuleba aris ara moTxovnis bazris masStabiT (Market-Level) elastikuroba,

aramed mxolod am firmis masStabiT (Brand-Level) elastikuroba. magaliTad, kokakolas

firmis

masStabiT

elastikuroba

gviCvenebs

koka-kolaze

moTxovnis

mgrZnobelobas koka-kolas fasis cvlilebisas, maSin roca koka-kolas moTxovnaze

moqmedi yvela sxva faqtori ucvlelia (maT Soris koka-kolas msgavsi, magram
mainc diferencirebuli produqtis - pepsi-kolas fasic).

moTxovnis elastikuri monakveTi da monopolia

ratom moqmedebs mogebis maqsimizaciisas monopolisti moTxovnis elastikur
monakveTze? davuSvaT, Tavdapirvelad monopolisti awarmoebs A wertilis
Sesabamisi raodenobis produqcias (QA) da yidis PAAfasad. A wertili imyofeba
moTxovnis araelastikur monakveTze da amitom zRvruli Aamonagebi aris
uaryofiTi. raodenobis SemcirebiT da fasis gazrdiT monopolisti gazrdida
mTlian amonagebs. magaliTad, Tu monopolisti gadainacvlebda B wertilSi, maSin
misi mTliani amonagebi gaizrdeboda II marTkuTxedis farTobidan I marTkuTxedis
farTobis gamoklebis Sedegad miRebuli sididiT. es sidide dadebiTia. amasTan
erTad, monopolistis mTliani danaxarji mcirdeba, radgan axla is ufro naklebs
awarmoebs. ufro maRali mTliani amonagebisa da ufro naklebi mTliani
danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, mogeba izrdeba. swored amitom, monopolisti
yovelTvis moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze imyofeba.

11.3

monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizi

ganvixiloT,

Tu

ra

gavlenas

axdens

monopolistis

gadawyvetilebebze

sabazro moTxovnisa da warmoebis danaxarjebSi cvlilebebi.

moTxovnis cvlilebebi da wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze

naxazi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze
moTxovnis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi. naxazze

11.10 ..a, sadac

zRvruli danaxarji

zrdadia, moTxovnis zrda iwvevs wonasworuli fasisa da wonasworuli gamoSvebis

moculobis
moTxovnis

zrdas.
zrda

naxazze
iwvevs

11.10

,,b~,

sadac

wonansworuli

zRvruli

gamoSvebis

danaxarji

moculobis

klebadia,
zrdas

da

wonasworuli fasis Semcirebas. fasi mcirdeba miuxedavad imisa, rom monopolists

SeuZlia gazrdili moTxovnis gamo ufro maRali fasi daawesos. radgan zRvruli
danaxarji

klebadia,

monopolisti

ufro

met

produqcias

awarmoebs

vidre

awarmoebda moTxovnis gazrdamde. am SemTxvevaSi, produqciis raodenobis zrdis

gamo fasis Semcirebis efeqti gadafaravs moTxovnis zrdis gamo fasis zrdis
efeqts.

283

fasi (dolari produqciis erTeulze)

PB
I

PA
II
0

QB

QA

raodenoba (produqciis erTeuli weliwadSi)

MR

nax. 11.9 elastikuri moTxovna da monopolia

Tavdapirvelad monopolisti awarmoebs A wertilis Sesabamisi raodenobis produqcias (QA) da yidis PAPAfasad. A wertili
imyofeba moTxovnis araelastikur monakveTze. zRvruli amonagebi aris uaryofiTi. B wertilSi monopolistis mTliani
amonagebi gaizrdeba II marTkuTxedis farTobidan I marTkuTxedis farTobis gamoklebis Sedegad miRebuli sididiT. es
sidide dadebiTia. amasTan erTad, monopolistis mTliani danaxarji mcirdeba, radgan axla is ufro naklebs awarmoebs.

MC
$12

$13

10

10
fasi

fasi

D1
MR

D0
MR0

D0

MR1

`a~

D1
MC

0
produqciis raodenoba

`b~

MR1
produqciis raodenoba

nax. 11.10 monopolistis maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvis fasisa da gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebebi
moTxovnis mrudis gadanacvlebisas
moTxovnis zrda zrdadi zRvruli danaxarjis pirobebSi iwvevs wonasworuli raodenobis zrdas 2-dan 3 milionamde, xolo
wonasworuli fasis zrdas 10-dan 12 dolaramde naxazze ,,a~. Si igive sididiT moTxovnis zrda klebadi zRvruli danaxarjis
pirobebSi iwvevs wonasworuli raodenobis 2-dan 6 milionamde gazrdas, xolo wonasworuli fasis 10-dan 9 dolaramde
Semcirebas. fasi mcirdeba, miuxedavad imisa rom monopolists SeeZlo Tavdapirveli produqciis raodenoba kvlav maRal
fasad - 13 dolarad gaeyida.

amrigad, moTxovnis cvlilebas erTmniSvnelovnad Seesabameba monopolistis

maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebebi: moTxovnis
mrudis marjvniv gadanacvleba gamoiwvevs gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas, marcxniv

284

gadanacvleba ki Semcirebas. rogorc naxazidan 11.10 Cans, zogadad moTxovnis

cvlilebis gavlena maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvis fasze gaurkvevelia.
savarjiSo 5
wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebebi mudmivi zRvruli danaxarjis mqone
monopolistisaTvis: Suawertilis wesi.
davuSvaT monopoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wrfivi moTxovnis mrudi da
P= a-bQ da MC c .

mudmivi zRvruli danaxarjebi:

amocana

rogoria maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba?

rogor icvleba monopolistis optimaluri fasi moTxovnis cvlilebisas?
amoxsna
mocemuli moTxovnis mrudis SemTxvevaSi, monopolistis zRvruli amonagebis
mrudis aRmweri gantoleba Semdegia:
MR a 2bQ

gavutoloT es gantoleba zRvruli danaxarjis Sesabamis gantolebas da

amovxsnaT monopolistis optimaluri Q* raodenobisaTvis:
MR MC
a 2bQ* c

Q*

axla

CavsvaT

monopolistis

a c
2b

optimaluri

raodenobis

gamosaxuleba

moTxovnis mrudis gantolebaSi da vipovoT monopolistis optimaluri P * fasi:

1
1
1
ac
P* a b
a a c ( a c)
2
2
2
2b
miRebuli
(Midpoint

gamosaxuleba

Formula).

rogoc

aris

naxazidan

monopolistis
11.11

Cans,

Suawertilis

monopolistis

formula

Suawertilis

formula gviCvenebs, rom monopolistis optimaluri fasi aris moTxovnis mrudis

vertikalur RerZTan gadakveTis (a - Sokuri fasis) da mudmiv zRvrul danaxarjis
c mruds

Soris zustad SuaSi mdebare wertilis Sesabamisi fasi. es niSnavs, rom

Tu Sokuri fasi gaizrdeba 10 dolariT, maSin monopolistis optimaluri fasi

gaizrdeba 5 dolariT.

zRvruli danaxarjis cvlilebebi da wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze

naxazi 11.12 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens zRvruli danaxarjis gazrda
monopolistis

optimalur

fassa

da

gamoSvebis

moculobaze.

monopolistis

zRvruli danaxarjis zrda naxazze gamosaxulia zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis

zeviT gadaadgilebiT, rasac Seesabameba monopolistis mier gamoSvebis moculobis
Semcireba. gavixsenoT, rom monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis elastikur

285

monakveTze,

anu

roca

monopolistis

zRvruli

amonagebi

dadebiTia,

rasac

Seesabameba naxazze 11.12 ,,a~ mTliani amonagebis aRmavali monakveTi. roca zRvruli
danaxarjis

zrdis

gamo

monopolisti

amcirebs

gamoSvebis

moculobas,

misi

mTliani Aamonagebi mcirdeba.

maSasadame,
monopolistis

zRvruli

mTliani

danaxarjebis

amonagebis

mrudis

Semcirebas,

zeviT

xolo

gadadgileba

zRvruli

iwvevs

danaxarjebis

mrudis qveviT gadanacvleba iwvevs monopolistis mTliani amonagebis gazrdas.

maqsimaluri mogebis fasi imyofeba a Sokur fassa

da c zRvruli danaxarjis Sesabamisi fasis Sua
wertilSi

P fasi

(a c)
2

MC

c
P=a-bQ

Q raodenoba

MR=a-2b
nax. 11.11 Suawertilis wesi monopolistisaTvis
wrfivi moTxovnis mrudisa da mudmivi zRvruli danaxarjis mqone monopolistis optimaluri fasi aris zRvruli
danaxarjis C mrudsa da Sokur a fass Soris Suawertilis Sesabamisi fasi fasi.

11.4

mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia. karteli

mravali firma awarmoebs produqcias erTze met sawarmoSi. magaliTad,

mineraluri

wylis

`borjomis~

Camomsxmeli

kompania

produqcias

awarmoebs

mineraluri wylis Camomsxmel ramdenime sxvadasxva qarxanaSi.

monopoliis zemoT aRwerili Teoria marTebulia mravali sawarmos mqone
monopoliis (Multiplant Monopoly) SemTxvevaSic. ganvixiloT aseTi monopoliis
gadawyvetilebebi

warmoebis

moculobis

Sesaxeb

da

ganvsazRvroT

monopoliisaTvis sawarmoTaA optimaluri raodenoba.

ori sawarmos mqone monopoliis gadawyvetilebebi produqciis raodenobis

Sesaxeb
ori

sawarmos

mqone

monopoliis

Sesaxeb ori komponentisagan Sedgeba:

gadawyvetileba
1.

ra raodenobis

warmoebis

moculobis

produqcia awarmoos

saerTod; 2. ra raodenobis produqcia awarmoos TiToeul sawarmoSi.

ganvixiloT ori sawarmos mqone monopolia, romlis erT-erTi sawarmos
zRvruli danaxarjia MC1(Q), xolo meore sawarmos zRvruli danaxarji ki MC2(Q).

286

davuSvaT, TiToeuli sawarmo Tanabari raodenobis produqcias awarmoebs. naxazi

11.13 gviCvenebs, rom 3 milioni erTeuli produqciis gamoSvebisas I sawarmos
zRvruli danaxarji metia II sawarmos zRvrul danaxarjze ($6 >$3, SeadareT
A wertili da B wertili).

amonagebi (mln. dolari weliwadSi)

naxazze

$32
27

zRvruli
amonagebi
dadebiTia

zRvruli
amonagebi
uaryofiTia

TR
0

raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

`a
~
MC0

fasi (dolari kilogramSi)

MC1

$9
8

MR
0

raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)

`b~
nax. 11.12 zRvruli danaxarjis zrda amcirebs monopolistis mTlian amonagebs
naxazi ,,b gviCvenebs, rom zRvruli danaxarjis zrdam Seamcira monopolistisaTvis produqciis optimaluri raodenoba 4
milioni erTeuli produqciidan 3 milionamde. moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze produqciis raodenobis Semcireba
iwvevs mTliani amonagebis Semcirebas. maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi raodenobis Semcirebam gamoiwvia
monopolistis mTliani amonagebis Semcireba 32 milion dolaridan 27 milion dolaramde.

aseT SemTxvevaSi MmTliani danaxarjebis Semcirebis saukeTeso da martivi

gzaa

II

sawarmoSi

produqciis

moculobis

gazrda

da

imave

raodenobiT

sawarmoSi produqciis raodenobis Semcireba. II sawarmoSi produqciis gamoSvebis

zrda zRvrul danaxarjs zrdis $3-mde, maSin roca I sawarmoSi produqciis
Semcireba zRvrul danaxarjs amcirebs $6-mde. ase rom, I sawarmodan II sawarmoSi
produqciis warmoebis gadanawilebiT, monopolia amcirebs mTlian danaxarjs.

287

maSasadame,
yovelTvis

mogebis

maqsimizaciisas

gadaanawilebs

warmoebis

mravali

moculobas

sawarmos
sawarmoebs

mqone

monopolia

Soris

ise,

rom

TiToeul sawarmoSi toli zRvruli danaxarjebi SeinarCunos.

naxazze 11.13 aseTi monopoliis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudia MCT, romelic
miiReba TiToeuli sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis horizontaluri
RerZis

gaswvriv

zRvruli

SekrebiT.

danaxarjis

mas

mrudi

mravali sawarmos
ewodeba

mqone

(Multiplant

monopoliis

Marginal

Cost

erTiani
Curve).

magaliTad, 9 milioni erTeuli produqciis warmoebisas $6-is toli erTiani

zRvruli danaxarjis misaRwevad (naxazze E wertili), monopolia awarmoebs 3
milion erTeul produqcias I sawarmoSi (naxazze B wertili) da 6 milion erTeul
produqcias

II

sawarmoSi

(naxazze

optimaluri moculoba miiRweva maSin,

wertili).

monopoliis

roca monopoliis

produqciis

zRvruli amonagebi

erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis tolia MR MC T 3.75 milioni (naxazze F wertili).

am saerTo raodenobidan 2,5 milioni erTeuli produqcia iwarmoeba II sawarmoSi
(naxazze I wertili), xolo 1,25 milioni erTeuli produqcia ki I sawarmoSi
(naxazze

wertili).

3,75

milioni

erTeuli

produqciis

warmoebisas

monopolistisaTvis optimaluri fasia $6.25 (naxazze G wertili).

I sawarmos MC
II sawarmos MC

maqsimaluri
mogebis
fasi

$6.25

MCT

6.00

fasi

B
A

3.00

F
MR

I sawarmoSi
gamoSvebuli
produqciis
raodenoba

1.25

2.5

II sawarmoSi
gamoSvebuli
produqciis
raodenoba

3.75

D
6

maqsimaluri mogebis
Sesabamisi mTliani
gamoSveba

nax. 11.13 ori sawarmos mqone monopoliis mogebis maqsimizacia

aseTi monopoliis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudia MCT, romelic miiReba TiToeuli sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv SekrebiT.

zogjer erT dargSi momuSave ramdenime firma SeTanxmebulad gansazRvravs

dargis produqciis moculobasa da fass. karteli aris mwarmoebelTa jgufi,
romlis wevrebic erTmaneTTan aTanxmeben produqciis gamoSvebis moculobas da
fass. msoflioSi cnobil kartels warmoadgens navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa
organizacia (OPEC). zogjer kartelis saqmianoba sanqcionirebulia mTavrobis mier.

288

magaliTad, XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi iaponiis eleqtrokabelebis mwarmoebel

dargSi gaerTianebulma Cvidmetma firmam iaponiis mTavrobisagan miiRo nebarTva,
SeeqmnaT

karteli.

produqciis

am

SemTxvevaSi

moculobis

Semcireba,

kartelis
raTa

Seqmnis

mizans

gazrdiliyo

warmoadgenda

produqciis

fasi,

da

Sesabamisad, kartelis mogebac.

roca karteluri gaerTianebis wevrebi icaven SeTanxmebas, maSin karteli
moqmedebs

rogorc

mravali

sawarmos

mqone

monopolia.

maSasadame,

kartelis

mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba identuria mravali sawarmos mqone monopoliis

mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobisa.
savarjiSo 6
mravali sawarmos mqone monopolistis optimaluri fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba
amocana
davuSvaT ori sawarmos mqone monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi aRiwereba
Semdegi

P 120 3Q .

gantolebiT

mocemulia

MC1 10 20Q1

sawarmos

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudi

gantolebiT, xolo II sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebi

mrudi ki MC 2 60 5Q2 . vipovoT monopolistis optimaluri gamoSvebis moculoba

da

fasi.

aseve

davadginoT,

Tu

rogor

anawilebs

monopolisti

produqciis

moculobas sawarmoebs Soris.

amoxsna
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa monopolistis erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis
mrudis aRmweri gantolebis gansazRvra. Secdoma iqneboda, Tu I da II sawarmoebis
zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudebis

gantolebebs

pirdapir

SevkrebdiT:

10+20Q1+60+5Q2=70+25Q. aseTi Sekreba warmoadgens zRvruli danaxarjebis Sekrebas

vertikaluri RerZis gaswvriv. erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis miReba ki
SesaZlebelia TiToeuli sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis horizotanaluri RerZis
gaswvriv
aRmweri

SekrebiT.

amitom,

gantolebebidan

jer

TiToeuli

ganvsazRvroT

Q1

sawarmos
da

Q2 ,

zRvruli
xolo

danaxarjebis

Semdeg

miRebuli

gamosaxulebebi SevkriboT:
Q1

1 1

MC1 ,
2 20

Q 2 12

1
MC 2
5

monopolisti ise anawilebs gamoSvebis moculobas sawarmoebs Soris, rom

erTidaigive zRvruli danaxarji SeinarCunos TiToeul maTganSi: MCT MC1 MC 2
Q1 Q 2

1 1
1

MC T 12 MC T 12.5 0,25 MC T
2 20
5

Q 12.5 0.25MCT MCT 50 4Q

MGT=50+4Q
axla ukve SegviZlia vipovoT monopolistis optimaluri fasi da gamoSvebis
moculoba:
MR MGT

289

120-(2X3Q)=50+4Q
120 6Q 50 4Q ,

saidanac optimaluri gamoSveba Q 7; P 120 3(7), saidanac optimaluri fasi

P 99.

axla ganvsazRvroT monopolistis erTiani zRvruli danaxarji optimaluri

gamoSvebisas: MRT 50 4(7) 78
TiToeul sawarmoSi optimaluri gamoSvebis dasadgenad

MGT -s miRebuli

mniSvneloba CavsvaT Q1 da Q 2 gamosaxulebebSi

Q1

1 1

(78) 3.4
2 20

1
Q 2 12 (78) 3.6
5

amrigad, saerTo monopoliuri gamoSvebaa 7, saidanac I sawarmo awarmoebs 3,4

erTeuls, xolo meore sawarmo ki 3,6 erTeuls.

11.5
bazari

monofsoniuria

Tu

monofsonia
erTaderTi

firma

yidulobs

momsaxurebas an warmoebis faqtorebs mravali gamyidvelisagan.

saqonels,

monofsonisti

SeiZleba iyos calkeuli individi, firma, organizacia an saxelmwifo. magaliTad,

saqarTvelos mTavroba aris saqarTvelos sajariso nawilebisaTvis adgilobrivi
samkervalo sawarmoebis mier damzadebuli uniformebis erTaderTi myidveli.

monofsoniuri wonasworoba
ganvixiloT firmis gadawyvetilebebi, romelic aris Sromis (L) erTaderTi
myidveli

bazarze.

davuSvaT,

rom

firmis

sawarmoo

funqcia

damokidebulia

mxolod am faqtorze. firmis mTliani gamoSveba iqneba Q f (L) , sadac L aris

firmis

mier daqiravebul muSaTa

raodenoba.

davuSvaT,

rom

firma moqmedebs

srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze. maSasadame firmis mTliani amonagebi aris

MR Pf (L) .

Sromis faqtoris zRvruli

amonagebi (Marginal Revenue Product of

Labor) aris damatebiTi amonagebi, romelsac firma iRebs erTi damatebiTi muSis
daqiravebiT. radgan konkurentul bazarze firma saqonlis fasis mimRebia, amitom
misi zRvruli produqtis amonagebi ( MRPL ) aris Sromis zRvruli produqtisa
( MPL )

da saqonlis fasis (P ) namravli:

(11.5)

290

MRPL P MPL P

Q
L

davuSvaT, rom regionSi firma samuSao Zalis erTaderTi damqiravebelia.

magaliTad,

saqarTvelos

zogierT

regionSi

raionuli

saavadmyofo

aris

qirurgebis erTaderTi damqiravebeli.

naxazze 11.14 naCvenebia regionSi samuSao Zalis miwodebis mrudi W (L) ,
Sromaze

zRvruli

xarjebis

mrudi

( ME L )

da

Sromis

zRvruli

produqtis

amonagebis mrudi ( MRPL ) . Tavdapirvelad firma qiraobs kviraSi 4 000 samuSao

saaTis Sesabamis Sromis raodenobas $10-ad. Sromis raodenobis kviraSi 5 000
saaTamde gasazrdelad firmam xelfasi unda gazardos $12-mde.
radgan

Cvens

magaliTSi

Sroma

warmoebis

erTaderTi faqtoria,

amitom

firmis mTliani danaxarji aris Sromis daqiravebaze gaRebuli mTliani xarjebi:

TC WL . Sromis zRvruli xarji (Marginal Expenditure on Labor) aris mTliani

xarjebis cvlileba gayofili Sromis raodenobis cvlilebaze: ME L

TC
L

(11.6)
rogorc 11.14 naxazi gviCvenebs monofsonistis zRvruli danaxarji Sromis
damatebiT erTeulze ori komponentisagan Sedgeba. I farTobi aris damatebiTi
erTeuli Sromis daqiravebaze gaweuli danaxarji ( W DL ) ; II farTobi aris
damatebiTi danaxarji, romelic gamowveulia xelfasis gazrdiT ara mxolod
damatebiTi

erTeuli

saaTisaTvis (W ) L).

MEL

SromisaTvis,
maSasadame

aramed

zogadad

Sromis

yvela

zRvruli

namuSevari

xarji

TC I fartobi I fartobi WL (W ) L
E

W L
L
L
L
L

aris

(11.7)

radgan miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia, amitom W / L 0 maSasadame, zRvruli

xarjis mrudi mdebareobs miwodebis mrudis zemoT,

rac naCvenebia naxazze 11.14.

monofsonistis mTavari amocanaa, daiqiraos maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi

Sromis raodenoba. firmis mogeba aris mTlian amonagebsa da mTlian danaxarjebs
Soris sxvaoba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi monofsonistis mogeba ( Pr ) aris:

Pr Pf ( L) W ( L) L

(11.8)

monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria maSin, roca Sromis zRvruli produqtis

amonagebi ( MRPL ) Sromis zRvruli xarjebis ( ME L ) tolia MRPL ME L
monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria, roca igi qiraobs kviraSi 3 000 samuSao
saaTis Sesabamis Sromis raodenobas. rogorc naxazze 11.14. miwodebis mrudi
gviCvenebs, am raodenobis Sromis daqiraveba SesaZlebelia saaTSi $8 dolarad,
rac naklebia Sromis zRvrul danaxarjze, roca
zRvruli danaxarji zRvruli amonagebis

tolia,

L 3000 . radgan am wertilSi

gamodis

rom

monofsonisti

Sromas qiraobs zRvrul amonagebze nakleb fasad.

monofsonistisaTvis ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi

291

monofsoniuri bazris wonasworobis pirobidan ( MRPL ME L ) SesaZlebelia

miviRoT ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi monofsonistisaTvis (IEPR).
am wesis mTavari komponentia Sromis miwodebis elastikuroba (EL,w), romelic
gviCvenebs miwodebuli Sromis raodenobis procentul cvlilebas xelfasis erTi
procentiT cvlilebisas.

MRPL W
1

W
EL ,W

xelfasi (dolari TiToeul samuSao saaTSi)

Sromaze
zRvruli
danaxarji
MEMEL

(11.9)

Sromis
miwodebis
mrudi M

W (L)

$12

II

10
8

I
Sromis zRvruli produqtis
amonagebiMEMRP L

3.000 4.000 5.000

Sromis raodenoba (samuSao saaTi kviraSi)

nax. 11.14 monofsonistis wonasworoba

Tavdapirvelad firma qiraobs kviraSi 4 000 samuSao saaTis Sesabamis Sromis raodenobas $10-ad. Sromis raodenobis
kviraSi 5 000 saaTamde gasazrdelad firmam xelfasi unda gazardos $12-mde. monofsonistis zRvruli danaxarji Sromis
damatebiT erTeulze ori komponentisagan Sedgeba: I farTobi aris gazrdili xelfasiT damatebiTi erTeuli Sromis
daqiravebaze gaweuli xarji; II farTobi aris damatebiTi xarji, romelic gamowveulia xelfasis gazrdiT ara mxolod
damatebiTi Sromis erTeulze, aramed im Sromis dasaqiravebladac, romlis daqiravebac manamde ufro iafad saaTSi
$10-ad SeiZleboda. monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria maSin, roca Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebi (MRPL)
tolia Sromis zRvruli xarjebisa (MEL). monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria, roca igi qiraobs kviraSi 3 000 samuSao
saaTis Sesabamis Sromis raodenobas saaTSi $8 dolarad.

monofsonistisaTvis ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi gviCvenebs

monofsoniuri

Sromis

bazris

gansxvavebas

konkurentuli

konkurentul bazarze TiToeuli damqiravebeli Sromis fass

Sromis

bazrisagan.

W iRebs rogorc

mocemuls. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firma maqsimalur mogebas iRebs, roca Sromis

MRPL W

zRvruli produqtis amonagebi xelfasis tolia:

(11.10)
monofsoniur bazarze firma daqiravebul muSaxels uxdis iseT xelfass,
romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebze naklebia. monofsonistisaTvis
ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesis (IEPR) Tanaxmad, sxvaoba Sromis
zRvruli

produqtis

amonagebsa

da

xelfass

miwodebis elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sididiT.

292

Soris

ganisazRvreba

Sromis

savarjiSo 7
monofsoniur bazarze wonasworobis gamoTvla
davuSvaT, monofsoniur bazarze moqmedi firmis sawarmoo funqciaa Q 5L.
Sroma

aris

warmoebis

erTaderTi faqtori,

romelic gamoixateba kviraSi

samuSao saaTebis raodenobiT (aTasi saaTi kviraSi).

amocana
davuSvaT, firmis produqciaze sabazro fasia $10, xolo Sromis miwodebis
mrudi aRiwereba gantolebiT: W ( L) 2 2L, sadac W aris xelfasi erTi samuSao
saaTisaTvis gamosaxuli dolarebiT. ganvsazRvroT monofsoniuri wonasworoba am
bazarze.
amoxsna
Tavdapirvelad

ganvsazRvroT

zRvruli

xarjebis

funqcia.

zRvruli xarjebis funqcia aRiwereba gantolebiT: MEL W L

viciT,

rom

W
L

mocemul formulaSi W / L aris miwodebis mrudis daxriloba, romelic

tolia

2-is

(radgan

miwodebis

mrudis

aRmwer

gantolebaSi

( W ( L) 2 2L )

daxriloba 2-is tolia). CavsvaT daxrilobis maCvenebeli da miwodebis mrudis

gantoleba

MEL W L
axla

zRvruli

xarjebis

gantolebaSi:

W
( 2 2 L) 2 L 2 4 L
L
ganvsazRvroT

Sromis

zRvruli

produqtis

amonagebis

gavixsenoT, rom Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebs

( MRPL )

funqcia.

miviRebT, Tu

Sromis zRvrul produqts ( MPL ) gavamravlebT saqonlis fasze - am SemTxvevaSi

$10-ze. jer ganvsazRvroT, Sromis zRvruli produqti: MPL

Q
5,
L

MPL 5 (rogorc amas sawarmoo funqcia Q 5L gviCvenebs)

axla ki ganvsazRvroT Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebi:

MRPL 10 5 50

monofsoniuri wonasworobisas daqiravebul muSaTa optimaluri raodenobis

dasadgenad Sromis zRvruli xarjebi gavutoloT Sromis zRvruli produqtis
amonagebs:
MRPL ME L
50 2 4 L , saidanac

L 12 (aTasi saaTi kviraSi)

maSasadame, monofsonistisaTvis Sromis optimaluri raodenobaa 12 000 saaTi

kviraSi.

am

raodenobis

Sromis

dasaqiraveblad

saWiro

xelfasi

SegviZlia

ganvsazRvroT Sromis miwodebis gantolebis saSualebiT: W 2 2(12) , saidanac

W $26 saaTSi

293

monofsoniuri bazris danakargebi

monopoliuri
momxmarebelTa

da

da

monofsoniuri

mwarmoebelTa

bazrebisaTvis

erToblivi

nametis

damaxasiaTebelia

danakargi.

ganvixiloT

naxazze 11.15. asaxuli monofsoniuri bazris wonasworoba: wonasoruli xelfasia

$8 saaTSi, xolo Sromis wonasworuli raodenobaa 3 000 saaTi kviraSi. am bazarze,
`momxmarebeli~ aris Sromis damqiravebeli firma, xolo `mwarmoeblebi~ arian
Sromis mimwodebeli muSebi.
monofsoniuri firmis mogeba tolia firmis mTlian amonagebs gamoklebuli
Sromaze

gaweuli

mTliani

danaxarjebi.

zRvruli produqtis amonagebis mrudsa da

mTliani

amonagebi

aris

farTobi

Sromis miwodebis mruds Soris, roca

L= 3 000. amrigad, naxazze 11.15 mTliani amonagebi aris A+B+C+D+E. firmis mTliani
danaxarji Sromaze aris D+E. monofsoniur bazarze firmis maqsimaluri mogeba anu
warmoebis faqtoris myidveli `momxmareblis~ nameti aris A+B+C.

xelfasi (dolari TiToeul samuSao saaTSi)

MEL

Sromis
miwodebis
mrudi

A
konkurentuli xelfasi

___ $12
monopoluri xelfasi ___

$8
D
E
MRPL

3.000

monofsonuri
Sromis
miwodeba

5.000

konkurentuli
Sromis miwodeba

Sromis raodenoba

nax. 11.15 monofsoniiT gamowveuli danakargebi.

monofsoniuri wonsworobisas momxmareblis nametia A+B+C, xolo mwarmoeblis nametia D. konkurentuli bazarze
wonasworuli Sromis raodenoba iqneboda 5 000 samuSao saaTi kviraSi, xolo wonasworuli xelfasi ki _ $12 saaTSi.
momxmareblis nameti iqneboda A+B+F, xolo mwarmoeblis nameti C+D+G. maSasadame, monofsoniiT gamowveuli
danakargi aris F+G.

Sromis mimwodebeli muSebis anu warmoebis faqtoris `mwarmoeblebis~ nameti

aris sxvaoba miRebul mTlian amonagebsa da miwodebuli Sromis alternatiul
danaxarjs Soris. naxazze 11.15 gadaxdili mTliani xelfasi aris D+E. Sromis
miwodebis alternatiuli danaxarjebi ki gamosaxulia Sromis miwodebis mrudiT.
Sromis miwodebis mrudis qvemoT E farTobi, roca Sromis raodenobaa 3 000, aris

294

Sromis miwodebis alternatiuli danaxarji. aseTi alternatiuili danaxarji

muSisaTvis SeiZleba iyos dasvenebis dro an sxva regionSi Sromis sxva bazarze
gadasvliT miRebuli xelfasi.
amrigad, naxazze 11.15 monofsoniur bazarze mwarmoeblis nametia D+E-E=D.
mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblis erToblivi nameti ki aris A+B+C+D. konkurentuli
bazarze wonasworuli Sromis raodenoba iqneboda 5 000 samuSao saaTi kviraSi,
xolo wonasworuli xelfasi ki _ $12 saaTSi. monofsoniuri bazari naklebi
raodenobis mSromels daiqiravebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom monofsoniuri bazari
warmoebis faqtoris mflobelebidan keTildReobis namets warmoebis faqtorTa
myidvelis
bazarze

mimarTulebiT
iqneboda

A+B+F,

gadaanawilebs.
xolo

momxmareblis

mwarmoeblis

nameti

nameti

konkurentul

C+D+G.

maSasadame,

monofsoniiT gamowveuli danakargi aris F+G.

295

11.5 monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCveneblebi

monopolia awesebs zRvrul danaxarjze ufro maRal fass. gansxvavebis
sidide

monopoliur

monopoliuri

fassa

bazris

da

zRvrul

moTxovnis

danaxarjs

mrudis

Soris

damokidebulia

elastikurobaze.

monopoliuri

Zalaufleba aris sidide, romelic firmis saqonelze moTxovnis elastikurobis

Sebrunebuli sididis tolia.
monopoliuri

Zalauflebis

maCveneblad

gamoiyeneba

lerneris

indeqsi

(Lerner Index):
IL

( Pm MC ) 1

pm
E

(11.11)

sadac I L - aris monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCvenebeli lerneris indeqsi;

Pm - aris monopoliuri fasi;
MC - aris zRvruli danaxarji

E - aris saqonelze moTxovnis elastikuroba

konkurentul bazarze MC P , ris gamoc lerneris indeqsi I L 0-is tolia.

Tu I L 0 , maSin firmas aqvs monopoliuri Zalaufleba.
praqtikaSi sakmaod rTulia zRvruli danaxarjebis zustad gaangariSeba.
amitom lerneris indeqsis formulaSi MC icvleba AC saSualo danaxarjebiT:
IL

P AC
P

(11.12)

gavamravloT tolobis mricxvelic da mniSvnelic Q -ze.

IL

( P AC )Q
PQ

(11.13)

tolobis mricxveli warmoadgens firmis mogebas ( Pr ) , xolo mniSvneli ki

firmis mTlian Semosavals (TR). maSasadame
IL

rogorc

vxedavT,

lerneris

Pr
TR

indeqsis

(11.14)
mixedviT

mogebis

maRali

norma

ganixileba, rogorc firmis monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCvenebeli.

monopoliuri
koncentraciis
Hirshman

Zalauflebis

xarisxis

Index)

indeqsi,

indeqss

gansazRvrisaTvis
romelsac

uwodeben.

gamoiyeneba

herfindal-hirSmanis

herfindal-hirSmanis

gamoTvilsas gamoiyeneba monacemebi dargSi firmis saqonlis

aseve

bazris

(Herfindahl-

indeqsis

I HH -is

xvedriTi wonis

Sesaxeb. rac ufro maRalia dargSi firmis saqonlis xvedriTi wona, miT met
monopoliur Zalauflebas flobs mocemuli firma.
I HH -is gamoTvlisas xdeba firmebis ranJireba saqonlis xvedriTi wonis

mixedviT umsxvilesidan umcires firmamde:

I HH S12 S 22 S 32 .............. S n2

sadac I HH - aris herfindal-hirSmanis indeqsi;

S 12 - sididiT yvelaze msxvili firmis saqonlis xvedriTi wona;

296

(11.15)

S 12 - yvelaze mcire firmis saqonlis xvedriTi wona.

Tu dargSi erTaderTi firmaa, maSin S1 100% da I HH = 1002= 10 000.

dargi maRalmonopoliurad iTvleba, Tu I HH aWarbebs 1800. indeqsi farTod
gamoiyeneba saxelmwifos mier antimonopoliuri politikis ganxorcielebis dros
da monopoliis saqmianobis regulirebisas.

ZiriTadi terminebi

monopolia
mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba monopolistisaTvis
monopoliis saSualo da zRvruli amonagebi
infrazRvruli erTeuli
fasdadebis wesi ukuelastikurobis mixedviT
mravalis sawarmos mqone monopolia
keTildReobis danakargebi
monofsonia
wonasworoba monofsoniur bazarze
lerneris indeqsi
herfindal-hirSmanis indeqsi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

monopoliur bazarze erTi gamyidveli da mravali myidvelia. monopolisti

fasis

dawesebisas

mxedvelobaSi

iRebs

saqonelze

klebadi

moTxovnis

arsebobis faqts. monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia da igi imyofeba

monopolistis zRvruli Aamonagebis mrudis zemoT. monopolists ara aqvs
miwodebis mrudi.
2.

monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria, roca monopolistis zRvruli danaxarji

zRvruli Aamonagebis tolia. monopolistis zRvruli Aamonagebi Sedgeba ori
nawilisagan: pirveli nawili, romelic warmoadgens saqonlis sabazro fass,
Seesabameba Aamonagebis zrdas damatebiTi

produqtiis

meore

Semcirebas,

nawili

Seesabameba

infrazRvrul erTeulebze

Semosavlebis
fasis

Semcirebam.

gayidvisas, xolo
romelic

gamoiwvia

zRvruli Aamonagebis

meore

nawili uaryofiTi sididea.

3.

ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesis

danaxarjis tol fasze monopolistis

(IEPR) Tanaxmad, zRvruli

fasnamatis sidide

moTxovnis safaso

elastikurobis Sebrunebuli uaryofiTi sididea. ukuelastikurobis mixedviT

fasdadebis wesi marTebulia msgavsi, magram diferencirebuli produqtis
mqone monopolisturi konkurenciis bazrebisTvisac.
4.

monopolisti

awarmoebs

moTxovnis

mrudis

elastikur

monakveTze.

am

monakveTze monopolistis zRvruli amonagebis sidide dadebiTia, mTliani

amonagebi izrdeba da mTliani danaxarji mcirdeba. ufro maRali mTliani
amonagebisa da ufro naklebi mTliani danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi mogeba izrdeba.
swored

amitom,

monopolisti

yovelTvis

moTxovnis

mrudis

elastikur

monakveTze awarmoebs.

297

5.

moTxovnis

cvlilebas

Seesabameba

monopolistis

maqsimaluri

mogebis

Sesatyvisi gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebebi: moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv

gadanacvleba gamoiwvevs gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas, marcxniv gadanacvleba
ki Semcirebas. zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis zeviT gadadgileba iwvevs
monopolistis mTliani Aamonagebis Semcirebas, xolo zRvruli danaxarjebis
mrudis qveviT gadanacvleba iwvevs

monopolistis mTliani Semosavlebis

gazrdas.
6.

mravali

sawarmos

mqone

monopolia

yovelTvis

gadaanawilebs

gamoSvebis

moculobas sawarmoebs Soris, raTa SeinarCunos toli zRvruli danaxarjebi

yvela sawarmoSi. igi iRebs maqsimalur mogebas, roca

zRvruli Aamonagebis

mrudi gadakveTs erTiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds, romelic miiReba

TiToeuli sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis horizontaluri RerZis
gaswvriv SekrebiT.
7.

monofsonisti aris konkretuli saqonelis an warmoebis faqtoris erTaderTi

myidveli

mraval

gamyidvels

Soris.

maqsimaluri

mogebis

miRebisas

monofsonisti gamoiyenebs im raodenobis warmoebis faqtors, rom faqtoris

gamoyenebiT miRebuli zRvruli Aamonagebi toli iyos faqtorze gaweuli
zRvruli

danaxarjisa.

am

dros

warmoebis

faqtorSi

gadaxdili

fasi

ganisazRvreba am faqtoris miwodebis mrudiT. monopoliuri bazris msgavsad,

monofsoniuri bazarzec warmoiqmneba keTildReobis danakargebi.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

ratom aris monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi amave dros bazris moTxovnis

mrudic?

2.

ratom aris

3.

SeiZleba
gamoSvebis

monopoliur bazarze zRvruli Aamonagebi fasze naklebi?

Tu

ara

monopolistis

konkretuli

zRvruli

moculobisas?

ratom

Aamonagebi
aris

uaryofiTi

zRvruli

iyos

Aamonagebi

uaryofiTi roca sabazro moTxovna araelastikuria?

4.

aris

Tu

ara

monopolistis

mTliani

Aamonagebi

maqsimaluri

mogebis

maqsimizaciis pirobebSi? pasuxi axseniT.

5.

ra

aris

ukuelastikurobis

mixedviT

fasdadebis

wesi?

rogoraa

igi

dakavSirebuli monopolistis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobasTan?

6.

romeli wesis

mixedviT

anawilebs

mravali sawarmos

mqone

monopolisti

gamoSvebis moculobas Tavis sawarmoebs Soris? gamoiyenebs Tu ara igive wess

konkurentul bazarze moqmedi firma?
7.

ratom Cndeba keTildReobis danakargebi monopoliur bazarze?

8.

riT gansxvavdeba monofsonisti monopolistisagan?

SesaZlebelia Tu ara,

rom erTidaigive firma erTdroulad iyos monopolistic da monofsonistic?

9.

ra aris monofsoniis

zRvruli danaxarji? ratomaa igi warmoebis faqtoris

fasze ufro maRali?

10.

298

ratom Cndeba keTildReobis danakargebi monofsoniuri wonasworobisas?

Tavi 12. faswarmoqmna

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

safaso diskriminaciis arsis axsnas

2. pirveli, meore, mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros nametis miRebis

pirobebis Sefasebas
3. mibmiTi gayidvebis dros firmis optimaluri strategiis gansazRvras
4. reklamis ganTavsebisa da gayidvebis Tanafardobis dadgenas

12.1 nametis miReba da safaso diskriminacia

viciT, rom mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis monopolisti awesebs Pm fass, romelic
aiZulebs momxmareblebs iyidon produqtis Qm raodenoba (naxazi 12.1). monopolisti
iRebs mwarmoeblis namets. igi naxazze mocemulia G+H+K+L farTobebis jamiT. es
aris

mwarmoeblis

nametis

maqsimaluri

mniSvneloba,

romelsac

monopolisti

Rebulobs unificirebuli fasis dawesebiT produqtis yoveli erTeulisaTvis.

fasi P
erTeulze,
lari

Pm

MC
G

P1
K

MR
0

Qm

D
Q1

raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q

monopolia

monopolia

unificirebuli

pirveli

xarisxis

(erTnairi)fasi

diskriminacia

momxmareblis nameti

E+F

mwarmoeblis nameti

G+H+K+L

E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N

E+F+G+H+K+L

E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N

J+N

mTliani

(saerTo)

safaso

nameti
wminda danakargi

nax 12.1 monopolia unificirebuli fasiT da pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis monopolisti irCevs unificirebul Pm fass da yidis Qm moculobas. mwarmoeblis nametia G+H+K+L.
miuxedavad amisa, is ver iRebs momxmareblis nametis nawils (E+F). arsebobs wminda danakargebi (J+N), romelsac ver iRebs
verc mwarmoebeli da verc momxmarebeli. pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma yovel momxmarebels uwesebs
maqsimalur fass, romlis gadasaxdelad mzadaa momxmarebeli. am dros mwarmoeblis nameti tolia: E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N, e.i.
mTel namets TviTon iRebs. firma yidis Q1 raodenobis produqts, radgan yoveli produqtis erTeulze dawesebuli fasi aWarbebs
zRvrul danaxarjs. am dros ar gvaqvs arc momxmareblis nameti da arc wminda danakargebi.

299

Pm fasis dawesebiT monopolisti srulad ver iRebs momxmareblis namets (E+F

farTobi, naxazi 12.1). ufro metic, wminda danakargi (J+N farTobi) warmoadgens
kidev erT potenciur ekonomikur sargebels, romelsac verc mwarmoebeli da verc
momxmarebeli ver iRebs. wminda danakargebi warmoiqmneba moTxovnis mrudis A da B
wertilebs

Soris.

am

monakveTze

arian potenciuri momxmareblebi,

romlebic

produqts maSinac ar yiduloben, rodesac isini mzad arian gadaixadon Tundac

maRali fasi.
ra gziT SeuZlia monopolists meti nametis miReba safaso diskriminaciiT?
aRniSnuli

xorcieldeba

momxmareblisaTvis

gansxvavebuli

fasebis

dawesebiT.

aseve SesaZlebelia momaxmareblisTvis individualuri fasdaklebis SeTavazebac

ise, rom produqtSi gadaxdili fasi damokidebuli iyos momxmareblis mier nayidi
produqtis raodenobaze.
arsebobs safaso diskriminaciis (xarisxis) sami ZiriTadi tipi.

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia (First-Degree Price Discriminacion)

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma cdilobs momxmareblis
mxridan gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna maqsimaluri fasiT Seafasos. magaliTad, firma
cdilobs auqcionze produqti im momxmarebels miyidos, romelic mzadaa masSi
maqsimaluri fasi gadaixados. am dros gamyidveli varaudobs, rom gadaxdili fasi
maqsimaluria.

meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia (Second - Degree Price Discriminacion)

meore
sTavazobs

xarisxis

safaso

raodenobriv

damokidebulia

nayidi

diskriminaciis

fasdaklebas.
produqtis

pirobebSi

erT

erTeulSi

raodenobaze.

firma

momxmarebels

gadaxdili

magaliTad,

fasi

kompiuteruli

programis erT erTeulSi gadaxdili fasi damokidebulia nayidi programebis

raodenobaze. Tu erT kompiuterul TamaSs yidulob, SesaZlebelia igi 50 larad
SemogTavazon, magram 10 TamaSSi SeiZleba 400 lari (erT TamaSSi 40 lari)
gadaixadoT.
meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi produqtze an momsaxurebaze
gadaxdili Tanxa or an met faszea damokidebuli. magaliTad, bevri momxmarebeli
satelefono momsaxurebas gansxvavebuli tarifis mixedviT ixdis. Tqven SeiZleba
satelefono sistemaSi CarTvisTvis yovelTviurad 7 lars ixdideT, magram amave
dros

SesaZlebelia

xelmoweris

arcerTi satelefono

gadasaxads

uwodeben.

aseve,

zari

ar

telefonis

ganaxorcieloT.

lars

gamoyenebisTvis

SeiZleba

ixdideT gadasaxads _ damatebiT Tanxas, vTqvaT, 5 TeTri yovel adgilobriv

zarSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi erTxel darekvis dros yovelTviuri gadasaxadi 7,05
lari gaxdeba, 100 satelefono zari _ 12 lari. erT satelefono zarSi gadaxdili
Tanxa miT naklebia, rac metia satelefono zari. erTi zarze saSualo fasi 7,05
laria, xolo 100 zaris dros erTi darekvis saSualo fasi 0,12 laramde mcirdeba.

mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia (Third-Degree Price Discriminacion)

300

mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma sxvadasxva momxmarebelTa

jgufebs an bazris segmentTa identificirebas axdens. firma, romelsac unda
mogebis maqsimizacia, bazris yoveli segmentisaTvis specialur fass awesebs da
inversiuli elastikurobis wesis
danaxarjs utolebs erTmaneTs

gamoyenebiT

zRvrul amonagebs

da zRvrul

9.

magaliTad, aviaxazebSi ician, rom gadaadgildebian rogorc biznesmenebi,

aseve

mogzaurebi

(damsveneblebi).

Tu

cnobilia,

biznes

segmentis

moTxovna,

kompanias SeuZlia moaxdinos mogebis maqsimizacia zRvruli amonagebis zRvrul

danaxarjebTan

gatolebiT.

igive

SeuZlia

gaakeTos

mogzaurebis

segmentTan

mimarTebaSic, Tu cnobilia am segmentis moTxovna. yoveli segmentis SigniT firma

erTnair fass awesebs, magram es fasi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes am or segments
Soris. magaliTad, aviaxazebs SeuZliaT daaweson biznes momxmareblisaTvis erT
bileTze 500 lari, magram damsvenebelebs gadaaxdevinos mxolod 200 an 300 lari.
imisaTvis, rom firmam safaso diskriminaciis dros miiRos ufro meti nameti,
saWiroa sruldebodes garkveuli sabazro pirobebi:

firmas

unda

gaaCndes

sabazro

Zalaufleba,

raTa

moaxdinos

safaso

diskriminacia, sxva sityvebiT, moTxovnis mruds unda hqondes daRmavali forma.

Tu firmas ar gaaCnia sabazro Zalaufleba, maSin igi fasis mimRebia da ar
SeuZlia daawesos gansxvavebuli fasebi sxvadasxva gamoSvebaze. bevr dargSi
mxolod

ramdenime

mwarmoebelia

da

yoveli

maTgani

akontrolebs

fass.

magaliTad, aviaxazebis industriaSi kompaniam icis, rom mas SeuZlia moizidos

meti momxmarebeli fasebis SemcirebiT (aviaxazebi monopolistebi ar arian,
magram maT mainc SeuZliaT hqondeT sabazro Zalaufleba);
firmas unda hqondes informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli fasis
gadaxda

SeuZliaT

individebs.

agreTve

unda

icodes,

Tu

rogor

icvleba

arsebuli fasebi an moTxovnis elastikuroba momxmarebelTa Sesabamisad;

firmas

unda

SeeZlos

Tavidan

aicdinos

xelmeored

gayidvebi.

winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi im momxmarebels, romelic dabal fasad SeiZens produqts, SeuZlia

Suamavlis

roli

Seasrulos

da

dabal

fasad

nayidi

produqti

miyidos

momxmarebels. aseT dros namets miiRebs Suamavali da ara firma.

12.2 pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis (srulyofili safaso diskriminacia)
arsis

gagebisaTvis

sasurvelia

produqtis

moTxovnis

skala

warmoavadginoT

rogorc gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sqema. igi gviCvenebs Tanxis sidides, romlis

9

inversiuli elastikuroba: (Pi - MCi)/Pi = -1/EQiPi , sadac, Pi - produqtis fasia, MCi - zRvruli danaxarjebi, EQiPi - firmis moTxovnis
safaso elestikuroba. inversiuli elastikurobis wesiT sxvanairad gamoisaxeba optimalur raodenobis arCevs wesi (zRvruli amonagebi
zRvruli danaxarjis tolia) im firmisaTvis, romelsac daRmavali moTxovnis skala aqvs.

301

gadasaxdeladac mzad aris momxmarebeli. moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, amitom

momxmarebeli, romelic produqtis pirvel erTeuls yidulobs, mzadaa ufro
maRali

fasi

gadaixados,

vidre

is

momxmarebeli,

romelic

meore

erTeuls

yidulobs. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sidide klebulobs yoveli axali erTeulis

gadaxdis Semdeg.
pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia idealuria gamyidvelis gadasaxedidan.
Tu gamyidveli warmatebulad danergavs pirveli xarisxis safaso dikriminacias,
maSin igi yovel erTeuls produqts daafasebs im maqsimalur sidided, romlis
gadasaxdeladac mzadaa momxmarebeli.
pirveli

xarisxis

safaso

diskriminaciis

moqmedebis

sailustraciod

CavTvaloT, rom flobT gansxvavebuli dizainis jinsebs da bazarSi moxvedrili

yvela

myidveli

Tqvens

maRaziaSi

Semodis.

calkeul

momxmarebels

naTlad

SeiZleba SevamCnioT, Tu ra fasis gadaxdisTvis aris igi mzad. vinaidan yvela

momxmarebeli

am

maRaziaSi

Semodis,

ukve

gecodinebaT

moTxovnis

mrudi

maqsimizacia?

Tqven

jinsebisaTvis (naxazi 12.1).

ra

fass

daadebT

jinsebs,

rom

moaxdinoT

mogebis

momxmarebels gadaaxdevinebT im maqsimum sarezervo (daTqmul, SeTanxmebul) fass

(mocemuli moTxovnis mrudis dasawyisSi), romelic zustad misi sarezervo fasis
tolia. magaliTad, vTqvaT, momxmarebeli mzadaa jinsSi gadaixados 100 lari.
Tqven dauwesebT 100 laris tol fass da mTel namets Tqven miiRebT. analogiurad,
Tu meore maRali fasis gadamxdeli momxmarebeli mzadaa 99 laris gadasaxdelad,
mas 99 lars dauwesebT da am drosac maqsimalur namets miiRebT. Tu SegiZliaT
ganaxorcieloT srulyofili safaso diskriminacia, maSin SeZlebT produqtis
yoveli erTeuli momxmareblis sarezervo fasis Sesabamisad gayidoT.
ra raodenobis jinsebs gayidiT? Tu Q1 raodenobas gayidiT, maSin Tqvens mier
miRebuli

fasi

aWarbebs

Q1

raodenobamde

gayidul

yvela

erTeulis

zRvrul

danaxarjebs (naxazi 12.1), e.i. mzad xarT gayidoT Q1 raodenoba. ufro mets ar gayidiT,
radgan yoveli damatebiTi erTeulisaTvis misi zRvruli danaxarji aWarbebs masSi
gadaxdil

fass.

am

dros

mwarmoeblis

nameti

warmodgenili

iqneba

Semdegi

farTobebis jamiT E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N (moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjis mrudebs

Soris). momxmarebeli veranair namets ver iRebs, radgan igi mTlianad Tqven miiReT.
es magaliTi zemoT aRwerili safaso diskriminaciis mniSvnelovani Tvisebebis
ilustracias axdens, kerZod:

_ gamyidvels unda gaaCndes sabazro Zalaufleba, jinsebisTvis

pirveli
moTxovnis

mrudi

daRmavalia.

gamyidvels

ar

Wirdeba

iyos

monopolisti

gansakuTrebuli dizainis mqone jinsebis bazarze, radgan sxva maRaziebs SeuZliaT

msgavsi markis jinsebi gayidon.
meore
mixedviT
davinaxoT
samyaroSi

gamyidvelma

gadaxdisadmi
is

fasi,

unda

mzadyofnis

romlis

gacilebiT

icodes

Tu

sidide.

gadaxdisadmi

Znelia

amis

am

ramdenad

icvleba

magaliTis

mzad

aris

gansazRvra.

momxmareblis

mixedviT

SegviZlia

momxmarebeli.

gamokiTxvis

realur

SemTxvevaSi

momxmarebeli gaurbis am kiTxvaze pasuxs _ fiqrobs, rom Tqven mas maqsimalur

fass dauwesebT. bunebrivia, igi ufro dabal fass getyodaT, raTa TviTon mieRo

302

nametis nawili. xSirad, gamyidveli myidvelis Sesaxeb gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnaze

informacias Semdeg wyaroebze dayrdnobiT ikvlevs: sad cxovrobs da muSaobs,
rogor

icvams

da

saubrobs,

ra

manqaniT

dadis

an

ra

Semosavali

aqvs.

es

informacia, ra Tqma unda, srulyofilad ver asaxavs momxmareblis gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofnas, magram igi exmareba gamyidvels miiRos ufro meti nameti, vidre am
informaciis gareSe SeZlebda amas.
mesame _ gamyidvelma Tavidan unda aicdinos xelmeored gayidva. davuSvaT,
rom Tqvens maRaziaSi Semosuli erTaderTi momxmareblis sarezervo fasi aris 50
lari an naklebi, momxmareblebi ki, romlebic ufro maRals fass gadaixdidnen,
gareT

icdian.

Tu

maRazia

jinsebs

50

larad

an

naklebad

gayidis,

maSin

momxmarebeli, romelmac jinsi iyida SeiZleba gadamyidvelis rolSi mogevlinoT.

sawyisi gayidviT Tqven xelidan gauSvebT nametis nawils, magram samagierod mas
gadamyidveli miiRebs.
naxazidan
arsebobs

12.1

wminda

Cans,

rom

danakargi.

ra

Tu

monopolisti

SegviZlia

awesebs

vTqvaT

unificirebul

wminda

danakargis

fass,

Sesaxeb

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros? yovel momxmarebels, romelic

yidulobs

produqts

Q1

niSnulis

marcxniv,

gaaCnia

gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofna,

romlis sidide tolia an aWarbebs produqtis zRvrul danaxarjs. momxmarebeli,

romelic ver yidulobs produqts Q1 niSnulis marjvniv, mzadaa gadaixados Tanxa,
romelic naklebia produqtis zRvrul danaxarjze. srulyofil pirveli xarisxis
safaso diskriminacias mivyavarT ukugebis ekonomikurad efeqtian donemde.
amrigad, srulyofili pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi
wminda danakargi ar aris.10

magaliTi 1
nametis miReba pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi
rogor

SeuZlia

diskriminaciiT

meti

monopolists
nameti,

vidre

miiRos

pirveli

unificirebuli

fasis

monopolists aqvs mudmivi zRvruli danaxarji MC = 2

mrudi

P=20_Q.

naxazze

12.2

naCvenebia

moTxovnisa

da

xarisxis
dros?

safaso
vTqvaT,

da firmis moTxovnis
zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudebi. am SemTxvevaSi fiqsirebuli danaxarjebi ar gvaqvs.

10

srulyofili pirveli xarisxis diskriminacias mivyavarT efeqtian bazramde (arsebobs nulovani wminda danakargebi), magram yvela
rodi rCeba kmayofili ukugebiT. kerZod, momxmareblebi SeiZleba ar iyvnen kmayofilebi Semosavlebis gadanawilebiT, radgan
mTeli nameti mwarmoebelTa xelSi gadadis. e.i. efeqtianoba yovelTvis ar mianiSnebs bazris monawileTa ,,Tanasworobaze.

303

fasi P
erTeulze,
lari

20

11 R

Y
9

MR

MC

18

20

raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q
erTiani fasebiT

nax. 12.2 nametis miReba pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciiT

unificirebuli fasis pirobebSi firma miiRebs mwarmoeblis namets 81 laris odenobiT (RTMZ farTobis toli). pirveli
xarisxis safaso diskriminaciisas firma miiRebs mwarmoeblis namets 162 lars (WXZ farTobi).

304

kiTxva
a) vTqvaT, ar aris daSvebuli an ar aris SesaZlebeli safaso diskriminacia.
rogori iqneba mwarmoeblis nameti?
b)

vTqvaT,

firmas

SeuZlia

ganaxorcielos

pirveli

xarisxis

safaso

diskriminacia. rogori iqneba mwarmoeblis nameti?

amoxsna
a) radgan inversiuli moTxovna aris P=20_Q, zRvruli amonagebis mrudi aris
MR =P + (P/Q)Q=(20_Q)+(-1)Q=20_2Q. optimaluri raodenobis mosaZebnad zRvrul
amonagebs

vutolebT

zRvrul

danaxarjebs.

amitom

20_2Q=2;

Q=9.

moTxovnis

mrudidan optimaluri unificirebuli fasi iqneba P=20_9=11.

am SemTxevaSi fiqisirebuli danaxarjebi ar arsebobs, mwarmoeblis nameti (PS)
aris

amonagebs

gamoklebuli

mTliani

cvalebadi

danaxarjebi,

romelic

2Q-s

tolia. PS=PQ _2Q=81; naxazze mwarmoeblis nameti aris amonagebs (ORTN farTobs)
gamoklebuli cvalebadi danaxarjebi (zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis qvemoT OZMN
farTobi). mwarmoeblis nameti aris RTMZ farTobi.
b) pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma axdens gamoSvebas
manam, sanam moTxovna da zRvruli danaxarjebi ar gadakveTen erTmaneTs, e.i.
20_Q=2, Q=18 (naxazi 12.2). monopolistis mTeli amonagebi srulyofili pirveli
xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros aris farTobi moTxovnis mrudis qvemoT
yvela warmoebuli erTeulisaTvis. amonagebi es aris naxazze mocemuli

OWXY

farTobi, romlis ricxobrivi maCvenebelia 198.

mwarmoeblis
danaxarjebi,

e.i.

nameti

aris

PS=198_2(18)=162.

mTlian

amonagebs

naxazis

mixedviT

gamoklebuli
mwarmoeblis

cvalebadi
nameti

amonagebs (OWXY farTobs) gamoklebuli cvalebadi danaxarjebi (OZXY

aris

farTobi,

romelic zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis qvemoTaa ganlagebuli). mwarmoeblis nameti

aris WXZ

farTobi.

maSasadame,

mwarmoeblis

unificirebuli

fasidan

nameti

(11)

izrdeba

pirveli

81

erTeuliT,

xarisxis

safaso

rodesac

firma

diskriminaciisaken

gadainacvlebs.

12.3 meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

bazarze momxmarebeli drois mocemul periodSi produqtis an momsaxurebis
erT

erTeulze

mets

yidulobs.

magaliTad,

yovelTviurad

momxmareblebi

yiduloben elqtrenergiis da wylis bevr erTeuls. adamianebi sazogadoebrivi

transportiT

sargebloben

da

Tvis

ganmavlobaSi

bevrjer

mgzavroben,

aseve

mgzavrebi sahaero transportiTac xSirad dafrinaven.

gamyidvelebma ician, rom momxmarebelTa moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, e.i.
momxmarebelTa

gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofna

yoveli

momdevno

erTeulis

gayidvis

305

Semdeg klebulobs. gamyidvelma SeiZleba gamoiyenos es informacia, raTaA miiRos

damatebiTi nameti momxarebelTaTvis raodenobrivi fasdaklebebis SeTavazebiT.
raodenobrivi fasdaklebebis ganxilvisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas, rom
yvela

maTgani

rodia

safaso

diskriminaciis

Sedegi.

xSirad

gamyidvilebi

raodenobriv fasdaklebas mimarTaven, radgan didi raodenobis gayidvisas naklebi

danaxarjebi aqvT. magaliTad, xaWapuri, romelic oTx adamians eyofa, rogorc
wesi, ufro naklebad iyideba, vidre ori an erTi adamianisaTvis sakmarisi. samuSao
Zalis, momzadebisa da SefuTvis xarjebi ar arian Zalian mgZnobiare xaWapuris
sididis mimarT. fasis daweseba asaxavs im faqts, rom didi xaWapuris SemTxvevaSi
misi Rirebuleba dabalia patara xaWapurTan SedarebiT.
rogor

miesadageba

diskriminacias?

raodenobrivi

ganvixiloT

fasdakleba

fasdaklebis

or

meore

xarisxis

magaliTi:

safaso

safexurebrivi

(proporciuli) faswarmoqmna (Block Pricing) da faswarmoqmna xelmowerisa da

gamoyenebis (Subscription end Usage Charges) dros.

magaliTi 2
safexurebrivi (proporciuli) faswarmoqmna
rogor gamoiyenebs gamyidveli meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacias, raTa
miiRos nameti? simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom eleqtroenergiis bazarze mxolod
erTi

momxmarebelia.

naxazi

12.3

gviCvenebs

eleqtroenergiaze

momxmareblis

moTxovnas da zRvrul danaxarjs. momxmarebels gaaCnia moTxovna P=20_Q, sadac Q

aris

momxmareblis

moTxovnili

eleqtroenergiis

raodenoba,

roca

fasi

P-s

tolia. eleqtroenergiaze zRvruli danaxarjia MC=2. rogorc magaliTidan vnaxeT,

unificirebuli fasi, romelic mogebis maqsimizaciis saSualebas gvaZlevs, aris
P=11.
CavTvaloT, rom gamyidveli momxmarebels Tavazobs raodenobriv fasdaklebas.
naxazis 12.3 gamoyenebiT SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom gamyidvels SeuZlia damatebiTi
nametis miReba. magaliTad, davuSvaT gamyidveli isev afasebs pirvel 9 erTeuls
P1=11 larad da Semdeg yovel damatebiT nayid erTeulze sTavazobs daklebul
fass P2= 8 lars. momxmarebels SeuZlia mTlianad 12 erTeuli SeiZinos. e.i.
raodenobrivi

fasdaklebiT

gamyidvelma

waaxalisa

momxmarebeli,

rom

mas

damatebiT 3 erTeuli eleqtroenergia eyida. mwarmoebelis nameti gaizarda 18

erTeulamde (FKLM farTobi, naxazi 12.3).
naxazze 12.3 mocemul safaso skalis magaliTs safexurebriv (proporciul)
tarifs uwodeben. aseTi tarifis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli ixdis fass
(tarifs)

11

lars

pirvel

erTeulSi,

xolo

Semdeg

yoveli

damatebiTi

erTeulisaTvis 8 lars. romeli safexurebrivi fasi iZleva yvelaze meti nametis

miRebis saSualebas? gamyidvels am tipis fasis gamoyenebiT meti nametis miReba

306

SeuZlia.

firma

awesebs

sxvadasxva

safexurebriv

fass

im

dros,

rodesac

eleqtroenergiis zRvruli danaxarji ar icvleba, mudmivia.

fasi P
erTeulze,
lari
W
20

11 R

eleqtroenergiaze individualuri moTxovnis mrudi

MC

0
9

12

18

20

raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q

nax. 12.3 maqsimaluri nametis miReba meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi unificirebuli
fasis dros firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 81 laris odenobiT (RTMZ-is farTobis toli) safexurebrivi tarifiT
SeuZlia 11 lari fasis daweseba pirveli 9 erTeulsaTvis, xolo Semdeg yoveli damatebiTi erTeulisaTvis awesebs 8
lars. firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 99 lars (RTMZ + FKLM farTobi).

fasi P
erTeulze,
lari
20

eleqtroenergiaze individualuri moTxovnis mrudi

P1 =14

P2 = 8

O
0

G
6

12

Q1

Q2

MC
E

Y
18

20

raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q

nax. 12.4 ufro meti nametis miReba optimaluri safexurebrivi tarifis dawesebis pirobebSi optimaluri
safexurebrivi tarifis dros vTqvaT, gvaqvs fasebis mxolod ori done. firma awesebs 14 lars pirveli donisaTvis (pirveli 6 erTeuli)
da Semdeg 8 lars damatebiTi erTeulebisaTvis. firma iRebs 108LAlaris namets (ABFKLZ farTobi).

307

ramdenad gaiumjobesebs mdgomareobas mwarmoebeli optimaluri safexurebrivi

tarifis SerCeviT? davuSvaT, rom energo kompania gvTavazobs tarifis or dones.
naxazze 12.4 naCvenebia safexurebriv-proporciuli tarifi, romelic mwarmoeblis
nametis maqsimizacias axdens. momxmarebels SeuZlia SeiZinos pirveli 6 erTeuli
14 larad

(anu P1=14 lari da Q1=6).

momxmarebeli damatebiT erTeulebs SeiZens 8

larad. momxmarebeli mTlianad 12 (Q2=12) erTeuls miiRebs. mwarmoebeli bolo 6

(Q2 _ Q1) erTeuls gayidis 8 larad (P2= 8)11.

magaliTi 3
faswarmoqmna xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis dros
ganvixiloT
rodesac

meore

xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis

satelefono

(magaliTad,

10

serviss

lari

yovel

yidulobT
TveSi)

xSirad

mxolod

gamoyenebis

ixdiT

imitom,

magaliTi.

fiqsirebul
rom

Tanxas

CarTuli

xarT

satelefono kompaniaSi. miuxedavad imisa, gaakeTebT zars am TveSi Tu ara, Tanxa

mainc unda gadaixadoT. es fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi xSirad iwodeba xelmoweris
(CarTvis) gadasaxadad. amave dros yovelTvis, rodesac adgilobriv satelefono
zars axorcielebT, ixdiT e.w. gamoyenebis gadasaxads (magaliTad, 5 TeTri erTi
zarisaTvis).
xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis fasebis kombinacia saSualebas aZlevs firmas
moaxdinos

momxmareblisTvis raodenobrivi

danaxarji

aris

xelmoweris

E=10(lari)+0,05

Tanxa

(10

lari)

fasdakleba.

(lari)Q,
da

romelic

yoveli

momxmarebelis Tviuri
Sedgeba

Sesrulebuli

yovelTviuri

zaris

raodenoba

gamravlebuli erTi damatebiTi zaris fasze (0,05 lari). erT zarze saSualo
danaxarji

iqneba

E/Q=(10lari/Q)+0,05lari.

SegviZlia

davaskvnaT,

rom

saSualo

danaxarji yovel TveSi zarebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. magaliTad,

Tu momxmarebeli ganaxorcielebs 5 zars TveSi, zaris saSualo Rirebuleba iqneba
2,05 lari (10/5+0,05=2,05). magram 100 satelefono zarisTvis saSualo Rirebuleba
mcirdeba 0,15 laramde (10/100+0,05=0,15).
rogor SeuZlia firmas gamoiyenos xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxadebi
meti nametis misaRebad? davuSvaT, rom yvela momxmarebeli erTnairia. yovel
momxmarebels
11

gaaCnia

mocemuli

moTxovna

satelefono

servisze

(naxazi

12.5).

gamoviTvaloT optimaluri safexurebrivi tarifi. davuSvaT, viciT optimaluri fasi da raodenoba (P1 da Q1) pirveli blokisaTvis.
naxazze 12.4 BE segmenti warmogvidgens Tu ra rCeba momxmareblis moTxovnis mrudidan pirveli Q1 raodenobis SeZenis Semdeg.
zRvruli amonagebi, romelic moTxovnis mrudis am nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli BN segmentia. gamovTvliT optimalur raodenobas Q2
wertilSi - meore blokisaTvis zRvruli amonagebis BN mrudisa da zRvruli danaxarjis MC mrudis kveTiT. imis gamo, rom moTxovnis
mrudi am magaliTSi wrfivia, zRvruli amonagebis BN mruds orjer meti daxra aqvs, vidre moTxovnis mruds. amitom meore blokis
raodenoba Q1-sa da 18-s Sorisaa, Q2 = (Q1+18)/2.
Semdeg SegviZlia gamovTvaloT mwarmoeblis nameti safexurebrivi fasdaklebis pirobebSi. amonagebi pirveli blokidan aris
P1Q1 , meore blokidan P2 (Q2 _Q1). bolos, cvalebadi danaxarjebi iqneba zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis qvemoT 2Q2 . mwarmoeblis nameti
aris PS =P1 Q1 +P2 (Q2 _Q1) _ 2Q2; CvenTvis cnobilia moTxovnis gantoleba P1=20-Q1 da P2=20-Q2. amrigad, PS=(20-Q1)Q1+(20Q2) (Q2-Q1)-2Q2. sabolood, Tu PS-is formulaSi CavsvamT optimalur Q2 raodenobas: Q2 = (Q1+18)/2 da algebruli gardaqmnebis
Sedegad miviRebT: PS = -(3/4) (Q1 _6)2 + 108
mwarmoeblis nametis maqsimizacia xorcieldeba 108 doneze, rodesac Q1=6. amitom pirveli blokis optimaluri raodenoba aris
Q1 =6. pirveli blokis optimaluri fasi ki P1 =20-Q1 =14. meore blokis optimaluri raodenoba Q2 = (Q1+18)/2= (6+18)/2=12. meore
blokis optimaluri fasi ki P2=20-Q2=8

308

vTqvaT, satelefono kompaniis yoveli zaris zRvruli danaxarji 0,05 laris

tolia.

kompania unda iyos darwmunebuli,

momxmareblis

yoveli

zarisaTvis

0,05

rom ar miiRebs
lars

zarals, Tu igi

dauawesebs.

momxmarebeli

yovelTviurad Q1 zars axorcielebs da misi nametia S1 (farTobi, naxazze 12.5).

satelefono kompanias SeuZlia yovelTviuri xelmoweris Tanxis dawesebiT
fasi, P
lari

S1

0.05

MC

D
0

nax. 12.5 xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxdebi

Q1

rodenoba Q

yovel momxmarebels gaaCnia moTxovnis D mrudi satelefoni servisisaTvis da satelefono kompaniis zRvruli
danaxarji erTi zarisaTvis 0,05 lars Seadgens. Tu kompania awesebs yovel zarisTvis 0,05 laris tol gamoyenebis
gadasaxads, maSin momxmarebeli yovelTviurad 1 zars SeiZens da miiRebs momxmareblis namets, romelic S1-is
tolia. satelefono kompania SeZlebs momxmareblis kuTvnili nameti miiRos yovelTviuri xelmoweris Tanxis
dawesebiT. radgan xelmoweris gadasaxdi S1 larze naklebia, momxmarebeli gaagrZelebs satelefono servisis
SeZenas.

Tavisken gadaqaCos momxmareblis nameti. radgan xelmoweris Tanxa S1-ze naklebia,

momxmarebeli gaagrZelebs satelefono servisiT sargeblobas. Tu es Tanxa S1-s ar
aRemateba momxmareblisaTvis sulerTia kompania xelmoweris Tanxas daawesebs, Tu
ara. firma mSvidad rom iyos imis Taobaze, rom arcerTi momxmarebeli ar ityvis
uars satelefono momsaxurebaze, awesebs xelmoweris Tanxas S1-ze odnav dabla.12

12.4 mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

12

realur pirobebSi firma advilad ver aiRebs mTel namets Semdegi ori mizezis gamo. pirveli _ moTxovna gansxvavdeba yvela calke
aRebuli momxmareblisaTvis. Tu firma gazrdis xelmoweris da gamoyenebis Tanxas, raTa meti nameti miiRos maRali moTxovnis
mqone momxmareblebidan. zogierTi dabali moTxovnis mqone momxmarebeli saerTod ar SeiZens serviss. amitom firmam unda
icodes, Tu ramdeni momxmarebeli hyavs maRali moTxovniT da ramdeni dabali. damatebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom firmam SeiZleba
icodes, rom arseboben sxvadasxva tipis momxmareblebi, magram SeiZleba ar icodes, Tu romeli momxmarebelia maRali da dabali
moTxovnis mqone. amitomac isini momxmarebelbs sTavazoben xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxadebis nusxas, Semdeg ki
saSualebas aZleven TviTon aarCion maTTvis mosaxerxebeli gadasaxdebis paketi. magaliTad, fiWuri telefonebis kompaniam
SeiZleba SeTavazos erTi paketi yovelTviuri gadasaxadiT 20 lari da gamoyenebis gadasaxadi 0,25 lari yoveli zarisaTvis. sxva pakets
Tavazobs momxmarebels, sadac xelmoweris gadasaxadi 30 lars udris, xolo gamoyenebis gadasaxdi SeiZleba SeTavazos erTi paketi
yovelTviuri gadasaxadi 20 laris odenobiT da gamoiyenos gadasaxadi yoveli zarisTvis 0,20 lari. momxmarebeli, romelic elodeba, rom
TveSi 200 zarze naklebs ganaxorcielebs, upiratesobas pirvel pakets mianiWebs, xolo momxmarebeli, romelic 200 zarze mets
gegmavs, meore sqemisken gadaixreba.

309

zogjer firmas SeuZlia momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva segmentis identifikacia

bazarze. mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciiT firma gamoiyenebs momxmarebelTa
TiToeuli

jgufisTvis

moTxovnis

mruds,

raTa

konkretuli

segmentaciisTvis

mogebis maqsimizaciis fasi daawesos. TiToeuli segmentisaTvis firma irCevs fass,

romelic utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebsa da zRvrul amonagebs.
ganvixiloT
diskriminacias.

magaliTi,

aSS-Si

romelic

1980-ian

wlebSi

asaxavs

mesame

sarkinigzo

xarisxis

gadazidvebis

safaso

gadasaxadebi

mniSvnelovnad daregulirda. mas Semdeg rkinigza iyenebs mesame xarisxis safaso

diskriminacias,

raTa

gansxvavebuli

fasebi

daawesos

sxvadasxva

produqtis

gadazidvaze.
vTqvaT, rkinigzis saSualebiT gadasatania naxSiri da marcvleuli. orive
produqti

erTnair

cisternebiT,

gadatanas

SefuTvis

gareSe.

eqvemdebareba
marcvleuliT

specialuri
datvirTuli

konteinerebiT,

cisterna

TiTqmis

imdenives iwonis, rasac naxSiriT datvirTuli (daaxloebiT 10 tonas). amitom

orive tvirTis gadazidvaze saWiro zRvruli danaxarjebi mocemul manZilze
TiTqmis erTi da igivea. miuxedavad amisa, rkinigza mainc 2-3-jer Zvirs iTxovs
naxSiris gadazidvaSi, vidre xorbalSi. ratom xdeba ase?
pasuxi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba xorblisa da naxSiris
gadazidvebze moTxovna. xorblis gadazidvebSi rkinigzas did konkurencias uwevs
saavtomobilo transporti da marJebi (satvirTo gemebi). magaliTad, xorbali erTi
Statidan meoreSi SeiZleba gadaizidos rogorc barJebiT mdinariT, aseve trasiT
satvirTo

manqanebiT.

amitom

moTxovna

xorblis

sarkinigzo

gadazidvebze

mgrZnobiarea rkinigzis mier daawesebuli gadasaxadis mimarT. moTxovnis mrudi,

romelic

aRwers

sarkinigzo

gadazidvebze

moTxovnas,

xorblis

SemTxvevaSi

naCvenebia naxazze 12.6. Tu rkinigza xorblis gadazidvaze maRal fass daawesebs,

bevri momxmarebeli ar isargeblebs am momsaxurebiT.
meore mxriv, naxSiri xSirad misi mwarmoebeli regionebidan ufro did
manZilze gadaitaneba. rkinigzas did manZilze gadazidvebSi sagrZnoblad mcire
gadasaxadis daweseba SeuZlia, vidre satvirTo manqanebiT gadazidvis SemTvevaSia
SesaZlebeli.
arsebobs kidev ramdenime mosazreba sarkinigzo gadazidvis sasargeblod.
samdinaro

gadazidvebi

SeuZlebelia

imis

gamo,

rom

qvanaxSiris

mompovebeli

regionebi sakmaod Sorsaa samdinaro arxebidan. aqedan gamomdinare, konkurencia

barJebis mxridan SezRudulia. naxazi 12.6 ,,a gviCvenebs qvanaxSiris gadazidvebis
moTxovnis mruds sarkinigzo transportze. qvanaxSiris gadazidvebi ufro metad
aris

damokidebuli

sarkinigzo

gadazidvebze,

vidre

xorblis

amitomac isini mzad arian ufro meti gadaixadon sarkinigzo servisSi.

310

gadazidvebi.

naxazidan

12.6

Cans,

rom

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

erTi

da

igivea

yoveli

produqtis erT tonaze (10$).13 mogebis maqsimizaciis fasi qvanaxSiris tona-milze

24$ Seadgens. igi asaxavs fasis mimarT mgrZnobiarobis simcires am saqonlis
transportirebisaTvis.

zRvruli

amonagebisa

da

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

gatolebiT aRmoCndeba, rom marcvleulis gadazidvebze mogebis maqsimizaciis fasi

erTi tona-milze aris naxevari, vidre qvanaxSirze (12$). xorblis gadazidvebze
dabali fasi asaxavs fasis mimarT mgrZnobiarobas.

Pc
$38

Pc naxSiris gadazidvis fasi

(dolari erT tonaze)

Pg
Pg xorblis gadazidvis fasi
(dolari erT tonaze)

Pc=24

Dc

$14
Pg=12

10

MC

Dc, moTxovna naxSiris

sarkinigzo gadazidvebze
MRC

MRg
0

0
14 19

a)

Dg, moTxovna
xorblis
sarkinigzo
gadazidvebze

Dg

Qc naxSiris raodnoba
(tona weliwadSi)

38 Qc

b)

28

56 Qg

Qg xorblis raodenoba
(tona weliwadSi)

nax. 12.6 naxSiris da xorblis sarkinigzo gadazidvebze fasis daweseba

naxazi ,,a gviCvenebs moTxovnas naxSiris sarkinigzo gadazidvebze, xolo ,,b moTxovnas xorblis gadazidvebze.
xorblis gadazidvebisTvis xSirad rkinigzis nacvlad barJebsa da satvirTo manqanebs iyeneben, amitom misi
gadazidvebi Zalian grZnobiarea rkinigzis mier dawesebuli fasis mimarT. naxSiris gadazidvebi ufro metad aris
damokidebuli sarkinigzo gadazidvebze da amitomac mzad arian ufro meti gadaixadon. mesame xarisxis safaso
diskriminaciiT rkinigza xSirad naxSiris gadazidvebze orjer met fass awesebs, vidre xorbalze, miuxedavad imisa,
rom produqts gadazidvebis zRvruli danaxarji TiTqmis erTi da igivea. am magaliTSi mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis
naxSiris gadazidvis fasia $24, xolo xorblis $12.

sarkinigzo gadazidvebs safaso diskrimianciis SemoRebis dros problemebi

TiTqmis ar aqvs. maT ician Tu vin aris naxSiris da xorblis gadazidvebis
myidveli. Tu energo kompanais Wirdeba naxSiris yidva, naklebad SesaZlebelia man
sarkinigzo gadazidvebze ufro iafi transportirebis SesaZlebloba ipovos.

magaliTi 4
safaso diskriminacia progresuli integraciiT

13

aSS-Si satransporto gadazidvebis erTeulad miRebulia `tona-mili~, rac gulisxmobs 1 tona sawvavis 1 milze gadatanas. msoflios
sxva qveynebSi es erTeuli `tona-kilometria~.

311

am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom warmatebuli safaso diskriminaciisaTvis

saWiroa firmam aRkveTos Tavisi produqtis an momsaxurebis xelmeored gayidva.
safaso

diskriminaciis

danergvis

erT-erT

strategiad

SegviZlia

ganvixiloT

progresuli (mowinave) integracia.

progresuli

integracia

aris

strategia,

rodesac

firma

gadadis

imave

biznesSi, sadac misi momxmarebelebi arian. ganvixiloT rogor moaxerxa ,,alkoam

(Alcoa) aRekveTa Tavisi produqtis xelmeored gayidva (1930-ian wlebamde igi iyo
monopolisti pirveladi aluminis warmoebaSi).
alumini Zalian bevri produqtis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba. ,,alkoam icis,
rom

alumini

nawilobriv

imiT

fasobs,

rom

igi

metalurgiul

warmoebaSi

gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, msubuqi liToni TviTmfrinavis korpusis dasamzadeblad.

alumins garkveuli `Wimvadobac~ axasiaTebs (wonis moqmedebis Sedegad iWimeba,
izniqeba), amitomac xSirad gamoiyeneba xidebis damWeri gvarlis dasamzadebald.
sxva nivTierebebi alumins ver cvlian. aqedan gamomdinare, ,,alkoam icis, rom
aluminze

pirveladi

moTxovna

araelastikuria

kabelebis

warmoebasa

da

TviTmfrinavTmSeneblobaSi.
sxva produqtebis warmoebaSi aluminis gamoyenebis upiratesoba SedarebiT
naklebia. magaliTad, alumini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas qvabebis da tafebis
warmoebaSi,
gamoyenebac.

magram
amitom

am

sferoSi

samzareulos

moTxovna SedarebiT elastikuria.

312

igive

warmatebiT

mowyobilobebis

SeiZleba

sxva

gasakeTeblad

liTonebis
aluminis

moTxovnis safaso
elastikuroba
--------------------

progresuli
integracia

samzareulo
nakeTobebi

maRal
elastikuri

kabelebi,
avianakeTobebi

naklebad
elastikuri

fasi
------

dabali

,,alkoa
aluminis pirveladi
mwarmoebeli

maRali

nax. 12.7 ,,alkoas progresuli integracia safaso diskriminaciis misaRwevad

,,alkoam icis, rom pirvelad aluminze moTxovna SedarebiT araelastikuria TviTmfrinamSenebelobaSi da xidis kabelebis
warmoebaSi. veranairi sxva masala ver Secvlis alumins am produqtebis damzadebisas. meore mxriv, ,,alkoas aluminze
moTxovna samzareulos WurWlis dasamzadebald sakmaod elastikuria, radgan sxva masalebis gamoyenebacaa SesaZlebeli
am produqtis dasamzadeblad. ,,alkoas surs alumini maRal fasad gayidos TviTmfrinavmSeneblebze da dabal fasad
WurWlis mwarmoeblebze. magram man icis, rom xelmeored gayidvebs SeiZleba qondes adgili da amitomac iRebs
gadawyvetilebas TviTon awarmoos qvabebi da tafebi (es aris misi WurWlis damzadebis biznesSi integrirebis strategia).
aRar yidis pirvelad alumins dabal fasad da gayidvebs awarmoebs mxolod maRali fasis gadamxdel klientebze.

davuSvaT, rom aluminisagan mzaddeba ori produqti (naxazi 12.7). ,,alkoas

surs gamoiyenos mesame xarisxis safaso diskrimiancia, raTa alumini maRal fasad
miyidos

TviTmfinavTmSeneblobisa

da

xidis

kabelebis

mwarmoeblebs,

xolo

SedarebiT dabal fasad WurWlis damamzadeblebs. man icis, rom problemebi

gauCndeba aluminis gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. Tu TviTmfrinavmSeneblebi gaigeben,
rom

WurWlis

mwarmoeblebi

alumins

ufro

dabal

fasad

yiduloben,

maSin

TiToeulma maTganma SeiZleba WurWlis mwarmoeblad daasaxelos Tavi.

xelmeored

gayidvis

Tavidan

asacileblad

,,alkoam

gadawyvita

TviTon

gaakeTos aluminis qvabebi da tafebi (swored es aris progresuli integraciis

magaliTi

samzareulos

mowyobilobebis

biznesSi).

igi

aRar

yidis

pirvelad

alumins dabal fasad da sxva kompaniebisTvis mxolod maRal fass awesebs.

swored,

progresuli

integraciiT

SeuZlia

,,alkoas

moaxdinos

safaso

diskriminacia da Tavidan aicilos nedleulis gadayidva.

SerCeva (Screening )
sainteresoa ratom ukeTeben pensionerebs da studentebs fasdaklebas iseTi
organizaciebi, rogorebicaa Teatrebi, sahaero transporti, saqalaqo transporti
da restornebi? erTi SesaZlo pasuxi am kiTxvaze is aris, rom adgili aqvs safaso
diskriminacias, rac bizness saSualebas aZlevs miiRos nameti. ufrosi Taobis
adamianebs xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli Semosavlebi aqvT (praqtikuald im xalxs,

313

romlebic pensiaze gavidnen). igive mdgomareoba aqvT studentebs, magram maT

gaaCniaT ufro meti Tavisufali dro, vidre momuSaveebs. Sesabamisad, asakovan
moqalaqeebsa da studentebs xSirad axasiaTebT elastikuri moTxovna produqtsa
da servisze. inversiuli elastikurobis fasis dawesebis wesi firmebs urCevs am
tipis momxmareblisiTvis SedarebiT dabali fasi daaweson.
biznesSi xSirad gamoiyeneba asakisa da studentis statusis parametrebi. es
meqanizmi

saSualebas

maxasiaTeblebiT:

1)

iZleva

informacia

momxmareblis
myidvelis

SerCeva

Sesaxeb,

moxdes

romlis

Semdegi

dadgenac

firmas

SeuZlia; 2) informacia myidvelis Sesaxeb, romlis dadgena firmis mier rTulia,

magram Zalian saWiroa (gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna an moTxovnis elastikuroba).
magaliTad, kinoTeatrs SeuZlia Seafasos momxmareblis moTxovnis elastikuroba,
rodesac igi Semodis kinoTeatrSi (ra Tqma unda igi pirdapir ver dasvams kiTxvas
gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofnaze).

menejers

SeuZlia

dainaxos

iseTi

maxasiaTebeli,

rogoricaa momxmareblis asaki an studentis statusi. umetesi studentisa da

asakovani moqalaqis moTxovna elastikurobiT xasiaTdeba da amitomac menejers
SeuZlia am segmentisaTvis ufro dabali fasis daweseba. menejerma SeiZleba
moiTxovos

momxmareblisagan

asakis

damadasturebeli

sabuTi

an

studenturi

bileTi.
safaso diskriminacia drois mixedviT. sezonuri moTxovnebidan gamomdinare,
dRis an wlis periodebis mixedviT mravali servisi sxvadasxva fasad iyideba.
magaliTad, satelefono kompaniebi xSirad aweseben ufro maRal fasebs dRis
ganmavlobaSi da naklebs saRamos saaTebSi. maT ician, rom momxmareblebi da
mewarmeebi dRis ganmavlobaSi agvareben aucilebel saqmeebs.
aseve mraval momxmarebels surs, rom iyos `pirveli pirvelTa Soris~ da
yidulobs axal kompiterul produqts, axal musikalur centrs an naxulobs axal
films. gamyidvelebma ician, rom aseTi momxmareblebi mzad arian produqtis
drouli miRebisaTvis meti gadaixadon da iyeneben drois meqanizms.
gamyidvelebi ufro maRal fass adeben produqts, rodesac igi pirvelad
gamodis sarealizaciod. magaliTad, myidvelebi Tavdapirvelad did Tanxas ixdian
xuT-funqciur mobilurSi. ramdenime wlis Semdeg SeZlebT aseTi mobilurebi
Zalian iafad SeeZinas. igive procesebi SeiZleba davinaxoT rTuli kompiuteruli
teqnikis gamoyenebis magaliTze. axal modelze wlis ganmavlobaSi fasi 50%-iT da
metadac SeiZleba Semcirdes. ra Tqma unda, produqtis gamoSvebis pirvel periodSi
safaso

diskriminacia

produqtze

fasi

maRali

SeiZleba

fasis

droTa

dawesebis

erTaderTi

mizezi

ar

ganmavlobaSi

Semcirdes,

radgan

warmoebis

danaxarjebi mcirdeba.

12.5 mibmiTi gayidvebi

314

aris.

firmebi nametis misaRebad xSirad iyeneben mibmiT gayidvebs (Tying,Tie-insales).

igi

gamyidvels

saSualebas

aZlevs

momxmarebels

produqti

miyidos

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is mzad iqneba masTan erTad sxva produqtic iyidos.

aRniSuli

saSualeba

gamoiyeneba

im

SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac

momxmarebeli

erTmaneTisgan gansxvdeba yidvis sixSiriT. magaliTad, firmas aqvs patenti aslis

gadamRebze, romelic sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT aRWurvilia damatebiTi funqciebiT,
Tanac sakmaod mimzidvelia momxmareblisTvis. aseTi patenti firmas garkveul
sabazro

Zalauflebas

aniWebs

sxva

firmebTan

SedarebiT.

Tu

igi

safaso

diskriminacias mimarTavs, SeuZlia momxmareblebs, romlebic TveSi 1500 aslze

mets akeTeben, meti daufasos, vidre im momxmareblebs, romlebsac TveSi mxolod
400 asli sWirdebaT. aseTi momxmareblis garCeva xSirad Znelia da mxolod aslis
gadamRebebis mwarmoebeli firma amas ver SeZlebs. maSin rogor SeuZlia firmas
meti nameti miiRos sabazro Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT? firmam SeiZleba aslis
gadamRebis

gayidva

aslebisTvis

miabas

gamoiyeneba).

qaRaldis
firmam

gayidvebs

SeiZleba

(e.i.

qaRaldi

produqts,
gayidos

romelic

`moTxovnebis

kontraqtis~ safuZvelze. kontraqti avaldebulebs aslis gadamRebis myidvels

qaRaldic

misgan

iyidos.

qaRaldis

fasi

odnav

meti

iqneba

masze

gaweul

danaxarjebze da firma maRal mogebas miiRebs.

magaliTidan

Cans,

rom

mibmiTi

gayidvebi

firmas

aZlevs

saSualebas

gaafarToos bazarze Tavisi Zalaufleba. aRniSnuli mibmiTi gayidvebis gareSe

firma qaRaldidan saSualoze maRal mogebas ver miiRebda. qaRaldis bazari metad
konkurentulia, radgan misi damzadebisTvis gansakuTrebuli teqnologiebi ar
aris saWiro. Tu firmas surs qaRaldi momxmareblebs miyidos sabazroze ufro
met fasad, igi darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom isini sxva bazris subieqtebisgan
qaRalds ar iyidian. magaliTad, SemoiRos wesi, rom sagarantio momsaxureba aslis
gadamRebze

moqmedia

mxolod

im

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

momxmarebeli

aqve

SeiZens

qaRalds.14
xSirad am saxis gayidvebis praqtika kamaTis sagani xdeba. mbeWdavis (printer)
mwarmoebels unda, rom momxmarebelma swored misi fxvnili iyidos da SeiZleba
ikamaTos kidec _ misi fxvnilia saWiroa, rom mbeWdavi ar daziandes. aseTi saxis
kontroli firmis reputaciis SesanarCuneblad aris saWiro. sxva mwarmoeblebi,
romlebsac

aseve

undaT

fxvnilis

gayidva,

SeiZleba

fiqrobdnen,

rom

es

kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebaa. xSirad aseTi kamaTi sasamarTloSi mTavrdeba.

paketireba
paketireba (Bundling) gulisxmobs mibmul gayidvebs, rodesac momxmareblebi
saqonels

paketSi

yiduloben.

sxvadasxva

saqonlis

cal-calke

yidva

mas

ar

14

aseTi saxis praqtika xSirad saWiroebs e.w. `metrirebas~ (gazomvadobas). aslis gadamRebs aqvs aseTi kontrolis saSualeba. masze
damontaJebulia mricxveli, romelic daqseroqsebuli erTeulebis raodenobas afiqsirebs.

315

SeuZlia. magaliTad, sakabelo televiziaze xelmoweris dros iZulebuli xarT

iyidoT mTliani `paketi~, nacvlad imisa, rom yovel arxze cal-calke xelmowera
gaakeToT. aseve akvaparkSi, zooparkSi an sabavSvo parkSi Sesasvlelad nayidi
bileTiT

iRebT

mwarmoebelma

uflebas

SeiZleba

yvela

atraqcioniT

SemogTavazoT

paketi,

isargebloT.

romlSic

Sedis

kompiuterebis
procesori

da

monitori.15 '
ratom yidian firmebi zogjer or an met saqonels erT paketSi maTi calcalke

gayidvis

nacvlad?

paketirebam

SeiZlena

meti

mogeba

moitanos,

Tu

momxmarebelTa gemovneba gansxvavdeba or produqtze (gansxvavebuli gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofna) da firmas safaso diskriminaciis gatareba ar SeuZlia. davuSvaT,
kompania or sxvadasxva produqts yidis _procesors da monitors. procesoris
zRvruli danaxarji aris 1000$, xolo monitorisa 300$.
paketirebas SeuZlia mogebis gazrda, rodesac momxmarebelTa preferenciebi uaryofiT
korelaciaSia16
cxrili 12.2

rezervaciis fasi (maqsimaluri

gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna)
procesori

monitori

momxmarebeli 1

$1200

$600

momxmarebeli 2

$1500

$400

zRvruli danaxarji

$1000

$300

simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom bazarze mxolod ori moxmarebelia, magram

firmas ar SeuZlia safaso diskriminaciis gatareba. cxrilSi 12.2 mocemulia, Tu
gadaxdisadmi ra mzadyofna gaaCnia TiToeul momxmarebels. orive momxmarebels
SeiZleba undodes axali procesoris da monitoris yidva, magram SeiZleba surdes
SeiZinos mxolod axali procesori (SeiZleba ukve aqvs Zveli monitori) an
mxolod axali monitori (raTa Zvel procesorTan gamoiyenos). ,,momxmarebeli 1
gadaixdis 1200$-s axal procesorSi da 600$-s monitorSi, xolo ,,momxmarebeli 2
gadaixdis 1500$-s procesorSi da 400$-s monitorSi. vnaxoT rogori iqneba firmis
mogeba, Tu igi saqonlis paketirebas ar mimarTavs. ra PP fasi unda daawesos man
procesorze? Tu firma faawesebs PP=1500$-s, maSin igi mxolod erT procesors
gayidis

(,,momxmarebeli

2)

da

miiRebs

500$-is

odenobiT

gamoklebuli zRvruli danaxarji, e. i. 1500$_1000$ =

15

500$)17.

mogebas

(fass

Tu igi daawesebs

paketireba mibmiTi gayidvis msgavsia, magram yvela maTgani paketirebas ar gulisxmobs. magaliTad, mibmiTi yidva xdeba, roca
momxmarebeli valdebulia procesoris yidvis Semdeg xmis gamaZlierebelic am mwarmoeblisagan iyidos, magram SeuZlia igi iyidos
procesoris SeZenis gareSe. aRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegod SegviZlia moviyvanoT akvaparkis, zooparkis an sabavSo parkis paketirebis
magaliTi.
16
preferencia or subieqts Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba erTmaneTis upiratesobis miniWebiT
17
,,momxmarebelis 1-is rezervaciis fasia 1500$. mkacrad rom vTqvaT, Tu mwarmoebeli daadgens procesoris fass PP = 1500$,
,,momxmarebeli 1 indiferentuli gaxdeba yidvis da aryidvis arCevans Soris. CavTvaloT, rom momxmarebeli yidulobs, rodesac fasi
maqsimaluri gadaxdis mzadyofnas utoldeba (firmas yovelTvis SeuZlia erTi centiT mainc dawios fasi, rom gayidos saqoneli)

316

PP=1200$ fass, maSin or procesors gayidis da 400$-is odenobiT mogebas miiRebs

(200$ yoveli procesoridan). ase, rom mas pirveli varianti urCevnia PP=1500$.
axla vnaxoT ra fasis daweseba urCevnia firmas monitorisaTvis (Pm)? Tu igi
awesebs Pm=600$ fass, maSin mxolod erT monitors gayidis (momxmarbelze 1) da
300$ mogebas miiRebs (fass 600$-s gamoklebuli zRvruli danaxarji 300$). Tu
Pm=400$-s, maSin igi or monitors gayidis da Sebamisad 200$ mogebas miiRebs (100$
TiTo monitori). saukeTeso gamosavali firmisTvis iqneba daawesos PP=1500$ da
Pm=600$ fasebi. am SemTxvevaSi saerTo mogeba 800$-ia (500$ procesoridan da 300$
monitoridan).
davuSvaT, xdeba procesorisa da monitoris paketireba. rogori iqneba mogeba?
,,momxmarebeli 1 mzad iqneba gadaixados 1800$ paketisaTvis, xolo ,,momxmarebeli
2 ki 1900$-s gadaixdis. Tu paketi gaiyideba 1900$-ad, maSin mxolod ,,momxmarebeli
2 SeZlebs paketis yidvas. mTliani amonagebi iqneba 1900$ da mogeba 600$ (mTliani
danaxarji 1300$=1000$kompiuteris+300$ monitoris) anu 1900$ _ 1300$ = 600$ mogeba.
aqedan

gamomdinareobs

Semdegi

daskvna:

umjobesia

paketirebiT

gaiyidos

saqoneli, Tu Pb = 1800$; yoveli paketis SemTxevaSi mogeba 500$-s Seadgens (mTlian

amonagebs 1800$-s gamoklebuli mTliani danaxarji 1300$) anu firmis mTliani
amonagebi iqneba 1000$. mwarmoebeli mogebis maqsimizacias akeTebs Pb=1800$ paketis
gayidvis dros. paketireba zrdis mogebas 800$-dan (paketirebis gareSe) 1000$-mde
(paketirebis SemTxvevaSi).
ratom

axdens

paketireba

mogebis

maqsimizacias?

saqme

is

aris,

rom

momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi uaryofiT korelaciaSia. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs,

rom ,,momxmarebeli 1 mzadaa meti gadaixados procesorSi, vidre ,,momxmarebeli 2,
maSin, rodesac ,,momxmarebeli 2 mzadaa meti gadaixados monitorSi. paketirebiT
mwarmoebeli

aiZulebs

momxmarebels

aiRos

orive

saqoneli,

maSin

roca

paketirebis gareSe igi orives ar SeiZenda.

ratom aris momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis uaryofiTi korelacia mniSvnelovani?
ganvixiloT

sapirispiro

movlena

moTxovnebi

erTmaneTTan

dadebiT

korelaciaSia. cxrilSi 12.3 mocemulia momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi. momxmareblebis

preferenciebi (survilebi, moTxovnebi) dadebiT korelaciaSi arian erTmaneTTan,
radgan ,,momxmarebels 1-s unda meti gadaixados monitorSi da meti procesorSi,
vidre ,,momxmarebels 2-s.
Tu mwarmoebeli ar moaxdens paketirebas, maSin mogebis maqsimizacia moxdeba
procesoris 1500$-ad gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. yoveli gayiduli procesoridan mogeba
500$-s Seadgens. mxolod ,,momxmarebeli 2 yidulobs procesors imave fasSi.
yvelaze meti mogebis miReba (300$) firmas SeuZlia miiRos monitoris 600 dilarad
gayidvis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod ,,momxmarebeli 2 yidulobs monitors da mTliani
mogeba 800$-s Seadgens. (SegiZliaT darwmundeT, rom firmisTvis nakleb momgebiania
gayidos an procesori an monitori sakmaod dabal fasad, rom ,,momxmarebeli 1
moxiblos). Tu mwarmoebeli procesorsa da monitors paketSi gayidis, saukeTeso

317

variantia 2100$ -is daweseba da mogeba 800$

iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, paketireba

ar zrdis firmis mogebas.

paketireba ar zrdis mogebas, rodesac momxmarebelTa preferenciebi dadebiT
korelaciaSia
cxrili 12.3

rezervaciis fasi (maqsimaluri

gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna)
procesori

monitori

momxmarebeli 1

$1200

$400

momxmarebeli 2

$1500

$600

zRvruli danaxarji

$1000

$300

Sereuli paketireba (Mixed Bundling)

praqtikaSi

firmebi

xSirad

saSualebas

aZleven

momxmareblebs

iyidon

komponentebi individualurad da amave dros gamoiyenon paketirebac. magaliTad,

Tqven

SegiZliaT

SeiZinoT

procesori

,,Dell-isagan

monitoris

gareSe,

amas

Sereuli paketireba ewodeba. riT aris ukeTesi Sereuli paketirebis startegia

firmisaTvis?
ganvixiloT

magaliTi,

romelic

mocemulia

cxrilSi

12.4.

oTxi

momxmareblidan yoveli momxmarebeli mzadaa gadaixados 1700$ paketisaTvis. maTi

moTxovnebi

uaryofiT

korelaciaSi

arian.

momxmarebeli,

romelic

mzadaa

gadaixados meti procesorSi, naklebs ixdis monitorSi. magram rogorc vnaxavT,

mwarmoebeli ver moaxdens mogebis maqsimizacias paketze 1700$-is dawesebiT.
Sereul paketirebas SeuZlia gazardos sargeblianoba
cxrili 12.4

rezervaciis fasi (maqsimaluri

gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna)
procesori

monitori

momxmarebeli 1

$900

$800

momxmarebeli 2

$1100

$600

momxmarebeli 3

$1300

$400

momxmarebeli 4

$1500

$200

zRvruli danaxarji

$1000

$300

ganvixiloT sami SemTxevva:

1.

ar

aris

paketireba.

Tu

mwarmoebeli

ar

axdens

paketirebas,

igi

maqsimizacias ukeTebs kompaniis mogebas, roca 1300$-ad procesors da 600$-ad

monitors

yidis.

am

pirobebSi

procesors

iyidis

,,momxmarebeli

da

,,momxmarebeli 4. firmis mogeba procesoridan iqneba 600$ (gayiduli 2 procesori,

yoveli

318

maTganis

fasi

1300$,

danaxarji

1000$-ia).

Tu

monitoris

fasi

600$-ia

,,momxmarebeli

da

,,momxmarebeli

monitors

iyidian.

firmis

mogeba

monitorebidan aseve 600$ iqneba (gaiyideba 2 monitori, TiToeulis fasi 600$, xolo
danaxarjebi 300$) amrigad, mTliani mogeba iqneba 1200$;
2. wminda paketireba (mxolod paketebis gayidva). Tu mwarmoebeli sTavazobs
momxmareblebs pakets, romelSic procesori da monitori Sedis 1700$-ad, oTxive
momxmarebeli iyidis pakets. yovel paketze mogeba 400$ iqneba (1700$ amonagebs
gamoklebuli zRvruli danaxarjebi 1300$). mTliani mogeba iqneba 1600$;
3. Sereuli paketireba. am SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebeli momxmarebels sam variants
Tavazobs. yidis procesors calke PP fasad, monitors calke Pm fasad da pakets
procesori + monitori Pb fasad.
ratom

aris

firmisaTvis

optimaluri

strategia

Sereuli

paketirebis

SeTavazeba? aseTi fasis dawesebis strategia survils ukargavs momxmarebels

calke iyidos erTi komponenti, roca misi gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna ufro dabalia,
vidre komponentis zRvruli danaxarji.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ,,momxmarebeli 1 mzadaa mxolod 900$ gadaixados
procesorSi,

rac

naklebia,

vidre

procesorze

zRvruli

danaxarji.

magram

firmisaTvis ar aris momgebiani ,,momxmarebel 1-s procesori aRniSnul fasad

miyidos. Tu ,,momxmarebeli 1 1700$-ad yidulobs pakets, maSin firma aRniSnuli
paketis gayidviT 400$ mogebas miiRebs (anu 1700$ amonagebs minus 1300$ danaxarji).
Tu momxmarebeli iyidis pakets, igi miiRebs nulis tol momxmareblis namets.
firmas monitoris calke gayidviT ,,momxmarebeli 1-gan ufro meti mogebis
miReba SeuZlia. mas SeuZlia moandomos ,,momxmarebels 1-s iyidos monitori calke
iseT fasad, rodesac igi meti momxmarebelis namets miiRebs, vidre paketis yidvis
dros. Tu mwarmoebeli calke monitors 799$-ad gayidis, maSin ,,momxmarebeli 1
iyidis mas da monitoridan firma 499$
roca

momxmarebeli

momxmarebelic

mxolod

mogebulia,

mogebas miiRebs, firma 99$-iT mets iRebs,

monitors

radgan

1$

iRebs
tol

paketis

nacvlad.

momxmareblis

namets

amave

dros

iRebs

(Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom misi gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna monitorze iyo 800$) e.i

firmam unda daawesos
analogiurad,

Pm =799$ fasi.

,,momxmarebeli

monitorSi

mxolod

200$-is

gadaxdaze

acxadebs mzadyofnas, rac naklebia, vidre procesorze zRvruli danaxarji, anu

,,momxmarebel 4-ze monitoris gayidva firmas ar awyobs. ,,momxmarebeli 4-Tvis
ukeTesia

paketis

nacvlad

mxolod

procesori

iyidos

1499$-ad

(da

miiRos

momxmareblis nameti 1$). procesoris calke gayidva ,,momxmarebeli 4-ze firmas

400$-is nacvlad 499$ mogebas aZlevs, rasac 1700$-iani paketis gayidviT miiRebda anu
firmam unda daawesos PP =1499$ fasi.
amrigad, ,,momxmarebel 2-s da ,,momxmarebel 3-s uaryofiTi korelaciuri
moTxovnebi

aqvT.

ufro

metic,

Tanxa,

romlis

gadaxdazec

isini

mzadyofnas

acxadeben, zRvrul danaxarjze metia. amrigad, firmas urCevnia isini paketSi

gayidos

da paketze

Pb

= 1700$ fasi

daawesos.

Sereuli paketirebis

dros

319

,,momxmarebeli 4

yidulobs

calke

procesors,

,,momxmarebeli 1

ki mxolod

monitors, xolo ,,momxmarebeli 2 da ,,momxmarebeli 3 yiduloben pakets. mTliani

mogeba aris 1798$. mogeba gacilebiT metia Sereuli paketirebisas, vidre is
iqneboda paketirebis gareSe (1200$) an mxolod paketirebiT gayidvisas (1600$).

12.6 reklama
reklamiT gamyidveli imedovnebs gazardos moTxovna saqonelze, gadaadgilos
moTxovnis mrudi marjvniv da Seqmnas nametis meti moculoba. magram reklama did
danaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
naxazze 12.8 naCvenebia reklamiT miRebuli efeqti. naxazis mixedviT firmas ar
SeuZlia safaso diskriminaciis gatareba da reklamaze danaxarjebi gavlenas
axdenen

firmis

fiqsirebul

danaxarjze,

magram

ar

gadaadgilebs

zRvruli

danaxarjis mruds. magaliTad, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom ludis damzadebis

SemTxvevaSi zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi reklamaze ar aris damokidebuli.

fasi P
erTeulze,
lari

sargebeli
reklamiT (A1)

MC

P1

P0

AC1
AC0

sargebeli
reklamis
gareSe

MR1
MR0
00

Q0

D1

D0
Q1

raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q

nax. 12.8 reklamis efeqti

davuSvaT, rom firma reklamas ar akeTebs. am SemTxvevaSi produqtze moTxovna

da zRvruli amonagebi aris D0 da MR0 mrudebi, xolo saSualo da zRvruli
danaxarjebis mrudebia AC0 da MC. firma uSvebs Q0 raodenobas da erTeul produqts
yidis P0

fasad. naxazidan Cans, rom maqsimaluri mogebis miReba firmas SeuZlia

reklamis gareSe, magram reklama mogebas mniSvnelovnad zrdis.

Tu firma A1 lars reklamaSi daxarjavs, moTxovnis mrudi gadainacvlebs
marjvniv D1 mdgomareobaSi da zRvruli amonagebis mrudi gaxdeba MR1. reklama
gazrdis

320

firmis

mTlian

danaxarjebs,

amitom

saSualo

danaxarjebis

mrudi

izrdeba da xdeba AC1. mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT firma uSvebs Q1 raodenobis

produqts

da

danaxarjebis

erTeuls

yidis

mrudebis

P1

fasad.

mixedviT

naxazze

firmas

mocemuli

SeuZlia

reklamirebiT. vTqvaT, igi xarjavs A1 lars

iyos

moTxovnisa

ufro

da

momgebiani

reklamaSi da firmis maqsimaluri

mogeba izrdeba ise, rogorc naxazzea naCvenebi.

Tu

firma

mogebis

maqsimizacias

axdens

reklamis

daxmarebiT

(A>0)

da

awarmoebs dadebiT raodenobas (Q>0), aucilebelia sruldebodes ori piroba:

1.

rodesac

gamoSveba

optimaluradaa

SerCeuli,

mTlian

amonagebSi

cvlileba bolo gamoSvebuli erTeulisaTvis TR/Q (anu zRvruli amonagebi MRQ)

unda udrides bolo erTeulis zRvrul danaxarjs TC/Q ( MCQ). MRQ=MCQ
optimalur

raodenobis

SerCevis

piroba

monopolistisaTvis.

aris

optimaluri

raodenobis SerCevis gantoleba inversiuli elastikurobis wesis analogiurad

SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovadginoT:

P - MCQ
P

E Q,P

(12.1)

sadac P _aris produqtis fasi, EQ,P _ aris moTxovnis elstikurobis fasi.

2. Tu reklamis done A optimalurad aris arCeuli, maSin maqsimaluri mogebis
dros reklamis pirobebSi zRvruli amonagebi bolo erTeulidan TR/A (romelic
aRniSnulia MRA-Ti) unda udrides bolo erTeulis gamoSvebis zRvrul danaxarjs
reklamis pirobebSi

TC/A (MCA).

ratom unda arsebobdes MRA= MCA toloba maqsimaluri mogebis dros? Tu

reklamis arsebuli donis dros MRA > MCA, reklamis damatebiTi erTeuli amonagebs
ufro

metad

gazrdis,

vidre

danaxarjebs.

am

SemTxvevaSi

gazardos mogeba meti reklamiT. analogiurad Tu

MRA< MCA

firmam

SeiZleba

firmas SeuZlia

mogeba gazardos naklebi reklamiT.

piroba

MRA=

MCA

sxvagvaradac

SeiZleba

warmovadginoT.

Tu

mudmiv

fass

vinarCunebT, rogor cvlis reklamis done mTlian amonagebs? Tu produqtze

moTxovna aris Q(P,A), e.i. moTxovnili raodenoba damokidebulia rogorc fasze,
aseve reklamaze, maSin firmis mTliani amonagebi aris TR= PQ(P,A). Tu reklama
izrdeba mcire sididiT (A), mTliani amonagebis nazrdi (TR) iqneba fasis (P)-is
reklamaze moTxovnis raodenobis nazrdis (Q) namravlis toli. amrigad, TR=PQ.
roca orive mxares gavyofT A-ze miviRebT

TR/A = P(Q/A). gamodis, rom

zRvruli amonagebi reklamidan tolia MRA = P(Q/A).

rogor gavlenas axdens reklamis donis cvlileba mTlian danaxarjebze?
mTliani

danaxarjebi

reklamisaTvis

aris

aris:
TC/A

TC=C(Q(P,A))+A.
(aRniSnulia

zRvruli
MCA-Ti).

Tu

danaxarjebi
reklama

damatebiTi

mcire

sididiT

icvleba (A), maSin reklamis xarjebi izrdeba A-iT. magram moTxovnili raodenoba
aseve

izrdeba

Q-iT.

Tu

firma

awarmoebs

damatebiT

raodenobas,

warmoebis

321

danaxarjebi

izrdeba

(MCQ)(Q).

amitom

damatebiT

reklamis

gavlena

mTlian

danaxarjebze iqneba TC = (MCQ) (Q) + A. orive mxares gavyoT A-ze da miviRebT

MCA = (MCQ)(Q/A) + 1.
roca MRA = MCA, maSin

P(Q/A)=MCQ(Q/A)+1 algebruli gardaqmnebis Sedegad

Cven SegviZlia davweroT:

P MCQ
P

1
E Q,A

A
PQ

(12.2)
sadac Q,A aris reklamaze moTxovnis elsatikuroba. reklamaze moTxovnis
elastikuroba

izomeba

procentuli

gayidvebis

zrdaSi,

rac

reklamis

1%-iT

gazrdas gamoiwvevs. (12.1) da (12.2) gantolebebis marcxena mxareebi erTi da igivea

(lerneris indeqsi). Tu gavutolebT erTmaneTs gantolebis marjvena mxareebs
miviRebT:

E Q,A
A

PQ
E Q,P
(12.3)
gantolebis (12.3) marcxena mxare aris reklamis xarjebis fardoba gayidvebiT
miRebul amonagebTan PQ.

marjvena mxare aris reklamaze uaryofiTi moTxovnis

elastikuroba Sefardebuli moTxovnis safaso elastikurobasTan. Tu davukvirdebiT

am damokidebulebas, masSi aris garkveuli logika. vTqvaT, gamoikvlieT ori bazari
daaxloebiT

igive

moTxovnis

safaso

elastikurobiT,

magram

isini

reklamaze

moTxovnis elastikurobiT gansxvavdebian. im bazarze, romelSic moTxovna Zlier

mgrZnobiarea reklamis moculobaze, reklamis gayidvebTan Tanafardoba gacilebiT
maRali iqneba im bazarTan SedarebiT, sadac reklamaze moTxovnis elastikuroba
dabalia.

ZiriTadi terminebi

safaso diskriminacia
pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
safexurebrivi (proporciuli) faswarmoqmna
SerCeva
mibmiTi gayidvebi
Sereuli paketireba
wminda paketireba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

sabazro

Zalauflebis

mqone

firmebs

SeuZliaT

didi

mogebis

miReba.

am

SesaZleblobis realizacia damokidebulia safaso strategiaze. produqtze

erTnairi

322

fasis

dawesebis

SemTxvevaSi

ki,

firmas

daWirdeba

gamoSvebaze

moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis

ramdenime

gansxvavebuli

fasis

Sefaseba. ufro rTuli strategiebi _

daweseba

saWiroeben

met

informacias

moTxovnis Sesaxeb.
safaso strategia miznad isaxavs momxmarebelTa wris gafarToebas da meti

2.

samomxmareblo nametis miRebas. aRniSnulis misaRwevad firmebi gansxvavebul

fasebs aweseben.
idealur

3.

mdgomareobaSi

firmebi

isurvebdnen

fasebis

srul

safaso

dikriminacias (TiToeuli momxmareblisTvis misaRebi fasis dawesebas), magram

praqtikulad

es

SeuZlebelia.

meore

mxriv,

amonagebis

gazrdis

mizniT

arasruli safaso diskriminaciis sxvadasxva forma gamoiyeneba.

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma cdilobs momxmareblis

4.

mxridan gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna maqsimaluri fasiT Seafasos; meore xarisxis

safaso

diskriminaciisas

fasdaklebas;

mesame

firma

xarisxis

momxmarebels

safaso

sTavazobs

diskriminaciis

raodenobriv

pirobebSi

firma

momxmarebelTa jgufebisa da bazris segmentTa identificirebas axdens.

roca moTxovna araerTgvarovania da preferenciebi uaryofiT korelaciaSia,

5.

paketirebuli gayidvebiT SesaZlebelia mogebis gazrda. wminda paketirebiT

gayidvebis SemTxvevaSi

ori an meti gansxvavebuli saqoneli iyideba rogorc

erTi paketi. Sereuli paketirebiT gayidvebis dros

momxmarebels SeuZlia

SeiZinos saqoneli calke, an paketis saxiT. es meTodi ufro momgebiania, Tu

zRvruli danaxarjebi maRalia da preferenciebi dadebiT korelaciaSia.
reklamas

6.

SeuZlia

maqsimizacias

kidev

axdens

ufro

reklamiT

gazardos
da

mogeba.

awarmoebs

Tu

firma

dadebiT

mogebis

raodenobas,

aucilebelia sruldebodes piroba: 1. rodesac (Q) gamoSveba optimaluradaa

SerCeuli, mTlian amonagebSi cvlileba bolo gamoSvebuli erTeulisaTvis
unda udrides bolo erTeulis zRvrul danaxarjs;
optimalurad
pirobebSi

aris

zRvruli

arCeuli,
amonagebi

maSin

maqsimaluri

bolo

2. Tu reklamis done (A)

mogebis

erTeulidan

unda

dros

reklamis

udrides

bolo

erTeulis gamoSvebis zRvrul danaxarjs.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1.

rogor

SeuZlia

monopolists

miiRos

pirveli

xarisxis

safaso

diskriminaciiT meti nameti, vidre unificirebuli fasis dros?

2. Tu ar aris SesaZlebeli safaso diskriminaciis ganxorvieleba, rogori
iqneba mwarmoeblis nameti?

323

3.

rogor

miesadageba

raodenobrivi

fasdakleba

meore

xarisxis

safaso

diskriminacias?
4. rogor gamoiyenebs gamyidveli meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacias?
5. ramdenad

gaumjobesdeba

mwarmoeblis

mdgomareoba

optimaluri

safexurebrivi tarifis SerCeviT?

6. rogor gamoiyenebs firma xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxadebs meti
nametis misaRebad?
7. ratom

ukeTeben

pensionerebs

da

studentebs

fasdaklebas

Teatrebi,

restornebi, sahaero da sxva saxis rtansporti?

8. ratom yidian zogjer firmebi or an met produqts erT paketSi maTi calcalke gayidvis nacvlad?
9. ratom axdens paketireba mogebis maqsimizacias?
10. ratom

aris

firmisaTvis

optimaluri

strategia

Sereuli

paketirebis

SeTavazeba?
11. rogor

SeuZlia

monopolists

miiRos

pirveli

xarisxis

diskriminaciiT meti nameti, vidre unificirebuli fasis dros?

324

safaso

Tavi 13

monopolisturi konkurencia da

oligopolia

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT

1.

monopolistikuri da srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebis Sedarebas

2. oligopoliur bazarze wonasworuli mdgomareobis gansazRvras

3.

kurnos wonasworobis axsnas da daxasiaTebas

4. stakelbergis

modelis Sefasebas

5. safaso konkurenciis

ganxilvas bertranis modelis saSualebiT

6. safaso konkurenciis daxasiaTebas diferencirebuli saqonlis dros

7. oligopoliis qcevis gansazRvras TamaSTa Teoriis TvalsazrisiT
8. karteluri faswarmoqmnis analizs

13.1

arasrulyofili konkurencia da monopolisturi

konkurenciis bazari

srulyofili konkurenciis bazari Teoriuli abstraqciaa. wminda monopolia

ki ekonomikaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba da, rogorc wesi, igi saxelmwifos mxridan
regulirdeba.

realur

ekonomikur

arasrulyofili konkurenciis
rogorc

srulyofili,

aseve

sistemaSi

umetesad

bazrebi, romlebsac
monopoliuri

bazris

gavrcelebulia

erTdroulad
Tvisebebi.

axasiaTebT

arasrulyofili

konkurenciis bazris struqturebia monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia.

orive maTgani sxvadasxva doziT aerTianebs konkurentuli

da monopoliuri

bazris Tvisebebs.
monopolisturi

konkurenciis

dros

mravali gamyidveli yidis msgavs, magram ara

bazarze

Sesvla

Tavisufalia

da

erTnair produqts. monopolisturi

konkurenciis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebia: (1) produqts awarmoebs da yidis

sxvadasxva zomis mravali firma; (2) produqti diferencirebulia - firmebi hyidian
heterogenur (msgavs, magram ara erTnair) saqonels; (3) bazarze an dargSi

Sesvla

SedarebiT iolia.
produqti

erTmaneTisagan

SesaZloa

SefuTvis teqnologiiT, gayidvis

gansxvavdebodes

samarko

niSniT,

adgilmdebareobiT, klientebis momsaxurebiT,

samomxmareblo kreditis aRebis SesaZleblobiT an sulac gamyidvelis momxiblavi

RimiliT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu produqti homogenuria (absoluturad erTnairia).
sacalo vaWrobis qseli monopolisturi konkurenciis saukeTeso magaliTia.
monopolisturi
mravali

konkurenciis

saojaxo

nivTisa

da

magaliTs
avejis

warmoadgens
bazari.

tansacmlis,

momsaxurebis

fexsacmlis,

mravali

saxeoba,

325

magaliTad parikmaxerebis, eqimebis, stomatologebis momsaxureba aseve miekuTvneba

monopolisturi konkurenciis
diferencirebis

xarisxi

momsaxurebisaTvis

bazrebs. momsaxurebis am saxeobebSi produqtis

naklebia.

fasebic

TiTqmis

Sesabamisad,
erTnairia.

met-naklebad

zogadad,

rac

erTnairi

ufro

maRalia

produqtis diferencirebis xarisxi, miT metad gansxvavebulia fasic.

wonasworoba monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze

grZelvadian periodSi, monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze wonasworuli
mdgomareobis

pirobebia:

1.

wminda

monopoliis

msgavsad,

gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs iRebs

mrudis

firma

fasisa

da

daRmavali moTxovnis

pirobebSi; 2. firma maqsimalur mogebas iRebs im raodenobis produqtis

gamoSvebisas, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi

fasi wesdeba produqtze moTxovnis

zRvruli amonagebis

tolia, xolo

mrudis mixedviT. konkurentuli firmisagan

gasxvavebiT, fasi ar aris zRvruli danaxarjis toli.

3. konkurentuli firmis

msgavsad, grZelvadian periodSi dargSi firmaTa Tavisufali Sesvlis gamo mogeba

nulis tolia.

pirveli da meore piroba gulisxmobs, rom maqsimaluri mogebis

Sesabamisi produqtis raodenobisa da firmis mier dawesebuli fasis kombinaciis

wertili firmis individualuri moTxovnis

mrudze unda mdebareobdes. mesame

piroba gulisxmobs, rom maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi produqtis raodenobisa

da

fasis

kombinaciis

wertili,

amave

dros,

saSualo

mTliani

danaxarjebis

mrudzec unda mdebareobdes.

aRniSnuli situacia ganvixiloT grafikulad. naxazze 13.1 mocemulia, rom
saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis ATC mrudi moTxovnis D1 mruds M wertilSi
mxolod

exeba.

Tu

saSualo

mTliani

danaxarjebis

mrudi

moTxovnis

mruds

gadakveTda, maSin moTxovnis mrudze iarsebebda romelime wertili (magaliTad,

nebismieri wertili D2 moTxovnis mrudis KL monakveTze), romelic aRmoCndeboda
saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudis
mTlian

danaxarjze

da

firma

zemoT. aseT wertilSi fasi metia saSualo

miiRebda

nulovan

(normalur)

mogebaze

mets.

aRniSnuli ki ewinaaRmdegeba grZelvadian periodSi monopolisturi konkurenciis

wonasworobis

pirobas,

radgan

grZelvadiani

wonasworobis

dros

maqsimaluri

mogebis uzrunvelmyofeli wertili Seesabameba nulovan mogebas.

rogorc naxazi 13.1 gviCvenebs, firma irCevs warmoebis im Q* moculobas,
romelic misi minimaluri saSualo mTliani danaxarjis (N wertili) marcxniv
mdebareobs. am fenomens ewodeba

,,Warbi simZlavre (Excess Capacity): firma

warmoebas Sewyvets manam, sanam misi saSualo mTliani danaxarji minimums miaRwevs.
firma

326

funqcionirebs

araefeqtianobis

pirobebSi.

naxazze

Warbi

sawarmoo

simZlavre gamosaxulia

Q*QE

monakveTiT, sadac

Q*

aris maqsimaluri mogebis

QE produqtis efeqtiani raodenobaa.

Sesabamisi produqtis raodenoba, xolo

Tu bazarze naklebi raodenobis firmebi darCebodnen, maSin TiToeuli

maTgani

Warbi

simZlavreebis

gamoyenebiT

awarmoebda

ufro

meti

raodenobis

produqts. es ukeTesi iqneboda momxmareblisaTvis. meore mxriv, monopolisturi

konkurenciis bazarze

firmebis raodenobis Semcireba

niSnavs

produqtis

mravalferovnebis Semcirebasac. es ki Seamcirebda momxmareblis keTildReobas.

amrigad,

ori

sapirispiro

efeqtis

erTdrouli

moqmedebis

Sedegebis

erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra rTulia.

ATC

produqciis fasi

K
K

ATC
MC

MC
L

D2
P*

P*

D2

T
D

D1

Q*

D1

produqciis raodenoba

nax. 13.1 Warbi simZlavre monopolisturi konkurenciis dros raodenoba

Q*Q E monakveTi firmis Warbi simZlavrea. saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis ATC mrudi moTxovnis D1 mruds M
wertilSi exeba. moTxovnis mrudi ar kveTs saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mruds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnis
mrudze iarsebebda wertili (magaliTad, D2 moTxovnis mrudis KL monakveTze nebismieri wertili) romelic aRmoCndeboda
saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudis zemoT. aseT wertilSi P>ATC, firma miiRebda nulovan mogebaze mets. es ki
SeuZlebelia, radgan grZelvadian periodSi mogeba nulis tolia.

monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze, miuxedavad gamoSvebis

araefeqtiani

raodenobisa, keTildReobis danakargebi umniSvneloa ori mizezis gamo: 1. bazarze

bevri gamyidvelia, romelTa produqtebic erTmaneTis axlo Semcvlelebia, amitom
maTi sabazro Zalauflebac umniSvneloa. Sesabamisad, keTildReobis danakargebi
da ,,Warbi sawarmoo simZlavreebic umniSvneloa; 2. bazris araefeqtianoba umetes
SemTxvevaSi kompensirebulia monopolisturi konkurenciis udao upiratesobiT _
produqtis mdidari asortimentiT.

monopolisturi konkurencia da reklama

produqtis

diferenciacia

gadamwyvet

rols

asrulebs

monopolisturi

konkurenciis bazarze, amitom firmebi mniSvnelovan Tanxebs xarjaven reklamaze,

sacalo vaWrobis stimulirebaze da

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxurebis

ganviTarebaze.

327

sareklamo kampaniis

dros firma cdilobs miaRwios garkveul balanss

produqtis homogenurobasa da heterogenurobas Soris. momxmareblebis mosazidad

firmas

uxdeba

mkveTrad

ori

ar

amocanis

unda

momxmarebelma

erTdroulad

gansxvavdebodes

advilad

moaxerxos

gadawyveta:

konkurentebis

maTi

1.

firmis

produqti

produqtisagan,

Canacvleba.

2.

firmis

raTa

produqti

garkveulwilad ukeTesi unda iyos konkurentebis produqtebTan SedarebiT.

sareklamo kampaniis miznebis Sesaxeb gansxavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs.
zogjer

miaCneven, rom sareklamo kampaniis dros firma unda ecados produqtze

moTxovna ufro araelastikuri gaxados, rac mas saSualebas miscems daawesos

ufro maRali fasi. eqspertebis aRniSnuli rekomendacia zogierT SemTxvevaSi
Sedegiania, zogjer ki uSedego. Tu es mosazreba WeSmaritia, maSin naxazze 13.2 D2
moTxovnis

mrudTan

SedarebiT

firmisaTvis

ufro

xelsayrelia

D1

moTxovnis

mrudi, radganac D1 ufro araelastikuria, vidre D2.

Tu

warmoebis

moculoba

N1

doneze

firmisaTvis D2 mrudi umjobesia, vidre D1

meti

iqneba,

magaliTad

N2,

maSin

(miuxedavad imisa, rom D1 ufro

araelastikuria, vidre D2. gamoSvebis N2 doneze fasi ufro maRalia D2 moTxovnis

mrudis SemTxvevaSi). gamoSvebis N3 doneze, firmisaTvis D1 mrudi ufro xelsayreli
iqneba, vidre D2.
maSasadame,
araelastikuri
SemTxvevaSia

mosazreba

moTxovnis

firmisaTvis
mrudi,

SedarebiT maRla mdebare mrudi.

D3-iT.

D3

kampaniis

Sedegad

miRebuli

ufro

moTxovnis mrudis xelsayrelobis Sesaxeb mxolod zogierT

marTebuli.

araelastikuri

sareklamo

moTxovnis

mrudis

aramed

yovelTvis

umjobesia

gazrdili

moTxovnis

ara

ufro

Sesabamisi

aseTi moTxovnis mrudi naxazze 13.2 gamosaxulia

SemTxvevaSi

gamoSvebuli

produqtis

nebismieri

raodenobisas firmas SeuZlia daawesos fasi, romelic ufro maRalia, vidre

da D2 moTxovnis mrudebis SemTxvevaSi.

328

D1

fasi

D3

D2

D1
0

N3

N1

N2

raodenoba

nax. 13.2. reklama da moTxovnis elastikuroba

firmisaTvis yovelTvis xelsayrelia ara ufro araelastikuri moTxovnis mrudi, aramed ufro meti moTxovnis Sesabamisi
SedarebiT maRla mdebare D3 mrudi. firmas SeuZlia gamoSvebuli produqtis nebismieri raodenobisas daawesos fasi,
romelic ufro maRalia, vidre D1 da D2 moTxovnis mrudebis SemTxvevaSi.

reklamis

Sesaxeb

mkvlevarTa

gansxvavebuli

da

xSirad

urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi SesaZlebelia sam punqtad CamovayaliboT:

1.

ras unda emsaxurebodes reklama _ informaciis miwodebas Tu momxmareblis

darwmunebas produqtis gansakuTrebulobaSi? eqspertTa nawili fiqrobs, rom

reklama momxmarebels awvdis damatebiT informacias firmis, produqtisa da fasis
Sesaxeb.

bazris

monawileTa

informirebulobis

donis

gazrdiT

reklama

aumjobesebs bazris funqcionirebas da mas ufro srulyofils xdis. eqspertTa

meore nawils miaCnia, rom reklamiT firma cdilobs daarwmunos momxmarebeli
produqtis

gansakuTrebulobaSi

da

naklebad,

an

srulebiT

ar

iZleva

informacias misi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.

2.

ras uwyobs xels reklama konkurenciis gazrdas Tu bazris koncentracias?

reklamis momxreebi fiqroben,

momxmarebels
bazarze

informacias

axal

reklama zrdis

produqtebze

Sesvlas. reklamis mowinaaRmdegeebs

sabazro Zalauflebis
meti da

rom

da

konkurncias,

miawvdis

mwarmoeblebsac

miaCniaT, rom

ra

uadvilebs

igi xels

uwyobs

gaZlierebas, radganac msxvil firmebs SeuZliaT ufro

ZviradRirebuli

sareklamo kampaniis Catareba. Sedegadac mcire da

saSualo zomis firmebi bazridan TandaTanobiT ganidevnebian.

3.

ra Sedegi moaqvs

reklamas

keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT resursebis

efeqtianoba Tu araefeqtiani gamoyeneba? momxreebi fiqroben, rom reklama acnobs

ra produqts momxmarebels,
mxolod

investiciebi

da

afarToebs bazars. Sedegad momavalSi izrdeba ara

dasaqmeba,

aramed

warmoebis

masStabebic.

msxvilmasStabiani warmoeba iwvevs produqtis erTeulze danaxarjebis Semcirebas

329

da efeqtianobis zrdas. reklamis kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom masStabis ekonomiiT

gamowveuli

mosalodneli

efeqtianoba

ganeitralebulia

keTildReobis

danakargebiT, romelic gamowveulia reklamaze gaweuli danaxarjebiT.

moklevadian periodSi reklamisa da danaxarjebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
sailustraciod gavaanalizoT naxazi 13.3. moklevadian periodSi reklama iwvevs
produqtis

erTeulze

gadaadgilebs

saSualo

paralelurad

mTliani

zemoT.

danaxarjis

magaliTad,

gazrdas

da

ATC

raodenobis

mruds

produqts

gamoSvebisas, roca produqtis erTeulze reklamis danaxarjebi DC monakveTis

tolia, reklamis mTliani danaxarji ABCD marTkuTxedis farTobis tolia.
reklama iwvevs firmis produqtze moTxovnis zrdas (moTxovnis mrudis
marjvniv

gadaadgilebas)

da

grZelvadiani

periodis

saSualo

mTliani

danaxarjebis gazrdas, rasac efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi

eqneba. naxazi 13.4 gviCvenebs reklamis SesaZlo Sedegebs grZelvadian periodSi.
davuSvaT, reklamis gareSe firma awarmoebs J raodenobis produqts. am dros
produqtis

erTeulze

danaxarji

JE

monakveTis

tolia.

reklamis

Semdeg

efeqtianobisa da keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT mosalodnelia sami gansxvavebuli

Sedegi:
1.

firma sargeblobs masStabis ekonomiiT (Economies of Scale): reklamis

Sedegad

firma zrdis warmoebas minimaluri saSualo danaxarjebis donemde

(naxazze K wertili).

am dros produqtis erTeulze danaxarji reklamis Semdeg

naklebia, vidre iyo reklamamde (KG<JE). (G wertili saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis

ufro maRal
2.

LRAC2 mrudze imyofeba, vidre E wertili);

reklamis efeqti gabaTilebulia danaxarjebis zrdiT (Canceling Effect):

firma ar cvlis gamoSvebis J moculobas. izrdeba mxolod produqtis erTeulze

reklamiT gamowveuli warmoebis danaxarjebi JE-dan JF-mde;
3.

firma

magaliTad,

zaralobs
L

masStabis

raodenobis

araekonomiurobiT

gamoSvebis

dros

(Diseconomies

produqtis

of

erTeulze

Scale).
izrdeba

danaxarjebi JE-dan LH-mde (JE<LH). realurad naklebad savaraudoa movlenaTa aseTi

ganviTareba,

radganac

monopolisturi

damaxasiaTebelia Warbi simZlavre.

330

konkurenciis

bazarze

firmebisaTvis

danaxarji

reklamaze gaweuli mTliani

danaxarjebi
ATC2 reklamis dros
C
B

ATC1 reklamis gareSe

produqtis raodenoba
nax. 13.3 reklama da danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi.

danaxarji

moklevadian periodSi reklama iwvevs produqciis erTeulze saSualo mTliani danaxarjis gazrdas da gadaadgilebs ATC mruds
paralelurad zemoT.

F
E
H

LRAC2

reklamis dros

LRAC1

reklamis gareSe

produqciis raodenoba
nax. 13.4 reklama da masStabidan ekonomia grZelvadian periodSi
reklama grZelvadian periodSi iwvevs firmis saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis gazrdas, rasac efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT,
sxvadasxvagvari Sedegebi eqneba: (1) masStabidan ekonomiiT miRebuli efeqtianoba, (2) neitraluri Sedegi da (3) araekonomiuri
masStabis efeqtiT gamowveuli danakargebi.

daskvnis saxiT monopolisturi konkurenciis bazris efeqtianobis analizis

Sedegebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaloboT:

monopolisturi

konkurenciis

bazarze

maqsimaluri

mogebis

Sesabamisi

gamoSvebis dros fasi metia zRvrul danaxarjze, amitom monopoliuri bazris

msgavsad am bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia keTildReobis danakargebi;

monopolisturi

konkurenciis

bazari

iwvevs

firmebs

Soris

arasafaso

konkurencias. erTnairi fasis pirobebSic ki firmebi erTmaneTs konkurencias

uweven

reklamiT,

klientTa

momsaxurebiT,

sacalo

vaWrobis

obieqtebis

331

adgilmdebareobiT, produqtis diferenciaciiT da sxva. arasafaso konkurencia,

erTi mxriv, iwvevs inovaciuri produqtis danergvas da produqtis gaumjobesebas,
meore mxriv, produqtis erTeulze danaxarjebis zrdas da araefeqtianobas;

monopolisturi

`Warbi

konkurenciis

simZlavris

produqtis

arseboba,

mwarmoebeli

simZlavris Sedegia

pirobebSi

rac

didi

firmebisaTvis

gamowveulia

raodenobis

bazarze

firmebis

monopolisturi

maqsimalurad
pirobebSi.

diferencirebuli

funqcionirebiT.

`Warbi

araefeqtiani warmoeba: sabolood bazars miewodeba ufro

naklebi raodenobis produqti da iyideba SedarebiT

damaxasiaTebelia

konkurenciis

diferencirebis

amerikeli

bazarze

princips,

ekonomistisa

firmebi

maT

da

maRal fasad;

Soris

icaven

produqtis

minimaluri

gansxvavebis

statistikosis

Hharold

hotelingis

(Harold Hotelling) pativsacemad am fenomens hotelingis paradoqsi ewodeba.

13.2
oligopolia
oligopoliuri
navTobqimiuri
mwarmoebeli

wonasworoba oligopoliur bazarze

sabazro

dargis

magaliTebia

mrewveloba,
dargebi.

struqturis

farTod

gavrcelebuli

saavtomobilo,

energetikuli

oligopoliuri

aluminis,

mowyobilobebisa

bazrisaTvis

da

saqonlis

formaa.
foladis,

kompiuterebis
diferenciacia

aucileblobas ar warmoadgens. produqtis did nawils da mTlian moculobas

firmebis arc Tu ise didi raodenoba awarmoebs. arseboben iseTi oligopoliuri
bazrebi, sadac grZelvadian periodSi zogierTi, xan ki yvela firma, mniSvnelovan
mogebas iRebs. es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom

oligopoliur bazarze arsebuli

barierebi arTuleben axali firmebis dargSi Sesvlas.

rogoria dargSi Sesvlis barierebi? dargSi Sesvlas arTulebs patentebi da
saidumlo

teqnologiebi,

SesaZleblobas

rac

iZlevian.

potenciuri

aseve

arsebobs

konkurentebis
bazarze

Tavidan

Sesvlis

e.w.

mocilebis
,,bunebrivi

barierebi. amis garda, firmebi xSirad strategiuladac moqmedeben, raTa SezRudon

axali

firmebis

oligopoliebi

Sesvla
SeiZleba

bazarze.

axali

daemuqron

maT

konkurentebis
bazarze

gamoCenis

saqonlis

didi

SemTxvevaSi,
raodenobis

miwodebiT da fasebis SemcirebiT.

ologopoliuri
warmoebis
miReba

firmis

moculobis,

rTul

marTva

reklamis

strategiul

advili

da

ar

aris,

investiciebis

gaangariSebebs

radganac

Sesaxeb

moiTxovs.

faswarmoqmnis,

gadawyvetilebebis

vinaidan

erTmaneTis

konkurenti mxolod ramdenime firmaa, amitom TiToeulma maTganma zustad unda

332

gaTvalos, Tu rogor gavlenas moaxdens maTi qmedeba mowinaaRmdegeze da ris

gakeTebas SeZleben isini sapasuxod.
davuSvaT, rom avtomobilebis mcire moculobiT gayidvebis gamo kompania
,,fordi moTxovnis stimulirebis mizniT fasis Semcirebis 10%-ian SesaZleblobas
ganixilavs.

kompaniam

gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba

unda

miaqcios

imas,

rogor

reagirebas moaxdens amaze danarCeni ori kompania _ `jeneral motorsi (GM) da

`kraisleri (Chrysler). kompaniebma SesaZloa ignorireba gaukeTon am gamowvevas,
an fasebi umniSvnelod dawion. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kompania ,,fordis gayidvebi
mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba ZiriTadad konkurenti kompaniebis gayidvebis Semcirebis
xarjze. Tumca, maT SeuZliaT upasuxon fasis iseTive daweviT, rogoric ,,fordSi
iyo (10%-iT). es gamoiwvevs gayidvaTa moculobebis gazrdas samive saavtomobilo
kompaniaSi.

amasTan,

sagrZnoblad

fasebis

Semcirdeba.

Semcirebis

gamo

konkurentebis

kidev

mogebac
erTi

samive

SesaZlo

kompaniaSi
svla

imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom `jeneral motorsi da `kraisleri fass daweven imaze ufro

metad, vidre ,,fordma gaakeTa, magaliTad 15%-iT. es gamoiwvevda safaso oms da
mogebis katastrofulad Semcirebas. saWiroa ,,fordma kargad Seafasos yvela
aseTi

SesaZlo

gadawyvetileba
sawarmoebSi

SemTxveva.
fasebis

rogoric

dawesebis,

investirebis

ar

unda

warmoebis

Sesaxeb,

man

iyos

moculobis

aucileblad

firmis

ekonomikuri

dadgenis
unda

Tu

axal

gansazRvros

konkurentebis yvela mosalodneli reaqcia.

bazris kvlevis dros mniSvnelovania wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis
gansazRvra. srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze wonasworuli fasi miwodebis
sidides

awonasworebs

moTxovnis

sididesTan.

monopoliis

dros

wonasworoba

dgindeba maSin, rodesac zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjebs utoldeba.

monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba
myardeba

maSin,

roca

bazarze

axali

monawileebis

Sesvla

mogebas

nulamde

daiyvans.
am bazrebze TiToeuli firma fass da sabazro moTxovnas iRebs rogorc
mocemuls,

xolo

konkurentebis

qcevas

ignorirebas

ukeTebs.

oligopoliur

bazarze fasebis da warmoebis moculobis dadgenis dros, firma nawilobriv

gaiTvaliswinebs
imavdroulad,

konkurentebis
konkurentebis

gadawyvetilebebze.

rogoria

qcevis

Sesaxeb

gadawyvetileba
wonasworuli

strategiul

damokidebulia

raodenoba

da

varaudebs.

TviT

fasi

firmis

oligopoliis

dros? arsebobs ki aseTi mdgomareoba?

oligopoliur bazarze TiToeuli firma cdilobs Tavisi SesaZleblobebis
maqsimalurad

realizebas

konkurentuli

firmebis

qcevaTa

gaTvaliswinebiT.

TiToeul firmas miaCnia, rom konkurentebic analogiurad iqcevian.

333

oligopoliur bazarze wonasworobis gansazRvra firmaTa aseT reaqciazea

damokidebuli. es koncefcia Seiqmna jon neSis (John Nash) mier 1951 wels. amitom am
wonasworobas vuwodebT neSis wonasworobas.
neSis wonasworobis dros TiToeuli firma maqsimalurad ukeTesad iyenebs
Tavis SesaZleblobebs konkurentebis moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

13.3 kurnos modeli

CavataroT bazris analizi mxolod ori konkurenti firmisaTvis. aseT bazars
duopolias (Duopoly) uwodeben.

duopoliis

martivi

modeli

pirvelad

SemogvTavaza frangma ekonomistma ogiustin kurnom (Augustin Cournot) 1838 wels.

davuSvaT, rom firmebi awarmoeben erTgvarovan produqts da icnoben sabazro
moTxovnis mruds. TiToeulma firmam unda gansazRvros gamoSvebis moculoba da
amave

dros,

am

gadawyvetilebas

isini

erTdroulad

iReben.

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros TiToeuli firma iTvaliswinebs

sawarmoo
konkurentis

qcevas. man icis, rom misi konkurentic aseve wyvets sakiTxs _ ra raodenobis
produqti awarmoos, xolo sabazro fasi damokidebulia orive firmis warmoebis
saerTo moculobaze.
kurnos modelis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TiToeuli firma konkurentis
warmoebis

moculobas

miiCnevs

fiqsirebul

sidided

da

amis

Semdeg

gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra raodenobis saqoneli awarmoos TviTon.

iRebs

am modelis

asaxsnelad ganvixiloT `firma 1-is gadawyvetileba gamoSvebis Sesaxeb. davuSvaT,

`firma 1 Tvlis, rom `firma 2 arafers awarmoebs. am SemTxvevaSi `firma 1-is
moTxovnis mrudi iqneba sabazro moTxovnis mrudic. naxazze 13.5 aRniSnulia,
`firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi D1(0) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu `firma 2 arafers awarmoebs.
mocemulia zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudi

MR1(0). CavTvaloT, rom `firma

1-is

zRvruli danaxarjebi MC1 mudmivia. gamoSvebis moculoba, romlis drosac `firma

1-is mogeba maqsimaluria, Seadgens 50 erTeuls (MR1(0) MC1-s kveTs). ase rom, Tu
`firma 2 arafers awarmoebs, `firma 1-Tvis ukeTesia 50 erTeuli produqtis
warmoeba.
axla davuSvaT, rom `firma 1-is varaudiT `firma 2-ma unda awarmoos
produqtis 50 erTeuli. maSin `firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi sabazro moTxovnis
mrudad gadaiqceva misi 50 erTeuliT marcxniv gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi. naxazze
13.5 es mrudi aRniSnulia rogorc D1(50), xolo zRvruli amonagebis Sesabamisi
mrudi aris MR1(50). `firma 1-is mogeba maqsimaluria produqtis 25 erTeulis
gamoSvebis dros, rodesac MR1(50) = MC1.

334

P1
D1(0)

MC1

MR1(0)
O

D1(50)

MR1(75)

125

MR1(50) D1(75)

25

50

75

100

nax. 13.5 ,,firma 1-is gadawyvetileba warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb

`firma 1-is gadawyvetileba gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac mogeba aRwevs maqsimums, damokidebulia `firma 2-is
mier warmoebul produqtze. Tu `firma 2 arafers awarmoebs, maSin `firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi _ D1(0) iqneba sabazro
moTxovnis mrudic. zRvruli amonagebis mrudi _ MR1(0) `firma 1-is zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds _ MC1 kveTs wertilSi, sadac
warmoebis moculoba aris 50 erTeuli. Tu firma 50 erTeuls awarmoebs, maSin `firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba amave
moculobiT marcxena mxares da gaCndeba D1(50) mrudi. am SemTxvevaSi, mogebis maqsimizacia xdeba 25 erTeuli produqtis
gamoSvebis dros. bolos, Tu `firma 1 dauSvebs, rom `firma 2 awarmoebs 75 erTeuls, maSin mis wilad darCeba produqtis mxolod
12.5 erTeuli.

Tu `firma 1 varaudobs, rom `firma 2-ma unda gamouSvas produqtis 75

erTeuli, maSin misi moTxovnis mrudi sabazro moTxovnis mrudad iqceva 75
erTeuliT

marcxniv

gadaadgilebis

SemTxvevaSi.

Sesabamisi zRvruli amonagebis mrudia MR1(75).

es

aris

D1(75)

mrudi,

misi

MR1(75)=MC1 pirobis dros warmoebis

moculoba aris 12,5 erTeuli. Tu `firma 1 Tvlis, rom `firma 2 gegmavs 100
erTeuli

produqtis

warmoebas,

maSin

`firma

1-is

moTxovnis

da

zRvruli

amonagebis mrudebi erTmaneTs gadakveTen vertikalur RerZze (naxazze ar aris

naCvenebi); aseT SemTxvevaSi `firma 1 saerTod uars ityvis warmoebaze.

reagirebis mrudebi da kurnos wonasworoba

zemoTqmulis SejamebiT, SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: `firma 1-is warmoebis
moculoba

mogebis

maqsimizaciis

pirobebSi

warmoadgens

klebad

funqcias,

romelic damokidebulia imaze, Tu `firma 1-is varaudiT produqtis rogor

moculobas awarmoebs `firma 2. grafiks, romelic warmodgenilia naxazze 13.6
ewodeba `firma 1-is

reagirebis

mrudi

(Reaction Curve) da igi aRiniSneba,

335

rogorc Q1*(Q2). Cvens mier ganxiluli warmoebis moculobaTa oTxive kombinaciidan,

TiToeuli Zevs porizontalur RerZze.
analogiuri analizi CavataroT `firma 2-Tvis. ganvsazRvroT am firmis
warmoebis

moculobebi,

romlis

drosac

misi

mogeba

maqsimaluria

da

damokidebulia `firma 1-is mier miwodebuli produqtis moculobaze. Sedegad

miviRebT meore reagirebis mruds `firma 2-Tvis, e.i. Q2*(Q1)s. Tu `firma 2-is
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi ar emTxveva `firma 1-is zRvruli danaxarjebis
mruds, misi reagirebis mrudi gansxvavebuli iqneba formis mixedviTac. magaliTad,
`firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi SeiZleba yofiliyo iseTi, rogoric es mocemulia
naxazze 13.6.
firmis reagirebis mrudebi gviCveneben, ramdeni unda awarmoos TiToeulma
maTganma konkurentis gamoSvebis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT. wonasworobidan
gamomdinare,

TiToeuli

firma

irCevs

Tavisi

reagirebis

mrudis

Sesabamis

warmoebis moculobas. aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebis moculobebis wonasworuli

done mdebareobs reagirebis ori mrudis gadakveTaze. warmoebis moculobebis
miRebuli

wyvilis

mniSvnelobebs

kurnos

wonasworoba

ewodeba.

aseTi

wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma sworad afasebs, ramdeni unda awarmoos

misma konkurentma da Sesabamisad iRebs maqsimalur mogebas.
kurnos

wonasworoba

aris

neSis

wonasworobis

kerZo

SemTxveva.

neSis

wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma saukeTesod iyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ras akeTeben misi konkurentebi. Sedegad, arcerTi firma
ar Secvlis Tavis qcevas sakuTari nebiT.

Q1
100

firma 2_is reagirebis

mrudi Q2*(Q1)
75

50

kurnos
wonasworoba
25

firma 1-is regirebis

*
mrudi Q1 (Q2)

12,5
O

25

50

75

100

Q2

nax. 13.6 reagirebis mrudebi da kurnos wonasworoba

`firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi gviCvenebs warmoebis moculobas, rogorc funqcias im moculobidan, romelic misi azriT, unda
awarmoos `firma 2-ma. `firma 2 reagirebis mrudi gviCvenebs warmoebis moculobas, rogorc funqcias im moculobidan,
romelic unda awarmoos `firma 1-ma. kurnos wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma zustad iTvaliswinebs moculobas, romelic unda
gamouSvas misma konkurentma da amiT axdens mogebis maqsmizacias. Sesabamisad, arcerTi firma ar gadaadgildeba am
336wonasworuli mdgomareobidan.

kurnos wonasworobis dros TiToeuli duopolisti awarmoebs zustad imden

produqts, ramdenic moutans maqsimalur mogebas. amave dros isini iTvaliswineben
imas, Tu ramdens awarmoebs misi konkurenti ise, rom arc erT maTgans ar
gauCndeba survili Secvalos warmoebis moculoba.
davuSvaT, rom dasawyisisaTvis ori firma calk-calke awarmoebs produqtis
iseT

moculobas,

arsebuli

romlebic

moculobebisagan.

gansxvavdebian
moaxdenen

Tu

kurnos
ara

wonasworobis

isini

warmoebis

wertilSi

moculobebis

koreqtirebas manam, sanam ar iqneba miRweuli kurnos wonasworoba? samwuxarod,

kurnos

modeli

koreqtirebis

ver

xsnis

yovelgvari

koreqtirebis

procesi

arRvevs

procesis
modelis

dinamikas.
sabaziso

faqtiurad

daSvebas

imis

Sesaxeb, rom TiToeul firmas konkurentis mier warmoebuli produqtis moculoba

SeuZlia

fiqsirebulad

CaTvalos.

Tu

orive

firma

erTdroulad

daiwyebs

warmoebis moculobebis koreqtirebas, maSin arcerTi warmoebis moculoba ar

iqneba mudmivi.

dinamiuri koreqtirebis procesi garkveulad saWiroebs sxva

modelebis gamoyenebasac.
varaudi

imis

Sesaxeb,

rom

konkurentis

mier

warmoebuli

produqtis

moculoba aris mudmivi, gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ori firma warmoebis

moculobas irCevs mxolod erTxel da amis Semdeg gamoSvebis moculobebi aRar
Seicvleba.
magaliTi 1
wrfivi moTxovnis mrudi
ganvixiloT ori erTnairi firma wrfivi moTxovnis mrudebiT. es magaliTi
dagvexmareba

avxsnaT

kurnos

wonasworobis

mniSvneloba

da

SevadaroT

konkurentul wonasworobas, agreTve gavanalizoT wonasworoba, romelic Cndeba

firmebis garigebaSi Sesvlis da warmoebis doneebis SeTanxmebiT arCevis dros.
davuSvaT,

rom

moTxovnis

mrudi

duopolistebisaTvis

mocemulia

gantolebiT:
P=30-Q,
sadac, Q

aris ori firmis warmoebis saerTo moculoba (e.i.

Q=Q1+Q2). aseve davuSvaT, rom orive firmas aqvs nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebi:
MC1=MC2=0
maSin, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT `firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi.
imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos mogebis maqsimizacia, is iRebs zRvruli danaxarjebis
tol zRvrul Semosavals. misi mTliani amonagebi _ R1

SeiZleba Semdegnairad

gamovTvaloT:
R1=PQ1=(30-Q)Q1=30Q1-(Q1+Q2)Q1=30Q1-Q12-Q2Q1
zRvruli amonagebi (MR1) tolia damatebiTi amonagebis (R1), romelic
miiReba damatebiTi warmoebis moculobis (Q1) cvlilebis Sedegad:
MR1=R1/Q1=30-2Q1-Q2.
MR1

gavutoloT

nuls

(firmis

zRvrul

danaxarjebs)

da

amovxsniT

gantolebas Q1 - Tan mimarTebaSi. miviRebT:

337

`firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi:

Q1=15-1/2Q2

(13.1)
SeiZleba aseTive gaangariSebebi movaxdinoT `firma 2-Tvis:
`firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi: Q2=15-1/2Q1
(13.2)
Q1 da
ori

mrudis

Q2 warmoebis wonasworuli moculobebis mniSvnelobebi reagirebis

gadakveTaze

mdebareoben,

e.i.

es

aris

warmoebis

doneebis

mniSvnelobebi, romlebic (1) da (2) gantolebis amoxsniT miviReT. Tu SevcvliT (1)

gantolebaSi Q2-s (2) gantolebis marjvena mxaris gamosaxulebiT, davrwmundebiT
rom gamoSvebis wonasworuli doneebi iqneba:
kurnos wonasworoba:

Q1=Q2=10

warmoebis saerTo moculoba Seadgens:

Q=Q1+Q2=20,

amrigad wonasworuli sabazro fasi iqneba:

P=30-Q=10.

naxazi

mrudebs

13.7

gviCvenebs

kurnos

reagirebis

da

TviTon

kurnos

wonasworobas. aRvniSnavT, rom `firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi Tavis Q1 warmoebis

moculobas warmogvidgens rogorc `firma 2-is Q2 warmoebis moculobis funqciad.
analogiurad,

`firma

2-is

reagirebis

mrudi

Q2-s gamosaxavs

Q1-is

meSveobiT

(radganac firmebi erTnairia, maTi reagirebis mrudebsac erTnairi forma aqvT,

Tumca sxvadasxvanairad gamoiyurebian, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani Tavis warmoebis
moculobas meoris maCveneblebiT gviCvenebs). kurnos wonasworoba _ es aris ori
mrudis

gadakveTis

wertili.

am

wertilSi

TiToeuli firma

axdens

sakuTari

mogebis maqsimizacias konkurentis warmoebis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Q1

,,firma-2-is reagirebis
mrudi

15

kurnos wonasworoba
10

wonasworobis saidumlo SeTanxmebis mrudi

7,5

O
7,5

10

15

30

Q2

nax. 13.7 duopoliis magaliTi

moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT: P=30-Q, romlis drosac orive firmas aqvs nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebi. kurnos
wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma awarmoebs produqtis 10 erTeuls. SeTanxmebis mrudi gviCvenebs Q1 da Q2 kombinacias,
romelic axdens saerTo mogebis maqsimizacias. Tu firmebi Sedian SeTanxmebaSi da mogebas Suaze iyofen, maSin TiToeulis wilad
modis produqtis 7.5 erTeulis warmoeba. aseve, naCvenebia konkurentuli wonasworoba, romlis drosac fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia,
mogeba ki udris nuls.

338

Cven gamovdiodiT im daSvebidan, rom ori firma erTmaneTis konkurentebi

iyvnen. axla davuSvaT, rom moxda antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis Serbileba da
or

firmas

SeuZlia

erTmaneTTan

SeTanxmeba.

am

SemTxvevaSi,

warmoebis iseT moculobebze SeTanxmeba, romlis

ukeTesi

iqneba

drosac SesaZlebeli iqneba

saerTo mogebis maqsimizacia, Semdeg ki misi Tanabrad gayofa. saerTo mogeba

maqsimums aRwevs saerTo Q gamoSvebis moculobis SerCevis dros, roca zRvruli
amonagebi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs. am magaliTSi es nulis tolia. ori
firmis saerTo amonagebi Seadgens:
R=PQ=(30 Q)Q=30Q-Q2
Sesabamisad, zRvruli amonagebi tolia:
MR=R/Q=30-2Q
Tu

MR-s nuls gavutolebT, saerTo mogeba aRwevs maqsimalur mniSvnelobas,

roca
Q=15.
Q1=Q2=7,5.

iniciatoris upiratesoba _ stakelbergis

modeli

Cven ganvixileT SemTxveva, roca duopolistebi warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebebs erTdroulad iReben. axla vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, Tu erT-erTi
firma

pirveli

gansazRvravs

Tavis

warmoebis

moculobas?

am

SemTxvevaSi

sainteresoa ori sakiTxi:

1. aqvs Tu ara raime upiratesoba im firmas, romelic pirveli miiRebs aseT
gadawyvetilebas?
2. ra moculobas awarmoebs TiToeuli maTgani?
davubrundeT magaliTs: Cveni varaudiT, orive firmas aqvs nulovani zRvruli
danaxarjebi, xolo sabazro moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT PP=30-Q,
sadac

Q _ warmoebis saerTo moculobaa. davuSvaT, rom `firma 1 pirveli irCevs

warmoebis moculobas, `firma 2-ic iRebs gadawyvetilebas warmoebis moculobis

Sesaxeb.

`firma

1-ma

gadawyvetilebis

miRebis

gaiTvaliswinos `firma 2-is momavali reaqcia.

dros

Sesabamisad

unda

stakelbergis duopoliis es

modeli (Stackelberg Model) gansxvavdeba kurnos modelisagan, romelSic arc

erT firmas ar SeuZlia mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebaze reagirebis moxdena.
radgan `firma 2 produqtis moculobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs `firma
1-is Semdeg, mas uwevs `firma 1-is gamoSvebis moculoba miiRos, rogorc mudmivi

339

sidide. Sesabamisad, `firma 2-is gamoSvebas, romelic iZleva maqsimalur mogebas,

miviRebT kurnos reagirebis mrudis meSveobiT.
viciT,

rom:

`firma

2-is

reagirebis

mrudi:

Q2=15-1/2Q1

(13.3)
`firma 1 maqsimaluri mogebis misaRebad irCevs Q1 moculobas. misi zRvruli
amonagebi tolia nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebis. gavixsenoT, rom `firma

1-is

amonagebi tolia:
R1=PQ1=30Q1-Q12-Q2Q1
(13.4)
ramdenadac R1 damokidebulia Q2-ze, amitom `firma 1-ma unda icodes
ramdens awarmoebs `firma 2.
reagirebis

mrudis

Tumca `firma 1-ma isic icis, rom `firma 2

Sesabamisad irCevs. Tu Q2-Tvis

Q2-s

miRebul (13.3) gantolebas

SevitanT (13.4) gantolebaSi, maSin `firma 1-is amonagebi iqneba:

R1=3Q1-Q12-Q1(15-1/2Q1)=15Q1-1/2Q12 ,
Sesabamisad, misi zRvruli amonagebi tolia:
MR1=R1/Q1=15-Q1
(13.5)
MR1=0-is

mniSvneloba

mrudidan (13.3) vpoulobT,

gvaZlevs

rom Q2=75.

Q1=15.

xolo

`firma

2-is

reagirebis

`firma 1 awarmoebs orjer mets, vidre

`firma 2 da iRebs orjer met mogebas. es strategia `firma 1-ma SeimuSava da

upiratesobac miiRo. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom es ewinaaRmdegeba saR azrovnebas:
sargebeli iqidan, rom pirvelma gamoacxado Seni warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb,
arc Tu ise cxadia. maS ratom iRebs pirveldamwyebi strategiul upiratesobas?
es SesaZloa imiT aixsnas, rom aseTi winmswrebi gancxadeba warmoSobs e.w.
`mosaxden faqts (frang. Fait Accompli):
miiRos konkurentma,

Tqveni warmoebis

konkurentma

maqsimaluri

moculoba

miiRos
miiRos,

rogorc

rogori gadawyvetilebac ar unda

moculoba iqneba meti. imisaTvis, rom

mogeba,

mocemuli

is
da

iZulebulia,
TavisTvis

Tqveni

warmoebis

daadginos

warmoebis

moculobis ufro dabali done (Tu Tqveni konkurentis warmoebis moculoba

aRmoCndeba ufro maRali, es gamoiwvevda fasebis Semcirebas da orive dakargavT
fuls. Tu konkurentis miswrafeba TqvenTvis angariSis gasasworeblad mogebis
miRebis survilze ufro Zlieri ar aRmoCnda, maSin ufro meti raodenobiT
produqtis warmoebas misTvis azri ara aqvs). aseTi ,,iniciatoris upiratesoba
farTod gamoiyeneba strategiul situaciebSi.
kurnos da stakelbergis modelebi

oligopoliur qcevaze SedarebiT zust

warmodgenas gvaZleven. dargebs, romlebSic Sedian daaxloebiT erTnairi firmebi

340

da romelTagan arcerTi ar flobs operaciul upiratesobas da liderobas, ufro

metad miesadageba kurnos modeli.

zogierT dargebSi ki dominirebadi msxvili

firma Cveulebrivad liderobs fasebis dadgenis da produqts axali saxeebis

Semotanis

sakiTxebSi.

magaliTad,

kompiuterebis

msoflio

bazari,

sadac

IBM

liderobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, bazris Sesaxeb SedarebiT realistur warmodgenas

stakelbergis modeli iZleva.

13.4

safaso konkurencia

aqamde ganvixilavdiT firmebs, romlebic erTmaneTs konkurencias warmoebis

moculobebiT uwevdnen. bevr oligopoliur dargSi konkurencia mimdinareobs
fasebis

mixedviT.

kraisleris

magaliTad,

fasebi

ZiriTadi

`jeneral

motorsis,

strategiuli

`fordis

cvladebia

da

da

`daimler-

yoveli

firma

produqtze fasebs adgens ise, rom ar iviwyebs Tavis konkurentebs.

341

safaso konkurencia erTgvarovani saqonlis dros _ bertranis modeli

bertranis modeli (Bertrand Model)
bertranis

mier

oligopoliaSi

iqna

SemuSavebuli.

firmebi

erTgvarovan

1883 wels frangi ekonomistis Jozef

rogorc

kurnos

modelis

saqonels

awarmoeben.

dros,

TiToeuli

aqac

maTgani

konkurentis fass ganixilavs, rogorc mudmivs da yvela firma erTdroulad iRebs

gadawyvetilebas,
warmoebis

Tu

rogori

moculobebis

fasi

nacvlad

daawesos

irCeven

saqonelze.

fass.

aseTma

amgvarad,

cvlilebam

firmebi
SeiZleba

sabazro situaciaze gamaRizianeblad imoqmedos.

davubrundeT

duopoliis

magaliTs

wina

paragrafidan,

sadac

sabazro

moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT:

P=30-Q
Q=Q1+Q2.

Q aqac aris erTgvarovani saqonlis warmoebis mTliani moculoba.

amjerad davuSvaT,

rom TiToeuli firmis zRvruli danaxarjebia 3 lari:

MC1=MC2=3

wina

paragrafSi

aRwerili

procedurebiT

SegiZliaT

daamtkicoT,

rom

kurnos wonasworobis msgavsi SemTxveva (romelic warmoiSoba maSin, roca ori

firma erTdroulad irCevs warmoebis moculobas) duopoliisaTvis dgeba, roca
Q1=Q2=9. Zneli ar aris SeamowmoT, rom kurnos wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi sabazro
fasi iqneba 12 laris toli da TiToeuli firma miiRebs 81 laris mogebas.
axla ganvixiloT

SemTxveva,

roca duopolistebi erTmaneTs

konkurencias

uweven ara warmoebis moculobis, aramed fasis arCeviT. rogor fass airCevs
TiToeuli

maTgani

da

rogor

miiReben

mogebas?

vinaidan

produqtebi

erTgvarovania, momxmareblebi mas SeiZenen im gamyidvelisagan, romlis fasic

ufro dabalia. amgvarad, Tu ori firma daawesebs sxvadasxva fass, maSin is firma,
romlis fasic dabalia, daipyrobs mTel bazars, xolo maRali fasis mqone firma
verafers

gayidis.

Tu

orive

firma

daawesebs

erTnair

fass,

maSin

momxmareblebisaTvis sulerTia, visgan SeiZens produqts da TiToeuli firmis

wili bazarze iqneba 1/2.
rogori iqneba neSis wonasworoba mocemul situaciaSi? radganac arsebobs
fasis dawevis stimuli, neSis wonasworoba damyardeba konkretuli fasis dros,
e.i. orive firmis fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis toli iqneba:
P1=P2= 3 lari
maSin dargi awarmoebs 27 erTeul produqts, maT Soris, TiToeuli firma _
13,5 erTeuls.

vinaidan fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia, orive firma miiRebs

nulovan mogebas. darCa Tu ara romelime firmas produqtze fasis Secvlis

cotaodeni stimuli mainc? davuSvaT, `firma

1-ma

gayidvebis mTliani moculoba `firma 2-ze gadava da

fasi awia.

maSin misi

Sesabamisad `firma 1

verafers moigebs. Tu piriqiT, dawevs fass, maSin mTel bazars daipyrobs, magram
mis mier warmoebuli produqtis yoveli erTeuli wamgebiani iqneba da isev is
aRmoCndeba wagebuli.

342

Sesabamisad,

`firma 1-s

(rogorc `firma 2-s) ar aqvs

wonasworuli mdgomareobis Secvlis stimuli _

is xom saukeTesoa maqsimaluri

mogebis misaRebad.
ratom ar SeiZleba damyardes neSis wonasworoba, Tu firmebi ufro maRali
mogebis misaRebad daaweseben erTnair, magram ufro maRal fass (magaliTad 5
lars)? imitom, rom aseTi maRali fasis dros, Tu firma cotaTi mainc

dawevs

fass, mas SeuZlia mTeli bazari daipyros da mogeba gaiormagos. ra Tqma unda,
TiToeul firmas konkurentis moSorebis survili eqneba. fasis daweva ar Sewydeba
manam, sanam is 3 laramde ar Semcirdeba.
SevcvaleT

ra

strategiuli

moqmedeba

warmoebis

moculobidan

fasebze,

miviReT sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi. kurnos modelis dros TiToeuli firma

produqtis mxolod 9 erTeuls awarmoebs, xolo sabazro fasi 12 laris tolia.
axla ki sabazro fasi 3 laria. kurnos modelis dros TiToeuli firma iRebs
mogebas;

bertranis

modelis

dros

firmebis

fasebi

utoldeba

zRvrul

danaxarjebs da mogeba ar moaqvs.

safaso konkurencia diferencirebuli saqonlis dros

oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis, garkveuli doziT, damaxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo
diferenciacia erTgvarovan saqonelTa Sorisac ki. magaliTad, benzingasamarTi
sadgurebi

erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdebian

adgilmdebareobiT

da

SeTavazebuli

momsaxurebiT. Sedegad sxvadasxva sadgurze benzinis fasebi gansxvavebuli iqneba.

bazris wili ganisazRvreba ara marto fasebiT, aramed gansxvavebuli dizainiT,
TiToeuli
SeTxvevaSi

firmis

produqtis

firmebs

eqsploataciisa da momsaxurebis

konkurenciis

gaweva

uwevT

fasebis

da

vadebiT.

aseT

ara

warmoebis

konkurenciis

moqmedebis

moculobis xarjze.
diferencirebuli
gasagebad

ganvixiloT

saqonlis

SemTxvevaSi,

Semdegi magaliTi.

safaso

davuSvaT,

rom

ori duopolistidan

TiToeulis mudmivi danaxarjebi 20 laria, xolo cvalebadi danaxarjebi tolia 0is. maTi moTxovnis mrudebi erTnairia:
`firma 1-is moTxovna:

Q1=12-2P1 + P2

(13.6

`a)
`firma 2-is moTxovna:

Q2=12-2P2 + P1

(13.6

`b)
P1 da P2 _ fasebia, romelsac aweseben Sesabamisad `firma 1 da `firma 2, xolo Q1
da Q2

_ saqonlis saboloo raodenobaa, romlis realizaciasac isini axdenen. Tu

firma fass moumatebs, mis mier gayiduli saqonlis raodenoba mcirdeba, xolo
izrdeba, Tu misi konkurenti ufro maRal fass daawesebs.
Tu orive firma erTdroulad daawesebs fasebs, Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
kurnos modeli. TiToeuli firma gasazRvravs produqtis fass, Tu konkurentis
fass miiCnevs fiqsirebul sidided. ganvixiloT `firma 1. misi mogeba 1 aris P1Q1
mTliani amonagebisa da 20 laris mudmivi danaxarjebis sxvaoba. Tu Q1-s SevitanoT
formulaSi (13.6 `a) miviRebT:
1=P1Q1-20=12P1-P12-P1P2-20

343

P1

fasis ra SemTxvevaSia mogeba maqsimaluri? pasuxi damokidebulia P2

fasze, romelsac `firma 1 ganixilavs, rogorc fiqsirebuls. Tumca `firma 2-is

mier dawesebuli fasisagan damoukideblad, `firma 1-is mogeba maqsimaluri xdeba,
rodesac fasebis Zalian umniSvnelo zrdis gamo miRebuli damatebiTi mogeba 0-s
utoldeba. Tu P2 fass mudmivad CavTvliT, `firma 1-is fasi, romlis drosac
mogeba maqsimaluria, tolia:
1/P1=12-4P1 + P2=0
imisaTvis, rom miviRoT faswarmoqmnis Sesabamisi wesi, anu `firma 1-Tvis
saWiro reagirebis mrudi, es gantoleba SeiZleba Semdegnairad gadavweroT:
`firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi:

P1=3 + 1/4P2

es wesi `firma 1-s exmareba daawesos Tavisi produqtis fasi `firma 2-is
mier dawesebuli fasis gaTvaliswinebiT. analogiurad, gamoviyvanoT faswarmoqmnis
wesi `firma 2-Tvisac.
`firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi: P2=3 + 1/4P1
reagirebis es mrudebi gamosaxulia naxazze 13.8. neSis wonasworoba vlindeba
wertilSi, sadac reagirebis ori mrudi ikveTeba; Tqven SegiZliaT darwmundeT,
rom fasi am wertilSi orive firmisaTvis 4 laris, xolo mogeba 12 laris tolia.
am wertilSi, arc erT firmas ar aqvs fasis Secvlis stimuli, radgan TiToeuli
firma,

konkurentebis

fasis

gaTvaliswinebiT

saukeTesod

iyenebs

yvela

SesaZleblobas.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac ori firma aRwevs SeTanxmebas: fasis
damoukidebelad SerCevis nacvlad, maTTvis umjobesiaEerTnairi fasis dadgena. es
mogebas orive firmisTvis maqsimalurs gaxdis.
Tqven SegiZliaT darwundeT, rom firmebi mocemul SemTxvevaSi airCevdnen
fass 6 lars da orive mogebuli darCeba. maTi mogeba amjerad Seadgens 16 lars18.
naxazze 13.8 gamosaxulia msgavsi wonasworoba saidumlo SeTanxmebis dros.
P1

,,firma-2-is reagirebis mrudi

wonasworobis saidumlo
SeTanxmebis dros
6

,,firma-1-is reagirebis mrudi

4

neSis wonasworoba

firmebs aqvT erTaniri danaxarjebi, amitomac isini adgenen erTnair fass (P). mTliani mogeba tolia T = 1 + 2 = 24
P 4 PO2 - 40 = 24 P-2P2-40. mogeba maqsimums aRwevs, rodesac T/P = 0. T/P= 24 4P, maqsimaluri
6
mogebis ganmsazRvrelia fasi P 4= 6. Sesabamisad,
TiToeuli firmis mogeba tolia P21=2 = 12P P2 -20= 72-3620=16$
nax. 13.8 neSis wonasworoba fasebiT
18

344

ori firma yidis diferencirebul saqonels da TiToeuli firmisaTvis moTxovna damokidebulia rogorc mis mier, aseve
konkurentebis dadgenil fasebze. orive firma awesebs fass erTdroulad. TiToeuli maTgani konkurentis fass iRebs rogorc
mocemuls. `firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi warmoadgens fass, romlis drosac mogeba maqsimaluria da aris fasis funqcia,
romelsac awesebs `firma 2. es aseve samarTliania `firma 2-Tvisac. neSis wonasworobis wertili mdebareobs ori

bolos davuSvaT, rom `firma 1 fass adgens, xolo `firma 2 faswarmoqnis

Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebas

iRebs

mogvianebiT,

`firma

1-is

gadawyvetilebis

safuZvelze. stakelbergis modelisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis drosac firmebi

gansazRvraven TavianT warmoebis moculobas, am SemTxvevaSi `firma 1 namdvilad
aramomgebian mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, vinaidan fasis dadgenas pirveli iwyebs
(es rom gasagebi iyos, gaiangariSeT `firma 1-is fasi, romlis drosac mogeba
maqsimaluria. mxedvelobaSi miiReT `firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi). ratom aRar
iqneba amjerad momgebiani saqmianobis pirvelad dawyeba? imitom, rom `firma 2-s
eZleva fasis mcirediT Semcirebis da am gziT bazris didi wilis mopovebis
SesaZlebloba.

konkurencia da SeTanxmeba
neSis wonasworoba aris arakoaliciuri wonasworoba: TiToeuli firma
iRebs

gadawyvetilebas,

misTvis

maqsimalurad

romelsac
SesaZlo

konkurentebis

mogeba

moaqvs.

moqmedebis

rogorc

gaTvaliswinebiT

vnaxeT,

firmis

mier

miRebuli saboloo mogeba am SemTxvevaSi ufro maRalia, vidre srulyofili

konkurenciis dros, magram ufro dabali, vidre firmebis SeTanxebuli moqmedebis
dros.
erTi

mxriv,

iTanamSromlon

saidumlo

firmebma

SeTanxmeba

arakanonieria.

saidumlo SeTanxmebis

gareSe?

ratom

ar

Tu Tqven da

unda
Tqvens

konkurents SegiZliaT gansazRvroT maqsimaluri mogebis momtani fasi, ratom ar

SegiZliaT Tqvenve daadginoT es fasi im imediT, rom Tqveni konkurentic igives
gaakeTebs? Tu, marTlac ase moiqceva Tqveni konkurenti, orive did Semosavals
miiRebT.
problema

is

aris,

rom

Tqvenma

konkurentma

SeiZleba

ar

moisurvos

SeTanxmebiT miRweuli fasis daweseba. ra mizezebi aqvs mas amisaTvis? SeiZleba,

Tqvens konkurents awyobdes ufro dabali fasi, Tundac icodes, rom Tqven
apirebT SeTanxmebis dacvas.

345

am mosazrebis asaxsenlad davubrundeT safaso konkurenciis magaliTs bolo

paragrafidan. TiToeul firmas Cvens magaliTSi aqvs 20 laris toli mudmivi
danaxarjebi, nulovani cvalebadi danaxarjebi da Sesabamisi moTxovnis mrudebi:
`firma 1-is moTxovna:

Q1=12

2P1

P2

(13.7 `a)
`firma 2-is moTxovna:

Q2= 12 2P2 + P1

(13.7 `b)
neSis wonasworobis dros TiToeuli firma fass 4 laris odenobiT
daawesebs da 12 laris

mogebis miRebas. firmebis saidumlo SeTanxmebis dros,

isini aweseben 6 laris tol fass da Rebuloben 16 laris mogebas. axla davuSvaT,
rom

firmebi

ar

SeTanxmdebian

saidumlod.

magram

`firma

awesebs

saxelSekrulebo fass 6 laris odenobiT im imediT, rom `firma 2-ic aseve

moiqceva. Tu `firma 2 marTlac amas gaakeTebs, is miiRebs 16 laris mogebas.
magram ra moxdeba, Tu aRniSnulis nacvlad is daawesebs fass 4 laris odenobiT?
aseT SemTxvevaSi `firma 2 miiRebs mogebas, romelic toli iqneba:L
2=P2Q2 20 =(4) [12-(2)(4) + 6]-20=20$
roca `firma 1 miiRebs mogebas, romelic tolia mxolod 4 laris:
1=P1Q1 20 =(6)[12-(2)(6) +4] 20=4 lari
amrigad, Tu `firma 1 daadgens fass 6 lars, xolo `firma 2 mxolod 4
lars, `firma 2-is mogeba 20 laramde gaizrdeba da es moxdeba `firma 1-is
mogebis Semcirebis xarjze (mogeba 4 laramde Semcirdeba). naTelia, rom `firma 2Tvis ufro momgebiania daawesos fasi 4 laris odenobiT. Tu `firma 2 daadgenda
6 laris tol fass, xolo `firma 1 4 lars, `firma 1 miiRebda 20 laris mogebas,
xolo `firma 2 mxolod 4 lars.

mogebaTa matrica safaso TamaSSi

cxrili 13.1
`firma 2
fasi 4 lari
`firma 1

fasi 4

lari

fasi

12 lari,

12 lari

6 lari
20 lari,

4 lari
fasi
lari,

lari

4 lari,

20

lari

16

16 lari

cxrili 13.1 am sxvadasxva SesaZleblobaTa Sedegebs aerTianebs. fasis SerCevis

procesSi aRniSnuli ori firma arakoaliciur TamaSs TamaSobs (Noncooperative

346

Game):

TiToeuli

firma,

meoresagan

damoukideblad

saukeTesod

iyenebs

yvela

SesaZleblobas, iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi konkurentis qcevas. aseTi TamaSebisaTvis,

cxrils 13.1 ewodeba mogebaTa matrica (Pauoff Matrix). is gviCvenebs TiToeuli
firmis mogebas misi da konkurentis gadawyvetilebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad,
mogebaTa matricis marcxena zeda nawili gviCvenebs, rom Tu orive firma daadgens
fass 4 laris odenobiT, TiToeuli miiRebs mogebas 12 lars da a.S.
matrica

dagvexmareba

gaeces

pasuxi

kiTxvas:

ratom

ar

TanamSromloben

firmebi da ratom ar iReben am gziT maRal mogebas, Tu amisaTvis saidulo

SeTanxmebaSi

Sesvla

ar

aris

aucilebeli?

Cvens

SemTxvevaSi

TanamSromloba

niSnavs, rom orive firma fass 4 laris nacvlad 6 laris odenobiT adgens da
nacvlad 12 larisa, 16 laris odenobis mogebas iReben. magram TiToeuli firma
ufro mets miiRebda, Tu daadgenda fass 4 lars, imisgan damoukideblad, ras
gaakeTebda misi konkurenti. rogorc mogebaTa matrica gviCvenebs, Tu `firma 2
moiTxovs 4 lars, `firma 1-Tvis saukeTeso iqneba daadginos 4 laris toli fasi.
xolo, Tu `firma 2 produqtis erTeulze awesebs 6 lars, `firma 1 mainc
daadgens 4 laris tol fass da amiT saukeTeso arCevans gaakeTebs. analogiurad,
`firma

2-Tvis

yovelTvis

momgebiani

iqneba

laris

toli

fasi,

ra

gadawyvetilebac ar unda miiRos `firma 1-ma. sanam firmebi ar moaweren xels

iZulebiT SeTanxmebaze 6 laris Sesaxeb, arcerTi maTagani ar unda elodos, rom
misi konkurenti daadgens 6 laris tol fass da orive produqtis erTeuls
gayidis 4 larad.

patimarTa dilema
oligopoliuri firmebi xSirad awydebian patimarTa dilemis (Prisoners
Dilemma)
or

klasikur magaliTs TamaSTa Teoriidan. misi arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

dakavebuls

bralad

danaSaulis

CadenaSi

monawileoba

edeba.

isini

moTavsebulni arian cal-calke sakanSi da ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan dakavSireba.

TiToeuli maTganisagan iTxoven aRiarebas. Tu orive aRiarebs danaSauls, maSin
maT

elodebaT

xuTi

wliT

patimroba.

Tu

arcerTi ar

aRiarebs

danaSauls,

braldebis mxare aRmoCndeba rTul mdomareobaSi da dakavebulebs SeeZlebaT

wavidnen danaSaulis aRiarebis Sesaxeb garigebaze (danaSaulisaTvis dakisrebuli
braldebidan, naklebad mZime braldebamde) da miiReben ori wliT patimrobas.
meore mxriv, Tu aRiarebs mxolod erTi patimarTagani, meore ki ara, is, vinc
aRiara danaSauli miiRebs 1 wliT patimrobas, maSin, rodesac meore cixeSi
Cajdeba aTi wliT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi Tqven rogor moiqceodiT _ aRiarebdiT
danaSauls Tu ara?

347

mogebaTa matrica cxrilSi 13.2 gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs. (SevniSnavT, rom

,,mogebebi aris uaryofiTi; Canaweri mogebaTa matricis qveda marjvena kuTxeSi
aRniSnavs

TiToeuli

dakavebulis

orwlian

patimrobas.)

rogorc

cxrili

gviCvenebs, dakavebulebi dilemis winaSe dganan. Tu isini dadebdnen SeTanxmebas,

romelic

daavaldebulebda

wavidoda

cixeSi

mxolod

orives
ori

danaSaulis

wliT.

magram

aRiarebas,
maT

ar

maSin

TiToeuli

SeuZliaT

erTmaneTSi

molaparakeba. amis SesaZleblobac rom hqonodaT, endobian ki erTmaneTs? Tu

dakavebuli ,,a ar Riarebs, is riskavs _ gadasces upiratesoba Tanamonawiles.
miuxedavad

imisa,

ras

moimoqmedebs

dakavebuli

,,a,

dakavebuli ,,b

iCqarebs

aRiarebas. dakavebuli ,,a zustad aseve ecdeba pirvelma gaakeTos aRiareba. ase
rom, dakavebul ,,b-s mouwevs nerviuloba upiratesobis dakargvis gamo, Tu is ar
aRiarebs danaSauls. Sesabamisad, orive dakavebuli danaSauls aRiarebs da cixeSi
xuT-xuTi wliT Cajdebian.
oligopoliuri

firmebi

xSirad

patimarTa

dilemis

msgavs

situaciebSi

imyofebian. maT unda gadawyviton, Caebnen konkurenciaSi agresiuli qceviT bazris

ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad, Tu ,,gaerTiandnen da ufro pasiurad
ibrZolon

mogebisaTvis

konkurentTan

SeTanxmebiT,

Seurigdnen

TavianT

wils

bazarze da ecadon Cumad saidumlo SeTanxmebis dadebas.

Tu firmebi erTmaneTs konkurencias pasiurad uweven _ aweseben fasebs da
gansazRvraven gamoSvebis moculobebs, SeuZliaT miiRon ufro maRali mogeba,
vidre agresiuli konkurenciis dros.
Tumca, dakavebulebis msgavsad, TiToeul firmas aqvs konkurentTan SedarebiT
ufro dabali fasis dawesebis stimuli da icis, rom konkurentebSic arsebobs
aseTive motivi. surs ra TanamSromloba, TiToeuli firma Tanabrad nerviulobs,
da sruliad safuZvlianadac, _ ra iqneba, Tu is airCevs pasiur konkurencias,
xolo konkurenti gadaixreba agresiuli konkurenciisaken da daipyrobs bazris
lomis wils? orive firma moigebs, Tu gadawyveten faswarmoqmnis problemas,
daiwyeben ,,TanamSromlobas da daaweseben ufro maRal fass (cxrili 13.2). magram
firmebi imyofebian patimarTa dilemis situaciaSi _ arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia
endos Tavis konkurents da daawesos maRali fasi.
mogebaTa matrica patimarTa dilemisaTvis
cxrili 13.2

patimari ,,b
aRiareba
patimari ,,a

aRiareba
ar aRiareba

348

5,
10,

ar aRiareba
_5

_1

_1,
_2,

_10
_2

13.5

patimarTa

dilemis gamoyeneba oligopoliuri

faswarmoqmnis dros

aiZulebs Tu ara patimarTa dilema oligopoliur firmebs mimarTon agresiul

konkurencias

dabali

fasebis

dawesebiT?

es

aucilebeli

ar

aris.

firmebis

umravlesoba awesebs fasebs da warmoebis moculobebs TavianT konkurentebis

qcevaze mudmivi dakvirvebiTa da cifrebis mudmivi koreqtirebiT. es firmebs
reputaciis SeqmnaSi exmareba, romelic SesaZloa ndobaSi gadaizardos. Sedegad
xandaxan oligopoliuri koordinacia da TanamSromloba miiRweva. ganvixiloT
sami-oTxi

firmisagan

Semdgari

dargi.

mravali

wlis

manZilze

am

firmebis

menejerebi iRlebian safaso omebSi Semosavlebis dakargviT da maT Soris Cndeba

faruli urTierTgageba, romlis wyalobiTac yvela firma SeinarCunebs maRal
fass

da

arcerTi

maTgani

aRar

cdilobs

konkurentisaTvis

bazris

wilis

warTmevas.
Tumca konkurentebis ,,mocilebis SesaZlebloba macduneblad gamoiyureba.
menejerebma

ician,

rom

amis

gakeTebis

SemTxvevaSi

miRebuli

sargebeli

moklevadiani iqneba: konkurentebic amiTve upasuxeben da Sedegad ganaxldeba

safaso moqmedebebi da grZelvadian periodSi mogebis Semcireba.
zogjer

faruli

danaxarjebisa

da

SeTanxmeba

sabazro

Znelad

moTxovnis

misaRwevia.

sxvadasxva

magaliTad,

Sefasebebis

sxvadasxva

mqone

firmebma

SeiZleba ver moaxerxon fasebze SeTanxmeba. davuSvaT, `firma 1 Tvlis, rom

optimaluri fasia 10 lari, `firma 2 ki darwmunebulia, rom aseTi fasia 9 lari.
`firma 1-ma es SeiZleba fasis Semcirebis mcdelobad CaTvalos da fasis 8
laramde daweviT upasuxos. Sedegad daiwyeba safaso omi.

fasebis mouqneloba
oligopoliuri

firmebisaTvis

saidumlo

SeTanxmebebi

aramdgradia,

maSin

rodesac maTi miswrafeba stabilurobisaken (gansakuTrebiT fasebTan mimarTebaSi)

metad didia. ai ratomaa oligopoliuri dargisTvis Cveulebriv damaxasiaTebeli
fasebis mouqneloba, anu fasebis simtkice (Price Rigidity). maSinac ki, roca
icvleba

danaxarjebi

cvlilebas.
konkurentebi

roca

an

moTxovna,

fasebi

SedarebiT

ecema

dabal

an

firmebi

mainc

moTxovna

fasebs

araswor

ewinaaRmdegebian

mcirdeba,

maT

interpretacias

fasebis

eSiniaT,
miscemen

rom
da

daiwyeba safaso omis morigi raundi. Tu danaxarjebi an moTxovna gaizrdeba,

349

firmebi uars amboben fasebis momatebaze. maT eSiniaT, rom konkurentebi uars
ityvian fasebis momatebaze.
$/Q1

P*

MC
MC

MR
O
Q

nax. 13.9 moTxovnis texili mrudi

TiToeuli firma darwmunebulia, rom Tu is fass awevs mimdinare P* fasze zeviT, arcerTi konkurenti ar mibaZavs mis magaliTs, da
is dakargavs Tavisi gayidvaTa moculobis did nawils. aseve, TiToeuli firma darwmunebulia, rom Tu is dawevs fass, yvela danarCeni
aseve moiqceva da misi gayidvebi gaizrdeba mxolod im doniT, ra doniTac izrdeba sabazro moTxovna. Sedegad firmis D
moTxovnis mrudi tydeba P* wertilSi da misi zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudi MR am wertilSi wydeba. Tu zRvruli danaxarjebi
izrdeba MC-dan MC'-mde, firma gaagrZelebs igive Q* moculobis produqciis warmoebas imave P* fasad.

oligopoliisaTvis
texili mrudis

fasebis

es

mouqneloba

safuZvlad

udevs

moTxovnis

models (Kinked demand Curve Model). am modelis YTanaxmad,

TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudi gadatexilia mimdinare P* fasze ufro maRali fasis

dawesebis dros (naxazi 13.9). P*-ze maRali fasis dros moTxovnis mrudi sakmaod
elastikuria imis gamo, rom Tu firma gazrdis fass P*-ze metad, sxva firmebi mas
ar mibaZaven. Sesabamisad, is dakargavs gayidvebis moculobisa da bazris wilis
mniSvnelovan nawils. meore mxriv, firma darwmunebulia, rom Tu is Seamcirebs
fass P*-ze dabla, sxva firmebic mibaZaven mas. maT ar surT dakargon bazris
sakuTari wili. am SemTxvevaSi gayidvebi

gaizrdeba mxolod im donemde, ra

donemdec SedarebiT dabali fasi gazrdis mTlian sabazro moTxovnas.

firmis moTxovnis mrudi aris texili, amitom misi zRvruli Semosavlebis
mrudic wydeba. (zRvruli Semosavlis mrudis qveda nawili Seesabameba moTxovnis
mrudis SedarebiT elastikur monakveTs. Sedegad, firmis danaxarjebi SeiZleba
Seicvalos, fasebi ki uwindel doneze darCes. rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 13.9,
zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaizardos warmoebis moculobis ucvleli donis

350

dros magram, mainc darCes zRvruli Semosavlebis toli. ase rom fasi ucvleli
rCeba.
moTxovnis texili mrudis modeli mimzidvelia Tavisi simartiviT, magram is ar
gvixsnis oligopoliur faswarmoqmnas. is arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor irCeven firmebi P*-s da ara romelime sxva fass. es modeli bolomde ver
uZlebs praqtikul Semowmebas. arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom konkurenti firmebi
aTanabreben ara mxolod zrdad, aramed klebad fasebsac. fasebis mouqnelobis
axsna dakavSirebulia patimarTa dilemasTan da firmebis survilTan _ Tavi
aaridon urTierTdamangrevel safaso konkurencias.

safaso signalizacia da safaso lideroba

faswarmoqmnis faruli SeTanxmebis dros firmebs uWirT koordinacia fasebis
Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT danaxarjebisa da moTxovnis pirobebis cvlilebis dros.
safaso signalizacia (Price Signaling) aris arapirdapiri saidumlo SeTanxmebis
forma, romelic xels uwyobs am problemis gadaWras. magaliTad, firma akeTebs
gancxadebas fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb (presis an sxva sainformacio saSualebebiT)
da imedi aqvs, rom misi konkurentebi am gancxadebas aRiqvamen rogorc signals
fasebis

momatebaze.

Tu

konkurentebi

mibaZaven

mis

magaliTs,

yvela

firma

(ukidures SemTxvevaSi, moklevadian periodSi mainc) miiRebs ufro maRal mogebas.

xandaxan adgenen iseT wesebs, rodesac erTi firma regularulad akeTebs
gancxadebas fasebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb, xolo danarCeni firmebi dargSi baZaven
mas. am sqemas ewodeba safaso lideroba (Price Leadership). erTi firma TavisTavad
(moulaparakeblad)

xdeba

aRiarebuli

,,lideri,

xolo

sxva

firmebi,

egreTwodebuli ,,safaso mimdevrebi, ergebian mis fass. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis

koordinaciis problema qreba. TiToeuli firma iRebs im fass, romelsac iTxovs
Tavis saqonelze lideri.
davuSvaT, sami oligopoliuri firma produqtis erTeuls yidis 10 larad. Tu
isini moaxdenen SeTanxmebas da erT erTeuls 20 larad gayidian, maTi mogeba
seriozulad gaizrdeba. Sexvedra da molaparakeba produqtis 20 larad gayidvaze
arakanonieria. amis nacvlad `firma 1 fass zrdis 15 laramde da acxadebs presis
saSualebiT. `firma 2 da `firma 3 amas afasebs, rogorc garkveul gzavnils _
rom `firma 1 eZebs maT TanaSromlobas fasebis momatebaSi. amitom isinic zrdian
fass 15 laramde. miaRwevs Tu ara fasi 20 lars (am dros mogeba maqsimaluria),
myardeba koordinaciis da faruli SeTanxmebis iseTi modeli, romelic SeiZleba
iseTive efeqtiani aRmoCndes, rogorc formaluri SeTanxmeba fasebze.
msgavsi

qcevis

magaliTs

warmoadgens

aSS-is

saavtomobilo

mSenebloba,

sadac safaso lideris rolSi tradiciulad ,,jeneral motorsi gvevlineba.

351

dominanturi firmis modeli

zogierT oligopoliur bazarze gayidvaTa mTliani moculobis ZiriTadi wili
erT

msxvil

firmas

ekuTvnis,

xolo

SedarebiT

mcire

firmebis

jgufi

uzrunvelyofs bazris darCenil nawils. aseT SemTxvevaSi msxvili firma gamodis,

rogorc

dominanturi

firma

(Dominant

Firm)

da

adgens

fass,

romelic

maqsimizacias ukeTebs mis mogebas. sxva firmebi ver axdenen fasebze did gavlenas
da moqmedeben rogorc srulyofili konkurentebi. isini lideri firmebis mier
dadgenil fass iReben rogorc mocemuls da awarmoeben DSesabamisi moculobis
produqts.

magram

maqsimizaciisTvis,

rogori
man

fasi

unda

mxedvelobaSi

daadginos

unda

liderma

miiRos

sxva

firmam?

firmebis

mogebis

warmoebis

moculobebis damokidebuleba im fasTan, romelsac is daadgens. naxazze 13.10

naCvenebia, rogor adgens fass lideri firma. aq D _ aris moTxovnis sabazro
mrudi, xolo SF _ miwodebis mrudi (e.i. danarCeni, SedarebiT mcire firmebis
agregirebuli
gansazRvros DD

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudebia).

meTaurma

firmam

unda

moTxovnis mrudi. rogorc naxazi gviCvenebs, es mrudi zustad

sabazro moTxovnasa da damatebiTi firmebis miwodebas Soris arsebuli sxvaobis

tolia. magaliTad, P1 fasis dros damatebiTi firmebis miwodeba zustad sabazro
moTxovnis tolia. amitom, lideri firma am fasad arafers gayidis. roca fasi
tolia P2-is an ufro mcirea, damatebiTi firmebi saerTod Sewyveten saqonlis
miwodebas. ase rom, lideri firma gamodis sabazro moTxovnis mrudiT. P1-sa da P2-s
Soris arsebuli fasebis dros lideri firmis moTxovnis mrudi iqneba DD.

fasi

SF
D

P1

MCD

P*

D0
P2

MRD
O
QF

QD

QT

raodenoba

nax. 13.10 lideri firmis mier fasis daweseba

lideri firma awesebs fass, xolo danarCeni firmebi am fasSi yidian maTTvis yvelaze sasurveli moculobis produqts. lideri firmis
moTxovnis mrudi (DD ) aris sxvaoba sabazro moTxovnasa (D) da danarCeni firmebis miwodebas Soris (SF). lideri firma
awarmoebs QD moculobis produqts, romelic ganisazRvreba zRvruli Semosavlebis (MRD) da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
(MCD) gadakveTis wertiliT. Sesabamisi fasi tolia P*-is. am fasis dros danarCeni firmebi yidian QF moculobis produqts.
mTliani gayidvebi Seadgens QT-s.

352

DD-is Sesabamisad aigeba lideri firmis zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudi MRD. MCD
aris dominanturi firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi. mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis
liderma

firmam

unda

awarmoos

MRD

da

MCD-is

gadakveTis

Sesabamisi

QD-is

raodenobis produqti. DD moTxovnis mrudiT Cven vpoulobT P* fass. am fasis dros

danarCeni

firmebi

gayidian

QF

moculobis

produqts.

amgvarad,

gayiduli

produqtis mTliani moculoba Seadgens: QT=QD+QF.

13.6

karteli

kartelis SemadgenlobaSi myofi mwarmoeblebi Riad Tanxmdebian erToblivi

faswarmoqmnisa da warmoebis moculobis dadgenis Sesaxeb. dargSi Semavali yvela
mwarmoebeli ar Tvlis saWirod kartelSi Sesvlas. kartelebis umravlesobaSi
erTiandebian mxolod mwarmoeblebis gansazRvruli qvejgufebi. Tu kartelur
SeTanxmebebSi Sedis mwarmoeblebis sakmaod didi raodenoba, xolo amasTan erTad
sabazro moTxovna araelastikuria, aseT kartels fasebis aweva konkurentul
donesTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ufro maRla SeuZlia.
kartelebi

xSirad

antimonopoliuri

saerTaSoriso

kanonmdebloba

mniSvnelobis

uflebas

ar

aZlevs

arian.

amerikuli

amerikul

kompaniebs

awarmoon molaparakebebi. zogierT qveynebSi kompaniebs kartelebis formirebaSi

xels

araferi

uSliT.

magaliTad

,,OPEK-is

qveynebis

karteli

mwarmoebeli (eqsportiori) qveynebis saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaa

navTobis
romlebic 10

welze met xans inarCunebdnen konkurentul donesTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad

maRal msoflio fasebs navTobze.

kartelis warmatebis piroba

kartelis warmatebis ori piroba arsebobs. pirvel piroba _ kartelis
formireba iseTi wevrebiT unda xdebodes, romlebic Tanxmdebian fasebze da
warmoebis

moculobebze,

xolo

Semdeg

unda

daicvan

mocemuli

SeTanxmeba.

kartelis wevrebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan Sexvedra, raTa SeTanxeba ganamtkicon

formaluri saxiTac. magram es ar niSnavs, rom SeTanxmebis dadeba advilia.
kartelis

monawileebs

SeiZleba

hqondeT

sxvadasxva

danaxarjebi,

sabazro

moTxovnis gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi da amocanebi. Sesabamisad, maTTvis misaRebi

fasebis donec gansxvavebuli aRmoCndeba. ufro metic, kartelis monawileebs
SeiZleba

,,TaRliTobis

cduneba

gauCndeT

produqtze

fasebis

umniSvnelo

SemcirebiT moaxerxon maTTvis gamoyofili bazris wilze ufro didi wilis

xelSi Cagdeba.

353

meore piroba _ kartels gaaCnia monopoliuri Zalauflebis potenciali.

potenciuri monopoliuri Zalaufleba warmatebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani pirobaa.

354

karteluri faswarmoqmnis analizi

yvela

mwarmoebeli

Zalian

iSviaTad

erTiandeba

kartelSi.

Cveulebriv,

karteli pasuxs agebs warmoebis mTliani moculobis mxolod garkveul nawilze

da fasis dadgenis dros mxedvelobaSi iRebs konkurenti mwarmoeblebis mxridan
(romlebic

ar

Sedian

kartelSi)

produqtis

sapasuxo

miwodebas.

amgvarad,

karteluri faswarmoqmnis analizis dros SeiZleba gamoviyenoT adre ganxiluli

lideri firmis modeli. Cven am models gamoviyenebT ori kartelis mimarT: OPEC-is
qveynebis navTobis kartelisa da CIPEC-is spilenZis kartelisadmi (CIPEC aris
spilenZis

eqsportiori

qveynebis

saerTaSoriso

gaerTianebis

aRmniSvneli

franguli abreviatura (International Council of Copper Exporting Countries).

es dagvexmareba gavigoT, rogor miaRwia OPEC-ma warmatebas fasebis momatebis
sakiTxSi maSin, roca CIPEC -ma marcxi ganicada.

OPEC -is analizi

naxazze 13.11 naCvenebia OPEC-Si situacia. mTliani moTxovna TD aris
navTobis nedleulze msoflio moTxovnis mrudi, xolo SC
ekuTvnis OPEC-s) miwodebis mrudi. OPEC-is

_ konkurentuli (ar

navTobze moTxovna DOPEC aris mTliani

moTxovnasa da konkurentul miwodebas Soris sxvaoba, xolo MROPEC _ es misi

Sesabamisi zRvruli amonagebis mrudi. MCOPEK aris OPEC-is wevri qveynebis zRvruli
danaxarjebis mrudi; Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom OPEC-s aqvs gacilebiT mcire
warmoebis danaxarjebi, vidre im mwarmoeblebs, romlebic ar Sedian OPEC-Si. QOPEC
warmoebis moculobis dros, OPEC-is zRvruli amonagebi da zRvruli danaxarjebi
erTmaneTs utoldeba. OPEC-is moTxovnis mrudidan Cven vxedavT, rom fasi tolia
P*- is, xolo am fasis dros konkurentuli miwodeba ki aris QC.
davuSvaT, rom navTobis eqsportiorma qveynebma ar Seqmnes karteli da navTobs
konkurenciis pirobebSi awarmoeben. am dros fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia.
Sesabamisad, konkurentuli fasi SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT im wertilSi, sadac OPEC-s
moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi ikveTeba. es fasi (PC) gacilebiT
naklebia, vidre kartelis P* fasi. mTliani moTxovna da OPEC-is arawevri qveynebis
miwodebac araelastikuria,

amitom

moTxovna

OPEC-is

navTobzec araelastikuri

iqneba. amgvarad, karteli flobs mniSvnelovan monopoliur Zalauflebas. man

gamoiyena es Zalaufleba 1970-ian wlebSi, raTa fasi mniSvnelovnad gaezarda
konkurentul donesTan SedarebiT.
wina

TavebSi

moTxovnasa

da

xazi

gavusviT

miwodebas

Soris

moklevadiani
arsebuli

da

grZelvadiani

gansxvavebebis

periodebis

mniSvnelobas.

es

gansxvaveba aqac mniSvnelovania. naxazze 13.11 mocemulia mTliani moTxovnis da

miwodebis

mrudebi,

romlebic

ar

ekuTvnis

OPEC-s

da

gamoiyeneba

mokle

an

355

saSualovadiani periodebis analizisaTvis. grZelvadian periodSi moTxovnac da

miwodebac SesamCnevad ufro elastikuri iqneba. es niSnavs, rom OPEC-is moTxovnis
mrudic

aseve

mniSvnelovnad

ufro

elastikuri

iqneba.

amgvarad,

grZelvadian

periodSi OPEC ver SeZlebda SeenarCunebina konkurentul niSnulze mniSvnelovnad

ufro maRali fasebis done. marTlac, 1982-1989 wlebSi navTobis fasebi realurad
daeca ZiriTadad OPEC-is arawevri qveynebis moTxovnisa da miwodebis grZelvadiani
koreqtirebis wyalobiT.
SC

TTD
D

fasi

P*

DOPEC

MCOPEC
PC

MROPEC

O
QC

QOPEC

QT

raodenoba

nax. 13.11 navTobis karteli OPEC

TD navTobze msoflio moTxovnis mrudia, xolo SC _ navTobis konkurentuli (romelic ar ekuTvnis OPEC-s)
miwodebis mrudi. OPEC-is moTxovna, DOPEK warmoadgens maT Soris sxvaobas. radgan saerTo moTxovnac da
konkurentuli miwodebac araelastikuria, OPEC-is navTobze moTxovnac araelastikuria. QOPEC-is warmoebis moculoba,
romlis drosac OPEC-is mogeba maqsimaluria, ganisazRvreba misi zRvruli amonagebisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis
mrudebis gadakveTis wertiliT. navTobis am moculobis dros OPEC adgens P*-is tol fass. Tu OPEC-is qveynebi ar
Seqmnidnen kartels, fasi toli iqneboda PC-is, romelic OPEC-is navTobze moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis
mrudebis gadakveTis wertilia.

CIPEC-is analizi
naxazze 13.12 Catarebulia msgavsi analizi CIPEC-Tvis. CIPEC
mwarmoebeli oTxi

qveynisagan:

Cile, peru, zambia da kongo. isini erTad ageben

pasuxs spilenZis warmoebis im wilze, romelmac ar unda

warmoebis

naxevars.

am

Sedgeba spilenZis

qveynebSi

warmoebis

gadaaWarbos msoflio

danaxarjebi

dabalia,

vidre

im

mwarmoeblebSi, romlebic ar Sedian am kartelSi. naxazze 13.10 CIPEC-is zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mrudi

gamosaxulia

qveynebis miwodebis mrudi.

SedarebiT

qveviT,

vidre

CIPEC-Si

arSesuli

kartelis DCIPEC moTxovnis mrudi aris sxvaoba TD

mTlian moTxovnasa da kartelSi arSesuli mwarmoeblebis SC miwodebas Soris.

356

kartelis zRvruli danaxarjebis da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi ikveTebian

QCIPEC

warmoebis moculobis dros Sesabamisi P* fasiT. konkurentuli PC fasi mdebareobs

wertilSi, sadac CIPEC-is moTxovnis mrudi kveTs zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds.
es fasi Zalian axlosaa kartelur

P* fasTan.

ratom ar SeuZlia CIPEC kartels spilenZze fasebis ufro mniSvnelovnad

aweva? rogorc naxazi 13.12 gviCvenebs, mTliani moTxovna spilenZze SedarebiT
ufro

elastikuria,

Seicvalos
miwodebas

sxva
aqvs

vidre

liTonebiT,
gacilebiT

moTxovna

navTobze

magaliTad
ufro

(spilenZi

aluminiT.)

elastikuri

amis

xasiaTi.

advilad
garda,

SeiZleba

konkurentul

moklevadian

periodSi

mwarmoeblebs, romlebic ar Sedian CIPEC-Si, advilad SeuZliaT gazardon miwodeba,

Tu fasebi gaizrdeba (nawilobriv, gadamuSavebuli jarTis SesaZlo miwodebis
gamo). amgvarad, mocemuli kartelis potenciuri monopoliuri Zalaufleba didi
ar aris.
rogorc gviCveneben OPEC-isa da CIPEC-is magaliTebi, warmatebuli kartelis
SeqmnisaTvis saWiroa ori ram: pirveli, saqonelze mTliani moTxovna unda iyos
fasis mimarT Zalian elastikuri; meore, kartelma unda akontrolos TiTqmis
mTeli msoflio miwodeba an Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aqvs, maSin miwodeba
kartelSi

arSesuli

mwarmoeblebis

mxridan

ar

unda

iyos

fasis

mimarT

elastikuri. saerTaSoriso kartelebis umravlesobam marcxi imis gamo ganicada,

rom mxolod zogierTi msoflio bazari akmayofilebs am pirobas.
TD T

fasi

SC
MCOIPEC
P*

DOIPEC

PC

MRCIPEC

O
QC

QOIPEC

QT

raodenoba

nax. 13.12 spilenZis karteli CIPEC

CIPEC-is zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi mdebareobs SedarebiT qveviT, vidre CIPEC-Si arSesuli qveynebis miwodebis
mrudi. kartelis DCIPEC moTxovnis mrudi aris sxvaoba TD mTliani moTxovnasa da kartelSi arSesuli mwarmoeblebis SC
miwodebas Soris. MCCIPEC da MRCIPEC mrudebi ikveTebian QCIPEC _ warmoebis moculobis dros Sesabamisi P* fasiT.
konkurentuli PC fasi mdebareobs wertilSi, sadac CIPEC-is moTxovnis mrudi kveTs zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds. es fasi
Zalian axlosaa kartelur P* fasTan.
357

13.7

faswarmoqmna,

danaxarjebi plius~ sqemis mixedviT

oligopoliis safaso qcevis erT-erTi modelia faswarmoqmnas `danaxarjebi

plius~ principiT. am SemTxvevaSi oligopolisti iyenebs erTeul
danaxarjebis

gaangariSebis

meTodikas,

xolo Semdeg am

produqtze

danaxarjebs

umatebs

garkveul Tanxas fasnamats. Sedegad miiReba oligopoliuri fasi. vinaidan

erTeul

produqtze

mixedviT,

amitom

danaxarjebi

firma

icvleba

orientacias

warmoebis

iRebs

moculobis

produqtis

cvlilebis

garkveul

tipiur

moculobaze. magaliTad, firmis saSualo danaxarjebis sidide SeiZleba iyos is,

romelic

miiRweva

firmis

mier

mTliani

sawarmoo

simZlavris

75%-80%-is

gamoyenebis dros. fasis dawesebis dros saSualo danaxarjebs emateba garkveuli

procentuli danamati.
magaliTad, Tu erTeul produqtze danaxarjebi 200 lars Seadgens, danamati
ki 50%-ia, maSin sacalo savaWro fasi iqneba 300 lari (danamati, rogorc wesi, 50%ia). saSualo danaxarjebSi ufro didi xvedriTi wona cvalebad danaxarjebs
ukavia.

amitom

saSualo

cvalebadi

danaxarjebis

sidides

emateba

garkveuli

procenti, romelic moicavs saSualo mudmiv danaxarjebsa da normalur mogebas.

fasi (P)=saSualo cvalebad danaxarjebs (AVC) + saprocento nameti (saSualo
mudmivi danaxarjebi (AFC) )+ normaluri mogeba
saprocento danamati damokidebulia produqtze moTxovnis elastikurobaze.
rac ufro elastikuria am produqtze moTxovna, miT ufro naklebia saprocento
danamati.

ZiriTadi terminebi

monopolisturi
konkurencia
arasafaso konkurencia
Warbi simZlavre
hotelingis paradoqsi
oligopolia
neSis wonasworoba
duopolia
reagirebis mrudi
kurnos wonasworoba
SeTanxmebis mrudi

stakelbergis modeli
,,iniciatoris upiratesoba
bertranis modeli
mogebaTa matrica
patimarTa dilema
fasebis simtkice
moTxovnis texili mrudi
safaso signalizacia
safaso lideroba
dominturi firma
karteli

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

monopolisturi

konkurenciis

dros

maqsimaluri

mogebis

Sesabamisi

produqtis raodenobisa da fasis kombinaciis wertili firmis individualuri

358

moTxovnisa

da,

amave

mdebareobs.

monopolisturi

araefeqtianobis

dros,

saSualo

konkurenciis

mTliani

danaxarjebis

bazarze

firma

mrudze

funqcionirebs

pirobebSi da aqvs ,,Warbi simZlavreebi, rac gamowveulia

bazarze diferencirebuli produqtis mwarmoebeli didi raodenobis firmebis

arsebobiT. am pirobebSi bazars miewodeba naklebi raodenobis produqti
SedarebiT
2.

maRal fasad.

produqtis

diferenciacia

konkurenciis
reklamaze.

bazarze,

amitom

mosazreba

araelastikuri

gadamwyvet

rols

firmebi

sareklamo

asrulebs

mniSvnelovan

kampaniis

monopolisturi

Tanxebs

Sedegad

xarjaven

miRebuli

ufro

moTxovnis mrudis xelsayrelobis Sesaxeb mxolod zogierT

SemTxvevaSia marTebuli.
3.

oligopoliur bazarze fasebis da warmoebis moculobis dadgenis dros,

firma nawilobriv iTvaliswinebs konkurentebis qcevis Sesaxeb strategiul
varaudebs. imavdroulad, konkurentebis gadawyvetileba damokidebulia TviT
firmis gadawyvetilebebze. oligopoliur bazarze neSis wonasworobis dros
TiToeuli

firma

maqsimalurad

ukeTesad

iyenebs

Tavis

SesaZleblobebs

konkurentebis moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

4.

kurnos modelSi, TiToeuli firma konkurentis warmoebis moculobas miiCnevs

fiqsirebul

sidided

da

amis

Semdeg

iRebs

gadawyvetilebas,

Tu

ra

raodenobis saqoneli awarmoos. kurnos wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma

zustad

iTvaliswinebs

moculobas,

romelic

unda

gamouSvas

misma

konkurentma da amiT axdens mogebis maqsmizacias. Sesabamisad, arcerTi firma

ar gadaadgildeba am wonasworuli mdgomareobidan. kurnos modelis dros
TiToeuli firma iRebs mogebas.
5.

strategiul situaciebSi farTod gamoiyeneba ,,iniciatoris upiratesoba anu

stakelbergis

modeli. am dros xdeba iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelic

ar aris damokidebuli firmis konkurentis gadawyvetilebaze. imisaTvis, rom

konkurentma

miiRos

maqsimaluri

mogeba,

is

iZulebulia,

`iniciatoris

warmoebis moculoba miiRos, rogorc mocemuli da TavisTvis daadginos

warmoebis moculobis ufro dabali done.
6.

bertranis modelis dros oligopoliuri firmebi erTgvarovan saqonels

awarmoeben. TiToeuli maTgani konkurentis fass ganixilavs, rogorc mudmivs
da

yvela

firma

erTdroulad

iRebs

gadawyvetilebas,

Tu

rogori

fasi

daawesos saqonelze. firmebi warmoebis moculobebis nacvlad erTmaneTs

konkurencias uweven fasis arCeviT.
7.

oligopoliuri

bazrisaTvis,

garkveuli

doziT,

erTgvarovan

saqonelTa

Sorisac ki damaxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo diferenciacia. neSis wonasworoba

fasebiT

yalibdeba

maSin,

rodesac

ori

firma

yidis

diferencirebul

saqonels da TiToeuli firmisaTvis moTxovna damokidebulia rogorc mis,

aseve konkurentebis mier dadgenil fasebze. TiToeuli firma fass adgens
reagirebis mrudebis gadakveTis (neSis wonasworoba) wertilis mixedviT.
8.

oligopoliur

bazarze

xSirad

SeTanxmebebs.

oligopoliuri

adgili
firmebma

aqvs
unda

arakanonier

koaliciur

gadawyviton,

Caebnen

359

konkurenciaSi agresiuli qceviT bazris ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad,

Tu

,,gaerTiandnen

konkurentTan

da

ufro

SeTanxmebiT,

pasiurad

xSirad

ibrZolon

isini

mogebisaTvis

patimarTa

Tavis

dilemis

msgavs

situaciebSi imyofebian.
9.

oligopoliuri

firmebisaTvis

aramdgradia,

maSin

saidumlo

rodesac

maTi

SeTanxmebebi

miswrafeba

Cveulebriv

stabilurobisaken

(gansakuTrebiT fasebTan mimarTebaSi) metad didia. amitom oligopoliuri

dargisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fasebis simtkice.
10.

oligopoliuri bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia safaso signalizacia da safaso

lideroba. firma akeTebs gancxadebas fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb da imedi aqvs,
rom misi konkurentebi am gancxadebas aRiqvamen rogorc signals, raTa fasebi
maTac awion. safaso liderobis dros erTi firma regularulad akeTebs
gancxadebas fasebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb, xolo danarCeni firmebi baZaven mas.

11.

zogierT oligopoliur bazarze saerTo gayidvaTa moculobis ZiriTadi wili

ekuTvnis

erT

msxvil

firmas,

xolo

SedarebiT

mcire

firmebis

jgufi

uzrunvelyofs bazris darCenil nawils. aseT SemTxvevaSi msxvili firma

gamodis, rogorc dominanturi firma. igi adgens fass, romelic maqsimizacias
ukeTebs

mis

mogebas.

sxva

firmebi

moqmedeben

rogorc

srulyofili

konkurentebi. isini iReben lideri firmebis mier dadgenil fass, rogorc

mocemuls da awarmoeben DSesabamisi moculobis produqts.
12.

kartelis SemadgenlobaSi myofi mwarmoeblebi Riad Tanxmdebian erToblivi

faswarmoqmnisa da warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb. Tu kartelur SeTanxmebebSi
Sedis mwarmoeblebis sakmaod didi raodenoba, xolo amasTan erTad sabazro
moTxovna

araelastikuria,

aseT

kartels

fasebis

aweva,

konkurentul

donesTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad ufro maRla SeuZlia. karteli pasuxs

agebs warmoebis saerTo moculobis mxolod garkveul nawilze da fasis
dadgenis

dros

mxedvelobaSi

saqonlis

sapasuxo

miwodebas.

iRebs

konkurenti

karteluri

mwarmoeblebis

faswarmoqmnis

mxridan

analizis

dros

gamoiyeneba lideri firmis modeli.

13.

oligopoliis
`danaxarjebi

safaso
plius~

qcevis

erT-erTi

principiT.

am

modeli

SemTxvevaSi

efuZneba

faswarmoqmnas

oligopolisti

iyenebs

erTeul produqtze danaxarjebis gaangariSebis meTodikas, xolo Semdeg am

danaxarjebs umatebs garkveul Tanxas fasnamats. Sedegad oligopoliuri
fasi miiReba.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

grZelvadian periodSi monopolisturi konkurenciis firmebi, iseve rogorc

srulyofili konkurenciis firmebi, normalur mogebas iReben. riT aris
gamowveuli monopolisturi konkurenciis bazris araefeqtianoba?

2.

ratom aqvs reklamas udidesi mniSvneloba monopolisturi konkurenciis

bazarze, Tu efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT mas xSirad neitraluri Sedegi aqvs?

3.

rogor myardeba wonasworoba oligopoliur bazarze?

4.

rogor miiRweva neSis wonasworoba?

360

5.

ras gviCvenebs reagirebis mrudebi? SeafaseT reagirebis mrudebi da kurnos

wonasworoba;

6.

raSi mdgomareobs kurnos modelis arsi? ganixileT kurnos wonasworoba

duopoliis pirobebSi;

7.

daaxasiaTeT stakelbergis da bertranis modelebi;

8.

daaxasiaTeT safaso konkurencia diferencirebuli saqonlis dros;

9.

gansazRvreT oligopoliuri faswarmoqmna patimarTa dilemis magaliTze;

10.

daaxasiaTeT oligopoliis moTxovnis texili mrudi;

11.

ra aris safaso signalizacia?

12.

ras ewodeba safaso lideroba?

13.

ganixileT karteluri faswarmoqmna;

14.

ganmarteT faswarmoqmna `danaxarjebi plius~ sqemis mixedviT.

361

Tavi 14. TamaSTa Teoria da strategiuli qceva

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

TamaSTa Teoriisa da konkurenciis strategiebs Soris damokidebulebis

axsnas

2. strategiuli

gadawyvetilebebis

dros

neSis

wonasworobis

pirobebis

gansazRvras
3.

strategiuli qcevis magaliTebis aRweras

4. dominanturi da dominirebuli, Sereuli da wminda strategiebis analizs

5. ganmeorebadi TamaSebis, erTdrouli da mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSebis
gaazrebas
6. strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas TamaSTa Teoriis gamoyenebas

14.1 urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebi da neSis

wonasworoba
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazris analizi gviCvenebs, rom firmis mier
miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebi

xSirad

damokidebulia

konkurenti

firmebis

gadawyvetilebebze. TamaSTa Teoria ikvlevs konkurentul situaciaSi optimaluri

gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis

gzebs.

am

dros

TiToeuli

agentis

mier

miRebul

gadawyvetilebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs konkurentis samoqmedo gegmisaTvis.

TamaSTa
gadawyvetilebebs,

Teoria

Seiswavlis

urTierTdamokidebul

roca

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi

subieqtebi

optimalur
racionalurad

iqcevian da iTvaliswineben erTmaneTis mosalodnel sapasuxo qmedebebs.

mecnieruli
JRerdes.

Tumca

mikroekonomika
bazrisaTvis

msjelobisas
realur

sityva

ekonomikaSi

Seiswavlis

rogorc

damaxasiaTebeli

kurnos

,,TamaSi,
xSiria

iseTi

TamaSs.
da

SesaZloa,

situaciebi,

magaliTad,

bertranis

araseriozulad
romlebsac

oligopoliuri

modelebi

amave

dros

warmoadgens TamaSTa TeoriaSi ganxilul konkretul magaliTebs.

TamaSi aris situacia, roca konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebi damokidebulia
erTmaneTze. gadawyvetilebis mimRebi TiToeuli individi cdilobs gamoicnos
konkurentis
miRebisas

mosalodneli
moTamaSeebi

nabiji

(firmebi,

da

imoqmedos

individebi,

Sesabamisad.
mTavrobebi)

gadawyvetilebis
cdiloben

maTi

Semosavlebis maqsimalurad gazrdas da arCeven Sesabamis strategiebs. strategia

TamaSis

gegmaa,

romelic

aRwers

Tu

rogor

urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.

martivi TamaSi
362

moqmedebs

moTamaSe

ganvixiloT TamaSis umartivesi modeli. martivi TamaSi aris situacia, roca

ori an meti moTamaSe erTdroulad iRebs erTaderT gadawyvetilebas. martivi
TamaSi

aris

moTamaSeebis

mier

erTdroulad

miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis

erTsvliani TamaSi (Simultaneous-Move Game).

davuSvaT,

rom

msoflioSi

saxelganTqmulma

gamagrilebeli

sasmelebis

mwarmoebelma orma udidesma kompaniam ,,pepsim da ,,koka kolam unda gadawyviton,

aaSenon Tu ara saqarTveloSi axali qarxana. (simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom
qarTul bazarze mxolod es ori kompaniaa). TiToeuli maTgani saqarTveloSi ukve
aSenebuli qarxnidan iRebs did mogebas. TiToeul maTgans calk-calke SeuZlia
mogebis gazrda axali qarxnis mSeneblobiT da warmoebuli produqtis gayidvebis
gafarToebiT.
Tu orive maTgani gadawyvets axali qarxnis mSeneblobas, saqarTvelos
bazarze gamagrilebeli sasmelebis Warbad miwodebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios maTze
fasis

Semcireba.

amrigad,

Tuki

orive

firma

gadawyvets

axali

qarxnis

mSeneblobas, SesaZloa orives mdgomareoba gauaresdes imasTan SedarebiT, Tuki

arcerTi maTgani ar aaSenebda axal qarxanas.
cxrili 14.1 gviCvenebs TiToeuli kompaniis mier sawarmoo simZlavreebis
gafarToebis SesaZlo Sedegebs. TiToeul kompanias aqvs moqmedebaTa ori gegma anu
ori strategia - aaSenos an ar aaSenos axali qarxana. martivi TamaSis SemTxvevaSi
arsebobs sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebis mxolod oTxi scenari. TiToeuli
kompaniis arCevani da Sesabamisi scenarebi warmodgenilia cxrilis (matricis
saxiT).
sawarmoo simZlavreeTa gafarToebis TamaSi ,,pepsisa da ,,koka kola Soris
cxrili 14.1
,,p e p s i~

,,koka-

aaSenos axali qarxana

aaSenos axali

ar aaSenos axali

qarxana

qarxana

I *

kola~

II
16, 16

ar

aaSenos

qarxana

axali III

20, 15
IV

15, 20

18, 5

TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

matricis TiToeuli ujris pirveli monacemi aris ,,koka kolas wliuri

Semosavali mocemuli scenaris SemTxvevaSi. meore monacemi aris ,,pepsis wliuri
Semosavali19. cxrili 14.1 gviCvenebs, Tu rogoraa erTmaneTze damokidebuli orive

19

matricis ujris pirveli monacemi aris cxrilis marcxena mxares miTiTebuli moTamaSis mogeba. mas ,,striqonis moTamaSe
ewodeba, radgan irCevs matricis sxvadasxva horizontaluri striqonSi mocemul alternativebs. meore monacemi aris cxrilSi zemoT

363

kompaniis gadawyvetilebebi: TiToeulis mosalodneli Semosavali damokidebulia

misi konkurentis miRebul gadawyvetilebaze.
rogor unda SearCios kompaniam saukeTeso strategia? rogori SedegiT
mTavrdeba TamaSi, roca moTamaSeebi iTvaliswineben konkurentis gegmebs? am
sakiTxebis analizisaTvis ganvixiloTNneSis wonasworobis koncefcia. (es saxeli
koncefcias ewodeba TamaSTa Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli maTematikosis,
neSis pativsacemad).
neSis

wonasworobisas,

cnobilia

ra

konkurentis

mier

arCeuli

strategiebi,

TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeulia maqsimaluri Semosavlis momtani strategia. arcerT

moTamaSes ar SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi mogeba meore moTamaSis mier startegiis Secvlis
gareSe.

sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebis TamaSSi neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi

strategia TiToeuli kompaniisaTvis axali qarxnis aSenebaa: (cxrilSi * niSniT
aRniSnuli ujredi)

Tu ,,pepsi aSenebs axal qarxanas, maSin saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba ,,kokakolas mxridanac axali qarxnis aSenebaa. is iRebs 16 milion dolars am
SemTxvevaSi da mxolod 15 milion dolars, Tu ar aaSenebs axal qarxanas. (
,,koka kola aris ,,striqonis

moTamaSe, amitom erTmaneTs unda SevadaroT

cxrilis I da III ujrebis pirveli monacemebi);

Tu

,,koka

kola

aSenebs

axal

qarxanas,

maSin

,,pepsi-saTvisac

saukeTeso

sapasuxo qmedeba iqneba axali qarxnis aSeneba is miiRebs 16 milion dolars

am SemTxvevaSi da mxolod 15 milion dolars, Tu ar aaSenebs axal qarxanas.
(,,pepsi aris ,,svetis moTamaSe, amitom erTmaneTs unda SevudaroT I da II
ujredebis meore monacemebi).
amrigad, Tuki moTamaSeebi elian, rom misi mowinaaRmdege racionalurad
moiqceva, maSin TiToeuli maTgani misTvis maqsimalurad xelsayrel strategias
SearCevs rogoric ar unda iyos konkurentis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. Tu
moTamaSeebi

elian,

rom

mowinaaRmdege

gadawyvetilebas

miiRebs

neSis

wonasworobis Sesabamisad, maSin TviTonac iRebs neSis wonasworobis Sesabamis

gadawyvetilebas.
sawarmoo

simZlavreebis

gafarToebis

mniSvnelovan aspeqtzec miuTiTebs

TamaSi

neSis

wonasworobis

erT

- neSis wonasworobisas moTamaSeebis mier

miRebuli Semosavlebi sulac ar aris maqsimaluri. ,,pepsi da ,,koka kola ufro

maRal Semosavlebs miiRebda, Tu arcerTi maTgani ar aaSenebda axal qarxanas (IV
ujredi cxrilSi 14.1 ). TiToeul kompanias sakuTar interesebze zrunvis savsebiT
racionaluri motivi ubiZgebs iseTi qmedebisaken, romelic ar aris saukeTeso
Sedegis momtani. moTamaSeebis koleqtiuri, SeTanxmebuli qmedebebis DSemTxvevaSi
ki aseTi Sedegis miRweva SesaZlebelia.

miTiTebuli moTamaSis mogeba. mas ,,svetis moTamaSe ewodeba, radganac irCevs matricis sxvadasxva vertikaluri svetSi
mocemul alternativebs.

364

individualuri

moTamaSis

kerZo

interessa

da

moTamaSeebis,

rogorc

SeTanxmebulad moqmedi jgufis koleqtiuri interesebis SeuTavseblobas cnobili

TamaSi ,,patimrebis dilemac asaxavs. cxrilSi 14.1 asaxuli TamaSic, kurnosa da
bertranis modelebic patimrebis dilemis TamaSis konkretuli SemTxvevebia. am
strategiul situaciebSi neSis wonasworoba ar emTxveva moTamaSeebis maqsimalur
koleqtiur Semosavlebs.

dominanturi strategia
,,pepsisa da ,,koka-kolas mier sawarmoo simZlavreebis gadidebis TamaSSi
neSis wonasworobis povna advilia, radgan TiToeuli kompaniisaTvis saukeTeso
gadawyvetilebaa axali qarxnis aSeneba. axali qarxnis aSeneba aris TiToeuli
kompaniis dominanturi strategia. dominanturi strategia aris moTamaSis mier
arCeuli

saukeTeso

damoukideblad.

strategia

dominanturia

konkurenti

strategia,

moTamaSis

romelic

ukeTesia

strategiisgan
sxva

SesaZlo

strategiebze da ar aris damokidebuli imaze Tu ras airCevs konkurenti firma.

Tu

moTamaSes

aqvs

dominanturi

strategia,

maSin

igi

neSis

wonasworobis

Sesabamisi strategiac iqneba.

arsebobs

TamaSebi,

sadac

moTamaSes

ar

aqvs

dominanturi

strategia.

ganvixiloT sawarmoo simZlavreebis gadidebis TamaSi ualkoholo sasmelebis

bazarze

moqmedi

qarTuli

kompaniebis

,,nataxtarisa

da

,,laRiZis

wylebis

SemTxvevaSi (simartivisaTvis davuSvaT rom bazarze mxolod es ori kompaniaa).

TamaSis mosalodneli Semosavlebisa da alternatiuli starategiebis kombinacia
asaxulia cxrilSi 14.2
sawarmoo simZlavreTa gadidebis TamaSi ,,nataxtarsa da ,,laRiZis wylebs
Soris
cxrili 14.2
,,laRiZis wylebi~

,,nataxtari

aaSenos axali qarxana

aaSenos axali

ar aaSenos axali

qarxana

qarxana

II
12, 4

ar

aaSenos

qarxana

axali III *

20, 3
IV

15, 6

18, 5

TiToeuli kompaniis Semosavali: milioni dolari

cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis mixedviT, ,,nataxtari bevrad ufro did

mogebas iRebs konkurenciis nebismieri scenaris pirobebSi, (scenari I - 12>4;
scenari II - 20>3; scenari III - 15>6; scenari IV - 18>5). am TamaSSi ,,nataxtars~ ar

365

aqvs

dominanturi

,,laRiZis
aaSenos

strategia.

wylebis
axali

mier

qarxana

misi

SerCeul

Tu

gadawyvetileba
strategiaze:

,,laRiZis

wylebi

ar

mTlianad

damokidebulia

,,nataxtarisaTvis
aaSenebs

(20>18),

umjobesia
xolo Tu

,,laRiZis wylebi gadawyvets axali qarxnis aSenebas, maSin ,,nataxtarisaTvis

umjobesia uari Tqvas qarxnis mSeneblobaze, radgan mSeneblobis SemTxvevaSi
ufro nakleb mogebas miiRebs (12<15).
miuxedavad
strategia,

imisa,

moTamaSeebi

rom
mainc

,,nataxtarisaTvis
aRweven

neSis

ar

arsebobs

wonasworobas:

dominanturi

,,laRiZis

aaSenebs axal qarxanas, xolo ,,nataxtari ki ara ( cxrilSi 14.2

wylebi

*-iT aRniSnuli

III ujra: nataxtari iRebs 15 milion lars da ,,laRiZis wylebi - 6 milion lars).
TamaSSi neSis wonasworobis miRwevis Semdeg vercerTi maTgani ver gaiumjobesebs
mdgomareobas damoukideblad, Tu meore moTamaSemac ar Secvala strategia. 15
milioni da 6 milioni aris is maqsimaluri Sedegi, romelsac TiToeuli kompania
mxolod sakuTari gadawyvetilebebiT konkurentis arCevanisagan damoukideblad
iRebs. rogor miiRweva neSis wonasworoba am SemTxvevaSi? romeli strategia unda
airCios ,,nataxtarma? rogor unda gamoicnos ,,nataxtarma ,,laRiZis wylebis mier
SerCeuli strategia?
marTalia, ,,nataxtars ara aqvs dominanturi strategia, magram misTvis
naTelia, rom ,,laRiZis wylebisaTvis dominanturi strategiaa axali qarxnis
aSeneba. imis miuxedavad, Tu ras airCevs ,,nataxtari, ,,laRiZis wylebisaTvis
yvela SemTxvevaSi ufro maRali Semosavlis momtania axali qarxnis aSeneba (4>3
da 6>5). cxadia, rom ,,laRiZis wylebis racionaluri gadawyvetileba iqneba
dominanturi strategiis SerCeva. matricis monacemebis safuZvelze ,,nataxtari
akeTebs daskvnas, rom ,,laRiZis wylebi airCevs misTvis dominantur strategias
anu axali qarxnis aSenebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi ,,nataxtaris mxridan saukeTeso
sapasuxo qmedebaa ar aaSenos axali qarxana.
amrigad, roca mxolod erT moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, TamaSi
mainc mTavrdeba neSis wonasworobis miRweviT, rac savsebiT logikuri Sedegia.
roca orive moTamaSe racionalurad iqceva, isini aucileblad iTvaliswineben
konkurentis
metoqis

mosalodnel

TvalebiT,

gadawyvetilebebs.

warmoidgineT

Tavi

mowodeba

metoqis

,,SexedeT

adgilas

da

situacias

mixvdiT,

ra

gadawyvetilebas miiRebda igi~- aris TamaSTa Teoriis saukeTeso gakveTili. roca

erT-erT moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, igi aucileblad irCevs mas. meore
iTvaliswinebs,

rom

pirveli

aucileblad

dominantur

strategias

airCevda.

sabolood, orive irCevs NneSis wonasworobis Sesabamis strategiebs, sadac erTerTi strategia dominanturia romelime moTamaSisaTvis.

dominirebuli strategia
dominanturi startegiis sapirispiro movlenaa dominirebuli startegia.
dominirebulia strategia, romelsac Aarasodes airCevs moTamaSe, radgan arsebobs

366

erTi

mainc

ufro

maRali

Semosavlis

momtani

strategia

sxva

moTamaSeebis

arCevanisagan damoukideblad. cxrilSi 14.1 mxolod ori strategiaa TiToeuli

moTamaSisaTvis. Tu erT-erTi strategia dominanturia, meore dominirebuli iqneba.
Tu TiToeul moTamaSes orze meti strategia aqvs, maSin savsebiT SesaZlebelia
mas ramdenime dominirebuli strategia hqondes, xolo dominanturi strategia ki
saerTod ar hqondes.
dominirebuli strategiebis gamovlena saSualebas gvaZlevs, davadginoT
neSis wonasworoba roca arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominanturi strategia.
davubrundeT

,,koka-kolasa

da

,,pepsis

urTierTdamokidebul

gadawyvetilebebs. davuSvaT, TiToeul firmas aqvs sami strategia: ar aaSenos

axali qarxana, aaSenos mcire zomis qarxana an aaSenos didi zomis qarxana.
cxrili 14.3 gviCvenebs TiToeuli strategiis Sesabamis Semosavlebs.
am

TamaSSi

dominanturi

strategia

aravis

aqvs.

Tumca

TiToeuli

firmisaTvis didi zomis qarxnis aSeneba aris dominirebuli strategia.

367

sawarmoo simZlavreTa gadidebis axali alternativebi

cxrili 14.3
,,p e p s i~
didi qarxana

mcire

ar aaSenos

qarxana
,,koka-kola~

didi qarxana

0,0

12,8

18,9

mcire qarxana

8,12

16,16

20,15

ar aaSenos

9,18

15,20

18,5

TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

Tuki TiToeuli
aramed

dafiqrdeba

maTgani

izrunebs

konkurentis

ara

mxolod

Semosavlebzec,

sakuTar

advilad

Semosavlebze,

mixvdeba,

rom

misi

konkurenti ar gadawyvets didi qarxnis aSenebas. ase rom, gamoiricxeba maT mier
didi qarxnis aSenebis alternativa. amgvarad, ,,3 alternativa 3 alternativis
pirispir TamaSi gadaiqceva ,,2 alternativa 2 alternativis pirispir TamaSad
(cxrili 14.4).
dominirebuli strategiebis gamoricxvis Semdeg sawarmoo simZlavreTa gadidebis
axali alternativebi
cxrili 14.4
,,p e p s i~

,,kokakola~

aaSenos patara qarxana

ar

aaSenos

aaSenos patara

ar aaSenos axali

qarxana

qarxana

16, 16

axali

20, 15

15, 20

18, 5

qarxana
TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

gamartvivebis

Semdeg

miRebuli

TamaSi

Zalian

gavs

cxrilSi

14.1

warmodgenil TamaSs: axla ukve TiToeul moTamaSes aqvs mcire zomis qarxnis
aSenebis dominanturi strategia.
dominirebuli strategiebis gamoricxvis Sedegad dgindeba dominanturi
strategia TiToeuli moTamaSisaTvis, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, vipovoT neSis
wonasworoba

Tavdapirveli

sruli

TamaSisaTvis.

ganxilul

magaliTSi

mcire

zomis qarxnis aSeneba aris neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategiebi (cxrilSi

14.4 *-iT aRniSnuli ujra).
amrigad,

dominanturi

da

dominirebuli

strategiebis

SegviZlia CamovayaliboT neSis wonasworobis povnis wesebi:

368

dadgenis

Semdeg

Tu orive moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, maSin swored es strategiebi

Seesabamebian neSis wonasworobas;

Tu mxolod erT moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, maSin igi warmoadgens

amave

moTamaSisaTvis

moTamaSis

neSis

neSis

wonasworobis

wonasworobis

strategia

Sesabamis
ki

strategias.

iqneba

pirveli

meore

moTamaSis

dominantur strategiaze saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba;

Tu arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominanturi strategia da TiToeuls aqvs

dominirebuli

strategia,

maSin

SesaZlebelia

moTamaSeebis

dominirebuli

strategiebis ugulvebelyofa, rac amartivebs TamaSis analizs.

savarjiSo 1.
dominanturi strategiis dadgenis gziT neSis wonasworobis povna
amocana
cxrili 14.5 asaxavs ,,pepsisa da ,,koka-kolas Soris konkurencias. igi gviCvenebs
TiToeuli

firmis

Semosavlebisa

da

gamagrilebeli

sasmelebis

safaso

kombinaciebs. vipovoT neSis wonasworoba am TamaSSi.

safaso konkurencia ,,pepsisa da ,,koka-kolasaTvis
cxrili 14.5
,,koka-kola~

`pepsi~

$10.50

$11.50

$12.50

$13.50

$6.25

66, 190

68, 199

70, 198

73, 191

$7.25

79, 201

82, 211

85, 214

89, 208

$8.25

82, 212

86, 224

90, 229*

95, 225

$9.25

75, 223

80, 237

85, 244

91, 245

TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

amoxsna
TiToeuli firmisaTvis oTxi SesaZlo strategiiT mocemuli TamaSi erTi
SexedviT

rTul

dominanturi

TamaSad

strategiebis

gamoiyureba.
dadgeniT.

SesaZlebelia

,,pepsisaTvis

$8,25

TamaSis
aris

gamartiveba
dominanturi

strategia. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu SevadarebT ,,pepsis Semosavlebs

oTxive horizontalur striqons Soris - ,,pepsis Semosavlebi yovelTvis ufro
maRalia mesame striqonis gaswvriv sxva striqonebTan SedarebiT. (Semosavlebis
pirvel svetSi 82,212 milioni dolari yvelaze ufro maRali Semosavalia, meore
svetSi 86,224 milioni dolaria yvelaze maRali Semosavali, III svetSi 90,229, xolo
bolo - Semosavlebis meoTxe svetSi 95, 225 milioni dolari aseve yvelaze maRali
Semosavalia.)

369

amrigad, $8,25-is toli fasis daweseba ,,pepsisaTvis dominanturi strategiaa,

xolo yvela sxva fasi misTvis dominirebuli strategiebia.
Tu ,,koka kola racionaluri moTamaSea da iTvaliswinebs, rom ,,pepsi
dominantur strategias airCevs, maSin misTvis naTelia, rom ,,pepsi daawesebs $8.25is tol fass. am SemTxvevaSi ,,koka kolas saukeTeso pasuxi aris $12.50 fasis
daweseba. am dros ,,koka kolas mier miRebuli Semosavali maqsimaluria sxva
SesaZlo variantebTan SedarebiT (229>212, 229>224, 229>225). neSis wonasworobis
Sesabamisi strategia aris ,,pepsisaTvis $8.25, xolo ,,koka kolasaTvis $12.50 fasis
daweseba (cxrilSi *-iT aRniSnuli ujra)
TamaSebi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
TamaSTa

TeoriaSi

ganxilul

zogierT

TamaSs

aqvs

erTze

meti

neSis

wonasworoba. aseTi TamaSis klasikuli magaliTia ,,mozardebis~ TamaSi (Chicken

Game)20. TamaSis fabula Semdegia: ori Tineijeri ymawvili cdilobs daamtkicos
simamace

Tanatolebis

winaSe.

TiToeuli

maTgani

gadaWarbebuli

siCqariT

miaqrolebs avtomobils erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT. is, vinc gardauvali Sejaxebis

Tavidan acilebis mizniT gadauxvevs gzidan, CaiTvleba mSiSarad, xolo meore
mozardi ki - mamac da uSiSar axalgazrdad. Tu orive maTgani gadauxveven gzidan
da Tavidan aicileben Sejaxebas, vercerTi maTgani ver daumtkicebs Tanatolebs
simamaces. Tu arcerTi maTgani ar gadauxvevs gzidan, ar Seanelebs svlas an ar
daamuxruWebs manqanas, maSin avaria da tragikuli Sedegi gardauvalia.
cxrili 14.6 gviCvenebs ,,mozardebis~ TamaSSi TiToeuli ymawvilis, lukasa
da sandros, Semosavlebs. am TamaSSi neSis ori wonasworobaa (cxrilSi *-iT
aRniSnuli ujrebi). neSis pirveli wonasworobisas (cxrilSi II ujra), lukasaTvis
saukeTeso strategiaa gadauxvios gzidan (-10>-100), xolo sandrosaTvis

- ar

gadauxvios (10>-100). neSis meore winasworobisas (cxrilSi III ujra), lukasaTvis

saukeTeso

strategiaa

ar

gadauxvios

gzidan

(10>0),

xolo

sandrosaTvis

ki

gadauxvios gzidan (0>-10).

,,mozardebis TamaSi lukasa da sandros Soris
cxrili 14.6
sandro
luka

gadauxvios gzidan
ar gadauxvios

mozardebis

TamaSis

msgavsi

gadauxvios gzidan

ar gadauxvios

0,0 I

-10,10 II*

10,-10 III*

-100,-100 IV

situaciebi

realur

cxovrebaSic

xSirad

gvxvdeba. XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi birTvuli sabrZolo masaliT gamalebuli

20

Chicken - amerikuli Jargonis enaze ixmareba ori mniSvnelobiT: (1) mxdali adamiani da (2) Tineijeri ymawvili,
mozardi mamakaci, Wabuki

370

SeiaraReba msoflios or zemZlavr saxelmwifos Soris SesaZlebelia aRiweros

,,mozardebis TamaSis msgavsad. aseTi TamaSis dros erTerTi metoqe aucileblad
unda Camoscildes asparezzs msoflio katastrofis - birTvuli omis Tavidan
asacileblad.
naklebad dramatuli, magram farTod gavrcelebulia ,,mozardebis TamaSi
realur

ekonomikaSi

iseT

bazrebze,

sadac

ori

firmaa,

magram

bunebrivi

monopoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebis gamo, bazarze warmatebiT

funqcionireba mxolod erT firmas SeuZlia. ,,mozardebis TamaSi gviCvenebs, rom
erT-erTi firma aucileblad datovebs bazars, xolo konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli
meore firma ki darCeba bazarze.
savarjiSo 2
neSis wonasworobebis povna
rogorc vnaxeT, arsebobs TamaSebi neSis erTi an ramdenime wonasworobiT.
gavecnoT

sistematur

proceduras,

romelic

saSualebas

gvaZlevs,

vipovoT

cxrilis formiT warmodgenil TamaSSi arsebuli neSis yvela wonasworoba.

amocana. vipovoT cxrilSi 14.7 arsebuli neSis yvela wonasworoba
TamaSi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
cxrili 14.7
II moTamaSe
strategia D

strategia E

strategia F

strategia A

4,2

13,6

1,3

strategia B

3,10

0,0

15,2

strategia C

12,14

4,11

5,4

I moTamaSe

amoxsna
pirveli

nabiji

am

amocanis

amosaxsnelad

aris

dominanturi

da

dominirebuli strategiebis povna, TamaSis gamartiveba da, mxolod amis Semdeg,

neSis wonasworobis gansazRvra. aRsaniSnavia, rom arcerT moTamaSes ara aqvs arc
dominanturi

da

arc

dominirebuli

strategiebi.

(amaSi

aucileblad

unda

davrwmundeT, sanam amocanis amoxsnas gavagrZelebdeT). ase rom savarjiSo 1-Si

aRwerili procedura ukve aRar gamogvadgeba.
amocanis

amoxsna

SesaZlebelia

etapobrivad

ramdenime

Tanmimdevruli

proceduris ganxorcielebiT:
I nabiji

371

vipovoT I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba II moTamaSis samive SesaZlo

strategiis SemTxvevaSi (unda gvaxsovses, rom I moTamaSis Semosavlebi cxrilis
ujrebSi Cawerili pirveli cifrebia).

Tu II moTamaSe irCevs D strategias, maSin I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo

strategiaa C;

Tu II moTamaSe irCevs E strategias, maSin I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo

strategiaa A;

Tu II moTamaSe irCevs F strategias, maSin I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo

strategiaa B;

moTamaSis

saukeTeso

sapasuxo

qmedebebi

aRvniSnoT

cxrilSi

14.7

`a~

xazgasmuli cifrebiT.
TamaSi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
cxrili 14.7 ,,a
II moTamaSe

I moTamaSe

strategia D

strategia E

strategia F

strategia A

4,2

13,6

1,3

strategia B

3,10

0,0

15,2

strategia C

12,14

4,11

5,4

II nabiji
vipovoT II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba I moTamaSis samive SesaZlo
strategiis SemTxvevaSi. (unda gvaxsovdes, rom II moTamaSis Semosavlebi cxrilis
ujrebSi Cawerili meore cifrebia).

Tu I moTamaSe irCevs A strategias, maSin II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo

strategiaa E;

Tu I moTamaSe irCevs B strategias, maSin II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo

strategiaa D;

Tu I moTamaSe irCevs C strategias, maSin II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo

strategiaa D.

II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedebebi aRvniSnoT cxrilSi 14.7 `b~ daxrili

cifrebiT.
TamaSi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
cxrili 14.7,,b
II moTamaSe
strategia D

strategia E

strategia F

4,2

13,6*

1,3

I moTamaSe
strategia A

372

strategia B

3,10

0,0

15,2

strategia C

12,14*

4,11

5,4

III nabiji
axla ukve SegviZlia vipovoT neSis wonasworobebi. unda gvaxsovdes, rom
neSis

wonasworobisas,

cnobilia

ra

konkurentis

mier

arCeuli

strategia,

TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeulia maqsimaluri Semosavlis momtani strategia.

arcerT moTamaSes ar SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi Semosavlebi meore moTamaSis mier
startegiis Secvlis gareSe. 14.7 `b~ cxrilSi aseTi situacia gvaqvs im ujrebSi,
sadac xazgasmuli da daxrili cifrebi erTad gvxvdeba (*-iT aRniSnuli ujrebi).
amrigad,

Cvens

TamaSSi

gvaqvs

ori

neSis

wonasworoba.

pirveli

wonasworobisas I moTamaSis strategiaa A, II moTamaSisa ki - startegia E. meore

wonasworobisas I moTamaSis strategiaa C, II moTamaSisa ki - startegia D. am
TamaSSi, iseve rogorc ,,mozardebis TamaSSi, gvaqvs neSis ori wonasworoba.
neSis wonasworobebis dasadgenad am savarjiSoSi warmodgenili procedura
utyuari da umartivesi gzaa: jer ganisazRvreba I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo
qmedeba II moTamaSis yvela SesaZlo strategiebze, Semdeg II moTamaSis saukeTeso
sapasuxo qmedeba I moTamaSis yvela SesaZlo strategiebze. mxolod amis Semdeg
xdeba SesaZlebeli neSis yvela wonasworobis variantebis povna.

Sereuli strategiebi
TamaSTaA

TeoriaSi

erTmaneTisagan

ganasxvaveben

wminda

da

Sereul

strategiebs. wminda strtategia (Pure Strategy) TamaSSi SesaZlo svlebs Soris

erTmniSvnelovnad

gansazRvruli

arCevania

da

moTamaSeebi

axorcieleben

gansazRvrul specifikur qmedebebs. wminda strategiisagan gansxvavebiT, Sereuli

strategia (Mixed Strategy) or an met wminda strategiebs Soris maTi Sesabamisi
albaTobebis mixedviT ganxorcielebuli arCevania.21 Sereuli strategiebis dros
moTamaSeebi irCeven strategiebs optimaluri sixSiris - albaTobis mixedviT.
SesaZlebelia zogierT TamaSs wminda strategiis mixedviT ar hqondes neSis
wonasworoba, magram Sereuli strategiis SemTxvevaSi yovel TamaSs erTi neSis
wonasworoba mainc aqvs.
wminda da Sereul strategiebs Soris gansxvavebis naTlad warmosaCenad,
ganvixiloT ,,penaltebis seriis~ TamaSi.
2006 wlis 9 ivliss italiisa da safrangeTis erovnul nakrebebs Soris
fexburTSi msoflio Cempionatis finaluri matCis ZiriTadi da damatebiTi dro
21

Sereul strategiebs rendomizirebul (Randomized) strategiebsac uwodeben.

373

damTavrda angariSiT 1:1. gamarjvebuli nakrebis gamosavlenad dainiSna penaltebis

seria, romelSic angariSiT 5:4 gaimarjva italiis nakrebma da msoflio Cempionis
wodebac moipova.
davuSvaT, am dramatul matCSi
mekaris

winaSe

fexburTelma

idga

marcxniv

ori

rogorc italieli fexburTelis, ise frangi

alternatiuli

daartyas

Tu

gadawyvetileba:

marjvniv?

am

or

(1)

italielma

alternativas

Soris

SerCeuli strategia wminda strategiaa, (2) frangi mekare marcxniv gadaxtes Tu

marjvniv?

mekaris

mier

SerCeuli

strategiac

am

SemTxvevaSi

aris

wminda

strategiis magaliTi. (zogadad am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli maTganisaTvis ufro meti

strategiebic arsebobs: magaliTad, damrtymelisaTvis pirdapir dartyma, xolo
mekarisaTvis - ar daiZras adgilidan).
Tu frangi mekare zustad im mimarTulebiT gadaxteboda da moigeriebda
burTs,

saiTac

italieli

fexburTeli

daumiznebda,

maSin

gagrZeldeboda

penaltebis seria. xolo Tu mekare ver gamoicnobda dartymis mimarTulebas da

burTs gauSvebda, italielebi moigebdnen msoflio Cempionats.
cxrili 14.8 gviCvenebs TamaSs nulovani mogebiT. cxrilSi warmodgenilia
Semosavlebis matrica, romelic SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT fexburTSi msoflio
Cempionatis finaluri matCis dros `penaltebis seriis~ TamaSis aRsawerad. matCis
mogeba italiel fexburTelebs moutans 10 erTeulis tol Semosavals, xolo
frang fexburTelebs ki 10 erTeulis tol danakargs (anu -10 erTeul Semosavals).
Tu matCi damTavrdeba fred, orive gundis Semosavali 0-is toli iqneba da
penaltebis Sesruleba gagrZeldeba.
2006

wlis

fexburTSi

msoflio

Cempionatis

finaluri

matCi:

italia-

safrangeTi
cxrili 14.8
italieli fexburTeli

frangi

gadaxtes fexburTelis mxridan

mekare

marjvniv
gadaxtes fexburTelis mxridan
marjvniv

daumiznos

daumiznos

marjvniv

marcxniv

0,0

-10,10

-10,10

0,0

am TamaSs ar gaaCnia neSis wonasoroba: Tu mekare darwmunebulia, rom

fexburTeli
fexburTeli

marjvniv

daartyavs

darwmunebulia,

burTs,

rom

TviTonac

mekare

marjvniv

marjvniv

gadaxteba.

gadaxteba

Tu

dartymis

mosagiereblad, aucileblad marcxniv daumiznebs burTs. aseve, Tu fexburTeli

374

marcxniv daartyavs, maSin mekaris saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba iqneboda marcxniv

gadaxtoma. amgvarad, arcerTi maTganisaTvis ar arsebobs damoukidebeli saukeTeso
strategia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda strategiebiT `penaltebis seriis~ TamaSs ar
gaaCnia neSis wonasworoba, Sereuli strategiebis TvalsazrisiT am TamaSSi aris
neSis

wonasworoba:

fexburTelma

unda daartyas

marjvniv

0,5

albaTobiT

an

marcxniv aseve 0,5 albaTobiT. mekare unda gadaxtes marjvniv 0,5 albaTobiT an
marcxniv aseve 0,5 albaTobiT. Tu italieli fexburTeli darwmunebulia, rom
mekare 0,5 albaTobiT marjviv an marcxniv gadaxteba, maSin misTvis saukeTeso
startegiaa 0,5 albaTobiT burTi gagzavnos aseve marjvniv an marcxniv.
Sereuli

strategiebiT

neSis

wonasworobis

arsebobis

faqti

naTlad

gviCvenebs, rom gaurkvevlobas SesaZloa hqondes strategiuli Rirebuleba. Tu

Tqvens konkurents zustad SeuZlia gansazRvros Tqvens mier SerCeuli strategia,
aucileblad

dagamarcxebT

konkurentul

brZolaSi.

sportis

bevri

saxeoba

(fexburTi, beisboli, CogburTi, tenisi) gaurkvevlobis strategiuli Rirebulebis

mraval magaliTs iZleva. konkurentis mier SerCeuli strategiis gaurkvevlobas
aqvs Rirebuleba da TamaSTa TeoriaSi Sereuli strategiebi aRweren mas.
amrigad, or moTamaSes Soris erTdrouli svlis TamaSebis analizisas neSis
wonasworobis dadgena SesaZlebelia xuTsafexuriani proceduriT:
1.

Tu orive moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, es strategiebi Seesabameba

neSis wonasworobas;

2. Tu I moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, es aris amave dros I moTamaSis

neSis wonasworobis strategiac. II moTamaSis neSis wonasworobis strategia ki
iqneba

II

moTamaSis

saukeTeso

sapasuxo

qmedeba

moTamaSis

dominantur

strategiaze;
3.

roca

arcerT

moTamaSes

ar

aqvs

dominanturi

strategia,

ugulvebelvyoT

TiToeuli moTamaSis dominirebuli strategiebi TamaSis gamartivebis mizniT.

gamartivebis Semdeg ki vipovoT neSis wonasworoba;
4. Tu arcerT moTamaSes ar gaaCnia dominirebuli strategiebi, maSin neSis yvela
wonasworobis

dadgenis

mizniT

mivmarTavT

savarjiSo

14.2-Si

aRweril

procedurebs;
5. Tu

savarjiSo

14.2-Si

aRwerili

proceduris

Semdeg

ver

dadginda

neSis

wonasworoba, anu TamaSs ar gaaCnia neSis wonasworoba wminda startegiebiT,

maSin unda dadgindes Sereuli strategiebis NneSis wonasworoba.

14. 2 ganmeorebadi TamaSebi

sawarmoTa simZlavreebis gafarToebis TamaSSi TiToeul kompanias sakuTar
interesebze zrunvis savsebiT racionaluri motivi ubiZgebs iseTi qmedebisaken,
romelic

ar

aris

maqsimaluri

koleqtiuri

mogebis

momtani

(cxrili

14.1).

375

moTamaSeebis koleqtiuri, SeTanxmebuli qmedebis SemTxvevaSi ki aseTi Sedegis

miRweva SesaZlebelia. ,,pepsisa da ,,koka kolas Soris konkurenciis es TamaSi
warmoadgens ,,patimarTa dilemis cnobili TamaSis erT-erT konkretul SemTxvevas.
aseTi TamaSis ramdenjerme ganmeorebis Semdeg, moTamaSeebi iTvaliswineben wina
TamaSSi

sakuTar

da

konkurentis

mier

miRebul

gadawyvetilebebs,

cvlian

strategiebs da, Sesabamisad, dramatulad icvleba TamaSis Sedegebic.

ganmeorebadi

TamaSis

efeqtis

sailustraciod

ganvixiloT

,,patimris

dilemis msgavsi TamaSi, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 14.9.

TiToeuli moTamaSisaTvis `motyueba~ aris dominanturi strategia, magram
moTamaSeTa koleqtiuri Semosavali maqsimaluria, roca orive maTgani irCevs
`TanamSromlobis~ startegias. Tu moTamaSeebi erTxel TamaSoben, am TamaSSi
TiToeuli maTganisaTvis saukeTeso strategia ,,motyuebaa.
davuSvaT, rom moTamaSeebi am TamaSs uaxloes momavalSi kvlav da kvlav
iTamaSeben.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi,

maT

SesaZloa

miaRwion

wonasworobas,

TiToeuli maTgani TanamSromlobis strategias irCevs (cxrilSi IV ujra).

376

sadac

,,patimris dilemis TamaSi motyueba Tu TanamSromloba

cxrili 14.9
I moTamaSe
motyueba

TanamSromloba

5,5

14,1

motyueba

II moTamaSe

IV
TanamSromloba

1,14

10,10

davuSvaT, I moTamaSe darwmunebulia, rom II moTamaSe iwyebs da agrZelebs

TanamSromlobas manam, sanam I moTamaSec TanamSromlobis startegias misdevs. II
moTamaSe ar aris TanamSromlobis startegiis damrRvevi. Tu pirvelad I moTamaSe
airCevs motyuebis strategias, maSin SemdgomSi II moTamaSec airCevs konkurentis
motyuebis strategias. ase rom, erTxel TanamSromlobis darRveva gamoiwvevs
Semdgom periodebSic TamaSis imdagvarad gagrZelebas, rom orive moTamaSe airCevs
TaRliTobis strategias.
naxazi

14.1

gviCvenebs

drois

TiToeuli

periodisaTvis

moTamaSis

Semosavlebs mudmivi TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi. misi Semosavali 10 erTeulis

tolia TiToeuli periodisaTvis.
Tu I moTamaSe iTaRliTebs, igi miiRebs 14 erTeulis tol Semosavals
pirvelad da 5 erTeulis tol Semosavals yovel Semdgom periodSi. romeli
strategiaa

ufro

xelsayrelia

misTvis?

damatebiTi

informaciis

gareSe

SeuZlebelia ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor afasebs I moTamaSe axlandel da momaval

Semosavlebs, Tu rogor daadgens misTvis ufro xelsayrel strategias. magram Tu
I moTamaSe mimdinare SemosavlebTan SedarebiT momaval Semosavlebs ufro metad
afasebs, maSin igi TaRliTobas TanamSromlobis strategias amjobinebs.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom mravaljer ganmeorebadi TamaSebis SemTxvevaSi,
TanamSromloba

SesaZloa

iqces

egoisturi

motivebiT

moqmedi

TiToeuli

dilemis

konkurentis saukeTeso strategiad.

TanamSromlobis

gamomwvevi

ganmeorebadi

,,patimris

msgavsi

TamaSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia TanamSromlobis pirveli damrRvevis dasja. Cvens

mier

ganxilul

magaliTSi,

moTamaSis

mier

TanamSromlobis

gagrZelebis

aucilebeli pirobaa II moTamaSis mier TanamSromlobis pirveli damrRvevis mimarT

ganxorcielebuli
TaRliTobis
,,dasjis

sadamsjelo

strategiis

Sedegad

arCeva.

moTamaSis

RonisZiebebi
naxazze

anu

14.1

BC

Semosavlebis

II

moTamaSis

monakveTi
Semcirebas

mxridanac

gviCvenebs
sawyis

swored

periodTan

SedarebiT. Semosavlebis mosalodneli Semcirebis SiSi aris swored stimuli,

romelic

iwvevs

TanamSromlobas

konkurent

moTamaSeebs

Soris.

ganmeorebadi

377

TamaSebis SemTxvevaSi konkurentebs Soris TanamSromlobis warmosaqmnelad unda

Semosavlebi drois TiToeul periodSi

arsebobdes ramdenime piroba:

14

10

dRes

yovelTvis iTanamSromlos

daarRvios SeTanxmeba dRes

drois periodebis raodenoba

nax. 14.1 Semosavlebi ganmeorebadi `patimris dilemis~ TamaSSi

Tu I moTamaSe TaRliTobs dRes, igi iRebs wyvetili xaziT gamosaxul Semosavlebs. Tu igi TanamSromlobs mudmivad,
maSin drois yovel periodSi igi iRebs uwyveti xaziT gamosaxul Semosavlebs. AB monakveTi asaxavs I moTamaSis
mier TaRliTobis strategiiT miRebul erTjerad damatebiT Semosavals. AC monakveTis sigrZe gviCvenebs I moTamaSis
Semosavlis Semcirebas, romelic gamoiwvia II moTamaSis mier I moTamaSis TaRliTobaze sapasuxo qmedebam.

moTamaSeebi unda iyvnen momTmenni. isini momaval Semosavlebs iseve unda

afsebdnen, rogorc mimdinare Semosavlebs;

urTierTqmedeba moTamaSeebs Soris

unda iyos

xSiri. TamaSis TiToeuli

periodi unda iyos mokle da moTamaSeebs xSirad unda uxdebodeT TamaSis

Tavidan dawyeba;

TaRliTobis, konkurentis motyuebis da TanamSromlobis pirobebis darRvevis

aRmoCena

unda

iyos

advili.

SesaZlebeli

unda

iyos

TanamSromlobis

damrRvevebis swrafad da mniSvnelovani danaxarjebis gareSe gamovlena;

TanamSromlobis

darRveviT

miRebuli

erTjeradi

Semosavali

unda

iyos

SedarebiT umniSvnelo. magaliTad, naxazze 14.1 AB monakveTis sigrZe naklebia

BC monakveTis sigrZeze.
magaliTi 1
I msoflio omi da ganmeorebadi ,,patimris dilema22
mkvlevarebi adastureben TanamSromlobis saocari fenomenis arsebobas I
msoflio omSi mowinaaRmdege jariskacebs Soris. erTmaneTis pirispir sangrebSi
22

es magaliTi motanilia robert aqselrodis wignidan ,,TanamSromlobis warmoSoba. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation
(New York: Basic Books, 1984)

378

TveobiT myofi germaniisa da mokavSireTa (inglisi da safrangeTi) batalionebis

jariskacebi

aSkarad

cdilobdnen

erTmaneTis

dandobas

da

Tavs

ikavebdnen

mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebisagan.
sangrebSi
strategia

aris

myofi

sajariso

ganmeorebadi

nawilebis

,,patimris

mier

dilemis

erTmaneTis

msgavsi

dandobis

TamaSis

erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili jariskacTa batalionebis

Sedegi.

mier arCeuli

strategia -,,icocxle da manac icocxlos, SesaZlebelia aRiweros cxrilSi 14.10

meSveobiT.
TiToeuli
dominanturi

batalionisaTvis

strategia,

ganxorcielebuli

mowinaaRmdegis

radganac

sangrebidan

gamanadgurebeli

cecxlis

sasikvdilod

gameteba

mowinaaRmdegis

gaxsna

aris

mimarTulebiT

asustebs

mas

da

zrdis

sangrebSi myofi jariskacebis gadarCenis Sansebs. Tu sangrebSi ganlagebuli

batalionebi pirvelad ebmebian erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, isini swored
mowinaaRmdegis gandgurebis strategias airCeven.
rogor avxsnaT TanamSromlobis arsebobis faqti mowinaaRmdege batalionebs
Soris

ganmeorebadi

`patimris

dilemis

meSveobiT?

sangrebSi

ganTavsebul

batalionebs Soris gaCaRebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebi gansxvavdeba sxva tipis

sabrZolo

moqmedebebisagan

imiT,

rom

Tveebis

ganmavlobaSi

erTidaigive

batalionebi idgnen erTmaneTis pirispir. TiToeuli mxare ramdenime sabrZolo

Setakebis Semdeg advilad rwmundeboda, rom Tu erT-erTi mxare gaxsnida cecxls,
mowinaaRmdegec sapasuxo gamanadgurebeli cecxliT pasuxobda. `gaakeTe is, rac
mowinaaRmdegem

gaakeTa

aseTi

strategiis

SerCevas

mtrulad

ganwyobili

jariskacebi TanamSromlobamde mihyavda.

ganmeorebadi
daskvnamde

mivyavarT:

ganmavlobaSi

`patimris
Tu

metoqeoba,

dilemis

erTidaigive
maSin

TamaSis

firmasTan

konkurentTan

ganxilvas
giwevT

mniSvnelovan

xangrZlivi

TanamSromloba

drois

SeiZleba

ufro

xelsayreli iyos.
ganmeorebadi TamaSi germanel da mokavSireTa Zalebis batalionebs Soris
cxrili 14.10
mokavSireTa Zalebi

germaneli

ganadgureba

dandoba

ganadgureba

5, 5

14, 1

dandoba

1, 14

10, 10

jariskacebi

14.3 mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSebi da strategiuli svla

379

mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSi (Sequential-Move Game) iseTi TamaSia, sadac

pirvelad

erTi moTamaSe

iRebs

gadawyvetilebas,

xolo

mere

ki

danarCenebi,

romlebic jer akvirdebian pirveli moTamaSis qmedebas da mxolod amis Semdeg

iReben

gadawyvetilebebs.

mimdevrobiTi

svlebis

TamaSebSi

pirveli

svlis

gakeTebis unars SesaZloa zogjer udidesi strategiuli Rirebuleba qondes.

mimdevrobiT svlis TamaSebis analizi

xelaxla ganvixiloT 14.1.3 paragrafSi aRwerili sawarmoTa simZlavreebis
gafarToebis axali alternativebi ,,koka kolasa da ,,pepsisaTvis (cxrili 14.11)
gavixsenoT, rom 14.1.3 paragrafSi aRwerili TamaSSi neSis wonasworoba iyo orive
kompaniisaTvis mcire zomis axali qarxnis aSeneba.

davuSvaT,

rom

amjerad

,,koka-kolam ufro adre Caatara gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro winaswari

samuSaoebi da man pirvelma aago mcire zomis axali qarxana. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs mimdevrobiT svlis TamaSTan, sadac ,,koka kola aris pirveli svlis
ganmxorcielebeli, xolo ,,pepsi ki meore svlis Semsrulebeli.
mimdevrobiTi

svlis

TamaSis

gasaanalizeblad

viyenebT

,,TamaSis

xis

koncefcias. ,,TamaSis xe gviCvenebs TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeul sxvadasxva

strategiebs da maT Tanmimdevrobas. naxazi 14.2 gviCvenebs ,,TamaSis xes ,,koka
kolasa da ,,pepsisaTvis. naxazze TiToeuli kompaniis mier Sesrulebuli svlebi
dalagebulia

marcxnidan

marjvniv.

radgan

,,koka

kola

pirveli

svlis

ganmxorcielebelia, amitom naxazis marcxena mxares A punqtidan gamomavali xazebi

(TamaSis

xis

totebi)

gviCveneben

,,koka

kolas

alternativebs.

TiToeuli

alternativisaTvis P punqtebidan gamomavali xazebi gviCveneben ,,pepsis sapasuxo

SesaZlo qmedebebs ,,koka kolas mier pirvelad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze.
sawarmoo simZlavreTa gafarToebis alternativebi
cxrili 14.11
`p e p s i~

`koka-kola~

didi

mcire

qarxana

qarxana

aaSenos didi qarxana

0,0

12,8

aaSenos mcire qarxana

8,12

ar aaSenos

9,18

ar aaSenos
18,9 **

16,16 *

20,15

15,20

18,18

TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

naxazze

14.2

warmodgenili

,,TamaSis

xis

gasaanalizeblad

gamoviyenoT

ukuinduqciis meTodi: ,,TamaSis xis gaanalizebas viwyebT diagramis marjvena

bolodan sawyisi marcxena punqtisaken TiToeuli alternatiuli
moTamaSeTa

380

optimaluri

gadawyvetilebebis

dadgeniT.

P punqtisaTvis

ukuinduqciis

meTodi

saSualebas

gvaZlevs

rTuli

TamaSi

davanawevroT

martiv

nawilebad,

rac

mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs TamaSis gaanalizebas.

14.2 naxazze warmodgenili ,,TamaSis xis gasaanalizeblad ukuinduqciis
meTodis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs ,,pepsis optimaluri sapasuxo gadawyvetilebebis
dadgenas ,,koka kolas samive SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze:

`koka-kolas~
Semosavlebi

`pepsis~
Semosavlebi

12

18

didi
didi

mcire

ar aaSenos

didi
mcire

12

mcire

16

16

ar aaSenos

20

15

18

15

20

18

18

didi
ar aaSenos

mcire

ar aaSenos

nax. 14.2 ,,TamaSis xe

,,pepsi~ iRebs gadawyvetilebas ,,koka-kolas~ mier pirvelad miRebuli gadawyvetilebaze dakvirvebis Semdeg. ,,koka
kolas~ aqvs sami alternativa. mis mier miRebul TiToeul SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze ,,pepsis~ aqvs aseve sami
alternativa. alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisi Semosavlebi TiToeuli kompaniisaTvis miTiTebulia ,,TamaSi s
xis~ marjvena mxares. ,,koka-kolas~ TiToeul SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze ,,pepsis~ optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebebi
aRniSnulia Sesabamisi alternativis qveS gavlebuli xaziT. neSis wonasworobisas ,,koka-kolas~ strategiaa didi qarxnis
aSeneba, xolo ,,pepsisaTvis~ ar aaSenos qarxana.

Tu

,,koka

kola

gadawyvetileba

ar

mcire

aaSenebs
zomis

qarxanas,

qarxnis

maSin

aSenebaa

,,pepsis

(14.2

optimaluri

naxazze

ukidures

marjvena svetis boloSi miTiTebuli cifrebi: 20>18);

Tu ,,koka kola aaSenebs mcire qarxanas, maSin ,,pepsis saukeTeso sapasuxo

qmedebaa mcire qarxnis aSeneba (14.2 naxazze ukidures marjvena svetis SuaSi
miTiTebuli cifrebi: 16>12 da 16>15);

Tu ,,koka kola aaSenebs did qarxanas, maSin ,,pepsis optimaluri sapasuxo

qmedebaa ar aaSenos axali qarxana (14.2 naxazze ukidures marjvena svetis
dasawyisSi miTiTebuli cifrebi ( 9>8 da 9>0).

381

ukuinduqciis meTodis gamoyeneba aucileblad gulisxmobs, rom ,,koka kola

racionaluri
qmedebebis

moTamaSea

da

elis

ganxorcielebas.

ase

,,pepsisagan
rom,

,,koka

swored
kola

optimaluri
iTvaliswinebs

sapasuxo
,,pepsis

mosalodnel gadawyvetilebebs da amis mixedviT akeTebs arCevans. cnobilia ra

,,pepsis

mosalodneli

gadawyvetilebebi,

SesaZlebelia

,,koka

kolas

im

strategiis dadgena, romelic mas yvelaze maRal Semosavals moutans:

Tu

,,koka

kola

gadawyvets

ar

aaSenos

qarxana,

maSin

,,pepsis

optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT igi miiRebs $15 milions;

Tu

,,koka

kola

gadawyvets

aaSenos

mcire

qarxana,

maSin

,,pepsis

optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT igi miiRebs $16 milions;

Tu

,,koka

kola

gadawyvets

aaSenos

didi

qarxana,

maSin

,,pepsis

optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT igi miiRebs $18 milions.

amrigad, ,,koka kola aucileblad airCevs

$18 milioni mogebis momtan

strategias da aaSenebs axal did qarxanas. ,,koka kolas am arCevanze ,,pepsis

sapasuxo saukeTeso strategiaa Tavi Seikavos axali qarxnis aSenebisagan. aseTi
strategia ,,pepsis $9 milion mogebas moutans. strategiaTa es nakrebi warmoadgens
neSis wonasworobas mocemul TamaSSi.
aRsaniSnavia,
mniSvnelovnad

rom

mimdevrobiTi

gansxvavdeba

wonasworobisagan.

,,koka

svlebis

erTdrouli

kolasa

da

TamaSSi

neSis

svlebis

,,pepsis

TamaSi

wonasworoba

TamaSebis

neSis

erTdroulsvliani

rom

yofiliyo, maSin ,,koka kolasaTvis didi qarxnis aSeneba iqneboda dominirebuli

da ara dominanturi strategia. cxrilSi 14.11 **-iT aRniSnuli ujra Seesabameba
mimdevrobiTi svlebis SemTxvevaSi neSis wonasworobas, xolo * aRniSnuli ujra
ki - erTdrouli svlebis Sesabamis neSis wonasworobas.
ratom gansxvavdeba ,,koka kolas strategia ase mniSvnelovnad rodesac mas
aqvs pirveli svlis ganxorcielebis saSualeba? TanmimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSis
SemTxvevaSi
rols

urTierTdamokidebuli

TamaSobs

drois

momenti.

gadawyvetilebebis
pirvelad

miRebisas

gadawyvetilebis

mniSvnelovan

mimRebs

SeuZlia

zustad daadginos da gaiTvaliswinos konkurentis sapasuxo optimaluri qmedeba.

strategiuli svlis Rirebuleba
mimdevrobiTi

svlebis

Cvens

mier

ganxilul

magaliTSi

,,koka

kolam

pirvelma miiRo gadawyvetileba da, Sesabamisad, SezRuda Tavisive alternativebi.

,,pepsis ki ,,koka kolas qmedebebze dakvirvebis da gadawyvetilebis miRebisas meti
lavirebis saSualeba hqonda. miuxedavad aseTi saSualebisa, neSis wonasworobisas
,koka kolas Semosavalma orjer gadaaWarba ,,pepsis Semosavals. am SemTxvevaSi
alternatiuli qmedebebis winaswar SemzRudveli kompania - ,,koka kola ukeTes
mdgomareobaSi

aRmoCnda,

vidre

ufro

meti

lavirebis saSualebis mqone kompania - ,,pepsi.

382

alternatiuli

qmedebebisa

da

svlas, romelic faqtiurad zRudavs alternatiuli qmedebebis raodenobas,

SesaZlebelia hqondes Rirebuleba. droSi konkurentze ufro adre miRebuli
xisti, agresiuli gadawyvetilebebi zogjer bevrad ukeTes Sedegs iZleva, radgan
iwvevs konkurentis sapasuxo qmedebebis pirdapir provocirebas, romelTa winaswar
gaTvaliswineba pirveli svlis ganmxorcielebel firmas ukeTes mdgomareobaSi
ayenebs.

strategiuli

svla

aris

TamaSis

adreul

etapze

ganxorcielebuli

alternativebis SemzRudveli svla, romelic TamaSis Semdgom etapze gavlenas

axdens konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebze svlis ganmxorcieleblis sasargeblod. 23
biznesSi

bevria

strategiuli

svlis

magaliTebi:

supermarketis

SesasvlelSive produqtis gamofenis gziT gasaRebis didi bazris mosapoveblad

vizrunoT

Tu

naklebad

SesamCnev

ukana

Taroebze

ganvalagoT

produqcia?

menejerebi kompaniis mogebis zrdis mixedviT davajoldovoT Tu kompaniis mier

mopovebuli

bazris

wilis

mixedviT?

am

kiTxvebze

pasuxi

xSirad

swored

strategiuli svlis Sedegebzea damokidebuli.

TiToeuli es gadawyvetileba strategiuli svlis magaliTia, radganac igi
gavlenas

axdens

supermarketSi
romlis

SemdgomSi

bazarze

naklebadSesamCnev

mizania

ganviTarebul

adgilebze

konkurentebisagan

movlenebze.

produqtis

SeumCnevlad

magaliTad,

ganlagebis

darCena

da

strategia,

bazarze

ukve

mopovebuli wilis SenarCuneba, zRudavs produqtis potenciuri bazris zomebs. igi

SesaZloa ufro maRali mogebis momtani iyos kompaniisaTvis, vidre brZolis
dawyeba bazris ufro didi wilis mopovebisaTvis da sastik konkurenciaSi Cabma.
strategiuli

svlis

magaliTebi

uxvadaa

biznesis

samyaros

miRmac.

magaliTad, israelis mTavrobis strategia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar awarmoos

molaparakebebi teroristebTan miznad isaxavs teroristuli organizaciebis
mier

adamianTa

aRmofxvras.

gatacebis

teroristebTan

israelis mTavrobis

gziT

israelis

molaparekebebze

arCevans

samTavrobo
uaris

politikaze

Tqmis

strategia

zewolis
zRudavs

gatacebul moqalaqeTa gaTavisuflebis sqemebis

SemuSavebisas. miuxedevad amisa, teroristebTan molaparakebebis uaryofis Seuval,

xist

gadawyvetilebas

udidesi

strategiuli

Rirebuleba

aqvs.

igi

ufro

xelsayrelia israelisaTvis, vidre teroristebTan molaparakebebisa da lavirebis

startegia,

rac

aucileblad

waaxalisebda

maT

da

gazrdida

teroristul

SemTxvevaTa raodenobas.
strategiuli svla konkurentebisaTvis SesamCnevi, gasagebi da Seuqcevadi
unda iyos. TamaSis monawileebi aucileblad unda darwmundnen pirveli svlis
ganmxorcielebeli moTamaSis qmedebebis SeuqcevadobaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
mimdevrobiTi
Sesabamisad,
konkurentebi

svlebis

TamaSis

gansxvavebuli
SesaZloa

nacvlad

Sedegi

daarwmunos

gveqneba.

erTdrouli

svlebis

gadawyvetilebebis

miRebuli

TamaSi

da,

SeuqcevadobaSi

gadawyvetilebebis

masStabebma

23

es termini pirvelad SemoiRo Tomas Selingma Tavis wignSi konfliqtis strategia. Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict,
Harvard University Press, 1960

383

(magaliTad investiciebis sididem), dadebulma kontraqtebma da, zogjer, sajaro

gancxadebebmac ki.
savarjiSo 3
cifruli fotokamerebis bazarze Sesvla
amocana
davuSvaT, Tqven flobT cifruli fotokamerebis mwarmoebel firmas, romelsac
surs bazarze damkvidreba, sadac monopolisti aris fotokamerebis mwarmoebeli
msoflioSi cnobili kompania ,,kodaki. davuSvaT, ,,kodaki ornairad reagirebs
Tqveni firmis mcdelobaze: egueba konkurentis arsebobas da Tmobs bazris nawils,
an awarmoebs fotokamerebze fasis Semcirebis politikas anu iwyebs ,,safaso oms.
Tqven gaqvT alternetivebi: daiwyoT biznesi mcire an didi raodenobis produqtis
gamoSvebiT. cxrili 14.12 asaxavs Tqvens da ,,kodakis Semosavlebis alternativebs.
ra raodenobis produqciis gamoSvebas gadawyvetdiT biznesis dasawyebad?

cifruli kamerebis bazarze Sesvlis TamaSi

cxrili 14.12
`kodaki~
Segueba da bazris
gayofa

Tqveni
gadawyvetileba

`fasTa omis~ dawyeba

motyueba

4,20

1,16

TanamSromloba

8,10

2,12

TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

amoxsna
Tu Tqven da ,,kodaki erTdroulad iRebT gadawyvetilebebs, maSin neSis
wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategia TqvenTvis aris gamouSvaT didi raodenobis
produqcia, xolo ,,kodakisTvis ki ,,safaso omis dawyeba.
advili

misaxvedria,

rom

,,kodakis

arCevanis

miuxedavad

TqvenTvis

optimaluri gadawyvetileba, anu dominanturi strategia aris didi raodenobis

produqtis gamoSveba. rac ar unda gadawyvitos ,,kodakma, Tqveni Semosavlebi
mcire

raodenobasTan

SedarebiT

ufro

metia

didi

raodenobiT

produqtis

gamoSvebisas (8>4 da 2>1).

Tqvens

dominantur

strategiis

Sesabamis

gadawyvetilebas

,,kodaki

aucileblad upasuxebs fasis dawevis politikiT. am SemTxvevaSi TqvenTan erTad

bazris gayofasTan SedarebiT misi Semosavlebi ufro maRalia (12>10).
amrigad, gadawyvetilebebis erTdroulad miRebisas, anu erTdrouli svlis
am TamaSSi Tqveni Semosavali aris $2 milioni. magram Tqven SegiZliaT gazardoT

384

Semosavali, Tuki erTdrouli svlebis TamaSs gadaaqcevdiT mimdevrobiTi svlebis

TamaSad.
davuSvaT, gaqvT SesaZlebloba miiRoT gadawyvetileba da ganaxorcieloT
Sesabamisi qmedebebi manam, sanam ,,kodaki raimes gadawyvetdes. naxazi 14.3 gviCvenebs
mimdevrobiTi svlebis ,,TamaSis xes Tqvensa da ,,kodaks Soris.

Tqveni
Semosavali
Segueba da bazris gayofa

`kodakis~
Semosavali

20

16

10

12

mcire

K
`fasTa omi~

T
Segueba da bazris gayofa
didi

K
`fasTa omi~

nax. 14.3 ,,TamaSis xe 14.3 savarjiSosaTvis

pirvelad Tqven iRebT gadawyvetilebas produqtis didi an mcire raodenobiT gamoSvebis Sesaxeb. ,,kodaki reagirebs
Tqvens romelime gadawyvetilebaze bazris gayofasTan SeguebiT an iwyebs ,,safaso oms. ,,kodakis optimaluri
sapasuxo gadawyvetileba Tqvens TiToeul arCevanze naCvenebia Sesabamisi alternativis qveS gavlebuli xaziT. Tqveni
optimaluri arCevani aris mcire raodenobiT produqtis gamoSveba. TanmimdevrobiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategia TqvenTvis mcire raodenobis produqtis gamoSvebaa, xolo
,,kodakisaTvis ki - bazris gayofasTan Segueba.

Tu

airCevT

produqtis

didi

raodenobiT

gamoSvebas,

maSin

,,kodakis

saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba iqneba ,,safaso omis dawyeba. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven

iRebT

$2

milion

Semosavals,

zustad

igive

raodenobas,

rasac

iRebdiT

erTdrouli svlebis TamaSis SemTxvevaSi. Tu raime mizezis gamo geZlevaT Sansi,

miiRoT gadawyvetileba da imoqmedoT manam, sanam ,,kodaki gaakeTebs arCevans,
maSin TqvenTvis saukeTeso strategia iqneba ara didi, aramed mcire raodenobiT
produqtis gamoSvebiT biznesis dawyeba.
Tu Tqven gaqvT TamaSSi pirveli svlis ganxorcielebis saSualeba, maSin
TqvenTvis neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategiaa mcire raodenobis produqtis
gamoSveba, romelzedac ,,kodakis optimaluri sapasuxo qmedeba iqneba bazris
gayofasTan Segueba. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven miiRebT $4 milion Semosavals - ufro
mets, vidre erTdrouli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.

385

rogor unda daarwmunoT ,,kodaki, rom cifruli kamerebis bazarze Sesvlas

namdvilad

mcire

damarwmunebeli
xazgasmuli

raodenobis

nabiji

iqneba

SeiZleba

mcire

zomis

produqtis
gaxdes

gamoSvebiT

Tqveni

sawarmod

sajaro

yofnis

apirebT?

aseTi

gancxadebebi,

Tqveneuli

sadac

arCevani.

aseve

SesaZlebelia CaataroT mxolod erTgul momxmareblebze gaTvlili sareklamo

kampania, riTac agrZnobinebT konkurents, rom ar apirebT bazris wilis gazrdas
axali momxmareblebis SeZenis xarjze.
amrigad,

strategiuli

svlis

ganxorcielebis

SemTxvevaSi,

Tqveni

Semosavlebi izrdeba. miuxedavad imisa rom erTdrouli svlebis TamaSisas Tqveni

dominanturi

strategiaa

didi

raodenobis

produqtis

gamoSveba,

SegiZliaT

Semosavlebis gazrda, Tu strategiuli svlis Sedegad stuacias TanmimdebrobiTi

svlebis TamaSad gadaaqcevT.

ZiriTadi terminebi

TamaSTa Teoria
neSis wonasworoba
dominanturi strategis
dominirebuli strategia
wminda strategia
Sereuli strategia

ganmeorebadi TamaSi
erTdrouli svlis TamaSi
mimdevrobiTi
svlis
TamaSi
strategiuli svla

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

TamaSTa

Teoria

Seiswavlis

urTierTdamokidebul

optimalur

gadawyvetilebebs, roca gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtebi racionalurad

iqcevian da iTvaliswineben erTmaneTis mosalodnel sapasuxo qmedebebs.
2. NneSis wonasworoba TamaSSi miiRweva maSin, roca TiToeuli moTamaSe irCevs
maqsimaluri
mocemuli

Semosavlis

strategiis

momtan

strategias

SemTxvevaSi.

neSis

konkurentis

mier

wonasworobisas,

arCeuli

cnobilia

ra

konkurentis mier arCeuli strategia, TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeulia

maqsimaluri Semosavlis momtani strategia. arcerT moTamaSes ar SeuZlia
gazardos Tavisi Semosavlebi meore moTamaSis mier startegiis Secvlis
gareSe.
3.

,,patimris
interesebs

dilemis
Soris.

TiToeuli moTamaSe

TamaSi

gviCvenebs

,,patimris

konfliqts

dilemis

TamaSSi

kerZo

da

koleqtiur

neSis

wonasworobisas

irCevs ar iTanamSromlos erTmaneTTan, miuxedavad

imisa, rom TanamSromlobis arCeva

orive maTganis koleqtiur interesSi

Sedis.
4. dominanturia strategia, Tu is saukeTesoa moTamaSisaTvis konkurentis mier
arCeuli

strategiisagan

damoukideblad.

dominirebulia

strategia,

romelsac Aarasodes airCevs moTamaSe, radgan arsebobs erTi mainc ufro

386

maRali

Semosavlis

momtani

strategia

sxva

moTamaSeebis

arCevanisagan

damoukideblad.
5. wminda

strategia

aris

TamaSSi

yvela

SesaZlo

alternativas

Soris

specifikuri arCevani. Sereulia strategia, romelsac moTamaSe irCevs or an

met

wminda

startegiebs

gaTvaliswinebiT.

Soris

Sereuli

maTi

strategiebis

Sesabamisi
dros

albaTobebis

moTamaSeebi

irCeven

strategiebs optimaluri sixSiris-albaTobis mixedviT. yvela TamaSs aqvs

sul mcire erTi Sereuli startegia mainc.
6. ganmeorebadi
SesaZlebelia

,,patimris

dilemis

moTamaSeebs

msgavsi

Soris

TamaSebis

warmoiSvas

SemTxvevaSi

TanamSromloba.

TanamSromlobis warmoSobis albaToba matulobs, Tu moTamaSeebi arian

momTmenni, xSirad urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan, TanamSromlobis darRveviT
miRebuli erTjeradi sargebeli

Zalian mcirea da damrRvevis aRmoCena

Zalian advilia.
7. mimdevrobiTi

svlebis

TamaSebis

analizi

gviCvenebs,

rom

pirvelad

ganxorcielebul svlas SesaZloa hqondes strategiuli Rirebuleba.

8. startegiuli svla aris qmedeba, romelsac moTamaSe axorcielebs TamaSis
dasawyisSive sanam konkurenti raime gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes da romelic
gavlenas axdnens TamaSis Semdgom msvlelobaze pirvelad gadawyveilebis
mimRebis sasargeblod.
9. strategiuli

svla

SesaZloa

zRudavdes

moTamaSis

alternativebis

raodenobas da lavirebis saSualebas. miuxedavad amisa, swored am Tvisebis

gamo SesaZloa mas hqondes startegiuli Rirebuleba.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

ra aris neSis wonasworoba? neSis wonasworobasTan Seusabamo strategiebi

ratom ar aris TamaSis Sedegi?

2. yvela TamaSi warmoadgens Tu ara ,,patimris dilemas? raSi mdgomareobs

,,patimris dilemis specifika?
3.

ra gansxvavebaa dominantur da dominirebul strategiebs Soris? ratom ar

airCevs moTamaSe dominirebul strategiebs?

4. riT gansxvavdeba ,,mozardebis TamaSi ,,patimris dilemis TamaSisagan?

5. aqvs Tu ara TamaSs neSis wonasworoba, roca arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs
dominanturi strategia? aqvs Tua ara TamaSs neSis wonasworoba, roca
arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominirebuli startegia?
6. ra gansxvavebaa wminda da Sereul strategiebs Soris?

387

7. rogor

SeiZleba

dilemis

msgavsi

warmoiSvas
TamaSebis

TanamSromloba
SemTxvevaSi?

ra

ganmeorebadi
pirobebi

,,patimris

uwyobs

xels

TanamSromlobis warmoSobas?
8. ra gansxvavebaa erTdrouli svlebis TamaSsa da mimdvrobiTi svlebis TamaSs
Soris?

9.

ra

aris

strategiuli

svla?

ratom

unda

iyos

Seuqcevadi, raTa mas hqondes strategiuli Rirebuleba?

388

strategiuli

svla

Tavi 15. sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesis gansazRvras
2. ormxrivi monopoliis bazrebze moqmedi tendenciebis Sefasebas
3. Sromisa da miwis bazrebze arsebuli Taviseburebebis axsnas

15.1 sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis

minimizaciis wesi
sawarmoo
gavagrZelebT

faqtorTa
momdevno

bazrebis

TemaSic,

aq

(Factor
ki

Markets)

ganvixilavT

im

Sesaxeb

saubars

Taviseburebebs,

rac

ganasxvavebs faqtorTa bazrebs mza produqtebis bazrebisgan (Output Markets).

CamovayalibebT

sawarmoo

faqtorTa

danaxarjebis

minimizaciis

wess,

romelic Tavis mxriv mWidrod ukavSirdeba da garkveulwilad ganapirobebs kidec,

firmis mogebis maqsimizacias. aq kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT mikroekonomikis
TeoriaSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis dros zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli
sargeblis urTierTSedarebis didi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. calkeuli sakiTxebi
ganxiluli iqneba Sromis bazris magaliTze.
TemaSi didi adgili eTmoba gansxvavebuli struqturis mqone sawarmoo
bazrebis analizs. ganxilulia rogorc konkurentuli bazrebi, aseve bazrebi
monofsoniuri da monopoliuri ZalauflebiT. gaanalizebulia Sromis bazarze
ormxrivi monopoliis pirobebSi ZalTa SesaZlo gadanawilebis meqanizmic.
Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi sawarmoo faqtorebad marto Sroma,
miwa da kapitali aRar moiazreba, magram aq mxolod maT ganvixilavT. aseT
bazrebze

firmebi

gvevlinebian

myidvelebad,

xolo

saojaxo

meurneobebi

gamyidvelebad. faqtorTa bazrebis kidev erTi Taviseburebaa is, rom firmebis mier
sawarmoo faqtorebze warmodgenili moTxovna damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria
moTxovna am faqtorebis gamoyenebiT miRebul saboloo produqtebze.
aseT

moTxovnas

uwodeben

warmoebul

moTxovnas.

magaliTad:

restornis

moTxovna sasursaTo produqtebze damokidebulia da ganisazRvreba im sadilebze

moTxovniT,

romlebic

momzadebulia

am

saxis

sursaTis

gamoyenebiT;

avtomobilebze moTxovna ganapirobebs mwarmoebeli firmebis moTxovnas foladze;

aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare

aucilebelia

SeviswavloT

sawarmoo

faqtorebze

moTxovnis ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT firma moaxdens danaxarjebis minimizacias da mogebis maqsimizacias.
sawarmoo procesis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, rom nebismieri firma Tavis yovel
nabijs ganixilavs zRvruli sidideebis gamoyenebiT. igi mudmivad adarebs zRvrul

389

danaxarjebs

da

zRvrul Semosavals, da ase

TandaTanobiT

zrdis

saqonlis

gamoSvebis moculobas mis optimalur niSnulamde. aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania

ganvsazRvroT Tu rogoria calkeul sawarmoo faqtorze moTxovna.
moklevadian periodSi

miwa da kapitali,

rogorc sawarmoo faqtorebi,

ZiriTadad fiqsirebuli sidideebia da aseT pirobebSi swrafad mxolod Sroma

(dasaqmebul momuSaveTa ricxovnoba) SeiZleba Seicvalos. amis gamo, is ZiriTadi
kanonzomierebani, rac mewarmem unda gaiTvaliswinos yvela faqtoris raodenobis
SerCevis dros simartivisaTvis

dasaSvebia ganvixiloT

Sromis magaliTze

da

zogadi daskvnebi ganvavrcoT kapitalsa da miwaze.

Cven ukve viciT zRvruli produqtis cnebis Sinaarsi da isic mogvexseneba,
rom igi matulobs, aRwevs maqsimums da Semdeg iwyebs klebas. aq mniSvnelovania
ganvsazRvroT faqtoris zRvruli produqtis Semosavlis cneba.
romelime

faqtoris

zRvruli

produqtis

Semosavali

( MRP )

tolia

am

faqtoris damatebiTi erTeulis gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli nazrdis, romliTac

matulobs firmis erToblivi Semosavali.
igi

gaiangariSeba

firmis

zRvruli

Semosavlis

( MR )

da

romelime

konkretuli faqtoris zRvruli produqtis namravliT. Sromis, rogorc sawarmoo

faqtoris SemTxvevaSi Cven SegviZlia CavweroT rom:

MRPL MR MPL
aRvniSnavT,

rom

raime

faqtoridan

miRebuli

(15.1)
zRvruli

produqtis

Semosavali miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdeni unda gadaixados firmam saimisod, rom

daiqiraos faqtoris damatebiTi erTeuli. Tu faqtoris zRvruli produqtis
Semosavali naklebia, vidre SromisTvis saxelfaso ganakveTi, firmam momuSaveTa
ricxovnoba unda Seamciros. mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT firma qiraobs imden
momuSaves romlisTvisac Sromis zRvruli produqti fulad gamosaxulebaSi da
saxelfaso ganakveTi erTmaneTis tolia, e.i. marTebulia gantoleba:

MRPL MR MPL W

(15.2)

Sromis, rogorc sawarmoo faqtoris SesaZenad miRebuli optimaluri piroba

aseve marTebulia miwisa da kapitalisTvis. am dros saqme gvaqvs am faqtorTa
gamoyenebis uflebisTvis gasacem rentebTan (qirasTan).24 aRniSnulis Sesabamisad
mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis miwisa da kapitalis (rogorc sawarmoo faqtorebis)
SemTxvevebSi toloba 15.2 ase warmogvidgeba:

MRPt MR MPt rt
MRPk MR MPk rk
sadac: MRPt aris miwis zRvruli Semosavli;

MPt - miwis zRvruli produqti;

rt - miwis renta;
24

SevniSnavT, rom inglisur enaSi miwisa da Sromis aRmniSvneli sityvebi iwyeba ` L ~ asoTi (Land; Labour),
amitom gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT gamoiyeneba miwis laTinuri saxelwodeba T-Terra).

390

(15.3)
(15.4)

MRPk - kapitalis zRvruli Semosavli;

MPk - kapitalis zRvruli produqti;
rk - kapitalis renta (gaqiravebis fasi).
15.2 tolobis orive nawili gavyoT MPL , aseve 15.3 tolobis orive nawili
gavyoT

MPt -ze;

da

15.4

tolobis

orive

nawili

gavyoT

MPk -ze.

aRniSnul

gardaqmnaTa Sedegad miviRebT:

MR

W
;
MPL

MR

rt
;
MPt

MR

rk
;
MPk

vinaidan samive tolobis marcxena mxare erTi da igive MR sididea, SegviZlia

CavweroT, rom
r
r
W
t k MR.
MPL MPt MPk

(15.5)

miviReT faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesi. Tu aqve gavixsenebT, rom

zRvruli danaxarjebisa ( MC ) da zRvruli Semosavlebis ( MR ) toloba aris
firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba, SegviZlia 15.5 toloba CavweroT, rogorc
faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis da firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis erTiani
piroba:

r
r
W
t k MR MC
MPL MPt MPk

(15.6)

warmoebis danaxarjebis minimizaciisaTvis, produqtis gamoSvebis nebismieri

moculobis pirobebSi gamoyenebuli

faqtoris erTeulze danaxarjebis Sefardeba

maTi zRvruli produqtis sididesTan unda iyos Tanabari yvela faqtorisaTvis da

utoldebodes

zRvrul

Semosavals,

romelic

Tavis

mxriv

mogebis

maqsimizaciisTvis zRvruli danaxarjebis toli unda iyos.

sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT toloba (15.6) gviCvenebs, rom rogorc samuSao
Zalis daqiravebis, ise firmis warmoebis moculobis gansazRvris dros iyeneben
erTidaimave wess: sawarmoo faqtorebs an warmoebis moculobas irCeven ise, rom
zRvruli Semosavali (miRebuli produqtis gayidvis Sedegad) utoldeba zRvrul
danaxarjebs (gamowveuls sawarmoo faqtorebis SeZeniT). es principi sruldeba ara
marto konkurentul, aramed arakonkurentul bazrebzec.

15.2 Sromis bazari

xelfasis cnebis qveS Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi igulisxmeba
fasi,

romelic

gadaixdeba

daqiravebuli

momuSavis

Sromis

erTeulis

gamoyenebisTvis. xelfasis donis ganmsazRvreli mTavari faqtori aris SromiTi

resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba, romelic upirveles yovlisa izomeba Sromis

391

mwarmoeblurobiT. Sromis mwarmoebluroba ganisazRvreba Sromis erTeulze gamoSvebuli produqtis raodenobiT.

gamartivebis mizniT CavTvaloT, rom warmoebis faqtorTa fasi asaxavs maT
xarisxs (Tumca realobaSi yovelTvis ase ar xdeba). magaliTad, Sromis xarisxi
damokidebulia

zogadi

da

specialuri

ganaTlebis

doneze,

organizatorul

unarze, sawarmoo gamocdilebaze, fizikur janmrTelobaze da a.S. aris iseTi

faqtorebic,

romlebic

rTulad

eqvemdebarebian

absolutur

gazomvas,

esaa:

moraluri Rirebulebebi, socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati koleqtivSi da a.S.

srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi Sromis fasis formireba mimdinareobs
nebismieri sxva saqonlis msgavsad. es niSnavs, rom yvela momuSave iRebs Tanabar
xelfass, romelic araa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor firmaSi muSaoben isini da
igi firmis mier miRebulia rogorc winaswar mocemuli sidide. am dros adgili
aqvs iseT situacias, romelic gamosaxulia naxazze 15.1.
W

xelfasis ganakveTi, lari

DL

SL

E
W1

L1

dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba

nax. 15.1 xelfasis done srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi

srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi yvela momuSave iRebs Tanabar xelfass, romelic araa
damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor firmaSi muSaoben isini da igi firmis mier miRebulia rogorc
winaswar mocemuli sidide.

vinaidan

TiToeuli

momuSavis

xelfasi

tolia

W1 ,

amitom

mewarmis

erToblivi danaxarjebi Seesabameba W1OL1 E farTobs. sazogadod xelfasis donis

cvlilebebi ganapirobebs Sromaze moTxovnis moculobas (naxazi 15.2).

392

S L

E1

W1

E0

W0

SL
S L

E2

W2

DL =MRP1
O

L1 L0 L2

nax. 15.2 xelfasisa da Sromaze moTxovnis damokidebuleba

daqiravebulTa ricxovnoba xelfasis saSualo donis ukuproporciulia. izrdeba
daqiravebulTa ricxvi klebulobs xelfasi da piriqiT.

Tu xelfasi izrdeba W0 -dan W1 -mde, daqiravebul momuSaveTa ricxovnoba

Semcirdeba

L0 -dan

L1 -mde.

ricxovnoba gaizrdeba

Tu

xelfasi

L2 -mde. amgvarad,

Semcirdeba

W2 -mde,

daqiravebulTa

daqiravebulTa ricxovnoba

xelfasis

saSualo donis ukuproporciulia.

Sroma Taviseburi saqonelia. faqtiurad iyideba misi samuSao dro. mas
aqvs bunebrivi sazRvrebi da is unda iyos 24 sT-ze gacilebiT naklebi. dRe-Ramis
nawili

adamians

sWirdeba

dasvenebisaTvis,

anu

Tavisi

SesaZleblobebis

aRsadgenad. amis gamo yoveli adamiani dgas arCevanis winaSe: meti iSromos Tu
meti daisvenos.
davuSvaT,

rom

maqsimaluri

Semosavali,

gamovimuSavoT 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, tolia

maqsimaluri

raodenoba

dRe-Ramis

ganmavlobaSi

romelic

Cven

SegviZlia

raodenobis laris. saaTebis

24-ia.

aqedan

gamomdinare

sabiujeto SezRuduloba `Semosavali-Tavisufali dro~ SeiZleba gamovsaxoT AB

wrfis saSualebiT (naxazi 15.3).

393

W
U3
U2
U1
B

I0

24, A

H0
Tavisufali
dro

erToblivi dro
sT-iT dReSi

samuSao
dro

nax. 15.3 arCevani Sromasa da dasvenebas Soris

AB wrfis saSualebiT.

sabiujeto SezRuduloba `Semosavali-Tavisufali dro~ SeiZleba gamovsaxoT

Tavisufali dro Seadgens H 0 da samuSao dro aris 24 H 0 .

wertilis

aRqma

gadawyvetilebis

miRebis

poziciidan

SeuZlebelia,

vinaidan 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis muSaoba aravis SeuZlia. amis gamo

naxazze 15.3 gamosaxuli wonasworoba E wertilSi savsebiT misaRebad SeiZleba

H 0 ; samuSao dro ( 24 H 0 ); dRiuri

CaiTvalos. aq Tavisufali dro Seadgens

Semosavali ki aris I 0 W (24 H 0 ).
sabiujeto
udris

SezRudulobis

saxelfaso

ganakveTs.

es

wrfis

daxrilobis

gamomdinareobs

absoluturi

iqidan,

rom

mniSvneloba

momuSave

axdens

sargeblianobis maqsimizacias maSin, roca Tavisufali drois yoveli erTi saaTis

SemosavlebiT

Senacvlebis

zRvruli

norma

tolia

saaTobrivi

xelfasis.

(gavixsenoT, rom sazogadod Senacvlebis normis sidide rogorc momxmarebelTa

qcevis TeoriaSi (Tavi 4), aseve warmoebis procesSi, aris OX RerZze aRniSnuli
maCveneblis erTi erTeulis mniSvneloba, gamosaxuli OY RerZze aRniSnuli maCveneblis erTeulebSi). am SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi muSaobis erTi saaTiT miRebuli
saxelfaso ganakveTia W , amitom SegviZlia CavweroT, rom:

MRS W
davuSvaT,

rom

realuri

xelfasi

(15.7)
gaizarda

(naxazi

15.4).

sabiujeto

SezRudulobis wrfe AB -dan gadaaadgilda AB1 mdgomareobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi

muSaoba ufro mimzidveli xdeba, rac meti Sromis survils aRZravs; Sedegad
wonasworoba E1 wertilidan gadava E 2 wertilSi.
Tu gavavlebT CD sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfes AB1 -is paralelurad, ise, rom
igi iyos U 1 ganurCevlobis mrudis mxebi, maSin SevZlebT gavarkvioT Senacvlebis
da Semosavlis efeqtebis mniSvnelobebi Sromasa da dasvenebas Soris.

394

Semosavali
lari
B1

D
E2

I2
B
I3

U2

E3
E1 U1

I1

C
O

H3 H2

H1

erToblivi dro
sT-iT dReSi

samuSao
dro

Senacvlebis
efeqti
Semosavlis efeqti

nax. 15.4 xelfasis donis zrdis Sedegi: Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts
realuri xelfasis donis amaRlebis am etapze (I etapze) Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts, rac niSnavs imas ,
rom individi zrdis samuSao dros xelfasis momatebasTan erTad.

Senacvlebis

efeqti

gamoixateba

Tavisufali

drois

Semcirebasa

da

Semosavlis amaRlebaSi. grafikulad es H 1 -dan H 3 -Si gadasvlis saxiT warmodgeba.

Tumca Semosavlis amaRlebasTan erTad izrdeba iseTi faseulobis mniSvneloba,
rogoricaa dasveneba Tavisufali dro pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Semosavlis efeqti H 3 H 2 monakveTis tolia. amgvarad, realuri xelfasis
donis amaRlebis am etapze Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts, rac
niSnavs samuSao drois zrdas xelfasis momatebasTan erTad. am pirobebSi Sromis
individualuri miwodebis mrudi zrdadia.
realuri Semosavlis Semdgomi zrda aqrobs Sromis survils. individi
iwyebs Tavisufali drois dafasebas, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom samuSao
drois zrdas Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs. iwyeba Senacvlebis efeqtis gadafarva da
Semosavlis

efeqtis

sidide

metia

(naxazi

15.5).

Sedegad

samuSao

drois

xangrZlivoba mcirdeba ( 24 H 1 )-dan ( 24 H 2 )-mde, xolo Tavisufali dro izrdeba

H 1 -dan

H 2 -mde.

aseTi reaqcia

realuri xelfasis

amaRlebaze

iwvevs

Sromis

miwodebis mrudis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT mobrunebas.

realuri

xelfasis

amaRlebis

procesi

ganapirobebs

Sromis

miwodebis

sferoSi 3 etapis gavlas romlebic naCvenebia naxazze 15.6. I etapze W1 -dan W2 -mde
xelfasis donis amaRleba iwvevs samuSao saaTebis raodenobis gazrdas h1 -dan h2 mde, aq Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts.
II etapze W2 -dan W3 -mde xelfasis donis amaRleba ar gamoixateba samuSao
drois

xangrZlivobis

gazrdaSi

(Semosavlis

efeqti

da

Senacvlebis

efeqti

erTmaneTis tolia).

395

III

W3 -dan

etapze

W4 -mde xelfasis momateba iwvevs

samuSao

saaTebis

raodenobis Semcirebas h2 -dan h3 -mde. aq Senacvlebis efeqti naklebia Semosavlis

efeqtze, Sedegad mcirdeba Sromis miwodeba da miwodebis mrudi mimarTulebas
icvlis.

Semosavali, lari

B1

U2

D
U1
B

E2

I2
I3

E3
E1

I1
H3

H1

H2

A
erToblivi dro
sT-iT dReSi

samuSao
dro

Tavisufali dro

Senacvlebis
efeqti

Semosavlis efeqti

nax. 15.5 xelfasis donis amaRleba: Semosavlis efeqti aWarbebs Senacvlebis efeqts
realuri Semosavlis Semdgomi zrda aqrobs Sromis survils. individi iwyebs Tavisufali drois dafasebas da
Sedegad Semosavlis efeqti aWarbebs Senacvlebis efeqts.

realuri xelfasis done, lari sT-Si

W4

III

W3
II
W2
I

W1

SL

h1

h2 samuSao saaTebis raodenoba dRis

manZilze

h3

nax. 15.6 Sromis individualuri miwodebis mrudi

realuri xelfasis zrdis pirobebSi sawyis I etapze izrdeba Sromis miwodeba, II etapze Sromis
miwodeba igive rCeba, xolo III etapze individi amcirebs Sromis miwodebas da zrdis
dasvenebis dros.

Semosavlis

donis

amaRleba

iwvevs

dasvenebaze

moTxovnis

zrdis

stimulirebas. igi gamoixateba dasvenebis saaTebis raodenobis momatebaSi, samuSao

saaTebis
matulobs

Semcirebis
dasvenebis

xarjze,
fasic.

vinaidan
bolo

xelfasis
150

wlis

donis

amaRlebasTan

manZilze

samuSao

erTad
kviris

xangrZlivobis saSualo maCvenebeli 70 sT-dan Semcirda 40 sT-mde, xelfasis

396

ganakveTis mniSvnelovani zrdis pirobebSi. es niSnavs, rom grZelvadian periodSi

Semosavlis efeqti aWarbebs Senacvlebis efeqts.
moklevadian periodSi yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. amasTan unda gvaxsovdes, rom
mosaxleobis

sxvadasxva

gansxvavebulia.

kidev

jgufebis

ufro

didi

Semosavlebis

zrdasTan

diferenciaciaa

damokidebuleba

damaxasiaTebeli

qveynebis

sxvadaxva tipiuri jgufebisaTvis.

aucilebelia vicodeT, rom dasvenebis dro sulac ar niSnavs arafris
keTebas. am periodSi adamianebi imaRleben saganmanaTleblo da kulturul dones,
mniSvnelovan dabandebebs axdenen Tavis adamianur kapitalSi.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebobs myari damokidebuleba ganaTlebis donesa
da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze Semosavlebis dones Soris. amis gamo cxovrebis
racionalurad
ganaTlebis

marTvis

maRali

pirobebSi

donis

adamianebi

miRebis

mizniT,

gabedulad
rac

deben

momavalSi

investiciebs

maTTvis

maRali

Semosavlebis garantiaa.

15.3 Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi

aqamde sabazro moTxovnis mrudis miRebis mizniT individualuri moTxovnis
mrudebis Sekrebis dros Cven ar viyaviT SezRuduli dargis sazRvrebiT. Tumca
iseTi faqtori rogoricaa kvalificiuri Sroma, esaWiroeba ekonomikis dargTa
umravlesobas

da

masze

sabazro

moTxovnis

gansazRvra

garkveulwilad

specifikuria. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rom miviRoT Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro

mrudi, upirvelesad saWiroa TiToeuli dargis Sromaze moTxovnis mrudis ageba
da Semdeg maTi horizontaluri Sekreba.

Sromaze

moTxovnis sabazro mrudi

miiReba zustad ise, rogorc calkeul saqonelze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi.

Sromaze dargobrivi moTxovnis gaangariSebis dros unda gvaxsovdes, rom
firmis produqtis warmoebasa da fasze gavlenas axdens sawarmoo faqtorebze
fasebis cvlileba. yvelaze martivi iseTi sabazro moTxovnis gansazRvraa, roca
dargSi mxolod erTi mwarmoebelia. am SemTxvevaSi faqtoris zRvruli produqtis
Semosavlis mrudi, esaa sawarmoo faqtorze moTxovnis dargobrivi mrudi. roca
firmebis ricxvi didia, maSin analizi rTuldeba firmebis saqmianobis Sedegebis
urTierTgavlenis gamo. magaliTisTvis Sromaze moTxovna ganvsazRvroT srulyofili konkurenciis bazris pirobebSi. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom Semosavali Sromis
zRvruli produqtidan tolia fasisa da Sromis zRvruli produqtis namravlis
(toloba 15.1.) da amas asaxavs MRPL1 naxazze 15.7.
davuSvaT, rom xelfasis ganakveTi iyo 15 lari saaTSi da firmis moTxovna
Seadgenda 100 kac-saaTs. Semdgom saxelfaso saaTobrivi ganakveTi Semcirda 10
laramde.

Tu

danarCeni

firmebi

gaagrZeleben

daqiravebas

Zveli

ganakveTis

pirobebiT, maSin es firma daiqiravebs 150 kac-saaT Sromas, rogorc gviCvenebs

397

naxazze

MRPL1 mrudi 10 lari niSnulis pirobebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

15.7

xelfasis ganakveTi Semcirdeba yvela firmisTvis, maSin dargs dasWirdeba ufro

meti Sromis daqiraveba. es gamoiwvevs dargis produqtis miwodebis gazrdas
(sawarmoo faqtorze fasis Semcirebis gamo) da dargis miwodebis mrudis marjvniv
gadaadgilebas, mocemul produqtze ki, ufro dabal sabazro fass.
naxazze

15.7

produqtis

`a~

gamosaxulia

Semosavlis

marcxniv da qvemoT

saqonelze

mrudis

MRPL 2

fasis

Semcirebis

gamo

zRvruli

MRPL1 sawyisi mdgomareobidan gadaadgildeba

mdgomareobaSi. es cvlileba firmis mxridan Sromaze

Semcirebuli moTxovnis Sedegia: 120 kac-saaTi 150-is nacvlad. Sesabamisad Sromaze

dargobrivi moTxovna iqneba ufro mcire, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxolod erTi
firma daiqiravebda momuSaveebs xelfasis ufro dabali ganakveTis pirobebSi. amas
gviCvenebs naxazi 15.7`b~, Sromaze moTxovnis mrudebis horizontaluri Sekrebis
Sedegad saqonelze fasis ucvlelobis pirobebSi miRebuli sabazro moTxovnis
mrudi. igi ufro elastikuria, vidre is sabazro mrudi, romelic miiReboda imis
gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom

dabali

saxelfaso

ganakveTis

pirobebSi

warmoebis

gazrdili moculoba gamoiwvevda saqonelze fasis Semcirebas.

xelfasi,
l/sT

xelfasi,
l/sT

Sromaze moTxovnis mrudebis

horizontaluri Sekreba
saqonelze fasis ucvlelobis
pirobebSi

15

10

MRPL1

Sromaze
moTxovnis
dargobrivi
mrudi

MRPL 2
50

100 120 150

Sroma, kac/sT

`a~

L0

L1

L2

Sroma, kac/sT

`b~

naxazi 15.7 Sromaze dargobrivi moTxovna

vinaidan firmis produqtis warmoebasa da fasze gavlenas axdens sawarmoo faqtorebze
fasebis cvlileba, gansxvavebulia Sromaze moTxovnis dargobrivi mrudebi fasis ucvlelobisa
da cvlilebis pirobebSi.

saxelfaso ganakveTis saaTSi 15 laris dros Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro

moculoba L0 Seadgens. roca ganakveTi mcirdeba saaTSi 10 laramde, dargobrivi
moTxovnis moculoba izrdeba L1 -mde. SevniSnavT, rom is ar aRwevs L2 -s, romelic
miiRweoda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqonelze fasi fiqsirebuli iqneboda. dargobrivi
moTxovnis mrudebis agregireba (gardaqmna) sabazro moTxovnis mrudad mTavrdeba
yvela dargis moTxovnis mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT.

398

arakonkurentuli bazrebis SemTxvevaSi Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi

zemoaRniSnuli gziT miiReba. erTaderTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom saqonlis fasis
cvlileba xelfasis ganakveTis cvlilebasTan erTad rTuli gasaangariSebelia,
vinaidan

firmas

sakuTar

produqtze

SeuZlia

ganaxorcielos

strategiuli

faswarmoqmna.

15. 4 ekonomikuri renta

aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT xelfasis saSualo dones. realobaSi Sromis
anazRaurebis saSualo done sxvadasxva dargebsa da momuSaveebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. kidev ufro did diferenciacias SevamCnevT anazRaurebaSi, Tu
SevadarebT
xelfasis

ara

saSualodargobriv

doneebs.

gansxvavebani

diferenciacia

calkeul

adamianTa

monacemebs,

aramed

warmoadgens

imis

individualur

calkeul
Sedegs,

unarSi

momuSaveTa

rom

arsebobs

(Tandayolili

da

miRebuli), ganaTlebis doneSi (zogadi da specialuri), profesiul momzadebaSi,

gamocdilebasa

da

saboloo

jamSi

im

kvalifikaciaSi,

romelsac

floben

calkeuli momuSaveebi.
zogadi daniSnulebis

kvalifikacia

esaa is

codna, romelic momuSavis

aqtivze rCeba da SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes yvelgan. magaliTad, ekonomistis

zogadi ganaTleba.
specialuri daniSnulebis kvalifikacia esaa is codna da SesaZleblobebi,
rac gaZlevs saSualebas vimuSaoT romelime konkretul firmaSi. magaliTad,
firmaSi momuSave buRalters Tavisi codnis mcire nawili gamoadgeba, Tuki is
daiwyebs muSaobas bankSi buRaltrad da piriqiT, bankSi momuSave buRalterma, rom
muSaoba

daiwyos

warmoebaSi.

amave

dros

orives

aqvs

ekonomistis

zogadi

sxvadasxva

saxeebi

ganaTleba.
saWiroa

gvaxsovdes

imis

Sesaxebac,

rom

samuSaoTa

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian Tavisi mimzidvelobiT. magaliTad: 2006 wels q.

Tbilisis dasufTavebis samsaxuris mier narCenebis gamtani manqanis mZRolisa da
universitetis

profesoris

Sromis

anazRaureba

TiTqmis

Tanabari

iyo.

es

ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom moqalaqeebisTvis dasufTavebis samsaxurSi muSaoba

mimzidveli yofiliyo da arc usufTao dedaqalaqia qveynis maRali kulturis
maCvenebeli. Tumca, aseTi damokidebulebis SenarCuneba grZelvadian periodSi
amcirebs adamianur kapitalSi dabandebis survils da warmoadgens safrTxes
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis msurvelTaTvis. kvalificiuri da arakvalificiuri
Sromis

anazRaurebas

ganviTarebuli

Soris

qveynebi

saTanado

codnaze

Tanafardobis

orientirebul

darRveva

sazogadoebas

maSin,

roca

amkvidreben,

399

miuRebelia saqarTvelosTvis. sazogadod qimiuri qarxnebis momuSaveni TiTqmis

yovelTvis ufro maRal anazRaurebas iReben, vidre momsaxurebis sferos muSakebi.
es

ar

aris

dakavSirebuli

mxolod

kvalifikaciis

donesTan,

aramed

ganpirobebulia Sromis pirobebiT. rogorc wesi, Sromis cudi da mavne pirobebi

unda

kompensirebul

iqnes

xelfasis

saSualebiT,

rasac

uzrunvelyofs

sakompensacio sxvaoba.
Sromis

anazRaurebaSi

gamaTanabrebeli

(sakompensacio)

sxvaoba

aris

xelfasebSi iseTi gansxvaveba, romelic gaicema daqiravebuli momuSaveebisaTvis

samuSao adgilebis gansxvavebuli mimzidvelobis gamo.
Sromis anazRaureba gansxvavebulia regionalur WrilSic, agreTve iseT
qveynebSi, sadac adgili aqvs diskriminacias rasobrivi, eTnikuri Tu mrwamsis
gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac oficialurad akrZalulia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi
adamianur kapitalSi dabandebebis statistikaze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom

adamianis

ganaTlebis

donis,

kvalifikaciis

amaRlebisaTvis

gaRebuli

investiciebi yovelTvis zrdian maRalanazRaurebiani samsaxuris miRebis SesaZleblobebs.

maRalkvalificiur

Semosavali

ekonomikuri

momuSaveebs

renta,

SeuZliaT

anazRaureba

miiRon

(magaliTad:

p.

gansxvavebuli
burWulaZe,

n.

ananiaSvili da sxvebi).
sakiTxis Seswavlis mizniT ganvixiloT Sromis dargobrivi bazari. Sromis
miwodebis

mrudi

aRmavalia,

amitom

axali

samuSao

Zalis

mozidva

dargSi

dakavSirebulia mzard alternatiul danaxarjebTan. Sromaze moTxovnis mrudi,

rogorc wesi klebadia (naxazi 15.8), wonasworobis pirobebSi xelfasi miaRwevs W1
dones. ufro, maRali nayofierebis mqone adamianebi mzad iyvnen mieRoT W0 -s toli
xelfasi, Tumca isini realurad iReben W1 -s.
W
SL

W1

DL
W0
O

L0

nax. 15.8 ekonomikuri renta, zogadi SemTxveva

srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi ekonomikuri renta

W0W1 E samkuTxedis farTobis tolia. igi

warmoadgens stimuls dargSi axali momuSaveebis Sesasvlelad.

sxvaoba Sromis minimalur (rezervirebul) fassa da mis sabazro fass Soris

Seadgens ekonomikur rentas.

400

yvela
tolia.

momuSavisaTvis

srulyofili

ekonomikuri

konkurenciis

warmoadgens

stimuls

grZelvadian

periodSi

renta

pirobebSi

dargSi

axali

miwodebis

mrudi

W0W1 E

samkuTxedis

ekonomikuri

momuSaveebis
xdeba

farTobis

rentis

misasvlelad.

absoluturad

arseboba
amitom

elastikuri

da

ekonomikuri renta qreba.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca axali momuSaveebi ar floben Zveli muSakebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel kvalifikacias, ekonomikuri renta SeiZleba SenarCunebul iqnes
didi xnis manZilze, vinaidan ar arian konkurentebi da damqiravebeli iZulebulia
gadaixados maRali anazRaureba imisaTvis, rom SeaCeros samuSao Zalis denadoba.
es damaxasiaTebelia im dargebisaTvis, romlebic izidaven unikalur resursebs.
iaponel gamomgonebel ioSiro nakamacus icnoben, rogorc `flopi-diskis~,
`kompaqt-diskisa~ da cifruli majis saaTis gamomgonebels (igi 3218 gamogonebisa
da m.S. 2300 patentis mflobelia). doqtori nakamacu aSS samecniero sazogadoebis
mier arCeulia msoflios 12 udides mosaubreTa Soris. misi leqciebis Rirebuleba
amJamad

saaTSi

10000

aSS

dolaria.

bunebrivia

aseTi

maRali

anazRaureba

ganpirobebulia im gansakuTrebuli unariT, riTac es adamiania dajildoebuli da

Cveni azriT, warmoadgens ekonomikuri rentis Sinaarsis axsnis erT-erT saukeTeso
magaliTs. Tu Zalze cnobili doqtorebi Tanaxma iqnebian leqcia Caataron 1000
aSS dolaris pirobebSi, iaponeli geniosi amas mxolod 10-jer ufro maRali
anazRaurebis Sedegad gaakeTebs. naxazze 15.9 gamosaxulia ekonomikuri renta
mkacrad SezRuduli resursis pirobebSi.
moTxovna Sromaze aRniSnulia D1 mrudiT, miwodeba ki S -iT. araelastikuri
miwodebis

pirobebSi

Sromaze

fasi

mTlianad

damokidebulia

moTxovnaze.

individis warmateba da popularobis zrda niSnavs moTxovnis D1 mrudis mkveTr

gadaadgilebas D2 mdgomareobaSi. amgvarad, honorari, romelsac iRebs Sesabamisi
piri izrdeba W1 -dan W2 -mde (magaliTad, doqtor nakamacus anazRaureba sxvebTan
SedarebiT). W1 E1 E 2W2

oTxkuTxedis farTobi warmoadgens ekonomikur rentas

anazRaureba im resursisTvis, romlis miwodeba mkacrad SezRudulia.

401

W
S

W2

E2

ekonomikuri
renta

D2
E1

W1

D1
O

nax. 15.9 ekonomikuri renta mkacrad SezRuduli miwodebis pirobebSi

absoluturad araelastikuri miwodebis pirobebSi ekonomikuri renta gansxvavebulia da
warmoadgens W1 E1 E 2W2 oTxkuTxedis farTobis tol sidides.

is

warmoadgens

sxvaobas

specifikuri

resursiT

momsaxurebis

realur

anazRaurebasa da im minimalur fass Soris, romelic aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom

am resursis mflobels gauCndes survili gayidos igi. estradis varskvlavebi,
kinomsaxiobebi, cnobili sportsmenebi swored ekonomikuri rentis gamo iReben
Zalian maRal honorarebs.

15.5 monopoliuri da monofsoniuri

Zalauflebis bazrebi
saazogadod, Sromis bazarze srulyofili konkurencia ufro gamonaklisia,
vidre wesi. bazrebis umravlesobisTvis tipiuria arasrulyofili konkurencia. mis
erT-erT ukidures formas ki monofsonia (bazarze erTi myidvelis arseboba)
warmoadgens. aseTi situacia gvxvdeba mcire qalaqebSi, sadac mTeli ekonomika
damokidebulia erT romelime did firmaze. magaliTad: saqarTveloSi aseTia
zestafoni

da

misi

feroSenadnobTa

qarxana,

rusTavelTa

dasaqmebis

damokidebuleba metalurgiul qarxanaze da Aa.S. aseT pirobebSi Sromis sxva

(alternatiuli) saxeebi cotaa da yalibdeba wminda monofsoniasTan miaxloebuli
situacia.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi firma adgilobriv Sromis bazarze gamodis, rogorc
ZiriTadi

myidveli

(monofsonisti),

amitom

flobs

SesaZleblobebs

gavlena

iqonios Sromis anazRaurebis doneze. amasTan is, rogorc nebismieri myidveli,

cdilobs naklebi gadaixados. es miiRweva daqiravebul momuSaveTa ricxovnobis
Semcirebis

xarjze,

vinaidan

xelfasis

SemcirebiT

mcirdeba

dasaqmebulTa

miwodebis ricxovnobac. samuSaos msurvelTa Soris konkurenciis gaZlierebis Sedegad

Sromis

anazRaurebis

done

mcirdeba

grafikulad es procesi naCvenebia naxazze 15.10.

402

wonasworul

doneze

dabla.

xelfasis
ganakveTi
(lari)

MRCL
SL=AC

W1

W2

L2

DL=MRPL

L1

Sromis
raodenoba

nax. 15.10 monofsoniis (erTi myidvelis) modeli

monofsonia ganapirobebs dasaqmebis masStabebisa da xelfasis ganakveTis Semcirebas. igi
imavdroulad zrdis Tavis mogeba AHMW2 figuris farTobis toli sididiT.

srulyofili konkurenciis dros wonasworoba myardeba

wertilSi

Sromaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudTa gadakveTis wertilSi. am dros

L1

ricxovnobis momuSaveni miiReben W1 Sromis anazRaurebis dones.

vinaidan monofsonisti ixdis Tanabar anazRaurebas Sromis yoveli momdevno
erTeulisaTvis,

miwodebis

mrudi

warmoadgens

saSualo

danaxarjebis

mruds.

damatebiTi ricxovnobis momuSaveTa mizidva niSnavs Sromis anazRaurebis gazrdas

saSualoze maRal doneze, vinaidan isini unda dainteresdnen xelfasis maRali
ganakveTiT. amis gamo, zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi MRC L Zevs Sromis miwodebis
mrudis zeviT. misi gadakveTa Sromis zRvruli produqtis fuladi gamosaxulebis
mrudTan ( MRPL MRC L ) gansazRvravs dasaqmebis dones. es niSnavs, rom L1 -dan L2 mde momuSaveTa ricxovnobis SemcirebiT, monofsonia Seamcirebs xelfass W1 -dan

W2 -mde.
amgvarad, monofsonia ganapirobebs dasaqmebis masStabebisa da xelfasis
ganakveTis Semcirebas. igi imavdroulad zrdis Tavis mogeba

AHMW2

figuris

farTobis toli sididiT (naxazi 15.10). Tu profkavSiri flobs monopoliur

Zalauflebas Sromis bazarze, is ecdeba SezRudos Sromis miwodeba, imisaTvis
rom aamaRlos xelfasis done. ganvixiloT meore ukiduresi SemTxveva, roca
profkavSiri warmoadgens wminda monopolias anu igi bazarze Sromis erTaderTi
mimwodebelia

(naxazi

15.11).

rogorc

nebismieri

gamyidveli,

profkavSirebic

cdilobs miaRwios miwodebuli saqonlis maRal fass (xelfasis maRal dones).

srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi wonasworoba myardeba E
dasaqmebulia

L1

momuSave

W1

xelfasiT.

profkavSirs

wertilSi, roca

Tavisi

monopoliuri

mdgomareoba saSualebas aZlevs Seamciros dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba L1 -dan L2 mde

da

amgvarad

gazardos

xelfasi

W1 -dan

W2 -

mde.

alternatiuli

mogeba

403

(ekonomikuri renta), romelsac miiReben momuSaveebi

ABCW2

oTxkuTxedis far-

Tobis tolia.
SemTxveva,

roca

profkavSiri

warmoadgens

wminda

monopolias,

gvxvdeba

SedarebiT iSviaTad. profkavSiris monopoliuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs

is faqti, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi profkavSiris wevrTa xelfasebi gacilebiT
maRalia, vidre am kavSiris arawevri moqalaqeebis.
W

SL
A

W2

E
W1
B
C

DL
MR

L2

L1

nax 15.11 profkavSirebis monopoliuri gavlena

profkavSirs Tavisi monopoliuri mdgomareoba saSualebas aZlevs Seamciros dasaqmebulTa
ricxovnoba L1 -dan L2 -mde da amgvarad gazardos xelfasi W1 -dan W 2 -mde.

15.6 ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze

ganvixiloT ormxrivi monopoliis SemTxveva. am dros myidvelis monopolia
(monofsonia) upirispirdeba gamyidvelis monopolias, anu firma monofsonistis
winaaRmdeg

gamodis

monopolisti

profkavSiri.

situacia

gavaanalizoT

grafikulad. naxazebi 15.10 da 15.11 ganvixiloT erT sibrtyeSi. miviRebT naxazze

15.12 warmodgenil situacias. srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi wonasworoba
dawesdeba

E1

wertilSi

Sromaze

moTxovnisa da misi miwodebis

mrudebis

gadakveTis wertilSi. am pirobebSi dasaqmebuli iqneboda L1 momuSaveTa ricxovnoba, xolo xelfasis done Seadgenda W1 . Tumca firma monofsonisti ecdeba
Seamciros xelfasi W2

donemde, dasaqmebulTa

L1 -dan

L2 -mde Semcirebis gziT

(gavixsenoT, rom xelfasi am dros ganisazRvreba MRC L DL

pirobebSi Sromis

miwodebis mrudze Seqmnili E 2 wonasworuli mdgomareobiT).

monopolisti profkavSiri Tavis mxriv ecdeba xelfasi aamaRlos W3 -mde,
Seamcirebs ra Sromis miwodebas (gavixsenoT, rom xelfasi am dros ganisazRvreba

MR S L

pirobebSi,

mdgomareobiT).

Sromaze

amgvarad,

moTxovnis

daqiravebul

umniSvnelo gansxvavebis pirobebSi ( L2

mrudze

Seqmnili

momuSaveTa
da

E3

wonasworuli

ricxovnobis

SedarebiT

L1 ), xelfasis ganakveTis dadgenis

mimarTulebebi Zalze gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan. misi donis zusti gansazRvra

404

SeuZlebelia. yvelaferi damokidebulia ori dapirispirebuli monopoliis Zalaze.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom xelfasis done miuaxlovdes wonasworuls.
W
MRCL

SL
E3

W3

E1
W1

W2

E2

DL
MR

L2

L3

L1

nax. 15.12 ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze

firma monofsonisti ecdeba Seamciros xelfasi

W2 donemde, dasaqmebulTa L1 -dan L2 -mde Semcirebis gziT.

monopolisti profkavSiri Tavis mxriv ecdeba xelfasi aamaRlos W3 -mde, Seamcirebs ra Sromis miwodebas. yvelaferi
damokidebulia ori dapirispirebuli monopoliis Zalaze.

15.7 miwis bazari

miwas

ekonomikur literaturaSi uwodeben yovelgvar bunebriv

resurss

(nayofieri niadagi, sasmeli wylis maragi, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sabadoebi).

mocemul TemaSi `miwis~ cnebis qveS igulisxmeba mxolod niadagis zedapiri,
romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis an Senoba-nagebobebis
mSeneblobisaTvis.
miwis,

rogorc

SemosazRvruloba.
ekonomikis

mqone

ekonomikuri

kapitalisagan
qveynebSi

resursis

Taviseburebas

gansxvavebiT

miwa

sasoflo-sameurneo

warmoadgens

uZravia.

misi

ganviTarebuli

farTobebis

gafarToebis

SesaZleblobebi friad umniSvneloa. qveynebis umetesobaSi SeiniSneba sasoflosameurneo savargulebis farTobebis Semcireba, rogorc saqalaqo meurneobisa da
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis Sedegi (gzebis, Senobebis mSenebloba da a.S.).
miwis

miwodeba SezRudulia rogorc makro,

ise

mikrodoneze. firmebis

umetesobisaTvis gafarToeba, rogorc moklevadian, ise grZelvadian periodSi

xvdeba did sirTuleebs. aRniSnuli problema ganvixiloT detalurad.
miwis

miwodebaze

moqmed

faqtorTa

Soris

gamoiyofa

nayofiereba

da

mdebareoba. amitom, rodesac vsaubrobT miwis raodenobis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb

vgulisxmobT gansazRvruli xarisxis miwis mdebareobas gansazRvrul adgilze.
magaliTad, is miwis nakveTebi, romlebzec modis `xvanWkarisa~ Tu `manavis mwvanes~
dasamzadeblad saWiro gansxvavebuli gemos mqone yurZeni. bunebrivia, rom kargi

405

miwis raodenoba konkretuli msxvili qalaqisa Tu cnobili firmis garSemo

ormagad SezRudulia: rogorc xarisxobrivad, ise raodenobrivad.
miwis nayofiereba damokidebulia niadagis xarisxze, klimatze, teqnikis
gamoyenebis xasiaTze, SromiT Cvevebsa da imaT sawarmoo gamocdilebaze vinc
muSaobs miwaze da a.S. Tumca zogierTi faqtori ueWvelad warmoadgens cvalebads.
soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli Sromisa da kapitalis TaviseburebaTa gamo
maTi Secvla xdeba mxolod drois metnaklebad mniSvnelovani periodis gavlis
Semdeg.
umetes ganviTarebul qveynebSi soflis meurneobaSi dominireben saojaxo
fermebi. aq dasaqmebulTa ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenen ojaxis wevrebi. maTi
saqmianoba da cxovrebis stili zRudavs maT mobilurobasa da samsaxuris swrafi
Secvlis

SesaZleblobebs.

zogierTebi

cdiloben

gamonaxon

Semosavlis

sxva

wyaroebi (oTaxebis gaqiraveba, miwis nawilis arendiT gacema), Tumca es wyaroebi

warmoadgens maTi ZiriTadi Semosavlebis mxolod danamats.
ojaxuri warmoebis pirobebSi sesxebis uqonlobis gamo kapitalis swrafi
cvlis

SesaZlebloba

naklebia.

Tumca

arsebobs

miwis

xarisxisa

da

produqtiulobis amaRlebis gansazRvruli rezervebi, romlebic damokidebulia

meurneobis formaze. warmoebis am saxis tradiciulobidan gamomdinare erT saaTSi
igi ver Seicvleba, ufro metic, meurneobis araracionaluri marTvis pirobebSi
miwis xarisxi SeiZleba ki ar gaumjobesdes, aramed gauaresdes kidec.
miwis

miwodebis

fiqsirebuli

xasiaTi

niSnavs,

rom

miwodebis

mrudi

absoluturad araelastikuria. Tu abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnavT miwis raodenobas

heqtrebSi, xolo ordinatTa RerZze erTi heqtari miwis fass, maSin miwis
miwodebis mrudi iqneba ordinatTa RerZis paraleluri (naxazi 15.13). es niSnavs,
rom miwis miwodeba ar SeiZleba gaizardos miwaze gasayidi fasis mniSvnelovani
zrdis pirobebSic ki. imisaTvis rom ganvsazRvroT, romeli fasi dawesdeba realurad, unda gavaanalizoT moTxovna, romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi TamaSobs aqtiur
rols.
S
aTasi lari 1 heqtarSi

Q (heqtari)

nax. 15.13 miwis miwodeba

miwis miwodebis fiqsirebuli xasiaTi niSnavs, rom miwodebis
mrudi absoluturad araelastikuria.

miwaze moTxovna araerTgvarovania. is moicavs or ZiriTad elements

sasoflo-sameurneo da arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnas.

406

D Ds a s o fl . Da r a s a s o fl .
sadac D aris erToblivi moTxovna;

Ds a s o fl-. sasoflo-sameurneo moTxovna;

Da r a s a s o fl- . arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovna.
Tu

abscisaTa

RerZze

aRvniSnavT

miwis

raodenobas

heqtrebSi,

xolo

ordinatTa RerZze erTi heqtari miwis fass. maSin sasoflo-sameurneo miwaze

moTxovnis mrudi iqneba klebadi. es damokidebulia im garemoebaze, rom miwis
sameurneo brunvaSi CarTvis Sesabamisad saukeTeso nayofierebis miwebidan unda
gadavideT saSualosa da cudzec ki.
arasasoflo-sameurneo

moTxovnis

mrudi

aseve

klebadia,

vinaidan

dakavSirebulia adgilmdebareobasTan. aqac adgili aqvs Tavisebur SezRudvebs,

vinaidan gamoiyeneba miwebi ara marto saqalaqo centrebSi, aramed gareubanSic.
erToblivi

moTxovna

miiReba

sasoflo-sameurneo

da

arasasoflo-sameurneo

moTxovnis mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT (naxazi 15.14). miwaze sasoflosameurneo moTxovna warmoadgens sakveb produqtebze moTxovnisagan warmoebuls.
is miiReba memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis produqtebze moTxovnis Sesabamisad.
P
aTasi
lari 1 heqtarze

sasof. + D arasasof.

sasof. D arasasof.

Q (heqtari)

nax. 15.14 miwaze erToblivi moTxovna

miwaze erToblivi moTxovna miiReba sasoflo-sameurneo da arasasoflo-sameurneo
moTxovnis mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT.

firmebi awarmoeben mravali saxis sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebs, vinaidan

viwro

specializacia

uaxlovdeba
Seadgenen

aq

srulyofil

saojaxo

tipiuri

ar

aris.

konkurencias,

fermebi.

umetes

sakvebi

vinaidan

qveynebSi

produqtebis

gamyidvelTa

saxelmwifo,

warmoeba

umravlesobas

rogorc

wesi,

ar

zRudavs moqalaqeTa jgufebs miwis yidva-gayidvis Taobaze da ar awesebs mis fass.

moTxovna

kvebis

produqtebze

araelastikuria.

adamianebs

ar

SeuZliaT

iarsebon sakvebis gareSe, amitom moTxovnis moculoba naklebad icvleba fasebis

didi

cvlilebis

(momatebis)

drosac

ki.

moTxovnis

araelastikuroba

kvebis

produqtebze niSnavs, rom maTi sawyisi moculobebis umniSvnelo Semcirebac ki

gamoiwvevs maTi fasebis SesamCnevad awevas (magaliTad: mousavlian wels), da

407

piriqiT, miwodebis zrdas SeuZlia gamoiwvios fasebis mkveTri dacema sasoflosameurneo saqonelze (magaliTad: mosavlian wels).
agraruli sfero mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli bunebriv pirobebze (gvalva,
wyaldidoba, setyva da a.S.), amitom igi ar eqvemdebareba kontrolsa da prognozs
imave xarisxiT,

rogorc samrewvelo warmoeba. miwaze sasoflo-sameurneo

moTxovnaze did gavlenas axdens

is faqti, rom ukanasknel periodSi SeimCneva

momxmareblis biujetSi sakveb produqtebze

danaxarjebis xvedriwonis Semci-

reba (Semosavlis gazrdis gamo). es grZelvadiani tendenciaa. amitom soflis

meurneobis xvedriwona erovnul SemosavalSi mcirdeba. amis gamo unda moxdes
agrarul

sferoSi

dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnobis

Sesabamisi

tempebiT

Semcireba.

bunebrivia, rom es procesi aisaxeba miwaze sasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnasa da mis

miwodebaze.
miwaze

sasoflo-sameurneo

moTxovnisagan

gansxvavebiT,

arasasoflo-

sameurneo moTxovnas aqvs zrdis myari tendencia. am saxis moTxovna agreTve

aerTianebs ramdenime saxis moTxovnas. is Sedgeba sacxovrebeli saxlebisTvis
miwaze moTxovnis, infrastruqturis obieqtebis ganlagebisaTvis miwaze moTxovnis,
samrewvelo moTxovnisa da miwaze inflaciuri moTxovnisagan. es ukanaskneli
warmoiqmneba

maRali

inflaciis

pirobebSi.

fuladi

simdidris

gaufasureba

stimuls aZlevs uZrav qonebaze moTxovnas. aq miwa gamodis rogorc erT-erTi

garanti.
miwaze arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovna rogorc wesi, gulgrilia miwis
nayofierebisadmi.

misTvis

mTavaria

miwis

nakveTebis

adgilmdebareoba.

mas

gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs msxvil qalaqebSi miwis fasSi, romlis done

sxvadasxva ubanSi gansxvavebulia (magaliTad: TbilisSi erTmaneTs SevudaroT
miwis fasi CuRureTsa da varkeTilSi), igi Cveulebriv maqsimums aRwevs qalaqis
centrSi.
Sromis bazris analizis dros ganvixileT ekonomikuri rentis cneba. exla
ganvixiloT miwis renta, romelic aris anazRaureba miwisa da sxva bunebrivi
resursebis gamoyenebisaTvis, romelTa miwodeba mkacrad gansazRvrulia.
rentis

problema

pirvelad

warmoiSva

miwaTmoqmedebaSi

da

ekonomikuri

renta da miwis renta erTmaneTs emTxveodnen. dRes ekonomikuri renta moicavs

miwis rentas, magram ar uTanabrdeba mas. igi warmoadgens ekonomikuri rentis
kerZo SemTxvevas.
ekonomikuri (absoluturi) renta esaa anazRaureba resursisaTvis, romlis
miwodeba mkacrad gansazRvrulia. vinaidan moTxovna miwaze ar SeiZleba iyos 0-is
toli,

amitom

minimaluri

fasi,

romelic

gansazRvravs

anazRaurebas

miwis

gamoyenebisTvis da romelsac iReben miwis mflobelebi, aris renta.

ekonomikuri (absoluturi) rentis gaangariSebis dros igulisxmeba, rom
miwis nakveTebi aris erTnairi nayofierebis da mdebareobis. sinamdvileSi miwa

408

gansxvavebulia

(diferencirebulia),

rogorc

nayofierebis,

ise

mdebareobis

mixedviT. es sakiTxi damuSavebul iqna d. rikardos naSromebSi.

ganvixiloT magaliTi, davuSvaT, rom aris sami saxis nayofierebis miwa:
saukeTeso,

saSualo

da

cudi.

kapitalisa

da

Sromis

Tanabari

dabandebis

pirobebSi miwis nayofierebidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi miiReba. miwis

mflobeli ecdeba miiRos sruli diferencirebuli damatebiTi Semosavali. amitom
renta saukeTeso miwaze

iqneba maRali; saSualoze

saSualo da cudze

saSualoze ufro naklebi. cudi miwa mis mflobels miscems mxolod wminda ekonomikur (absolutur) rentas, xolo saSualo da saukeTeso absoluturTan erTad
damatebiT kidev diferencirebuls (naxazi 15.15 ).
naxazze 15.15 gamosaxuli R1 L aris ekonomikuri renta, romelsac iRebs
cudi miwis nakveTis mflobeli mxolod imisaTvis, rom misi miwa gamoiyenes.

R 2 - aris saSualo nayofierebis miwis gamoyenebisaTvis gadasaxadi Tanxa,

romelic R1 -ze metia da aris diferencirebuli renta.

R3 - aris saukeTeso nayofierebis miwis gamoyenebisTvis gadaxdili Tanxa,

romelic bunebrivia metia rogorc R1 -ze, aseve R 2 -zec. igi aris diferencirebuli
renta.
R

R3
D3
R2
D2
R1
ekonomikuri
(absoluturi)
renta

D1

nax. 15.15 ekonomikuri da diferencirebuli renta

cudi miwa mis mflobels miscems mxolod wminda ekonomikur (absolutur) rentas ( R1 )Lxolo saSualo da
saukeTeso absoluturTan erTad damatebiT kidev diferencirebuls ( R 2 + R3 ).

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare diferencirebuli renta cudi nayofierebis

miwebisTvis aris 0-is toli, aq gvaqvs mxolod ekonomikuri renta (simartivisaTvis
naxazze

15.15

vgulisxmobT,

rom

samive

xarisxis

miwis

nakveTebis

farTobebi

Tanabaria da erTi da igive mdebareoba aqvT). Tavis mxriv miwis diferencirebuli

renta adgilmdebareobis mixedviT, gamoiTvleba iseve, rogorc renta nayofierebis
mixedviT.
ganasxvaveben agreTve diferencirebul renta I-s da diferencirebul renta
II-s. diferencirebuli renta I damokidebulia niadagis bunebriv nayofierebaze,

409

romlis Sesaxebac Cven zeviT visaubreT. diferencirebuli renta II-is wyaroa

xelovnuri nayofiereba: adamianis Sroma da kapitalis danaxarjebi, romlebic
amaRleben miwis xarisxs. miwa Tuki bankSi giraos saxiT gaformdeba, SeiZleba misi
fulad masad gadaqceva da sargebliT gacema.

ZiriTadi terminebi

410

faqtoris zRvruli Semosavali

zogadi daniSnulebis kvalifikacia
specialuri daniSnulebis kvalifikacia
gamaTanabrebeli sxvaoba
ekonomikuri renta
diferencirebuli renta IO da II

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

konkurentul

bazarze

sawarmoo

faqtorebze

moTxovna

ganisazRvreba

faqtoris zRvruli produqtis SemosavliT.

2.

firmis mier konkurentul bazarze mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis faqtorTa

(Sroma, miwa, kapitali) daqiravebis pirobaa faqtoris zRvruli produqtis
Semosavlis toloba am faqtoris gamoyenebisTvis gaweul danaxarjebTan
(xelfasi, renta, qira). es principi warmoebaSi mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobis
analogiuria (zRvruli Semosavlis toloba zRvrul danaxarjebTan).

3.

faqtorze

sabazro

moTxovnis

mrudi

miiReba

am

faqtorze

dargebis

moTxovnis mrudebis horizontaluri SekrebiT. calkeuli dargis moTxovnis

mrudi

ar

miiReba

masSi

moqmedi

yvela

firmis

moTxovnis

mrudebis

horizontaluri SekrebiT. Sromaze dargis moTxovnis gansazRvris dros

gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom produqtis sabazro fasi icvleba sawarmoo
faqtorze fasis cvlilebis sapasuxod, rac gavlenas axdens produqtis
miwodebaze.
4.

Sromis miwodebis mrudi yovelTvis zrdadi araa. realuri xelfasis zrdis

pirobebSi

is

dasawyisSi

zrdadia,

xolo

Semdgom

klebadi

xdeba.

am

pirobebSi masze gavlenas axdens individis gadawyvetileba Sromasa da

dasvenebas Soris arCevanis Sesaxeb.
5.

Sromis minimalur da sabazro fass Soris gansxvaveba Seadgens ekonomikur

rentas. igi dargSi unikaluri resursis mozidvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

6.

ormxrivi monopoliis
monofsonists
procesis

Soris,

xasiaTze.

bazarze,

roca garigeba dgeba monopolistsa da

xelfasis

dasaSvebia

ganakveTi

ZalTa

damokidebulia

mkveTri

garigebis

dapirispirebis

Sedegad

miRweuli iqnes konkurentuli Sedegi.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1. gansazRvreT sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesi.
2. gamosaxeT firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis wesi.
3. daaxasiaTeT realuri xelfasis zrdis pirobebSi Sromis-dasvenebiT
Senacvlebis etapebi.
4. ras gulisxmobs Sromis anazRaurebaSi gamaTanabrebeli sxvaoba?
5. isaubreT ekonomikuri rentis Sesaxeb.
6. grafikulad gamosaxeT Sromis bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareoba.
7. ras iwvevs Sromis bazarze monofsoniuri mdgomareoba?
8. ra Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiwvios Sromis bazarze ormxrivi monopoliis
arsebobam?

411

9. ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs miwis bazars?

10. rogor SeiZleba Secvalon erTmaneTi sawarmoo faqtorebma: Sromam, miwam da
kapitalma?

412

Tavi 16. investiciebi, dro da kapitalis bazari

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. investiciebis dabandebis efeqtianobis Sefasebas
2. mimdinare diskontirebuli da wminda mimdinare Rirebulebis gansazRvras
3. droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebis axsnas

16.1 nakadebi da rezervebi

ekonomikuri saqmianobis

ganxorcielebis

mizniT

firmebSi

gansazRvraven

moTxovnas warmoebis TiToeul faqtorze, xolo maTi sabazro fasi, esaa fasi,
romelic

aTanabrebs

formati

warmoebis

faqtorTa
iseTi

moTxovnisa

da

faqtorebisTvis,

miwodebis

rogoricaa

moculobebs.

Sroma

da

aseTi

nedleuli,

savsebiT damakmayofilebelia.
zemoaRniSnulis gavrceleba kapitalze, rogorc sawarmoo faqtorze, didi
Secdoma

iqneboda.

sargeblobis

amis

mizezia

saqonels:

is

is,

rom

SeiZleba

kapitali

warmoadgens

gamoyenebuli

da

grZelvadiani

SenarCunebuli

iqnes

warmoebaSi SeZenidan mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi. firmebi xandaxan kapitals

iReben arendiT, rac SeiZleba SevadaroT mSromelTa mravalwlian daqiravebas.
yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi

kapitaldabandebani

ukavSirdeba

qarxnebisa

da

mowyobilobebis SeZenas, romlebic mravali wlis manZilze eqsploataciisaTvisaa

gaTvaliswinebuli.

zemoaRniSnuli

gvaiZulebs

davfiqrdeT

iseT

elementze,

rogoricaa dro.
im pirobebSi, roca firma iRebs gadawyvetilebas, aaSenos Tu ara qarxana,
SeiZinos Tu ara mowyobilobebi, man unda Seudaros erTmaneTs dRes gaweuli
investiciebi im damatebiT mogebas, romelsac moitans axali kapitali momavalSi.
aseTi Sedarebis gansaxorcieleblad firmam unda gamoiTvalos momavali mogebis
dRevandeli Rirebuleba.
ama

Tu

firmisTvis

im

gadawyvetilebis

aucilebelia,

Tavisi

sasargeblod

sawarmoo

arCevanis

faqtoris

gakeTebis

mimdinare

dros

danaxarjebi

(magaliTad, xelfasi an xis masalis fasi) Seudaros am faqtoris zRvruli

produqtis

gamoyenebis

Sedegad

misaReb

mimdinare

Semosavals.

sainvesticio

gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, arCevani garkveulwilad damokidebulia sargeblis

ganakveTze, romelsac uxdian an iReben, roca Tanxas kreditiT iReben an gascemen.
yovel

resurss

gaaCnia

resursis

moTxovnisa

da

miRebuli

Semosavlis

formaze.

Taviseburebani,

miwodebis

rac

gavlenas

specifikurobaze,

kapitali

sityvis

aseve

farTo

axdens,
am

rogorc

resursidan

gagebiT

esaa

nebismieri resursi, romelic iqmneba didi raodenobiT, ekonomikuri dovlaTis

413

warmoebis

mizniT.

analizis

dros

kapitals

sazogadod

ganixilven

mxolod

fuladi formiT, gulisxmoben ra imas, rom TanxiT yiduloben fizikur kapitals.

imisaTvis, rom momavalSi miviRoT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gansazRvruli
nakadi, warmoebis procesSi unda gvqondes grZelvadiani sargeblobis resursTa
rezervi e.i. kapitali. kapitalis dRevandeli Rirebuleba damokidebulia imaze Tu
ra SeuZlia mas awarmoos momavalSi. Semosavlis misaRebad kapitalis mflobelma
uari unda Tqvas mimdinare moxmarebaze momavalSi ufro didi sargeblis miRebis
imediT. amis gamo kapitalis analizis dros pirvelxarisxovani roli eniWeba
drois faqtors (warsulis awmyosTan, awmyos momavalTan Sedarebas).
upirveles yovlisa aucilebelia gavarkvioT rogor gavzomoT kapitali da
warmoebis sxva faqtorebi, rasac yidulobs firma. fizikuri kapitali Tavis mxriv
iyofa rezervebad da nakadebad.
sarezervo kapitals ( Capital

Stock ) miekuTvneba grZelvadiani moxmarebis

realuri aqtivebi, rogoricaa: Senobebi, danadgarebi, manqana-mowyobilobebi da a.S.

kapitalis nakadebi ( Flows ) aris is saSualebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
warmoebis yoveli ciklis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro masalebisa da resursebis
SesaZenad;

magaliTad:

nedleuli,

Sromis

ZiriTadi

da

damxmare

masalebi,

daqiravebuli samuSao Zalis Rirebuleba da a.S.

ganvixiloT

magaliTi:

firma `vani-4~

aSenebs

mravalbinian sacxovrebel

saxlebs TbilisSi. misi mSenebeli-damfuZnebeli, gela xuciSvili gegmavs 2007

wels daiwyos didi sacxovrebeli kompleqsis aSeneba. mSeneblobis Rirebulebis
Semcirebis mizniT gela fiqrobs firmis sakuTrebaSi iqonios samSeneblo blokis
saamqro. saamqros agebis sawyisi xarjebi Seadgens 10200 lars. Tu individs aqvs
samSeneblo

blokis

saamqro

10200

laris

RirebulebiT,

vambobT,

rom

misi

sarezervo kapitalia 10200 lari.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom Sromasa da masalebze danaxarjebi ganisazRvreba,
rogorc nakadebi, iseve rogorc firmis warmoebis moculoba. davuSvaT, rom
saamqroSi yovelTviurad 17500 safasade blokis warmoebis mizniT ixarjeba 800
kac-saaTi Sroma da 24,5 tona cementi. Sromis anazRaureba erT blokze Seadgens
0,12 lars, xolo 1 tona cementis fasi aris 180 lari. erTi cali safasade blokis
warmoebaze ixarjeba 1,4 kg cementi. imisaTvis, rom uwyvetad ganaxorcielos
sawarmoo procesi, firmam damatebiT unda Caataros mimdinare remonti, gadaixados
gadasaxadebi wyalsa da eleqtroenergiaze da a.S. cvalebadi danaxarjebi da
warmoebis moculoba firmisTvis warmoadgens nakadebs.
firmis saSualo mogeba erTeul blokze Seadgens 0,1 lars. igi erTi Tvis
manZilze yidis yvela warmoebul bloks, erT cals 0,80 larad. aseT pirobebSi
firmis mTliani mogeba erT TveSi iqneba 1750 lari (17500X0,1=1750). SevniSnavT, rom
mTliani mogebac aseve nakadia. amgvarad, 10200 lari kapitalis rezervi firmas
aZlevs saSualebas miiRos mogebis nakadi TveSi 1750Llari.

414

davuSvaT, rom saamqro gaTvlilia 5 wlis manZilze muSaobisTvis. aseT

pirobebSi gasarkvevia, Tu ra Rirs 1750 lari yovelTviurad, 5 wlis manZilze.
Rirda Tu ara am saamqroSi 10200 laris dabandeba gairkveva maSin, Tuki mogebis
nakads gadaviyvanT im ricxvSi, romelic ukavSirdeba am 10200 laris brunvas.
mogeba

TveSi

1750

lari

wlis

manZilze

Seadgens

105000

lars

(1750X12X5=105000l). analizis sakiTxia, yovelTviurad dRevandeli 1750 lari, 3 an 5

wlis Semdgom Tu eRireba isev 1750 lari?
Tu saamqros agebis GRirebulebis Tanxa (10200 lari) SeiZleba dabandebul
iqnes sabanko angariSSi, obligaciaSi an mogebis momcem sxva aqtivSi, ise rom
samomavalod SesaZlebeli iyos meti Semosavlis miReba (vidre blokis saamqroSi
dabandebis SemTxvevaSi), gamodis rom 105000 lari miRebuli 5 wlis Semdeg Rirs
ufro naklebi, vidre 105000 lari dRes.
zemoaRniSnul riskTan dakavSirebuli gaTvlebis
dReisaTvis

aTobiT

miliardebis

dabandeba

xdeba

warmoeba,

maSin,

investiciebSi,

roca
Zalze

mniSvnelovania saqmiani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.

16.2 investicia
kapitalis

Seqmnisa

da

gazrdisaTvis

aucilebelia

fuladi

saxsrebis

dabandeba investicia. investireba esaa kapitalis rezervis Seqmna an Sevseba.

sazogadod,

investirebis

procesis

qveS

gulisxmoben

mocemul

wels

axali

kapitalis mozRvavebas an Semosvlas. investireba niSnavs: dRes gaimeto fuli

imisTvis, rom momavalSi miiRo meti.
investiciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad:
1.

dabandebebi

ZiriTadi

kapitalis

Sesaqmnelad

anu

kapitaldabandebebi

(xSirad aseT investiciebs pirdapir anu realur investiciebs uwodeben);

2. portfeluri (safinanso) investiciebi anu dabandebani fasiani qaRaldebis
SesaZenad.
sazogadod

momavali

Semosavlis

nakadma

unda

moaxdinos

dRevandeli

rezervis Seqmnis stimulireba. imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas es rezervi aucilebelia

danazogTa nakadi. danazogTa nakadis stimulirebas axdens sasesxo sargeblis
ganakveTi.
sasesxo sargebeli esaa fasi, romelsac uxdian kapitalis mflobels misi
saSualebebis (Tanxis) gamoyenebisaTvis drois garkveuli periodis manZilze.
mniSvnelovani

maCvenebelia

sasesxo

kapitalze

sargeblis

norma,

rac

gaiangariSeba gasesxebul kapitalze miRebuli Semosavlis SefardebiT aRniSnuli

kapitalis raodenobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi. magaliTad, Tu gasesxebulia
5000 lari, romelzec Semosavali 500 laria, maSin sargeblis norma iqneba:
500
100 10%.
5000

415

investirebis efeqtianobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia proeqtis

ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro danaxarjebis Sedareba im SemosavlebTan, romlebic
SeiZleba miviRoT misi ganxorcielebis Sedegad. sasesxo saSualebebis gamoyenebis
dros

aucilebelia

Seudardes

erTmaneTs

ganxorcielebuli

investiciebis

ukugebis norma ( r ) da sasesxo sargebeli ( R ).

ganxorcielebuli investiciebis ukugebis norma aris investirebis Sedegad
miRebul mogebas gamoklebuli am investiciebis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebul
sargebelze

gasacemi

Tanxa,

gamoxatuli

procentebSi

investiciebis

saerTo

raodenobasTan.
investirebis zRvruli wminda ukugeba warmoadgens sxvaobas investiciebis
ukugebis

normasa

da

zRvrul

sasesxo

investiciebidan iqneba maqsimaluri, roca

`nalia~

axorcielebs

burRuleulis

sargebels

( r R ).

Soris

mogeba

r R . ganvixiloT magaliTi: firma

Senaxvas.

momxmarebelTa

Sorisaa

nana,

romelic inaxavs firmaSi sakuTar maRaziaSi gasayid RerRils. Sesanaxi moculobis gazrdis Sedegad yovel 20 kg-ze zRvruli danaxaji izrdeba 2,5 lariT
(cxrili 16.1).
nanas investiciebis sidide da ukugeba 1 wlis manZilze
cxrili 16.1
RerRilis

erToblivi

zRvruli

zRvruli

Senaxvis

warmoebis

investiciidan

zRvruli

raodenoba,

investiciebi

investiciebi,

sargebeli

zRvruli

zRvruli

zRvruli

mogeba,

(RerRilis

lari

kapitalidan,

danaxarjebi,

danaxarjebi,

Semosavali,

lari

lari

lari

lari

lari

kg

Rirebuleba),
lari

3+4+5=6

7-6=8

20

100

100

10

115

120

40

200

100

10

7.5

117.5

120

2.5

60

300

100

10

10

120

120

80

400

100

10

12.5

122.5

120

-2.5

100

500

100

10

15

125

120

-5

erToblivi kapitaldabandebani RerRilis Senaxvaze masStabebis gazrdis

pirobebSi izrdeba 100 lariT yovel 20 kg-ze. sargeblis ganakveTi tolia 10%. Tu
zRvruli Semosavali investiciidan Tanabari sididea da tolia 120 laris, maSin
20 kg. RerRilis Senaxvis zRvruli xarjebi Seadgens 115 lars, xolo zRvruli
mogeba aris 120-115=5 lari. am gaangariSebiT zRvruli mogeba 40 kg-ze 2,5 laria,
xolo 60 kg-ze udris nuls. e.i. am dros xdeba mogebis maqsimizacia anu MR MC.
Tu abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnavT RerRilis raodenobas kg-Si da ordinatTa
RerZze

zRvrul

danaxarjebsa

da

zRvrul

Semosavals,

maSin

zRvruli

danaxarjebi iqneba abscisaTa RerZis paraleluri da 120-is toli (naxazi 16.1).

416

MC

MR, MC

MR

120

60

(RerRili kg.)

nax. 16.1 Sesanaxi RerRilis optimaluri moculobis gansazRvra

maRaziaSi gasayidad SeZenili RerRilis moculoba ganisazRvreba produqtze zRvruli danaxarjebisa da
zRvruli sargeblis tolobiT. optimaluri moculobaa 60 kg RerRili.

zRvruli danaxarjebi izrdeba Senaxvis masStabebis zrdasTan erTad, amitom

mrudi zrdadia. zRvruli danaxarjebis ( MC ) da zRvruli Semosavlebis ( MR )
mrudebis gadakveTis wertilSi ganisazRvreba Sesanaxi RerRilis optimaluri
moculoba - 60 kg.
ukugebis (zogierT literaturaSi SeiZleba termini Segvxvdes gamosyidvis
saxiTac) Sida normis Sedareba sasesxo sargebelTan warmodgenilia cxrilSi 16.2.
Senaxvis masStabebis zrdasTan erTad gamosyidvis zRvruli norma mcirdeba 5%mde. mogeba investiciidan maqsimaluri xdeba r R pirobebSi anu 60 kg-is Senaxvis
dros.
situacia ganvixiloT grafikulad naxazze 16.2. abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnoT
RerRilis raodenoba, xolo ordinatTa RerZze kapitaldabandebis ukugebis
normis ganakveTi da sasesxo sargebeli. sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi mudmivi
sididea da tolia 10%, amitom warmoadgens abscisaTa RerZis paralelur wrfes.
1 wliani investiciebis ukugebis zRvruli norma
cxrili 16.2
RerRilis

ukugebis zRvruli

kapitalis sasesxo

investiciebis

raodenoba,

norma, %

sargebeli, %

zRvruli wminda
ukugeba, %

2-3=4

20

15

10

40

12.5

10

2.5

60

10

10

80

7.5

10

-2.5

100

10

-5

417

sasesxo sargebeli, %

kapitaldabandebaTa zRvruli ukugeba da

kapitaldabandebaTa zRvruli ukugeba = investiciaze

15

moTxovna

10

R
C

20

40

60

80

100

nax. 16.2 ukugebis zRvruli normis dinamika da sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi

sargeblis maRali sasesxo ganakveTis pirobebSi naklebia sasesxo saSualebebze moTxovna da
piriqiT, sargeblis ganakveTis Semcireba qmnis saukeTeso winapirobebs sainvesticio moTxovnis
gafarToebisaTvis. investiciebi momgebiania roca r R .

sasesxo sargeblisgan gansxvavebiT ukugebis zRvruli norma, damokidebulia

Sesanaxi RerRilis raodenobaze da mcirdeba warmoebis masStabebis zrdasTan
erTad. investiciebi momgebiania r R pirobebSi. mogebis maqsimizacia xdeba im
wertilSi, roca nana inaxavs 60 kg. RerRils.
naxazze 16.2 naTladaa naCvenebi, rom rac ufro maRalia sargeblis sabazro
ganakveTi,

miT

ufro

naklebia

moTxovna

sasesxo

saSualebebze

da

piriqiT,

sargeblis normis Semcireba qmnis saukeTeso winapirobebs sainvesticio moTxovnis

gafarToebisaTvis. investiciebis umravlesoba grZelvadiania. upirveles yovlisa,
es aris investiciebi sarezervo kapitalSi.

16.3 droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli norma

danazogebis ganmaxorcielebeli adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovania mimdinare
moxmarebis

Sedareba

ganurCevlobis

samomavlo

SemosavalTan.

awmyo

samomavlo

mrudebi

da

naxazze

16.3

mocemulia

moxmarebisaTvis.

Cveulebriv

momxmarebels aqvs dadebiTi droiTi upiratesobani (Time Preference - TP). es

niSnavs, rom individs erTi laris Senaxvam awmyoSi, unda moutanos erT larze
meti Semosavali momavalSi.
davuSvaT, rom individis Semosavali Seadgens 100 aTas lars weliwadSi. Tu
is mimdinare wels am Tanxas moixmars mTlianad, maSin misi danazogi iqneba 0-is
toli. naxazze 16.3 es situacia aRiniSneba

wertiliT. davuSvaT, individma

gadawyvita Tanxa gadados `Savi dRisaTvis~. vTqvaT, am saxis danazogis sidide

mimdinare wels aris 10 aTasi lari. aseTi sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetileba racionaluri individisagan SeiZleba miRebul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki es 10

418

aTasi lari, mas saSualebas miscems miiRos Tanxa, romelic iqneba 10 aTas larze
meti. magaliTad: 11,5 aTasi lari. am mdgomareobas grafikze asaxavs L wertili.
kidev momdevno 10 aTas larze uaris Tqma, rogorc wesi ufro rTulia da unda
iqnes kompensirebuli ufro didi jildoTi (sargeblis maRali ganakveTiT). amis
gamo

momxmarebelTa

droiTi

upiratesobis

amsaxveli

ganurCevlobis

mrudebi

miuaxlovdebian vertikalur mdgomareobas (naxazi 16.3).

droiTi upiratesobis zRvruli norma (Marginal Rate of Time Preference MRTP) esaa damatebiTi samomavlo moxmarebis Rirebuleba, rac sakmarisi iqneba
mimdinare

moxmarebis

erTeulze

uaris

kompensaciisaTvis,

im

pirobiT,

rom

individis erToblivi sargeblianoba ar Seicvleba.

MRTP C2 / C1
sadac:
MRTP aris droiTi upiratesobis zRvruli norma;

C 2 - moxmarebis moculoba momaval wels;

C1 moxmareba mimdinare wels.

monacemTa

formulaSi

CasmiT

miviRebT,

rom

KL

monakveTisaTvis

MRTP 11,5 / 10 1,15, xolo MN monakveTisaTvis MRTP 30 / 10 3

droTaSorisi
adamianuri

upiratesobani

kapitalisaTvis.

orive

exeba

investiciebs

SemTxvevaSi

rogorc

adamianebi

fizikuri,

amcireben

ise

mimdinare

moxmarebas im mizniT, rom mas gazrdian momavalSi.

U3
mimdinare Semosavlis samomavlo
moxmareba, aTasi lari

U1

U2

N
30
M
10

11,5
O

C2
60 70

K
100

90

C1

nax. 16.3 droTaSorisi upiratesobani

mimdinare aTasi
lari

droTaSorisi upiratesobani exeba investirebas. adamianebi amcireben mimdinare moxmarebas im mizniT,

rom mas gazrdian momavalSi. yoveli momdevno Tanxa im SemTxvevaSi gadaideba, Tu mosalodneli
jildo gacilebiT meti iqneba. amis gamo ganurCevlobis mrudebi uaxlovdebian vertikalur mdgomareobas .

mimdinare moxmarebis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba samomavlos sasargeblod

usazRvro ar aris. danazogebi ganisazRvreba mTliani Semosavlebidan mimdinare
moxmarebis gamoklebiT.

S I C1

419

sadac: S aris danazogi;

I - Semosavali;

C1 - mimdinare moxmareba.
droTaSorisi
samomavlo

sabiujeto

moxmarebaSi

SezRuduloba

gadarTvis

gviCvenebs

SesaZleblobebs.

am

mimdinare
dros

moxmarebis

gadawyvetilebis

miReba SeiZleba ganvixiloT wina TemaSi ganxiluli Sromasa da dasvenebas Soris

arCevanis gakeTebis analogiurad, rodesac bunebrivad iyo SezRuduli Sromis
saerTo

saaTebis

raodenoba,

aq

ki

garkveuli

zRvaria

mimdinare

moxmarebis

SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT.
sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfis daxriloba tolia - (1 R) (naxazi 16.4).
daxrilobis kuTxe damokidebulia sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTis doneze, rac
ufro maRalia igi, miT ufro izrdeba droTaSorisi sabiujeto SezRudulobis
wrfis

daxrilobis

Senacvlebis

normis

kuTxe

abscisaTa

sidide,

RerZisadmi.

rogorc

gavixsenoT,

momxmareblis

qcevis

rom

sazogadod

TeoriaSi,

aseve

warmoebis procesSi, realuri xelfasis zrdis pirobebSi Sromis miwodebis dros,

aris OX RerZze aRniSnuli maCveneblis erTi erTeulis mniSvneloba, gamosaxuli

OY RerZze aRniSnuli maCveneblis erTeulebSi. amis gamo miviRebT rom:

droiTi upiratesobis amsaxveli ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexebis wertili
droTaSoris

sabiujeto

SezRudulobis

droTaSoris

wonasworobas.

wonasworobis

wrfesTan
wertilSi

aRniSnavs

momxmareblis

droiTi

upiratesobis

ganurCevlobis mrudis daxriloba tolia droTaSorisi sabiujeto SezRudulobis

wrfis daxrilobis:

MRTP 1 R
E

wertili

gviCvenebs

droTaSoris

wonasworobas

(naxazi

16.4).

misi

siaxlove A wertilTan an B wertilTan damokidebulia momxmareblis Semosavlis

doneze, individis dazogvisadmi midrekilebasa da sargeblis ganakveTis sidideze.

420

C2

mimdinare Semosavlis samomavlo

moxmareba, aTasi lari

U3
B

U2
U1

E
23
-(1+R)

C1

80

mimdinare moxmareba aTasi

lari

nax. 16.4 sabiujeto SezRuduloba da droTaSorisi wonasworoba

E wertili gviCvenebs droTaSoris wonasworobas. misi siaxlove A wertilTan an B wertilTan damokidebulia

momxmareblis Semosavlis doneze, individis dazogvisadmi midrekilebasa da sargeblis sidideze.

sasesxo
sargeblis
ganakveTi

20
danazogis
miwodeba
15

23

36

erTi wlis manZilze danazogi

Tanxa, aTasi lari

nax. 16.5 sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi da danazogTa miwodeba

sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTis gazrdam gamoiwvia danazogTa miwodebis gazrda.
momxmarebelma samomavlod gadado kidev 10 aTasi lari.

ganvixiloT magaliTi: mzias Semosavali iyo weliwadSi 80 aTasi lari. misi

yovelwliuri danazogi Seadgenda 20 aTas lars. sargeblis ganakveTis zrdam 15-dan 20
procentamde gamoiwvia mzias gadawyvetilebis Secvla da man Tavisi danazogi gazarda
20-dan 30 aTas laramde (naxazi 16.5). Sdegad mzias mimdinare Semosavlis samomavlo
moxmareba

gaizarda

23

aTasi

laridan

(20000 1,15=23000)

36

aTas

laramde

(30000 1,20=36000).
es niSnavs, rom sargeblis ganakveTis zrdis Sedegad ufro iafi gaxda
momavali

moxmarebis

lari

mimdinare

larebis

xarjze.

bunebrivia,

rom

aman

gamoiwvia individis stimuli gaezarda dagroveba.

421

mimdinare Semosavlis samomavlo

moxmareba

B1
U2

U1

B
E2
36
23

E1

70 80

mimdinare Semosavali, aTasi

lari

nax. 16.6 droTaSorisi wonasworobis cvlileba sargeblis ganakveTis zrdasTan erTad

sasesxo sargeblis zrdis Sedegad droTaSorisi sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe mobrunda saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT. samomavlo moxmarebam Seadgina 36 aTasi lari, xolo mimdinare moxmareba Semcirda 10 aTasi
lariT.

zemoaRniSnuli procesebiT gamowveuli sasesxo sargeblis zrda gamoixata

droTaSorisi

sabiujeto

SezRudulobis

wrfis

mobrunebaSi

saaTis

isris

moZraobis mimarTulebiT (naxazi 16.6).

16.4 mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba

ganvsazRvroT

im

laris

fasi,

romelsac

Cven

miviRebT

momavalSi.

Tu

davzogavT 1 lars dRes, maSin 1 wlis Semdeg R sargeblis ganakveTis pirobebSi

miviRebT: 1 lari (1 R), lari miRebuli 1 wlis Semdeg Rirs 1 larze naklebi
anu 1 lari / (1 R). aSkaraa, rom lari, romelsac Cven miviRebT ori wlis Semdeg
dRes Rirs 1 l/ (1 R) 2 da a.S.
mimdinare diskontirebuli (Semcirebuli) Rirebuleba (Present Discount
Value - PDV) esaa im Tanxis axlandeli Rirebuleba, romelsac gascemen drois
gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg. Tuki es periodi 1 wlis tolia, maSin 1 larisTvis
gveqneba:

PDV 1 /(1 R) ,
n wlisaTvis

PDV 1 /(1 R) n .
mimdinare

diskontirebuli

Rirebuleba

damokidebulia

sargeblis

ganakveTze. rac ufro maRalia sargeblis ganakveTi, miT udro dabalia mimdinare
diskontirebuli Rirebuleba.
diskontirebis procesi metad rTulia, magram misi gamoTvlis gaiolebis
mizniT

arsebobs

specialuri

cxrilebi,

romliTac

SeiZleba

momavali

Semosavlebis, dRevandeli Rirebulebis swrafad gaangariSeba da Sesabamisad,

422

optimaluri
mxolod

gadawyvetilebis

ganviTarebis

informacia

miReba.

stabiluri

sazogadod

aRvniSnavT

tempebis

saidumloa.

imasac,

rom

aseTi

cxrilebi
arsebobs.

mqone

qveynebis

bankebSi

ganviTarebad

qveynebSi

arsebuli

sabanko

sistema eyrdnoba romelime myari valutisTvis arsebul gaTvlebs.

aseTi cxrilis pirobiTi magaliTia cxrili 16.3. 1 lari, romelsac Cven
miviRebT 10 wlis Semdeg sargeblis 5% ganakveTis pirobebSi dRes Rirs 61,4 TeTri,
10%-iani ganakveTis pirobebSi 38,6 TeTri, xolo 20% ganakveTis pirobebSi sul 16,2
TeTri.
1 laris diskontirebuli Rirebuleba
cxrili 16.3
ganakveTi %

1-li
0.99
0.98
0.952
0.909
0.833

1
2
5
10
20

SevafasoT

wlebi
me-5
0.951
0.906
0.784
0.621
0.402

me-2
0.98
0.961
0.907
0.826
0.694

samomavlo

Semosavlebi

me-10
0.905
0.82
0.614
0.386
0.162

kapitalis

me-20
0.82
0.673
0.377
0.149
0.026

alternatiuli

dabandebis

pirobebSi. davuSvaT, rom Cven gvaqvs diskontirebuli Semosavlis ori saxe: A da

B (cxrili 16.4 `a~).
samomavlo Semosavlebis Sefaseba
cxrili 16.4
a) samomavlo Semosavlebis variantebi
diskontirebuli

diskontirebuli Semosavali wlebis

Semosavalis

mixedviT

saxeebi

mimdinare

1-li

me-2

weli

weli

weli

100

200

100

30

200

200

b) diskontirebuli Semosavlis sidide damokidebuli sargeblis ganakveTze

Semosavalis

diskontirebuli Semosavalis sidide

saxeebi

R =5%

R =10%

R =20%

381.1

364.4

336.0

401.8

377.0

425.4

A mogvitans 100 lars Semosavals mimdinare wels, 200 lars erTi wlis

Semdeg. damatebiT kidev 100 lars 2 wlis Semdeg. B Sesabamisad 30; 200 da 200
lars.

romeli variantia

ukeTesi?

imisaTvis,

rom

pasuxi gavceT

am

kiTxvas,

aucilebelia gamoviTvaloT mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba:

PDV

A Semosavlidan

100 200 /(1 R) 100 /(1 R) 2

423

PDV B Semosavlidan

30 200 /(1 R) 200 /(1 R) 2

sargeblis 5%-iani ganakveTis pirobebSi B varianti jobia A -s (cxrili 16. 5

`b~). aseTive Sedegs miviRebT sargeblis 10%-iani ganakveTis pirobebSi. Tumca
sargeblis 20% ganakveTis pirobebSi A varianti jobia B variants, vinaidan 100
lars moaqvs TiTqmis 3-jer meti Tanxa, xolo 200 lars mxolod 2-jer meti.
SevniSnavT, rom Tu ar aris mocemuli wliuri sargeblis ganakveTi, maSin ar
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes diskontirebuli Rirebulebis gamsazRvreli formula.
Cvens

mier

gaanalizebuli

droTaSorisi

arCevanis

i.

fiSeris

modeli

gviCvenebs, rom moxmarebis done damokidebulia ara marto mimdinare Semosavalze,

aramed im Semosavalzec, romelsac adamiani (ojaxi) gegmavs miiRos momavalSi.
amerikelma ekonomistma f. modilianma, roca aviTarebda i. fiSeris Sexedulebebs
Camoayaliba

sasicocxlo

ciklis

hipoTeza,

romlis

Tanaxmadac

individis

moxmarebis moculoba damokidebulia im Semosavalze, romelsac is iRebs mTeli

sicocxlis manZilze. am SemosavalSi, rogorc sworad SeniSna m. fridmenma, aris
ori Semadgeneli nawili. ukve mimdinare Semosavali iyofa mudmiv Semosavlad da
droebiT Semosavlad.
Y Y p Yt ,

sadac: Y aris midinare Semosavali;

Y p - mudmivi Semosavali;

Yt - droebiTi Semosavali.
mudmivi Semosavali damokidebulia saqmianobis ZiriTad sferosTan, misi
dagegmva samomavlod advilia. droebiTi Semosavali dakavSirebulia SemTxveviT
gamomuSavebul TanxebTan: isini SeiZleba iyos didi an mcire, an SeiZleba arc
iyos. amis gamo SemTxveviT gamomuSavebuli Tanxebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
raime saSualo sidididan erTgvari gadaxrebi. maTi winaswar dagegmva rTulia,
xandaxan ki uperspeqtivoc. adamianebi, rogorc wesi, orientacias axdenen mudmiv
Semosavalze. amis gamo moxmarebis masStabSi cvlilebebi dakavSirebulia, pirvel
rigSi, swored masTan.

16.5 miwis fasi

miwis
romelime

fasi
miwis

gaangariSeba

ganisazRvreba
nakveTs

niSnavs

moaqvs

rentis

kapitalizaciis

yovelwliurad

ganisazRvros

miwis

renta

gziT.

alternatiuli

davuSvaT,

lari.

rom

miwis

fasis

Rirebuleba

miwis

mflobelisaTvis. miwis fasi unda Seadgendes Tanxas, romlis bankSi SetaniT miwis
yofili mflobeli miiRebs analogiur sargebels dabandebuli kapitalisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare
tirebul fass:

424

miwis

fasi warmoadgens

miwis

rentis

samomavlo diskon-

Pt
miwis

fasi,

esaa

kapitalis

usasrulo

Tj
(1 R) j

dabandeba,

amitom

j ,

Tuki

maSin

1
0, maSin
(1 R) j
lim Pt lim
j

Tj
(1 R)

T
R

sadac: T- wliuri renta;

R- sasesxo sargeblis sabazro ganakveTi.
mag: Tuki miwis renta Seadgens 400 lars, xolo sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi
5%-s, maSin miwis fasi tolia 400 / 5% 400 100 / 5 8000lari.

16.6 wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba

samomavlo

Semosavlebis

Sefasebas

mniSvnelovani

roli

eniWeba

investiciebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. saamisod iyeneben wminda

mimdinare (diskontirebuli) Rirebulebis cnebas ( Net Pr esentValue NPV ).

NPV 1 /(1 R) 2 /(1 R) 2 ... n /(1 R) n C

sadac:

C aris kapitaldabandebaTa danaxarjebi (investiciebi);

n - mogeba, romelic miiReba n -ur welSi;

R - diskontis ganakveTi.
diskontis norma (ganakveTi - R ) SeiZleba iyos sargeblis an sxva romelime
ganakveTi. zogjer mizanSewonilia diskontis norma ganxilul iqnes

rogorc

ZiriTad kapitaldabandebaTa alternatiuli danaxarjebi.

vinaidan
gamosaxavs

wminda

mimdinare

investiciebidan

dadebiTi unda iyos:

Rirebulebis

firmis

wminda

gasaangariSebeli

mogebas,

es

sidide

formula

aucileblad

NPV 0 . es niSnavs, rom mogeba, romelic mosalodnelia

miRebul iqnes investiciebidan, metia vidre TviT ganxorcielebuli investicia.

aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia investireba movaxdinoT mxolod maSin,
roca mosalodneli Sedegebi iqneba meti, vidre investiciasTan dakavSirebuli
danaxarjebi.
sasesxo
moTxovnasa
samewarmeo

da

sargeblis

ganakveTi

miwodebaze.

investiciebis

sasesxo

damokidebulia
saSualebebze

momgebianobaze,

kreditze

sasesxo
moTxovna

saSualebebze
damokidebulia

samomxmareblo

moTxovnis

doneze da saxelmwifos mxridan moTxovnaze.

ganasxvaveben

nominalur

da

realur

sasesxo

sargebels.

nominaluri

ganakveTi gviCvenebs Tu ramdenad aWarbebs Tanxa, romelsac msesxebeli ubrunebs

kreditors, kreditis Tanxas. realuri ganakveTi esaa sargeblis ganakveTi,

425

romelic Sesworebulia inflaciaze e.i. gamosaxulia myari msyidvelobiTi unaris

mqone valutis erTeulSi. swored sargeblis realuri ganakveTi ganapirobebs
investiciebis ganxorcielebis mizanSewonilobas.
srulyofili

konkurenciis

pirobebSi

arsebobs

sasesxo

sargeblis

gaTanabrebis tendencia. Tumca realuri konkurencia Sorsaa srulyofilisagan,

amitom ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSic ki arsebobs sargeblis
ganakveTebis farTo diapazoni.
sargeblis ganakveTi damokidebulia riskis xarisxTan, rac mniSvnelovnad
damokidebulia sesxis amRebis reitingze da klasze, sesxis uzrunvelsayofad
saWiro giraos arsebobasa an ararsebobaze.

6.7 droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi araganaxlebadi

resursebi
sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi xSirad ukavSirdeba droTaSoris

aspeqtebs

dRevandeli warmoeba gavlenas axdens gayidvebsa da danaxarjebze momavalSi.

dRevandeli mwarmoeblurobidan gamomdinare firma iRebs gamocdilebas, romelic
danaxarjebs

amcirebs

garkveulwilad

momavalSi.

warmoadgens

am

erTgvar

SemTxvevaSi
investicias

dRevandeli
samomavlo

warmoeba

danaxarjebis

Sesamcireblad. es maCvenebeli mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli danaxarjebisa

da mogebis Sedarebis dros.
gansxvavebuli
araganaxlebadi

magaliTia

resursebis

gadawyvetilebis

sabadoebis

damuSavebis

miReba
Sesaxeb.

rac

amowurvadi,
ufro

meti

navTobWaburRilis mflobeli daamuSavebs navTobis sabados, miT naklebi darCeba

is niadagSi (vinaidan navTobi araganaxlebadi resursia).
aseT SemTxvevaSi swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa dRevandeli
danaxarjebi da mogeba Seudardes igive maCveneblebis SesaZlo dones samomavlod.
amis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba wminda diskontirebuli Rirebulebis koncefciis
daxmarebiT.
navTobis WaburRilis mflobeli dgas alternativis winaSe - daamuSaos
sabado, Tu Seinaxos navTobi niadagSi samomavlod fasebis zrdis molodinis
gamo?

swori

pasuxi

damokidebulia

imaze,

Tu

ramdenad

swrafad

gaizrdeba

navTobis fasi bazarze an Tu gamoCndeba resursis Semcvleli, rac ganapirobebs

navTobze moTxovnis Semcirebas.
navTobi, bankSi arsebuli TanxasaviTaa, misi Senaxva mxolod maSinaa kargi
Tuki mas imdeni Semosavali mainc moaqvs, ramdenic sabazro sargeblis ganakveTs.
Sedegad umjobesia maragi SeinaxoT samomavlod, Tu elodebiT, rom misi fasi
(danaxarjebis gamoklebiT) ufro swrafad gaizrdeba, vidre sargeblis ganakveTi.
navTobis sabados Sesaxeb swori gadawyvetileba iqneba misi mopoveba da mTeli

426

maragis gayidva, Tu samomavlo gaTvlebiT fasi danaxarjebis gareSe gaizrdeba

ufro nela, vidre sargeblis ganakveTi.
analogiurad unda moiqceT im SemTxvevaSic roca gaigebT informacias,
bazarze

navTobis

wlisTvis

Semcvlelis

gegmavs

gamoCenis

gamouSvas

iseTi

Sesaxeb.

cnobilia,

avtomobilebi,

rom

evropa 2010

romlebic

imuSaveben

ekologiurad sufTa, mwvane safaris mcenareul zeTebze. es bunebrivia Seamcirebs

navTobze

erTobliv

moTxovnas.

Tu

zrdis

tempebi

am

ori

Sesadarisi maCve-

neblisTvis Tanabari iqneba, maSin sulerTia rogor moiqceviT.

ganvixiloT

iseTi

situacia,

roca

araganaxlebadi

mineraluri

sabados

mflobeli monopolistia da ara individualuri piri. monopolistis mier misaRebi

gadawyvetileba ukavSirdeba resursis damatebiTi erTeulis Rirebulebas, kerZod
misi Rirebulebaa zRvruli Semosavali minus zRvruli danaxarjebi ( MR MC ).
ganvixiloT almasebis damamuSavebeli msoflio monopolisti firmis `de
birsi~

magaliTi.

socialisturi

sistemis

arsebobis

dros

igi

flobda

kapitalistur samyaroSi arsebuli almasebis sabadoebis 95-96 procents. ssrk

daSlis Semdgom man 10 miliardi dolari gadaixada, rom cimbirSi arsebuli
almasis sabadoebis grZelvadiani damuSavebis ufleba hqonoda da SeaCera mopoveba
maTSi.
vinaidan monopolisti akontrolebs produqtis maragis srul moculobas,
mas SeuZlia bazarze gamoitanos swored is raodenoba, rom zRvruli amonagebi
zRvruli

danaxarjebis

gamoklebiT

(anu

resursis

damatebiTi

erTeulis

Rirebuleba) gaizardos imave siswrafiT, rogorc sargeblis ganakveTi.

MRt 1 C (1 R)(MRt C )
SevniSnavT,

rom

es

wesi

sruldeba

konkurentuli firmisTvisac.

Tumca

konkurentuli firmis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli Semosavali utoldeba sabazro fass.

monopolistisTvis,

romlis

moTxovnis

mrudi

klebadia,

fasi

aWarbebs

zRvrul Semosavals. gamomdinare aqedan, Tuki zRvruli Semosavali danaxarjebis

gamoklebiT izrdeba imave siCqariT, rogorc sargeblis ganakveTi, fasi zRvruli
danaxarjebis gamoklebiT ufro nela gaizrdeba, vidre sargeblis ganakveTi.
swored aRniSnuli gaTvla gaxda `de birsis~ gadawyvetilebis safuZveli
SeeCerebina

cimbiris

sabadoebis

damuSaveba.

man

bazarze

saqonlis

didi

raodenobis Sesvla SeaCera da SeinarCuna is raodenoba, romlis realizacia ar

Seamcirebda mis zemogebas.
amgvarad, Cven mivdivarT saocar daskvnamde: monopolisti aris garemos
dacvis didi momxre, vidre konkurentuli dargi. es ra Tqma unda naxevrad
xumrobiT, vinaidan sargeblobs, ra Tavisi ZalauflebiTa da moqmedebs ra Tavisi
interesebidan gamomdinare, monopolisti iwyebs ufro maRali fasis dawesebas da
nela amoaqvs miwidan bunebrivi resursebi. amgvarad, igi garemos damcvelis niRbiT
iRebs zemogebas da qmnis did sazogadoebriv danakargebs.

427

ZiriTadi terminebi

428

nakadebi
rezervebi
investicia
investiciebis ukugebis norma
sasesxo sargebeli
droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli norma
mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba
wminda diskontirebuli Rirebuleba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

firmis gankargulebaSi arsebuli kapitali izomeba, rogorc maragi, xolo

samuSao Zalisa da nedleulis faqtorebi ganixileba, rogorc nakadebi
(cvalebadia).

2. sainvesticio

gadawyvetilebebis

misaRebad,

arCevani

damokidebulia

sargeblis ganakveTze, romelsac uxdian an iReben roca Tanxas kreditiT

iReben

an

gascemen.

saxsrebze

sargeblis

sabazro

moTxovniTa da miwodebiT.

ganakveTi

ganisazRvreba

saojaxo meurneobebi,

sesxo

firmebi da

mTavroba warmoqmnian moTxovnas saxsrebze. cvlilebebi moTxovnasa da miwodebaSi iwvevs cvlilebebs sargeblis ganakveTSi.
3.

samomavlo

mogebis

mizanSewonilobis

miRebis

mizniT

problemas.

firma

firma

wyvets

momavali

investiciis

mogebis

dRevandel

Rirebulebas adgens diskontirebis ( PDV ) saSualebiT.

4. firmebs

SeuZliaT

kriteriumi

gamoiyenon

imisaTvis,

rom

wminda

mimdinare

gadawyviton

Rirebulebis

ganaxorcielon

Tu

( NPV )
ara

kapitaldabandeba. abandeben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momavalSi investiciidan

mosalodneli

Semosavlis

axlandeli

Rirebuleba

ufro

metia,

vidre

investiciaze gaweuli danaxarjebi.

5. Tu

NPV -s gamoTvlis dros fuladi Semosavali mocemulia nominalur

gamosaxulebaSi,
Semosavali

diskontis ganakveTic nominaluri unda iyos. Tu fuladi

realuria

(anu

inflaciis

gamoklebiT),

unda

gamoviyenoT

diskontis realuri ganakveTi.

6. miwaSi amowurvadi resursi hgavs bankSi fuls da mas unda mohqondes
saTanado ukugeba.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1.

ras uwodeben nakads kapitalis bazarze?

2. ra igulisxmeba rezervis cnebis qveS kapitalis bazarze?

3.

ra gansxvavebaa nakadsa da rezervs Soris?

4. gansazRvreT sasesxo kapitalze sargeblis norma.

5. gamosaxeT droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli normis formula.
6. rogor

icvleba

droTaSorisi

wonasworoba

sargeblis

ganakveTis

cvlilebis Sesabamisad? pasuxi daasabuTed garafikulad.

7. ras gulisxmobs mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba?
8. daukavSireT erTmaneTs gadawyvetileba investiciebis Sesaxeb da wminda
mimdinare Rirebuleba.
9. isaubreT miwis fasis Sesaxeb.

429

10. rogoria droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetileba amowurvadi resursebis

mflobeli individisa da monopolistisTvis?

430

Tavi 17. zogadi wonasworoba da ekonomikuri

efeqtianoba
Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. zogadi wonasworobis miRwevis pirobebis daxasiaTebas
2. warmoebisa da efeqtianis gacvlis Sefasebas ejvortis kolofis saSualebiT
3. optimaluri garigebebis mrudis aRweras
4. warmoebisa da sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianobis Sefasebas

17.1 zogadi wonasworobis analizi

calkeul bazrebze Cvens mier Seswavlili wonasworuli fasebi da moculobebi
ganisazRvreboda

nawilobrivi

wonasworobis

Analysis)

daxmarebiT.

bazrebi

situaciis

cvlilebam

SeiZleba

analizis

urTierTdamokidebulni
gavlena

moaxdinos

(Partial
arian

sxva

bazris

Equilibrium
erT

bazarze

fasebze

an

miwodebaze.
zogadi wonasworobis analizi

(General Equilibrium Enalysis) produqtis

fassa da moculobas gansazRvravs erTdroulad yvela bazarze da dawvrilebiT

swavlobs ukukavSirebis efeqts. ukukavSirebis efeqti (Feedback Effekt) asaxavs
mocemul bazarze nawilobrivi wonasworobis cvlilebas, romelic gamowveulia
urTierTdakavSirebul

bazrebze

fasebisa

da

moculobebis

Tavdapirveli

cvlilebis Sedegad. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom aSS-is mTavrobam SemoiRo navTobis

importze gadasaxadi. igi dauyovnebliv gadaadgilebs navTobis miwodebis mruds
marcxniv da misi fasi aiwevs. magram gadasaxadis gavlena amiT ar SeCerdeba.
navTobis ufro maRali fasi gazrdis moTxovnasa da Semdgom fassac bunebriv
airze. bunebriv airze ufro maRali fasi pirvel rigSi gamoiwvevs navTobze
moTxovnis gazrdas (mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv) da misi fasi aiwevs kidev
ufro

maRla.

navTobisa

da

bunebrivi

airis

bazrebis

urTierTzemoqmedeba

gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar damyardeba wonasworoba, romlis drosac moTxovnisa

da miwodebis sidide orTave bazarze erTmaneTs ar gauTanabrdeba.
zogadi

wonasworobis

srulyofili

analizi,

romelic

SeZlebs

Seafasos

Tundac erT bazarze an yvela bazarze zemoqmedebis cvlileba, praqtikulad

SeuZlebelia. Cven ZiriTadad SemovifarglebiT ori an sami bazriT, romlebic
erTmaneTTan
dawesebis

mWidrod

SemTxvevaSi,

aris

dakavSirebuli.

SeiZleba

SevafasoT

magaliTad,
misi

navTobze

gavlena

gadasaxadis

bunebrivi

airis,

qvanaxSirisa da eleqtroenergiis bazarze.

ori urTierTdakavSirebuli bazari _ moZraoba zogadi wonasworobisaken

431

ganvixiloT, rogor zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze videokasetebis gaqiravebisa da

kinoTeatris

konkurentuli

ramdenadac

farTod

bazrebi.

es

ori

gavrcelebuli

bazari

urTierTdakavSirebulia,

videoteqnika

bevr

momxmarebels

SesaZleblobas aZlevs kinofilmebs uyuron rogorc saxlSi, aseve kinoTeatrebSi.

erT bazarze faswarmoqmnaSi momxdari cvlilebi ukukavSirebis efeqts moaxdens
meore bazarze.
naxazi 17.1 gviCvenebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebs videokasetebisa da
kinoTeatrebisaTvis. naxazze 17.1 `a bileTebis sawyisi fasi 6 laria; bazari
wonasworobaSia

DM da

SM

mrudebis gadakveTisas, agreTve naxazze 17.1 `b

video gaqiraveba wonasworobaSia 3 lari fasis dros.

fasi,
lari

fasi,
lari

S*M

SV

SM

6,82
6,75

3,58
D*M

6,35

3,50
D*V

6,00

D IM

3,00
I

DV
DM
DV

QM Q

II
M

Q M QM

QV

konoTeatrSi
bileTebis
raodenoba

,,a

II

QV

,,b

videokasetebis
raodenoba

nax. 17.1 ori urTierTdakavSirebuli bazari: ,,akinos bileTebis gayidvis da ,,b videokasetebis gaqiravebis
urTierTdakavSirebul bazrebze yvela produqtis fasi erTdroulad ganisazRvreba. konoTetris bileTebze gadasaxadi konofilmebis
miwodebis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT SM-dan SM* mdgomareobaSi (naxazi ,,a). KkinoTetris bileTebis ufro maRali fasi (6,35 lari
nacvlad 6 larisa) dasawyisSi videokasetebze moTxovnis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT Dv-dan Dv/-Si (naxazi ,,b), rac gamoiwvevs
fasebis gazrdas videokasetebis gaqiravebaze (3 laridan 3,50 laramde). videokasetebis ufro maRali fasi ukugavlenas axdens kinos
bileTebis bazarze, moTxovna gadaadgildeba DM-dan DM/ mdgomareobaSi. Sedegad, kinos bileTebis fasi kvlav gaizrdeba 6,35 laridan
6,75 laramde. aRniSnuli gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar damyardeba zogadi wonasworoba, romelic naxazze ,,a gamosaxulia DM*da
SM* mrudebis gadakveTaSi, konos bileTebis 6,82 lari fasis dros da naxazze ,,b - DV* da SV* mrudebis gadakveTaSi (videokasetebis
gaqiravebaze 3,58 lari fasis dros).

davuSvaT,

rom

saxelmwifom

SemoiRo

kinos

TiToeul

gayidul

bileTze

gadasaxadi 1 lari. aRniSnuli gadasaxadis Sedegi ganisazRvreba nawilobrivi

wonasworobis

analizis

gadaadgilebiT

S M -dan

moZraoba

gamoiwvevs

safuZvelze

S M*

kinos

kinofilmebze

miwodebis

mrudis

mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 17.1 `a). Tavdapirvelad es

bileTebze

fasis

gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba Semcirdeba

gazrdas

Q M -dan

6,35

Q M/ -mde.

laramde,

xolo

amiT nawilobrivi

wonasworobis analizi mTavrdeba. Mzogadi wonasworobis analizis daxmarebiT

432

SegviZlia: a) ganvsazRvroT, kinos bileTebze gadasaxadi rogor zemoqmedebas

moaxdens videogaqiravebis bazarze; b) davadginoT arsebobs TuU ara zegavlenis
saxiT ukukavSiris raime efeqti videokasetebis gaqiravebisa da kinoTeatrebSi
kinofilmebis bazarze?
kinos bileTebze dawesebuli gadasaxadi gavlenas moaxdens videokasetebis
bazarze,

radgan

kino

da

video

warmoadgenen.

kinobileTebze

gadaadgilebs

DV -dan

substitutebs

ufro

maRali

(urTierTSemcvlel

fasi

videokasetebze

saqonels)
moTxovnas

DV -mde (naxazi 17.1 `b). es gadaadgileba Tavis mxriv,

moaxdens videokasetebis gaqiravebis fasis gazrdas 3-dan 3,50 laramde.

ra SeiZleba vTqvaT kinos bazris Sesaxeb? Kkinofilmebze moTxovnis mrudma
gviCvena, rom videokasetebis gaqiravebis fasi ucvleli darCa _ 3 lari erT
kasetaze,

magram

rodesac

fasi

3,50

lars

gautolda,

kinoze

moTxovnam

gadainacvla DM-dan DM/ mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 17.1 `a). kinos bileTebze axali
wonasworuli fasi (SM* da
gayiduli

bileTebis

DM/

mrudebis kveTa) 6,75 lars gautolda, xolo

raodenoba

gaizarda

QM/ -dan

QM// -mde.

aseT

viTarebaSi,

nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizis dros kinos bileTebis fasze gadasaxadis

gavlenis

efeqti Seufasebelia.

dakavSirebuli

kinos

videokasetebis

bazarTan,

rom

bazari imdenad mWidrod

gadasaxadis

Sedegebis

aris

axsnisaTvis

aucilebelia zogadi wonasworobis analizi.

zogadi wonasworobis miRweva

ganvixiloT zogadi wonasworobis miRwevis SesaZlebloba zemoT aRniSnuli
magaliTis safuZvelze. kinos bileTebis sabazro fasis cvlileba ukumoqmedebas
axdens videokasetebis fasze, rac Tavis mxriv zemoqmedebs kinos bileTebis fasze
da

a.S.

sabolood

unda

ganvsazRvroT

erTdroulad

kinos

bileTebisa

da

vodeokasetebis wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba. kinos bileTebis wonasworuli

fasi mocemulia naxazze 17.1 `a ( S M* da DM* mrudebis gadakveTa) da igi 6,82 lars
Seadgens.

videokasetebis

wonasworuli

fasi

mdebareobs

videokasetebze

moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworuli gadakveTaSi ( SV da DV* ) da igi 3,58 lars

Seadgens (naxazi 17.1 ,,b). es zogadi wonasworobis fasia, radganac videokasetebis
bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis sabazro mrudebi gamoxataven im varauds, rom
kinos

bileTebze

fasi

6,82

lars

gautolda.

analogiur

viTarebaSi,

kinos

bileTebis mrudebi asaxaven im varauds, rom videokasetebze fasi 3,58 lars

Seadgens.

sxva

sityvebiT,

orive

mrudis

nakrebi

bazarze

arsebul

fasTan

SesabamisobaSia da ar gvaqvs safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom romelime maTganze

moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi gadaadgildeba.
Tu mxolod kinos bazriT davinteresdebiT videokasetebis bazris ganxilva
mainc aucilebelia kinoSi bileTebze gadasaxadis zemoqmedebis gansazRvrisaTvis.
am magaliTSi nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizi ar iZleva gadasaxadis efeqtis

433

Sefasebis SesaZleblobas. gamodis, rom gadasaxadi zrdis kinos bileTebis fass 6

laridan 6,35 laramde. zogadi wonasworobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom gadasaxadis
gavlena bileTebis fasze ufro didia, Ffasi gaizarda 6,82 laramde.
nawilobrivi
gavlenis

wonasworobis

Sefaseba

gadasaxadi

analiziT

urTierTSemavsebel

gamoiwvevs

masze

fasis

aseve

SesaZlebelia

produqtebze,

zrdas.

Sedegad

gadasaxadis

magaliTad,

benzinze

Semcirdeba

moTxovna

avtomobilebze, rac gamoiwvevs benzinze moTxovnisa Semcirebas da a.S.

amrigad,

bazrebi

erTmaneTTan

mWidrod

dakavSirebulebi

arian.

zogadi

wonasworobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom miwodebis Semcireba da fasebis Sesabamisi

zrda

iwvevs

Semavsebel

produqtebze

moTxovnis

Semcirebas

da

produqt-

substitutebze mis zrdas.

bazrebis urTierTdamokidebuleba SeiZleba Caiweros gantolebis sistemis
saxiT.

ekonomikuri

wonasworoba

gantolebis

sistemis

saSualebiT

pirvelad

aRwera Sveicarielma ekonomistma leon valrasma (1834-1910).

magaliTisaTvis,

ganvixiloT

macivari.

gayiduli

macivrebis

raodenoba

damokidebulia yvela saxis saqonlis fasebze. Tu qveyana axdens 5000 dasaxelebis

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidva-gayidvas, xolo macivari me-10 pozicias ikavebs am
siaSi, maSin moTxovna meaTe saqonelze aris:

Q10 D10 ( P1 , P2 ,.......P5000, A, M )

(17.1)

sadac: Q10 - aris gayiduli macivrebis ricxvi;

D10 - macivarze moTxovnis funqcia;

P1 , P2 ,....,P5000 - danarCeni 5000 saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi;

A - realuri aqtivebis maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs qveynis simdidres;

M - naRdi fulis maragi.

analogiurad, me-10 saqonlis miwodeba aris:

Q10 S10 ( P1 , P2 ,.......P5000, A, M )

(17.2)

amis msgavsad SegviZlia miviRoT yvela 5000 saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

gantolebaTa sistema, romelic Semdegi formiT SegviZlia CavweroT:
D1 ( P1 , P2 ,.......P5000, A, M ) S1 ( P1 , P2 ,.......P5000, A, M )
D2 ( P1 , P2 ,.......P5000, A, M ) S 2 ( P1 , P2 ,.......P5000, A, M )

.........................................................................................................................................

(17.3)

D5000( P1, P2 ,.......P5000, A, M ) S5000( P1, P2 ,.......P5000, A, M )

Tu cnobilia
ricxvis

da

sidideebi, maSin gantolebaTa ricxvi ucnobTa

tolia. es niSnavs sistemis amoxsnis principul SesaZleblobas (e.i.

zogadi wonasworobis miRwevas) da meorec, aseTi amoxsnis erTaderTobas. fasebis

realuri mniSvnelobebis Casmis SemTxvevaSi miviRebT gacvlili produqtisa da
momsaxurebis raodenobas.

434

mocemul gantolebaTa sistemas ewodeba

zogadi (saerTo) wonasworobis

gantolebaTa sistema. valrasis dros ar arsebobda aseTi

maTematikuri

aparati.

amitom

igi

sistemas

xsnida

sistemis amoxsnis

gantolebaTa

dajgufebiT.

wonasworobisken svlas ganixilavda rogorc mudmiv procesi. valrasma didi

mniSvneloba mianiWa winaswari garigebebis (kontraqtebis) formas. am procesis
analizis safuZvelze gaakeTa swori daskvna, rom zogadi wonasworobis sistema
myaria da am mdgomareobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi igi isev wonasworobisaken
miiswrafis fasebis meqanizmis saSualebiT.
sabazro meqanizmis

funqcionireba gvaZlevs

imis

saSualebas,

rom

miRweul iqnas ara marto ekonomikis zogadi wonasworuli mdgomareoba, aramed

moxdes

mTlianad

ekonomikuri

sistemis

funqcionireba,

romelic

xasiaTdeba

ekonomikis pareto optimaluri mdgomareobiT.

ekonomikis paretooptimaluri (pareto-efeqtiani) mdgomareoba miiRweva im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomikuri dovlaTis warmoeba da ganawileba SeuZlebelia
Seicvalos imgvarad, rom vinmes keTildReoba gaizardos sxvaTa keTildReobis
Semcirebis gareSe.
arsebobs

ekonomikis

pareto-optimaluri

mdgomareobis

sami

piroba:

1.

gacvlis efeqtianoba; 2. warmoebis efeqtianoba; 3. sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba.

17.2 gacvlis efeqtianoba

konkurentuli
momxmareblis

bazari

mogebis

gansaviTareblad,

efeqtiania,

maqsimizacias.

gavaanalizoT

rodesac

is

ekonomikuri

gacvlis

axdens

mwarmoeblisa

efeqtianobis

efeqtianoba.

da

koncefciis

ganvixiloT

ori

momxmareblis qmedeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan vaWroben nebismieri ori produqtiT

(aRniSnuli analizi misaRebia or qveyanas Soris vaWrobis drosac). dauSvaT, rom
dasawyisSi ori produqti isea ganawilebuli, rom orive momxmarebels SeuZlia
erTmaneTTan
Tavdapirveli

vaWrobiT

gaiumjobesos

ganawileba

warmoadgens

mdgomareoba.

am

ekonomikurad

SemTxvevaSi

produqtis

araefeqtians.

produqtis

efeqtiani ganawilebisas (Effective Allocation) arcerT maTgans ar SeuZlia

gaiumjobesos Tavisi mdgomareoba ise, rom ar gaauaresos meoris mdgomareoba
(pareto efeqtianoba).

vaWrobis upiratesoba
rogorc wesi, Tavisufali vaWroba or adamians an or qveyanas Soris
urTierTxelsayrelia. rogor aumjobesebs vaWroba adamianTa mdgomareobas? am
sakiTxis analizisaTvis yuradRebiT ganvixiloT ormxrivi gacvla. Cveni analizi
or mniSvnelovan daSvebas efuZneba:
1.

orive adamianma icis erTmaneTis upiratesoba (gemovneba);

435

2.

produqtis gacvla ufasoa (igi ar moiTxovs danaxarjebs);

dauSvaT, giorgis da kaxas orives erTad gaaCnia 10 erTeuli ( F ) sakvebi da 6

erTeuli ( C ) tansacmeli. cxrili 17.1 gviCvenebs, rom dasawyisSi giorgi flobs 7

erTeul sakvebs da 1 erTeul tansacmels, xolo kaxa - 3 erTeul sakvebs da 5
erTeul tansacmels. moutans Tu ara maT vaWroba sargebels? amisaTvis unda
gavarkvioT maTi gemovneba sakvebTan da tansacmelTan dakavSirebiT.
vTqvaT, kaxas bevri tansacmeli aqvs, xolo saWmeli cota _ misi sakvebis
tansacmelze gacvlis maqsimaluri zRvruli norma ( MRS ) 3-is tolia: 1 erTeuli
sakvebis misaRebad igi 3 erTeul tansacmels gaiRebs. magram giorgisaTvis sakvebis
tansacmelze gacvlis

Seadgens mxolod 1/2 anu igi gaiRebs mxolod 1/2

MRS

erTeul tansacmels 1 erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad.

cxrili 17.1

momxmarebeli

sawyisi ganawileba

vaWroba

saboloo
ganawileba

giorgi

7F,1C

-1F,+1 C

6 F,2 C

kaxa

3 F,5 C

+1 F,-1 C

4 F,4 C

amrigad, arsebobs urTierTmomgebiani vaWrobis SesaZlebloba _ giorgisTvis

ufro Rirebulia tansacmeli,

xolo kaxasTvis

sakvebi.

kidev

erTi erTeuli

sakvebis misaRebad kaxa Tanaxmaa gaiRos 3 erTeuli tansacmeli. magram giorgi

gaiRebs

mxolod

realuri

pirobebi

erTeul

sakvebs

1/2

molaparakebebis

erTeuli

proceszea

tansacmlisaTvis.
damokidebuli.

gacvlis
saboloo

Sedegebidan ar unda gamovricxoT, rom SeiZleba giorgis 1 erTeul sakvebSi kaxam

gadaixados 1/2-dan da 3 erTeulamde tansacmeli.
vTqvaT, kaxam giorgis SesTavaza 1 erTeuli tansacmeli 1 erTeul sakvebSi da
giorgi daTanxmda. orive am SemTxvevaSi mogebuli rCeba. giorgis ufro meti
tansacmeli eqneba romelic ufro Rirebulia misTvis), xolo kaxa miiRebs met
sakvebs (romelsac igi ufro metad afasebs). yovelTvis, roca ori momxmareblis
Senacvlebis

zRvruli

norma

gansxvavebulia,

iqmneba

SesaZlebloba

urTierTmomgebiani vaWrobisaTvis, radganac resursebis Tavdapirveli ganawileba

araefeqtiania: vaWroba aumjobesebs orive momxmareblis mdgomareobas; da piriqiT,
rom mivaRwioT ekonomikur efeqtianobas, ori momxmareblis MRS toli unda iyos.
aRniSnuli daskvna ZalaSia maSin, roca saxezea didi raodenobiT produqti
da momxmarebeli. produqtis ganawileba efeqtiania mxolod maSin, Tu produqti
nawildeba

ise,

rom

nebismieri

wyvilis

momxmareblisaTvis erTnairia.

ejvortis kolofi (Edgeworth Box)

436

gacvlis

zRvruli

norma

yvela

Tu

vaWroba

garigebebi

sargebliania,

gaanawileben

ra

saxis

garigebebi

produqts

ufro

efeqtianad

unda

daidos?

momxmareblebs

rogori
Soris?

ramdenad gaumjobesdeba am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebis mdgomareoba? am kiTxvebze

pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac gacvlaSi monawileobs ori
adamiani da ori produqti. amasTan gamoviyenoT diagrama, romelsac ejvortis
kolofs uwodeben. ejvortis kolofi warmoadgens naxazs, romelic gviCvenebs ori
produqtis or adamians Soris an warmoebis ori faqtoris or sawarmoo process
Soris ganawilebis yvela SesaZlo variants.
naxazze 17.2 naCvenebia ejvortis kolofi, romlis horizontalur RerZze
gadazomilia sakvebi erTeulebis raodenoba, xolo vertikalur RerZze erTeuli
tansacmlis raodenoba. kolofis sigrZe sakvebis 10 erTeulis (sakvebis mTliani
raodenoba),

simaRle

tansacmlis

erTeulis

tolia

(arsebuli

tansacmlis

mTliani raodenoba).

kaxas
sakvebi
10F

4F

3F

Ok

6C

giorgis
tansacmeli

kaxas
tansacmeli
B

2C

4C

+1 C
1C

5C

-1F

6C

Og

6F

7F

10F

giorgis sakvebi

nax. 17.2 ejvortis kolofi: gacvla

ejvortis kolofis yvela wertili erTdroulad uCvenebs giorgis da kaxas sabazro kalaTas, A wertilSi giorgi flobs 7 erTeul
sakvebs da 1 erTeul tansacmels, xolo kaxa 3 erTeul sakvebs da 5 erTeul tansacmels.

ejvortis kolofis yoveli wertili aRwers orive momxmareblis sabazro

kalaTas.

giorgis

sakuTreba

Og

koordinatTa

saTavidan,

xolo

kaxasi

ki

sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebidan Ok koordinatTa saTavidan aiTvleba. magaliTad,

wertili

gviCvenebs sakvebisa da tansacmlis sawyis ganawilebas. marcxnidan

marjvniv

mimarTuli

horizontaluri

wrfe

kolofis

qvemoT

gvamcnobs,

rom

giorgis aqvs 7 erTeuli sakvebi, xolo diagramis vertikaluri wrfe marcxniv

gviCvenebs, rom mas aqvs 1 erTeuli tansacmeli. amrigad, giorgisTvis A wertili
aRniSnavs, rom mas aqvs kombinacia 7 F da 1 C . darCenili 3 F da 5 C

_ ekuTvnis

kaxas. kaxas sakvebis ganawileba (3 F ) daiwyeba kolofis zeda nawilSi Ok-dan

437

marjvnidan

marcxniv;

monacemebi

mis

xelTarsebuli

tansacmlis

Taobaze

ganTavsebulia qvemodan zeviT diagramis marjvena nawilSi. aqve Cans giorgisa da

kaxas vaWrobis Sedegebi. giorgi 1 F -s gascems 1 C -s sanacvlod da gadaadgildeba
A wertilidan

wertilSi. kaxa Seelia 1 C -s, sanacvlod iRebs 1 F -s da aseve

gadaadgildeba A wertilidan B wertilSi. amrigad, B wertili aRwers kaxasa

da

giorgis

sabazro

kalaTebis

mdgomareobas

urTierTsargebliani

vaWrobis

Semdeg.

efeqtiani ganawileba
vaWrobis Sedegad

wertilidan B

wertilSi gadaadgileba aumjobesebs

rogorc giorgis, aseve kaxas mdgomareobas. magram efeqtiania Tu ara saqonlis

ganawileba B wertilSi? pasuxi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad erTnairia am
wertilSi giorgis da kaxas Senacvlebis zRvruli normebi, rac Tavis mxriv
damokidebulia maTi ganurCevlobis mrudebis formaze. naxazze 17.3 naCvenebia
giorgis da kaxas ganurCevlobis ramdenime mrudi. ramdenadac giorgis sakuTreba
Og_dan

ganlagdeba, misi ganurCevlobis mrudebi Cveulebriv gamoisaxeba, magram

kaxasaTvis es mrudebi 1800-iT aris Semobrunebuli ise, rom koordinatTa saTave

misTvis mdebareobs kolofis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi.
axla ganvixiloT naxazze aRniSnuli
resursebis sawyisi ganawilebis

U g

da

U k,

mrudebi, romlebic

wertilze gadian. giorgis da kaxas

MRS

gviCvenebs, Tu rogori daxra eqneba A wertilSi maTi ganurCevlobis mrudebs. igi

giorgisaTvis 1/2-is, xolo kaxasaTvis 3-is tolia. am ori ganurCevlobis mruds
Soris daStrixuli sivrce warmoadgens tansacmlisa da sakvebis ganawilebis
yvela SesaZlo variantis erTobliobas, romlebic giorgisa da kaxas mdgomareobas
gaaumjobesebda
aerTianebs

wertilTan

giorgis

da

kaxas

SedarebiT.
Soris

sxva

yvela

sityvebiT

rom

vTqvaT,

urTierTsasargeblo

igi

gacvlis

variantebs.
A wertilis Semdeg nebismieri gacvla, romelic gadaanacvlebs produqtis

ganawilebas daStrixuli zonis gareT, erT-erTi momxmarebelis mdgomareobas

gaaumjobesebda;

A -dan

wertilSi gadaadgildeba

urTierTsargebliani iyo.

2
magram naxazi 17.3-dan Cans, rom B ar warmoadgens efeqtian wertils, radgan U g

da U

mrudebi ikveTeba. am SemTxvevaSi giorgis da kaxas

MRS -ebi

ar aris

erTnairi anu ganawileba araefeqtiania. es Zalian mniSvnelovania: araefeqtiani

sawyisi ganawilebis dros, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu garigeba orive monawilis
mdgomareobas aumjobesebs, axali ganawileba yovelTvis efeqtiani ver iqneba.

438

kaxas sakvebi

10F

Ok

6C

kaxas
tansacmeli

giorgis
tansacmeli

Ug3
B
Ug2
Uk3

A
Ug1

Uk2
Uk1

6C

Og

10F

giorgis sakvebi

nax. 17.3 gacvlis efeqtianoba

ejvortis kolofi gviCvenebs, Tu vaWrobis saSualebiT sargeblianobis donis zrdis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs yovel
momxmarebels. A
wertili aRniSnavs resursebis sawyis ganawilebas, daStrixuli nawili vaWrobis yvela
urTierTsargeblian variants.

vTqvaT

wertilidan axali savaWro garigeba xorcieldeba,

romelSic

giorgi kidev erT erTeul sakvebs gaiRebs erTi erTeuli tansacmlis sanacvlod,
xolo kaxa - erT erTeul tansacmels erT erTeul sakvebSi. M

wertili axal

ganawilebas aRniSnavs (naxazi 17.3). am wertilSi orive monawilis MRS erTnairia,

swored

amitom

ganurCevlobis

mrudebi

erTmaneTs

exebian.

Aam

SemTxvevaSi

vercerTi monawile ver gaiumjobesebs mdgomareobas ise, rom ar gaauaresos

meores mdgomareoba. amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

wertili warmoadgens

efeqtiani ganawilebis wertils.

ra Tqma unda,
romelic

miiRweva

magaliTad,

Tu

M wertili ar aris erTaderTi SesaZlo efeqtiani Sedegi,

giorgisa

giorgis

da

uyvars

kaxas
da

Soris

gamosdis

ganxorcielebuli
vaWroba,

garigebam

gacvlebiT.
SeiZleba

3
gadaaadgilos produqtis ganawileba A-dan D wertilSi, sadac U g ganurCevlobis

mrudi

U k

ganurCevlobis

mruds

exeba.

produqtis

aseTi

ganawileba

kaxas

mdgomareobas A wertilTan SedarebiT ar gaauaresebs, magram saSualebas miscems

giorgis SesamCnevi mogeba miiRos. radgan Semdgomi vaWroba SeuZlebelia,
warmoadgens

efeqtiani

ganawilebis

wertils.

amrigad,

da

produqtis

efeqtiani ganawilebis wertilebs warmoadgenen. Tumca giorgisaTvis D wertili

ufro misaRebia, vidre M , xolo kaxasaTvis piriqiT. produqtis aseTi ganawilebis
winaswarmetyveleba

sakmaod

Znelia,

radgan

saboloo

Sedegi

damokidebulia

monawileTa molaparakebebze.

439

optimaluri garigebebis mrudi anu kontraqtuli mrudi (Contract Curve)

Cven

ukve

ganawilebidan

gavarkvieT,

SegviZlia

rom

gadavideT

urTierTsargebliani
uamrav

SesaZlo

vaWrobiT

efeqtiani

sawyisi

ganawilebis

mdgomareobaSi. imisaTvis, rom movZebnoT sakvebisa da tansacmlis yvela SesaZlo

efeqtiani ganawilebis varianti giorgisa da kaxas Soris, unda vipovoT maTi
ganurCevlobis

mrudebis

Sexebis

wertilebi.

naxazze

17.4

naCvenebia

mrudi,

romelic gadis yvela aseTi variantebis efeqtiani ganawilebis saSualebiT. mas

optimaluri garigebebis mruds an kontraqtul mruds uwodeben.
optimaluri
romelTa

dros

ganawilebis

es

garigebebis
SeuZlebelia
variantebi

mrudi

gviCvenebs

ganawilebis

urTierTsargebliani
efeqtiania,

radgan

garigebis
ar

yvela

variants,

ganxorcieleba.

arsebobs

produqtis

gadanawilebis araviTari saSualeba, riTac SesaZlebelia erT-erTi monawilis

mdgomareoba gaumjobesdes ise, Tu ar gauaresdeba meoris mdgomareoba. naxazze
17.4 E , F daG G -Ti aRniSnuli sami ganawileba paretos mixedviT aris efeqtiani.
Tumca sakvebi da tansacmeli imgvarad aris ganawilebuli, rom vercerTi monawile
ver gaiumjobesebs Tavis mdgomareobis meoris xarjze.
optimaluri garigebebis mrudis zogierTi Tviseba dagvexmareba efeqtiani
gacvlis koncefciis ukeT gagebaSi. am mrudze arsebuli wertilidan (magaliTad,
E ) SeuZlebelia optimaluri gadanawilebis mrudis sxva wertilze (magaliTad, F )

gadasvla ise, rom ar gauaresdes garigebis erT-erTi monawilis (am SemTxvevaSi

kaxas) mdgomareoba. kaxasa da giorgis gemovnebis Semdgomi Sedarebis gareSe ver
SevZlebT ganvsazRvroT romeli ganawileba _ E

Tu F

iqneba saukeTeso. Cven

ubralod viciT, rom isini orive efeqtiania. pareto_efeqtianoba gviCvenebs, rom

yvela xelsayreli gacvla ganxorcielebul iqnes, magram ar gveubneba, Tu romeli
maTgani migviyvans saukeTeso Sedegamde.

440

Ok

kaxas sakvebi

giorgis
tansacmeli

kaxas
tansacmeli

G
F
E
optimaluri garigebis
(kontraqtebis) mrudi

Og
giorgis sakvebi

nax. 17.4 optimaluri garigebebis mrudi

optimaluri garigebebis mrudi aerTianebs produqtis ganawilebis yvela variants, romlis drosac momxmarebelTa
ganurCevlobis mrudebi exeba erTmaneTs. am mrudis yoveli wertili efeqtiania, radganac arcerT monawiles ar SeuZlia
Tavisi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba meores mdgomareobis gauaresebis gareSe.

xSirad

efeqtianoba

im

SemTxvevaSic

miiRweva,

roca

erT-erTi

mxaris

mdgomareoba SeTavazebuli cvlilebis Semdeg uaresdeba. mxolod aucilebelia

mas davamatoT kidev erTi iseTi cvlileba, rom jamuri cvlilebebi erT-erTi
mxarisTvis

mainc iyos

momgebiani da

amave

dros

arcerTi mxare

ar

darCes

wagebuli. magaliTad, vTqvaT, ganixileba avtomanqanebis importze qvotis gauqmeba.

ufro dabali fasebiT momxmareblebi moigeben da sasurveli avtomanqanis arCevis
meti Sansi uCndebaT, magram samuSao adgilebis raodenoba manqanaTmSeneblobis
dargSi Semcirdeba. Tu amave dros qvotis gauqmebasTan erTad miRebuli iqneba
federaluri sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da subsidirdeba (vinc dakavebuli iyo
manqanaTmSeneblobis warmoebaSi da visac samuSao adgilebis Secvla sWirdeba), am
SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba _ manqanaTmSeneblobaSi
dakavebuli muSebi zarals ar miiReben da saxeze iqneba efeqtianobis zrda.

momxmareblis wonasworoba konkurentul bazarze

ormxrivi

gacvlis

saboloo

Sedegi

damokidebulia

monawileTa

molaparakebis xelovnebaze, imaze Tu ramdenad SeuZliaT maT TavianTi interesebis

dacva. magram konkurentul bazrebze uamravi potenciuri myidveli da gamyidvelia.
amitom, Tu vinme ukmayofiloa gacvlis pirobebiT, mas SeuZlia sxva gamyidveli
moZebnos, romelic ufro misaReb pirobebs SesTavazebs. sabolood yvela myidveli
Tu

gamyidveli,

gadawyvetilebas
ganvixiloT,

Tu

produqtis
Tu

ra

rogor

fass

Rebulobs

raodenoba
mivyavarT

gayidos

rogorc
da

konkurentul

fiqsirebuls

iyidos
bazars

am

da

iRebs

fasis

pirobebSi.

efeqtian

gacvlamde

441

ejvortis kolofis meSveobiT. movaxdinoT konkurentuli bazris imitacia. vTqvaT,

bazarze bevria giorgi da kaxa. es saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT yovel giorgize
da kaxaze, rogorc fasis mimRebze, Tundac mxolod ori adamianisTvis vmuSaobdeT.
naxazze 17.5 NnaCvenebia vaWrobis SesaZleblobebi sawyisi ganawilebis dros

( A wertiliT), tansacmlisa da sakvebis fasi 1-s utoldeba (realuri fasebis

sidides am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba; mniSvnelovania mxolod tansacmlisa
da sakvebis fasebis Sefardeba). rodesac sakvebsa da tansacmelze fasebi tolia,
tansacmlis yoveli erTeuli erT erTeul sursaTze SeiZleba gaicvalos. naxazze
17.5 naCvenevia

PP 1

fasebis wrfe, romelsac gaaCnia daxriloba 1, igi moicavs

yvela SesaZlo ganawilebas, romelic gacvlis Sedegad miiRweva.

vTqvaT,

giorgim

gadawyvita

erTeuli

tansacmlis

sursaTis sanacvlod. es aiZulebs yovel giorgis

yidva

wertilidan M

erTeuli
wertilSi

gadaadgildes da zrdis mis kmayofilebas ganurCevlobis U 1 g-dan da U 2 g mrudamde.

amave dros, yoveli kaxa yidulobs 2 erTeul sursaTs da gayidis 2 erTeul
tansacmels, rac agreTve, gadaadgilebs yovel kaxas A wertilidan M wertilSi
da zrdis sargeblianobas ganurCevlobis U 1 k - dan U 2 k mrudze.

10 F

kaxas sakvebi

6C

Ok

konkurentuli
wonasworoba

giorgis
tansacmeli

kaxas
tansacmeli
M

Ug2
A
Uk2
Og

Uk1

P/

giorgis sakvebi

6C

Ug1

10 F

nax. 17.5 konkurentuli wonasworoba

konkurentul bazarze ori produqtis fass gansazRvravs momxmarebelTa Soris gacvlis pirobebi. Tu A wertili gviCvenebs produqtis
sawyis ganawilebas, xolo PP/ wrfe fasTa Tanafardobas warmoadgens, maSin konkurentuli bazari wonasworul mdgomareobas
miaRwevs M wertilSi. es aris orive mxaris ganurCeblobis mrudebis Sexebis wertili. amrigad, konkurentuli wonasworoba
efeqtiania.
bazari.

ori saqonlisTvis

fass

virCevT

ise, rom

sursaTze

moTxovnis sidide

yoveli kaxas mxridan utoldebodes sursaTis raodenobas, romlis gayidvac surs

yovel giorgis. Aanalogiurad, tansacmlis raodenoba, romelzec yoveli giorgi

442

warmoadgens moTxovnas, utoldeba tansacmlis raodenobas, romlis gayidvac surs

yovel

kaxas.

Sedegad,

tansacmlisa

da

sursaTis

bazrebi

wonasworul

mdgomareobaSia. wonasworoba aris fasTa nakrebi, romlis drosac yovel bazarze

miwodebis sidide moTxovnis sididis tolia. Ees, amave dros, aris konkurentuli
wonasworobac, radgan yvela mimwodebeli da myidveli fasebis mimRebia.
wonasworobas yvela fasi rodi akmayofilebs. magaliTad, Tu sakvebis fasi
1-is, xolo tansacmlis 3-is tolia, sakvebi tansacmelze 3/1 proporciiT unda
icvlebodes.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi

yovel

giorgis

ukve

aRar

SeuZlia

gacvalos

garkveuli raodenobis sakvebi, raTa damatebiTi tansacmeli miiRos, radgan misi

tansacmlis sakvebze
bednieri

iqneboda

aravisTan

ar

gaeyida

SeuZlia

1 -s
2

mxolod

MRS

tansacmeli,

garigebis

Seadgens. meore mxriv, yoveli kaxa,

raTa

dadeba.

meti sakvebi

maSasadame,

mieRo,

bazari

magram

mas

arawonasworul

(Disequilibrium) mdgomareobaSia, radgan moTxovnis sidide ar aris miwodebis

sididis toli.
es

araTanabari mdgomareoba droebiTia.

konkurentul bazrebze

fasebis

koreqtireba moxdeba rogorc arakonkurirebad bazrebze Warbi moTxovnis (Excess

Demand), aseve Warbi miwodebis (Excess Supply) dros. Cvens magaliTSi, sakvebze
yoveli kaxas moTxovnis sidide metia, vidre yoveli giorgis mzadyofna gayidos
igi, im dros, roca yoveli kaxas mxridan tansacmlis miwodeba metia, vidre
yoveli

giorgis

miwodebis

moTxovna.

pirobebSi

tansacmelTan

sakvebze

unda

SedarebiT.

Warbi

velodoT,

fasis

moTxovnisa

rom

moxdeba

cvlilebasTan

erTad

da

tansacmlis

sakvebis
moxdeba

Warbi

fasis

zrda

bazris

yvela

monawilis mxridan moTxovnis koreqtireba. saboloo jamSi fasebis cvlilebebi

xdeba manam, sanam ar miiRweva wonasworuli mdgomareoba. Cvens magaliTSi orive
produqtis fasi SeiZleboda 2-is doneze dadgeniliyo; zemoaRniSnuli analizidan
viciT,

rom

Tu

tansacmlis

fasi

sakvebis

fass

gautoldeba,

maSin

bazari

konkurentuli wonasworobis mdgomareobaSia

arsebobs

mniSvnelovani

gansxvaveba

ormxriv

gacvlasa

da

mTlianad

ekonomikaSi mimdinare gacvlas Soris: Tu gacvlaSi ori adamiani monawileobs

savaWro garigebis Sedegi gaurkvevelia; Tu gacvlaSi uamravi adamiani iRebs
monawileobas, produqtze fasebi ganisazRvreba yvela myidvelis da momwodeblis
erToblivi arCevaniT.

konkurentuli bazrebis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba

mikroekonomikuri analizis erT-erTi fundamenturi sakiTxia konkurentuli
bazrebis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba. naxazze 17.5 aRniSnuli M wertili gviCvenebs,
rom konkurentuli wonasworobis dros ganawileba ekonomikurad efeqtiania. es im
mizeziT xdeba, rom M

wertili unda mdebareobdes ori ganurCevlobis mrudis

Sexebis wertilSi. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin erT-erTi giorgi an kaxa ver miaRwevs

443

maqsimalur sargeblianobas; romelime maTgans axali garigeba dasWirdeba, raTa

sargeblianobis ufro maRal dones miaRwios.
es Sedegi sruldeba gacvlis farglebSi wonasworobis situaciaSi, rodesac
yvela bazari srulyofilad konkurentulia.
Tu SevajamebT konkurentul wonasworobas momxmareblis mxridan, SeiZleba
CamovayaliboT Semdegi debulebebi:
1.

ganurCevlobis

mrudebi

erTmaneTs

exebian,

amitom

yvela

momxmareblis

Senacvlebis zRvruli norma erTmaneTis tolia;

2. yoveli ganurCevlobis mrudi warmoadgens fasebis wrfesTan Sexebas, amitom
yoveli adamianis tansacmlis sakvebze Senacvlebis zRvruli norma MRS am ori
produqtis fasebis Sefardebis tolia.
Tu ori produqtis fass aRvniSnavT Pc da PF , maSin es debuleba giorgisa

da kaxasTvis Semdegnairad SegviZlia CavweroT:

MRS g FC PC / PF MRS k FC
didi
resursebis

raodenobiT
efeqtiani

ganxorcieldes,

Tu

momxmareblis

ganawilebis
yvela

(17.4)

(momwodeblis)

miRweva

bazari

advili

srulyofilad

arsebobis
ar

aris.

pirobebSi

es

SeiZleba

konkurentulia.

efeqtiani

Sedegebis miRweva sxva gziTac SeiZleba. magaliTad, centralizebuli sistemis

meSveobiT, rodesac saxelmwifo anawilebs yvela produqtsa da momsaxurebas.
xSirad konkurentul gadawyvetilebas upiratesobas aniWeben imitom, rom igi
resursebs minimalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT anawilebs. yvela momxmarebelma
unda

icodes,

sakuTari

upiratesobebi

da

fasebi,

romlzedac

Tanxmdebian.

srulebiT ar aris saWiro imis codna, Tu kidev ra iwarmoeba da ra moTxovnas

gamoxataven

sxva

momxmareblebi.

ganawilebis

sxva

meTodebi

met

informacias

saWiroeben da maTi gamoyeneba rTulia.

17.3 warmoebisa da sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba

Cven SeviswaleT pirobebi, romlebic ori produqtis gacvlis dros
efeqtiani ganawilebis miRwevisTvis aris saWiro. Aamjerad, ganvixiloT produqtis
gamoSvebisaTvis saWiro warmoebis

faqtorebis

efeqtiani gamoyeneba.

davuSvaT,

arsebobs warmoebis ori faqtoris _ Sromisa da kapitalis fiqsirebuli miwodeba,

romelic aucilebelia ori produqtis _ tansacmlisa da sakvebis warmoebisaTvis.
amasTanave vuSvebT, rom warmoebis faqtorebs (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sroma) flobs
ara ori adamiani, aramed mravali momxmarebeli da isini iReben Semosavals misi
gayidvidan.
es struqtura ekonomikaSi akavSirebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis sxvadasxva
elementebs. adamianebi bazars sTavazoben warmoebis faqtorebs, xolo Semdeg maTi
gayidviT miRebul Semosavlebs iyeneben produqtsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis

444

formirebisaTvis.

TuU erT-erTi faqtoris

fasi izrdeba,

maSin mimwodeblebi,

romlebic bazars miawvdian didi raodenobiT aRniSnul faqtorebs, ufro maRal

Semosavlebs miiReben da romeliRac produqts ufro didi raodenobiT moixmaren.
Tavis mxriv, es zrdis moTxovnas im faqtorebze, romlebic saWiroa am produqtis
sawarmoeblad

da

axdens

ukukavSirs

am

faqtorebis

fasze.

mxolod

zogadi

wonasworobis analizi gvaZlevs saSualebas vipovoT fasebi, romlebic bazarze

moTxovnas da miwodebas gaaTanabrebs.

warmoeba ejvortis kolofSi

kvlav

gamoviyenoT

ejvortis

kolofis

diagrama,

magram

yovel

RerZze

produqtis nacvlad gadavzomoT warmoebisTvis saWiro faqtorebi. naxazze 17.6

gamosaxulia diagrama, romlis horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia Sromis, xolo
vertikalur

RerZze

kapitalis

danaxarjebi.

sawarmoo

procesisaTvis

xelmisawvdomia 50 saaTi Sroma da 30 saaTi kapitali. Aadre ganxiluli gacvlis

analizis dros sakoordinato sibrtyis saTave Seesabameboda adamians; amJamad, es
wertilebi

dakavSirebulia

gamoSvebul

produqtTan.

sakvebi

gadaizomeba

OF ,

xolo tansacmeliO OC wertilidan. erTaderTi gansxvaveba warmoebisa da gacvlis

analizSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom grafikze aRvniSnavT danaxarjebs da ara mza
produqts, ganvixilavT ori tipis produqts da ara or momxmarebels.
naxazze 17.6 gamosaxuli yoveli wertili warmoadgens Sromisa da kapitalis
danaxarjebs sakvebisa da tansacmlis warmoebaSi. magaliTad, A wertili asaxavs
tansacmlis warmoebisas 35 saaTian Sromas da 25 saaTian kapitalis danaxarjebs.
Sromisa

da

kapitalis

gaerTianebis

yvela

varianti

yoveli

produqtis

warmoebisTvis naxazze wertilebiT aris mocemuli.

445

Sroma tansacmlis warmoebaSi

50 L

40 L

3 0L

20 L

10 L

OC

30 K

kapitali kvebis warmoebaSi

10C

D
10 K

20 K
25C
30C.

10 K

B
20 K
60.F
A

kapitali tansacmlis warmoebaSi

80F

50F
30 K

OF.
10 L

2 0L

30 L

40 L

50L

Sroma kvebis warmoebaSi

nax. 17.6 warmoebis efeqtianoba

ejvortis kolofSi ori sawarmoo faqtoriT ori produqtis warmoebisas faqtorebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba xdeba maSin, rodesac
erT-erTi produqtis izokvanta warmoadgens meoris mxebs. Tu warmoebaSi Tavdapirvelad gamoiyeneboda faqtorebi,
romlebic A wertils Seesabameboda, maSin daStrixuli ubnis farglebSi SeiZleba orive produqtis meti raodenobiT
warmoeba, Tu gadanawildeba gamoyenebuli faqtorebi. B, G da D wertilebi optimaluri garigebebis mrudze arian
ganlagebuli da Sesabamisad dakavSirebuli arian danaxarjebis efeqtian gamoyenebasTan.

sawarmoo izokvantebi gviCveneben warmoebuli produqtis dones sawarmoo

faqtorebis sxvadasxva kombinaciis dros. yoveli izokvanta aRwers warmoebuli
produqtis erTobliv moculobas miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli firmebis mier aris
igi warmoebuli. Gnaxazze mocemulia sami izokvanta, romelic Seesabameba 50, 60 da
80 erTeul warmoebul sakvebs. sakvebisTvis izokvantebi gamoiyurebian zustad
iseve, rogorc izokvantebi, romlebsac warmoebis Teoriis TemaSi ganvixilavdiT,
tansacmlis

warmoebis

yofiliyo

maTi

izokvanta

50

izokvantebi

Oc

yureba

warmoadgens

movabruneT

sakoordinato

1800-iT,

sibrtyis

Sromisa da kapitalis

raTa

saTavidan,
yvela

SesaZlebeli
magaliTad,

kombinacias,

rac

saWiroa 50 erTeuli sakvebis warmoebisaTvis, maSin, roca 25 C aerTianebs Sromisa

da

kapitalis

yvela

kombinacias,

rac

saWiroa

25

erTeuli

tansacmlis

warmoebisaTvis.
amave naxazze mocemulia sami izokvanta, romelsac Seesabameba 10, 25 da 30
erTeuli

tansacmeli.

am

izokvantebiT

warmodgenilia

warmoebis

moculoba,

romelic izrdeba im SemTxvevaSi Tu vmoZraobT marjvena zeda kuTxidan marcxena

qveda kuTxisaken (radgan erT-erTi an orive warmoebis faqtori gaizarda). naTlad
Cans, rom
erTeuli

wertili erTdroulad gviCvenebs 25 erTeuli tansacmlis da 50

sakvebis

gamoSvebas.

amasTan,

maTi

warmoebisaTvis

sawarmoo danaxarjebis gansxvavebuli kombinaciebi.

446

gamoyenebul

iqna

danaxarjebis efeqtianoba
warmoebis faqtorebis efeqtiani kombinirebisaTvis ganvixiloT danaxarjebis
sxvadasxva kombinacia, romelic saWiroa mza produqtis yoveli ori moculobis
warmoebisaTvis. calkeuli produqtis warmoebis faqtoris ganawileba teqnikurad
efeqtiania, Tu erTi produqtis warmoebis moculoba ar SeiZleba gaizardos ise,
Tu ar Semcirda meore produqtis warmoebis moculoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
teqnikuri efeqtianoba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garkveuli moculobis
produqtis warmoebisaTvis firmebi axerxeben mcire danaxarjebis mqone faqtorebis
kombinacias. warmoebis efeqtianobis cneba CvenTvis axali ar aris. ukve ganvixileT
sawarmoo funqcia,

romliTac aRiwereboda gamoSvebis

maqsimaluri

moculoba

warmoebis faqtorebis garkveuli kombinaciiT. amJamad, vafarToebT koncefcias da

erTis nacvlad ori produqti Semogvyavs.
naxazi

17.6

gviCvenebs,

rom

warmoebis

faqtorebi

araefeqtianad

aris

ganawilebuli, Tu maTi gadanawileba erT-erTi an orive produqtis gamoSvebis

moculobis

zrdis

araefeqtiani

saSualebas

ganawileba,

iZleva.

SeiZleba

magaliTad,

warmoiSvas,

wertiliT

Tu

profkavSirebi

aRniSnuli
moaxerxeben

aiZulon mewarmeebi gamoiyenon araefeqtiani Siga samuSao ganawesi. A wertilSi

ganawileba namdvilad araefeqtiania, radgan daStrixuli ubnis SigniT nebismieri
kombinacia saSualebas iZleva miviRoT ufro meti sakvebi da tansacmeli. Aamrigad,
samuSao

danaxarjebis

warmoebaSi

nawilis

SegviZlia

danaxarjebis

gadarTviT

gadavinacvloT

gadanacvlebiT

sakvebis

A -dan

tansacmlis

warmoebidan

wertilSi;

warmoebidan

tansacmlis

aseve

sakvebis

kapitalis

warmoebaSi.

es

gadaadgileba sakvebis raodenobas ucvlels tovebs (50 erTeuli), magram ufro

meti tansacmlis warmoebis saSualebas iZleva (30 erTeuli nacvlad 25-sa).
warmoebis optimaluri variantebis mrudi. naxazze 17.6 B da M wertilebi
warmoadgenen
SemaerTebel

efeqtiani
mrudze

ganawilebis

mdebare

yvela

wertilebs,
wertili.

ise

yoveli

rogorc
am

OF

da

wertilTagani

OC

ori

izokvantis Sexebis wertils warmoadgens ise, rogorc gacvlisas optimaluri

garigebebis mrudze yoveli wertili warmoadgenda ori ganurCevlobis mrudis
Sexebis

wertils.

warmoebis

optimaluri

variantebis

mrudi

(Production

Contract Curve) aerTianebs warmoebis faqtorebis yvela teqnikurad efeqtian

kombinacias. yoveli wertili, romelic ar devs warmoebis optimaluri variantebis
mrudze, araefeqtiania, radganac ori izokvanta, romelic am wertilze gadis,
ikveTeba amave wertilSi. Tu ori izokvanta ikveTeba ise, rogorc es A wertilis
SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Sroma da kapitali SeiZleba gadanawildes imgvarad, rom
gaizardos warmoebis moculoba ori produqtidan erT-erTis mainc. A wertilis
magaliTze vuCveneT, rom ganawilebis nebismieri varianti, romelic daStrixuli
ubnis SigniT mdebareobs, zrdis produqtis warmoebas. aqedan gamomdinare,

wertili araefeqtiani ganawilebis wertilia.

447

mwarmoeblis wonasworoba faqtorebis konkurentul bazarze

Tu faqtorebis bazari konkurentulia, efeqtiani warmoebis wertili adre
Tu gvian miRweuli iqneba. gavarkvioT, ratom xdeba ase. Tu Sromisa da kapitalis
bazrebi

srulyofilad

konkurentulia,

maSin

saxelfaso

ganakveTi

dargisaTvis erTnairia. analogiurad, kapitalis arendis fasic _

yvela

erTnairi

iqneba, miuxedavad imisa romel dargSi (sakvebi an tansacmlis) gamoiyeneba es

kapitali. warmoebis danaxarjebis Temidan viciT, rom Tu tansacmlisa da sakvebis
mwarmoeblebi TavianTi danaxarjebis minimizacias moaxdenen, maSin isini Sromisa
da kapitalis iseT kombinacias gamoiyeneben, roca

MPL / MPK / r
aseve vaCveneT, rom ori faqtoris zRvruli produqtebis Sefardeba udris
Sromis kapitaliT teqnologiuri Senacvlebis zRvrul normas MRTS LK .
Aamrigad,

MRTS LK = / r

(17.5)

MRTS LK aris firmis izokvantis daxra, amitom konkurentuli wonasworoba

faqtorebis

bazarze

mwarmoebeli

SeiZleba

gamoiyenebs

mxolod

Sromasa

da

im

SemTxvevaSi

kapitals

ise,

damyardes,

rom

Tu

yvela

izokvantebis

daxra

erTmaneTis toli da amave dros warmoebis ori faqtoris fasebis fardobis toli
iyos.

Sedegad

variantebis

konkurentuli

mrudze,

xolo

wonasworoba

mdebareobs

konkurentuli

warmoebis

wonasworoba

optimaluri

warmoebis

efeqtian

variants warmoadgens.
wertilis
optimaluri

mdebareoba,

variantebis

romelSic

mrudze,

wydeba

damokidebulia

gadaadgileba
ori

warmoebis

produqtis

moTxovnaze.

magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom momxmareblebi, rogorc wesi, upiratesobas aniWeben

sakvebs tansacmelTan SedarebiT. naxazze 17.6 konkurentuli wonasworobis erTerTi SesaZlo mdgomareoba aRniSnulia D -Ti.

aq sakvebis mwarmoebeli uSvebs 80

erTeul sakvebs minimaluri danaxarjebiT, moixmars 43 erTeul Sromas da 20

erTeul kapitals. tansacmlis mwarmoebeli awarmoebs saqonlis 10 erTeuls 7
erTeuli

Sromisa

da

10

erTeuli

kapitalis

meSveobiT.

radgan

saxelfaso

ganakveTi kapitalis arendis fass utoldeba, naxazze izokvantebis daxrilobis

wrfe _ 1-is tolia. am fasebis pirobebSi arcerTi mwarmoebeli ar moindomebs
damatebiT warmoebis faqtorebis yidvas.
SeiZleba
warmoebis

martivad

mrudis

gareT

davrwmundeT,
wertilidan

rom

orive

dawyebuli

mwarmoebeli
aRmoaCens,

optimaluri

rom

umjobesia

gadaanawilos danaxarji Sromis daqiravebasa an kapitalis arendaze ise, rom

moxdinos misi minimizacia. naxazze 17.6 naTlad Cans, rom faqtorebis bazarze ar
arsebobs erTaderTi konkurentuli wonasworoba. warmoebis faqtorebis efeqtiani
gamoyeneba

Tavis

mxriv,

gamoiwvevs

meti

raodenobiT

raodenobiT tansacmlis warmoebas da piriqiT.

448

sakvebisa

da

naklebi

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari (Production Possibilities Frontier

_PPF)
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari gviCvenebs tansacmlisa da sakvebis
sxvadasxva kombinacias, romelic SeiZleba warmoebul iqnes mocemuli Sromisa da
kapitalis mudmivi raodenobis dros, Tu teqnologia ucvleli darCeba.

tansacmeli

60

Osak.

1C

B
sferoebis
gazrda (gafarToeba)

1F
B

2C D

1F

Otans.

100

sakvebi

nax. 17.7 sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari aerTianebs yvela efeqtian sawarmoo moculobebs. B, M da D wertilebi
gadmotanilia optimaluri garigebebis (variantebis) mrudis Sesabamisi wertilebidan (nax. 17.6). sawarmoo
SesaZleblobebis sazRvari amozneqilia, radgan misi daxra (transformaciis zRvruli norma) izrdeba sakvebis warmoebis
donis zrdasTan erTad.

naxazze

17.7

mocemuli mrudi aigeba 17.6 naxazze

naCvenebi optimaluri

warmoebis mrudis meSveobiT. optimaluri warmoebis mrudis yoveli wertili da

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris yoveli wertili sakvebisa da tansacmlis
efeqtiani warmoebis dones aRniSnavs.
sawarmoo

SesaZleblobebis

sazRvarze

movniSnoT

ramdenime

romlebic optimaluri warmoebis mrudis wertilebs Seesabamebian. O F

wertili,
wertili

erT-erT zRvrul SemTxvevas aRniSnavs, rodesac mxolod tansacmeli iwarmoeba,

xolo OC

B, M

da

wertili meore ukiduresobaa, rodesac mxolod sakvebi iwarmoeba.

D

wertilebi

Seesabamebian

sam

danarCen

wertilebs,

romlebic

Seesabameba,

sawarmoo

kontraqtul mrudzea moniSnuli (naxazi 17.6).

wertili
SesaZleblobebis

A,

romelic

araefeqtian

ganawilebas

sazRvris SigniT mdebareobs.

M ABM

samkuTxedis farglebis

yovel wertilSi Sroma da kapitali warmoebis procesSi srulad gamoiyeneba.

magram samuSao Zalis bazris meryeobis gamo (rac profkavSirebis moqmedebis
Sedegia) ekonomika mTlianobaSi araefeqtiani xdeba.

449

ratom aqvs sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris qvemoT mimarTuli daxra?

didi

raodenobiT

sakvebis

efeqtiani

warmoebisaTvis

aucilebelia

sawarmoo

faqtorebi gadanawildes tansacmlis warmoebidan, rac Tavis mxriv, amcirebs

tansacmlis

warmoebis

dones.

sazRvris farglebSi arsebuli yvela wertili

araefeqtiania, amitom isini optimaluri garigebebis mrudis miRma mdebareoben.

transformaciis zRvruli norma (Marginal Rate of Transformation - MRT)

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari amozneqilia anu misi daxris sidide
izrdeba,

rodesac

gaTvaliswinebiT

gamoSvebuli

saWiroa

produqtis

ganisazRvros

moculoba

sakvebis

matulobs.

tansacmelSi

aRniSnulis

transformaciis

zRvruli norma MRT . igi gviCvenebs, Tu ra raodenobiT tansacmelze unda iTqvas

uari, raTa iwarmoos erTi damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebi. magaliTad, naxazi 17.7-is
gadidebul fragmentebze SegviZlia advilad davinaxoT, rom zRvarze mdebare B
wertilSi MRT

1-is tolia (1 damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad, saWiroa

uari vTqvaT 1 erTeul tansacmelze). magram

wertilSi

2-is tolia,

MRT

radganac damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad uari unda iTqvas or erTeul

tansacmelze.
sakvebis

warmoebis

zrdasTan

erTad,

sazRvris gaswvriv gadaadgilebisas, MRT

anu

sawarmoo

SesaZleblobebis

izrdeba.25 es zrda xorcieldeba imis

xarjze, rom Sromisa da kapitalis mwarmoebluroba gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT,

Tu risTvis gamoiyeneba es faqtorebi _ tansacmlis Tu sakvebis warmoebisaTvis.
vTqvaT,

viwyebT

wertilidan,

OF

sadac

iwarmoeba

mxolod

tansacmeli.

gadavitanoT Sromisa da kapitalis garkveuli nawili tansacmlis warmoebidan,

sadac maTi zRvruli produqti SedarebiT dabalia da gamoviyenoT isini sakvebis
warmoebaSi,

sadac

maTi

zRvruli

produqti

maRalia.

am

SemTxvevaSi

erTi

damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad umniSvnelo raodenobiT tansacmelze unda

vTqvaT uari ( MRT

1-ze gacilebiT naklebia). magram Tu vmoZraobT sawarmoo

SesaZleblobebis sazRvris gaswvriv, maSin tansacmlis warmoeba Semcirdeba, rac

gamoiwvevs tansacmlis warmoebaSi Sromisa da kapitalis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas
da kvebis

warmoebaSi

Sromis

da kapitalis

mwarmoeblurobis

wertilSi es mwarmoeblurobebi erTmaneTs utoldeba, xolo MRT

Tu

gavagrZelebT

sazRvris

gaswvriv

moZraobas,

SevamCnevT,

Semcirebas.

erTis tolia.

rom

tansacmlis

warmoebaSi faqtorebis mwarmoebuloba izrdeba, xolo sakvebisa mcirdeba, MRT 1ze meti xdeba.
sawarmoo
movaxerxoT
erTeuli
25

SesaZleblobebis

warmoebis

sakvebis

xarjebis

warmoebisaTvis

sazRvris

formis

meSveobiT.
sakmarisia

OF

axsna

wertilSi,

umniSvnelod

agreTve

SegviZlia

sadac

damatebiTi

mcire

moculobis

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvars yovelTvis rodi aqvs uwyveti, zrdadi MRT . vTqvaT, sakvebis warmoeba xasiaTdeba
ukugebis mkveTri klebiT masStabTan SedarebiT. rodesac warmoebis faqtorebi tansacmlis warmoebidan sakvebis warmoebaze
gadainacvlebs, tansacmlis raodenoba, rasac unda SevelioT erTi damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad, Semcirdeba.

450

tansacmlis

warmoebaze

uaris

Tqma,

sawarmos

zRvruli

xarjebi

sakvebis

warmoebisas Zalian dabalia (saqonlis sakmaod mniSvnelovani moculoba mzaddeba

faqtorebis

umniSvnelo

danaxarjiT).

amrigad,

rodesac

MRT

dabalia,

aseve

dabalia sakvebis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebisa MC F da tansacmlis warmoebis

zRvruli danaxarjebis

fardoba. Ffaqtiurad, sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis

MC C

sazRvris daxriloba asaxavs erTi produqtis zRvruli danaxarjebis fardobas

meore produqtis zRvrul danaxarjebTan. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari
swored imitomaa gamrudebuli, rom sakvebis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebi
tansacmelTan

SedarebiT

izrdeba.

am

sazRvris

gaswvriv

yovel

wertilSi

sruldeba Semdegi toloba:

MRT MC F / MC C

magaliTad,

wertilSi

MRT 1 .

(17.6)
am

wertilSi

sawarmoo

faqtorebi

gadanawildeba tansacmlis warmoebidan sakvebis warmoebaSi, pirvelis warmoebis

moculoba mcirdeba 1 erTeuliT, xolo meoris izrdeba 1

erTeuliT. Tu 1

erTeuli nebismieri saqonlis warmoebisaTvis saWiro faqtorebis danaxarjebi 100

lars Seadgens, maSin zRvruli danaxarjebis fardoba iqneboda 100lari/100lari,
anu 1. toloba (17.5) sruldeba D wertilSic (iseve, rogorc zRvaris nebismier
wertilSi). vTqvaT, 1 erTeuli sakvebis warmoebisaTvis saWiro faqtorebi 160 lari
Rirs, maSin sakvebis zRvruli danaxarjebi am SemTxvevaSi 160 lars Seadgens,
xolo tansacmlis zRvruli danaxarjebi mxolod 80 laris tolia (160lari/2
erTeul tansacmelze). sabolood, zRvruli danaxarjis fardoba 2, utoldeba
MRT -s.

gamoSvebis efeqtianoba
ekonomikis

efeqtianobisaTvis

sakmarisi

ar

aris

mxolod

produqtis

minimaluri danaxarjebiT warmoeba. aucilebelia warmoeba SesabamisobaSi movides

momxmarebelTa msyidvelobiT unarianobasTan. gavixsenoT, rom tansacmlis sakvebis
Senacvlebis

zRvruli

norma

( MRS )

gamoxatavs

momxmareblebis

mzadyofnas

gadaixadon damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebisTvis da sanacvlod moixmaron ufro

mcire

raodenoba

danaxarjebs

tansacmeli.

sakvebis

damatebiT

transformaciis
erTeulze

zRvruli

tansacmlis

norma

gamoxatavs

warmoebis

Semcirebis

xarjze. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT mza produqtis warmoeba efeqtiania mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu yoveli momxmareblisaTvis sruldeba toloba:
MRS MRT

efeqtianobis

misaRwevad

ratom

aris

(17.7)
saWiro

am

pirobis

Sesruleba?

davuSvaT, rom MRT 1 , maSin, roca MRS 2-is tolia. es niSnavs, rom momxmarebeli
Tanaxmaa gaiRos 2 erTeuli tansacmeli 1 erTeuli sakvebis sanacvlod. magram
miRebul damatebiT erTeul sakvebs afaseben mxolod 1 erTeuli tansacmlis
fasad. naTelia, rom sakvebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT iwarmoeba. efeqtianobis

451

misaRwevd aucilebelia gaizardos sakvebis warmoeba, Sedegad MRS

xolo

MRT

Semcirdeba,

gaizrdeba manam, sanam es maCveneblebi ar gautoldeba erTmaneTs.

Sedegi efeqtiania mxolod maSin, roca yoveli produqtis wyvilisaTvis MRS MRT .
MRS=MRT

tansacmeli

60

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis
sazRvari

ganurCevlobis
mrudi

0
100

sakvebi

nax. 17.8 mza produqtebis efeqtianoba

produqtis efeqtiani kombinacia maSin aris, rodesac ori produqtis zRvruli transformaciis norma MRT (erTi produqtis
danaxarjebis Sefardeba meoris danaxarjebTan) udris momxmareblis Canacvlebis zRvrul normas MRS (erTi produqtis
moxmarebiT miRebuli zRvruli sargebeli meore produqtTan SedarebiT).

efeqtianobis es mniSvnelovani piroba mocemulia naxazze 17.8. mocemul

naxazze

calkeuli

SesaZleblobebis
erTaderTi

momxmareblis

sazRvarze

wertilia

ganurCevlobis

(naxazze

sawarmoo

17.7).

mrudi

dadebulia

aRsaniSnavia,

SesaZleblobebis

rom

sawarmoo
wertili

sazRvarze,

romelic

maqsimizacias ukeTebs momxmareblis sargeblianobas. Tumca teqnikurad mrudis

yoveli

wertili

efeqtiania,

magram

momxmareblis

TvalsazrisiT

produqtis

warmoeba yvela wertilSi ar aris efeqtiani. ganurCevlobis mrudisa da samwarmoo

SesaZleblobebis

sazRvris

Sexebis

MRS = MRT

wertilSi

(sawarmoo

SesaZleblobis sazRvrisa daA ganurCevlobis mrudis daxra).

efeqtianoba sasaqonlo (produqtebis) bazrebze

im

SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac

mza

produqtebis

bazrebi

srulyofilad

konkurentulia, yvela momxmarebeli sakuTar biujets anawilebs ise, rom erTis

produqtis

meoreTi

Senacvlebis

zRvruli

normebi

am

produqtze

fasebis

fardobis toli iyos. magaliTad, Cvens SemTxvevaSi tansacmlisa da sakvebisaTvis

es toloba iqneba:
MRS PF / PC

amave

dros

yvela

firma,

romelic

maqsimaluri

mogebisken

iswrafvis,

awarmoebs produqts im wertilamde, sadac fasi zRvrul danaxarjebs gautoldeba

da isev, Cveni ori produqtisTvis:

452

PF MC F da PC MC C

radgan zRvruli transformaciis

norma utoldeba warmoebis

zRvruli

danaxarjebis fardobas
MRT MC F / MC C PF / PC MRS

bazarze

wonasworoba

damyardeba,

rodesac

(17.8)
PF* / PC*

fasTa

wertilSi aRmoCndeba. am dros mwarmoeblebi mzad arian gayidon

Sefardeba
F*

erTeuli

sakvebi da C * erTeuli tansacmeli; momxmareblebs surT iyidon igive raodenobis

produqti.

am

MRT = MRS ,

dros

ase,

rom

konkurentuli

wonasworoba

kvlav

efeqtiania.

tansacmeli

PF1 / Pc1

PF* / Pc*

60
C1

A
B

C2

U2

C*
M

U1

F1

F* F2

sakvebi

nax. 17.9 konkurencia da produqtis efeqtiani moculoba

mza produqtebs konkurentul bazarze adamianebi manamde moixmaren, sanam maTi Canacvlebis zRvruli norma ar
gautoldeba produqtTa fasebis Sefardebas. mwarmoeblebi warmoebis moculobas irCeven ise, rom transformaciis zRvruli
norma utoldebodes fasTa fardobas. radgan MRS = MRT-s, mza produqtebis konkurentuli bazari efeqtiania. fasTa sxva
nebismieri fardoba migviyvanda erT produqtze Warb moTxovnamde da meore produqtze Warb mowodebamde.

Tu mza produqtisa da warmoebis faqtorebis bazrebi konkurentulia, maSin

warmoeba efeqtiania mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac MRT utoldeba MRS . Cvens
SemTxvevaSi sakvebisa da tansacmlis warmoebis moculoba airCeva ise, rom kidev
erTi erTeuli sakvebis moxmarebiT miRebuli zRvruli sargeblianoba utoldeba
misi warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjs; igive marTebulia tansacmlis moxmarebisa da
warmoebisaTvis.
naxazi 17.9 gviCvenebs, rom mza produqtebis konkurentuli bazrebi efeqtiani
xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mwarmoeblis arCevani xorcieldeba momxmareblis
arCevanisagan damoukideblad. vTqvaT, bazari adgens fasebis Semdeg fardobas:
PF1 / PC1 . Tu mwarmoebeli efeqtianad iyenebs warmoebis faqtorebs, isini sakvebsa da

tansacmels awarmoeben A doneze, sadac fasebis Tanafardoba MRT -s utoldeba

(sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris daxras). magram SezRuduli biujetis gamo

453

moxmareblebi

iyidian

produqts

doneze,

sadac

isini

maqsimalur

sargrblianobas miiReben (ganurCvlobis mrudze U 2). radgan mwarmoebels surs F1

raodenobis sakvebi awarmoos, maSin, rodesac momxmarebels surs F2 raodenobis
sakvebis SeZena, am dros warmoiSveba sakvebze Warbi moTxovna. analogiurad,
radgan momxmareblebs

C2

raodenobis tansacmlis SeZena surT, maSin rodesac

mwarmoeblebs urCevniaT C1 erTeulis gayidva, iqmneba tansacmlis Warbi miwodeba.

fasebi

bazarze

tansacmlze

daiwyebs

moZraobas:

Semcirebas,

radgan

fasi
PF / PC

sakvebze
fardoba

daiwyebs

zrdas,

gaizrdeba,

fasis

xolo
wrfe

gadainacvlebs sawarmoo sazRvris gaswvriv.

konkurentuli bazrebis efeqtianoba

zogadi wonasworobisa da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis analizis saSualebiT
miviReT ori mniSvnelovani daskvna:
1. resursebis nebismieri sawyisi gadanawilebis dros gacvlis konkurentul
process moaqvs
2.

Tu

ekonomikurad efeqtiani Sedegi;

momxmarebelTa

upiratesobebi

amozneqilia,

resursebis

efeqtiani

ganawileba resursebis swori gadanawilebiT;

orive Sedegi efuZneba im daSvebas, rom bazrebi konkurentulia. Tu bazrebi
konkurentuli ar arian, es Sedegebi yovelTvis ver miiRweva.
arsebobs pirobebi, romelic unda Sesruldes, raTa warmoebis faqtorebisa
da mza produqtebis bazarze gacvla ekonomikurad efeqtiani iyos. yvela piroba
mniSvnelovania da ganvixiloT maTi axsna:
1. gacvlis efeqtianoba. ganawilebis yvela varianti unda mdebareobdes optimaluri
garigebis mrudze, raTa yoveli momxmareblisTvis sakvebis tansacmlze gacvlis
zRvruli norma erTnairi iyos:
MRSg
konkurentuli
momxmareblisTvis

bazari

FC=

aRwevs

sabiujeto

wrfisa

MRSk

FC

aseT
da

efeqtur

misi

yvelaze

Sedegs,
maRali

radganac
misaRwevi

ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexeba iZleva garantias, rom:

MRSgFC= PF / PC= MRSkFC
2. warmoebis faqtorebTa gamoyenebis efeqtianoba.

warmoebis faqtorTa yvela

konbinacia unda iyos warmoebis optimaluri variantebis mrudze, radganac yoveli

mwarmoeblisTvis ori produqtidan romelimes warmoebis dros, Sromis kapitaliT
teqnologiuri Senacvlebis zRvruli norma erTnairi iyos:

MRTS F LK MRTS C LK
konkurentuli

bazari

aRwevs

aseT

efeqtian

Sedegs,

radganac

yoveli

mwarmoebeli axdens mogebis maqsimizacias irCevs ra Sromisa da kapitalis iseT

danaxarjebs, rom damokidebuleba warmoebis faqtorebze fassa da teqnologiuri
Senacvlebis zRvruli normis toli iyos:

454

MRTS F LK w / r MRTS C LK
3. efeqtianoba mza produqtebis bazarze. produqtTa Sefardeba unda SeirCes ise,
rom misi transformaciis zRvruli norma gautoldes momxmarebelTa Senacvlebis
zRvrul normas (yvela momxmareblisTvis) :

MRTFC MRS FC
konkurentuli bazari aRwevs aseT efeqtian Sedegs, ise rogorc mwarmoeblebi
iRwvian maqsimaluri mogebis misaRwevad da warmoebis moculobas im donemde
zrdian, sanam zRvruli danaxarjebi fass ar gautoldeba:

PF MC F , PC MCC
Sedegad: MRTFC MC F / MCC PF / PC
magram

momxmarebeli

konkurentul

bazarze

axdens

sargeblianobis

maqsimizacias mxolod maSin, Tu:

PF / PC MRTFC
maSasadame, yvela momxmareblisTvis sruldeba piroba: MRS FC MRTFC ()
amrigad, mza produqtebis efeqtianobis pirobebi sruldeba. aseT viTarebaSi,
efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom produqti warmoebuli iyos iseTi raodenobiTa da
danaxarjebiT, romelic Seesabameba adamianTa gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnas.

ZiriTadi terminebi

nawilobrivi wonasworoba
zogadi wonasworoba
pareto-optrimaluri mdgomareoba
ejvortis kolofi
pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba
garigebebis (kontraqtebis) mrudi
sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa sazRvari
rtansformaciis zRvruli norma

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizi ganixilavs calkeul bazarze fasisa da
moculobebis

cvlilebas

erTierTzemoqmedebas

ar

da

uSvebs,

ganicdian.

rom

zogadi

gansaxilveli

wonasworobis

analizi

bazrebi
yvela

bazars erTdroulad ganixilavs da mxedvelobaSi iRebs sxva bazrebis sapasuxo

zemoqmedebas Sesaswavl bazarze da swavlobs ukukavSirebis efeqts.
2. resursebis ganawileba efeqtiania, roca arc erTi momxmareblis mdgomareoba
ar umjobesdeba sxva momxmarebelTa mdgomareobis gauaresebis xarjze. roca
momxmareblebi axorcieleben urTierTxelsayrel gacvlas, Sedegi aris paretoefeqtiani da mdebareobs optimaluri garigebis mrudze.
3. konkurentuli wonasworobis dros yoveli momxmarebeli resursebs anawilebs
misTvis umjobesi gziT, yvela bazarze moTxovnili
emTxveva

miwodebuli

produqtis

raodenobas.

produqtis raodenoba

konkurentuli

wonasworobis

455

pirobebSi yvela gadawyvetileba resursebis

ganawilebis Sesaxeb mdebareobs

gacvlis optimaluri garigebebis mrudze da aris pareto-efeqtiani.

4. sawarmoo

SesaZleblobaTa

sazRvari

gamosaxavs

resursebis

yvela

efeqtian

ganawilebas im sargeblianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac aRwevs TiToeuli

individi. marTalia orive individi upiratesobas aniWebs romelime ganawilebas
araefeqtian ganawilebasTan SedarebiT,

magram araa aucilebeli, rom yvela

efeqtiani ganawileba iqnes arCeuli. amdenad, resursebis romelime araefeqtiani

ganawileba SesaZloa ufro samarTliani iyos, vidre efeqtiani ganawileba.
5. warmoebis resursebis ganawileba teqnikurad efeqtiania, Tu erTi produqtis
gamoSvebis gazrda SeuZlebelia meore produqtis gamoSvebis Semcirebis gareSe.
teqnikuri

efeqtianobis

yvela

wertili

mdebareobs

warmoebis

optimaluri

garigebebis (kontraqtebis) mrudze da warmoadgens mocemuli ori produqtis

izokvantebis gadaxris wertilebs.
6. konkurentul

wonasworobas

resursebis

bazrebze

adgili

aqvs,

roca

resursebis wyvilebis teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvruli norma am resursebis

fasTa Tanafardobis tolia.
7. sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa sazRvari gansazRvravs
efeqtian

ganawilebas

im

gamoSvebis

resursebis yvela SesaZlo

pirobebSi,

romlic

SesaZlebelia

resursebis mocemuli kombinaciiT. sakvebis transformaciis zRvruli norma

tansacmelSi izrdeba, roca iwarmoeba meti sakvebi da naklebi tansacmeli.
transformaciis zRvruli norma aris sakvebis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjis
Sefardebisa tansacmlis warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjTan.
8. momxmareblisTvis produqtis ganawilebis efeqtianoba miiRweva maSin, roca
erTi produqtis meoreTi Senacvlebis zRvruli norma

tolia warmoebaSi erTi

produqtis meoreSi transformaciis zRvruli normis.

9. roca produqtebisa da resursebis

bazrebi srulyofilad konkurentulia,

Senacvlebis zRvruli norma transformaciis zRvrul normis tolia.

10. konkurentuli bazrebi SeiZleba araefeqtiani iyos Semdegi mizezis gamo: 1.
firmebs an momxmareblebs SeiZleba hqondeT sabazro Zalaufleba produqtis an
resursebis

bazrebze;

2.

arasruli

informaciis

gamo

momxmareblebma

da

mwarmoeblebma SeiZleba miiRon mcdari gadawyuvetilebebi; 3. sazogadoebisTvis

sasurveli zogierTi produqti SeiZleba ar iwarmoebodes.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1.

ra gansxvavebaa nawilobriv da zogad wonasworobas Soris?

2. daasaxeleT ori urTierTdakavSirebuli bazris magaliTi. aRwereT am bazrebze

zogadi wonasworobis miRwevis piroba.
3.

SeafaseT zogadi wonasworobis gantolebaTa sistema.

4. rodis aris konkurentuli bazari efeqtiani?

5. rogori garigebebi gaanawileben produqts ufro efeqtianad momxmareblebs
Soris?

456

6. produqtebis ganawilebis romel variantebs aerTianebs optomaluri garigebis

mrudi?
7. daaxasiaTeT momxmareblis wonasworoba konkurentul bazarze.
8. ra SemTxvevaSia konkurentuli bazari efeqtiani?
9. SeajameT warmoebis efeqtianoba ejvortis kolofis saSualebiT.
10. axseniT sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris maxasiaTeblebi.
11. rogor gaiangariSeba transformaciis zRvruli norma?

457

Tavi 18. asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

arasrulyofili informaciis bazrebis Taviseburebebis axsnas

2. asimetriul bazrebze gadawyvetilebaTa analizs da Sefasebas

3.

srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis gansazRvras

4. ,,gadawyvetilebis xis diagramis analizs

5. auqcionis tipis bazrebze arCevanis aRweras

18.1 asimetriuli bazrebis saxeebi

bazrebis
ramdenad

warmatebiT

srulad

funqcionireba

gvawvdian

damokidebulia

informacias.

imaze,

konkurentuli

Tu

bazrebis

fasebi
modeli

ganvixileT im daSvebiT, rom bazris monawileebi srulad informirebulebi arian

da informacia simetriulad aris ganawilebuli maT Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi
fasebi gvaZleven srul informacias bazarze gasayidad gamotanili saqonlis
alternatiuli

danaxarjebis

Sesaxeb.

sruli

informaciis

floba

ar

iZleva

warmatebis garantias, magram mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs mis miRwevas da arsebuli

resursebis optimalur ganawilebas.
realuri
srulfasovani

bazrebi

Sors

informaciis

arian

miReba

aseTi
did

idealuri

modelisagan.

danaxarjebTanaa

xSirad

dakavSirebuli

an

sruliad SeuZlebelia. asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi gvxvdeba yoveldRiuri

cxovrebaSi

TiTqmis

yovel

nabijze.

magaliTad,

azartuli

TamaSebis

organizatorebma ician maTi biznesis detalebis Sesaxeb ufro meti, vidre TamaSis
rigiTma monawileebma; saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gamyidvelebi floben saqonlis
xarisxis Sesaxeb ufro srulyofil informacias, vidre myidvelebi; sadazRvevo
polisis mflobelebi floben ufro met informacias dasazRvevi obieqtis Sesaxeb,
vidre sadazRvevo kompaniebi.
gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi xSirad cdiloben dafaron TavianTi qmedebis
WeSmariti motivebi da cdiloben sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebas calmxrivi
upiratesobis

misaRebad.

sabazro

meqanizmi

uZluria

bazris

monawile

yvela

mxarisaTvis srulfasovani informaciis miwodebasa da Tanabari ganawilebisas.

asimetriuli

informaciis

bazrebze

garigebaSi

monawile

mxolod

erTi

mxare flobs srul da mniSvnelovan informacias, xolo meore mxare SezRuduli

informaciis mflobelia.

xarisxis gaurkvevlova da meoradi saqonlis bazrebi

458

meoradi avtomobilebis bazarze xarisxis gaurkvvelobis problema kvlevis

obieqtad

pirvelad

1970

wels

jorj

aqcia.26

akerlofma

davuSvaT,

Zveli

avtomobilebis bazarze iyideba ori kategoriis avtomobilebi: saSualoze maRali

xarisxis kargi avtomobilebi da saSualoze dabali xarisxis cudi avtomobilebi
(amerikuli

Jargonis

enaze

`limonebi).

pirveli

kategoriis

avtomobilebis

gamyidvelebi mzad arian $3000 gayidon TavianTi saqoneli, xolo myidvelebi mzad
arian gadaixadon $3600. meore kategoriis manqanebisaTvis ki Sesabamisi fasebi aris
$1000 da $1200. Tu orive kategoriis avtomobilebi bazarze Tanabari raodenobiTaa
gamotanili, maSin saSualo fasi gamyidvelebisaTvis iqneba $2000 (($3000+$1000) : 2),
xolo myidvelebisaTvis $2400 (($3600+$1200):2). aseT situaciaSi kargi avtomobilis
yidvis albaToba aris 50%.
`limonebis bazarze gamyidvelebma ician TavianTi avtomobilebis xarisxi da
av-kargianoba, xolo myidvelebma ki ara. bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasi $2000 kargi
avtomobilebis mflobelebisaTvis wamgebiania da Sesabamisad miuRebeli. cudi
avtomobilebis

mflobelebisaTvis

ki,

piriqiT,

es

fasi

maTTvis

yvelaze

optimistur molodinsac ki aWarbebs. aseTi asimetriuli informaciis SemTxvevaSi,

roca

gamyidvelebma

ufro

meti

ician

saqonlis

xarisxis

Sesaxeb,

vidre

myidvelebma, meoradi avtomobilebis bazari deformacias ganicdis. igi uunaroa

efeqtianad

gaanawilos

resursebi:

kargi

avtomobilebis

mflobelebi

aRar

moisurveben wamgebian fasad gayidon avtomobilebi da Sewyveten maT miwodebas.

cudi avtomobilebis miwodeba ki, piriqiT, gaizrdeba. amis Semdeg, aseT bazarze
kargi

avtomobilis

avtomobilebis

yidvis

bazarze

albaToba

darCeba

50%-dan

mxolod

0-mde

dabali

Semcirdeba.

xarisxis

sabolood,

avtomobilebi

`limonebi.
zemoT

aRwerili

situacia

araxelsayreli

SerCevis

kargi

magaliTia.

xarisxis Sesaxeb informaciis araTanabari ganawilebis mizeziT dabali xarisxis

saqonelma bazridan sruliad gandevna maRali xarisxis saqoneli .da momxmarebels
misTvis araxelsayreli arCevanisaken ubiZga. araxelsayreli SerCevis problema
imdenad seriozuli SeiZleba gaxdes, rom bazris sruli ganadgureba gamoiwvios.
sadazRvevo bazrebic, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis miuxedavad,
`limonebis bazris msgavsia. aseTi bazrebis erTaderTi gansxvaveba `limonebis
bazrisagan
bazarze

imaSi

mdgomareobs,

sadazRvevo

kompaniebis.

vin

ufro

polisebis
metadaa

rom

xarisxis

Sesaxeb

mflobelebis
dainteresebuli

informacia

xelSia

da

ara

janmrTelobis

an

sadazRvevo
sadazRvevo
sicocxlis

dazRveviT - janmrTeli adamiani Tu qronikuli mZime daavadebis matarebeli? unda

vivaraudoT, rom susti janrTelobis mqone adamianebi janmrTelobis dacvis didi
danaxarjebis ufro maRali riskis winaSe dganan. swored amitom janmrTelobisa

26

Akerlof George A. The Market for Lemons; Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism// The Quarterly Journal of

Economics. August, 1970. Vol. 84. P. 488-500 (translated in Russian.; Theses, 1994, p. 91-104)

459

da sicocxlis damzRvevi kompaniebis sadazRvevo polisebs aseTi adamianebis ufro

meti raodenoba SeiZens, vidre kargi janmrTelobis mqone adamianebi.
ase

rom,

sadazRvevo

bazarze

maRali

riskis

matarebeli

klientebi

gamodevnian SedarebiT dabali riskis matarebel klientebs. es garemoeba aiZulebT

sadazRvevo kompaniebs gazardon sadazRvevo polisis fasi. gazrdili fasi kidev
ufro Seamcirebs kargi janmrTelobis mqone momxmareblebis mier sadazRvevo
polisebis SeZenis SemTxvevebs. fasis zrda spiraliseburi principiT ,,maRali fasi
saSiSi klientebisaTvis aZlierebs araxelsayreli SerCevis efeqts da grZeldeba
manmade, sanam sadazRvevo polisis fasi ar gaxdeba maqsimaluri riskis amsaxveli.

sabazro signalebi
asimetriuli informaciiT gamowveuli deformaciebis Tavidan acilebaSi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sabazro signalebi. meoradi avtomobilebis bazarze
Tuki maRali xarisxis avtomobilebis gamyidvelebs saSualeba aqvT momxmareblebs
damatebiT miawodon informacia saqonlis maRali xarisis Sesaxeb, maSin ufro
maRal fassac moiTxoven da iReben kidec. aseT SemTxvevebSi umniSvnelovanes
rols

TamaSobs

firmis

damqiraveblisaTvis

aseTi

reputacia,
damatebiTi

samarko

niSani

signalis

da

rols

a.S.

Sromis

SesaZloa

bazarze

asrulebdes

samuSaos maZieblis ganaTlebis damadasturebeli diplomi, sertifikati da a.S.

Znelia klientis darwmuneba axali saqonlis maRal xarisxSi. es xSir
SemTxvevaSi dakavSirebulia damatebiT xarjebTan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sabazro
signalebi Seicaven aseT informacias. magaliTad, Tu pirvelad SexvalT TqvenTvis
ucnob restoranSi, bunebrivia, ar gecodinebaT iqauri kerZebis xarisxi. Tumca
Tqven SegiZliaT damatebiT miiRoT sabazro signali, Tu es restorani romelime
cnobil kompanias, magaliTad, sastumroebis qselis msoflioSi cnobil firmas
Marriott-s ekuTvnis.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara asimetriuli informaciis daZleva? momxmarebelTa
uflebebis dacva unda daefuZnos saqonlis da momsaxurebis xarisxis Sesaxeb
sruli

informaciis

miwodebas.

SesaZlebelia

ki

aseTi

informaciis

mopoveba

saerTod an vin unda awvdides msgavs informacias momxmarebels? did rols

TamaSobs masmediis saSualebebi, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis
specialuri samsaxurebi da, ra Tqma unda, Tavad firmebi ewevian ra aqtiur
sareklamo kampanias. informacia ufaso ar aris. bunebrivia dgeba kiTxva, vin aris
dainteresebuli da vin unda gaiRos informaciis safasuri?
informaciis udidesi nawili bazars miewodeba reklamis saxiT, romlis
funqciebi winaaRmdegobrivia. xSirad Znelia gaarCio ra ufro metia reklamaSi,
informacia Tu dezinformacia, tyuili Tu marTali. farTo auditoriisaTvis
gankuTvnil

reklamas

sxvadasxvagvar

interpretacias

ukeTeben

momxmarebelTa

sxvadasxva jgufebi. rac ufro didia auditoria, miT ufro metia erTidaigive
informaciis

sxvadasxvagvarad

interpretirebis

SesaZleblobebi,

srulyofili

informaciis floba ufro macdur ideals gavs, vidre Tanamedrove sameurneo

460

cxovrebis realur yoveldRiur praqtikas, sadac bazrebisaTvis informaciuli

asimetria damaxasiaTebelia met-naklebi doziT.

18.2

`gadawyvetilebis xis koncefcia

asimetriuli informaciis bazrebze gaurkvevel da sarisko situaciebSi

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas TiToeuli adamianis winaSe

sxvadasxva xelmisawvdomi

SesaZleblobebis mTeli speqtria da sarisko movlenebis aseve didi jgufia,

romlebic

SesaZloa

warmoiSvan

drois

TiToeul

momentSi.

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi subieqtis arCevanis gasaanalizeblad gamoiyeneba e.w. `gadawyvetilebis

xis koncefcia.
`gadawyvetilebis xe aris arCevanis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtis winaSe
gadaSlili
aRmweri

SesaZlebeli

diagrama27.

igi

gadawyvetilebebis
Zalze

da

mosaxerxebeli

maTi

Sesabamisi

iaraRia

riskis

albaTobebis

winaSe

mdgari

subieqtisaTvis moqmedebaTa optimaluri gegmis SesarCevad.

ganvixiloT
kompaniam

martivi

moulodnelad

magaliTi.
aRmoaCina

davuSvaT,
navTobis

erTerTma

axali

navTobmompovebelma

maragebi

kaspiis

zRvis

sanapiroze. zRvaSi mas SeuZlia aagos didi simZlavris saburRavi platforma an

mcire

simZlavris

patara

mowyobiloba.

asagebi

konstruqciis

sidide

damokidebulia axlad aRmoCenil rezervuarSi navTobis maragis sidideze:

Tu rezervuari didia da firma aagebs

a) did konstruqcias, maSin misi mogeba iqneba $50 milioni
b) patara konstruqcias, maSin misi mogeba iqneba $30 milioni

Tu rezervuari aris patara da firma aagebs

a) did konstruqcias, maSin firmis mogeba iqneba $10 milioni
b) patara konstruqcias, maSin firmis mogeba iqneba $20 milioni
am magaliTSi Tuki firmas danamdvilebiT ecodineboda navTobis axali

maragis sidide, maSin is aagebda didi simZlavris platformas. kompaniisaTvis

problemas swored is warmoadgens, rom man mocemuli momentisaTvis ar icis
navTobis axali rezervuaris sidide. imis albaToba, rom axlad aRmoCenili
sabado Seicavs navTobis did marags, aris 0,5 (analogiurad, albaToba imisa, rom
sabadoSi aris navTobis umniSvnelo raodenoba, aris aseve 0,5).
naxazi 18.1 warmoadgens navTobkompaniis gadawyvetilebis xis ilustracias.
gadawyvetilebis xes aqvs oTxi mTavari nawili:

gadawyvetilebis

punqtebi

(Decision

Nodes):

igi

asaxavs

konkretul

gadawyvetilebas, romlis winaSec dgas individi (naxazze A punqti). TiToeuli

gamomavali toti am punqtidan gamoxatavs individis alternatiul arCevans.

27

Besanko David A.; Braeutigam Ronald R. Microeconomics. An Integrated Approach.; Printed in the USA. 2001, p. 649

461

Sansis punqtebi: (Chance Nodes) Sansis punqti asaxavs SesaZlo alternativebis

Sesabamis albaTobebs, romlis winaSec dgas gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqti
(B

da C

punqtebi naxazze),

Sansis

punqtidan gamomavali TiToeuli toti

Seesabameba sarisko situaciis TiToeul mosalodnel Sedegs.

albaTobebi. TiToeuli Sansis punqtidan gamomaval TiToeul tots aqvs

albaToba. erTi punqtis yvela albaTobaTa jami 1-is tolia.
navTobkompaniis Semosavlebi (mln)
rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)

didi konstruqciis
ageba

$50

rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)

$10

rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)

patara
konstruqciis
ageba

$30

rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)

$20

nax. 18.1 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis xis~ diagrama

navTobkompania aris riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili, sarisko situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs igi afasebs Sesabamisi
mosalodneli Rirebulebebis mixedviT. B punqtis mosalodneli Rirebuleba aris (0,5 $50 milioni)+(0,5 $10milioni)=$30
milioni. es cifri gveubneba, rom firmisaTvis didi konstruqciis agebis mosalodneli sargebeli aris $30 milioni. riskisadmi
neitraluard ganwyobili kompaniisaTvis igi aris B Sansis punqtSi yofnis Sesabamisi Rirebuleba. analogiurad SegviZlia
gamovTvaloT C punqtSi yofnis mosalodneli Rirebuleba: (0,5X $30milioni)+(0,5 $20 milioni)=$25 milioni.

Semosavlebi. gadawyvetilebis xis marjvena boloSi ganlagebul TiToeul

tots

aqvs

Sesabamisi

alternativisa
namdvili

Sedegis

riskisadmi
fuladi

da

Semosavali,

Sesabamisi

sarisko

Rirebuleba.

neitralurad

Rirebuleba;

Tu

romelic

Tu

Sedegis

TiToeuli

kombinaciiT

gadawyvetilebis

ganwyobilia,
individi

aris

maSin

riskis

misTvis

SesaZlo
miRebuli

mimRebi

subieqti

Semosavali

uarmyofelia,

maSin

aris

misTvis

Semosavali aris Sesabamisi fuladi Rirebulebebis sargeblianoba.

davuSvaT, rom navTobkompania aris riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili. ase
rom,

firmis

Semosavali

tolia

firmis

mogebis

(Profit).

Tu

firma

riskis

uarmyofelia, maSin saWiroa ganisazRvros firmis sargeblianobis funqcia da

Sefasdes TiToeuli SesaZlo Sedegis fuladi Rirebulebis sargeblianoba.
gadawyvetilebis xis Sefasebisas, erTi SexedviT SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom
misi analizi unda daviwyoT marcxena bolodan da gavagrZeloT marjvena bolos
mimarTulebiT. aseTi mcdeloba imedgacruebiT mTavrdeba rogorc ki mivadgebiT
Sansis

punqtebs

(B

da

C).

isini

erTaderT

informacias

gvamcnoben:

`Tqveni

gadawyvetilebis Sedegebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia gaurkvevel movlenebze.

462

am
daviwyoT

problemis
marjvena

mogvarebisaTvis
bolodan

saWiroa

marcxena

bolos

gadawyvetilebis
mimarTulebiT.

xis
am

analizi

proceduras

ewodeba `xis Sebruneba _ (Folding the Tree Back). am proceduris msgavsia

`TamaSis xis analizis procedura, romelic Cven me-14 TavSi ganvixileT.
daviwyoT B Sansis punqtidan. radganac Cvens SemTxvevaSi navTobkompania aris
riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili, sarisko situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs igi
afasebs Sesabamisi mosalodneli Rirebulebebis mixedviT. B punqtis mosalodneli
Rirebuleba aris (0,5 $50milioni)+(0,5 $10milioni)=$30 milioni. es cifri gveubneba,
rom firmisaTvis didi konstruqciis agebis mosalodneli sargebeli aris $30
milioni. riskisadmi neitraluard ganwyobili kompaniisaTvis igi aris B Sansis
punqtSi yofnis Sesabamisi Rirebuleba. analogiurad SegviZlia gamovTvaloT C
punqtSi yofnis mosalodneli Rirebuleba: (0,5X$30 milioni)+(0,5 $20 milioni)=$25
milioni.
axla ukve SegviZlia gadawyvetilebis xis gamartiveba Tuki B da C punqtebis
nacvlad

CavsvavT

Rirebulebebs.

am

naxazi

punqtebis
18.

Sesabamis

gviCvenebs

sarisko

situaciebis

navTobkompaniis

mosalodnel

gadawyvetilebis

xes

`Sebrunebis proceduris Catarebis Semdeg.

navTobkompaniis mosalodneli Semosavlebi (mln)

didi konstruqciis ageba

0.5($50) 0.5($10) $30

patara konstruqciis ageba

0.5($30) 0.5($20) $25

nax. 18.2 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis Sebrunebuli xis~ diagrama

didi konstruqciis agebis mosalodneli Rirebuleba aWarbebs patara konstruqciis agebis mosalodnel Rirebulebas. ( $30
>$25). navTobkompaniisaTvis optimaluri gadawyvetileba iqneba aagos didi konstruqcia axladaRmoCenili sabados
WaburRilisaTvis.

rogorc

vxedavT,

didi

simZlavris

konstruqciis

agebis

mosalodneli

Rirebuleba aWarbebs mcire zomis konstruqciis agebis mosalodnel Rirebulebas

($30

milioni>$25

gadawyvetileba

milioni).

iqneba

aagos

ase
didi

rom,

navTobkompaniisaTvis

konstruqcia

optimaluri

axladaRmoCenili

sabados

WaburRilisaTvis.

463

TanamimdevrobiT

miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis

(Sequence

of

Decisions)

SemTxvevaSi analizi rTuldeba. zemoT aRweril magaliTSi analizis Catareba

martivi

iyo,

imitom

gadawyvetilebis

rom

miRebis

navTommompovebeli
aucilebloba

kompaniis

idga

winaSe

(aeSenebina

mxolod

didi

an

erTi
patara

platforma). xSirad individs uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba erTmaneTis miyolebiT

ise, rom gaTvaliswinebul iqnes gaurkvevli situaciis mosalodneli Sedegebi.
warmovidginoT,

rom

didi

an

patara

platformis

agebis

Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis miRebamde navTobkompanias SeuZlia Caataros winaswari seismuri

samuSaoebi zRvis fskerze navTobis rezervuaris sididis dasadgenad. (analizis
gasaadvileblad davuSvaT, rom seismuri samuSaoebis danaxarjebi nulis tolia).
axla navTobkompania dgas ori gawyvetilebis winaSe: (1) Caataros Tu ara seismuri
samuSaoebi da amis mere miiRos gadawyvetileba didi Tu patara platformis
aSenebis Sesaxeb da (2) aaSenos didi an patara platforma seismuri samuSaoebis
Catarebis gareSe.
firmis

gadawyvetilebis

analizisas

gamosaxul gadawyvetilebis xis diagramas.

464

kvlav

mivmarTavT

18.3

naxazze

kompaniis Semosavlebi (mln)

didi konstruqciis ageba
(seismuri samuSaoebis
gareSe)

patara konstruqciis ageba

(seismuri samuSaoebis
gareSe)

rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)

$50

rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)

$10

rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)

$30

$20

rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)

seismuri samuSaoebi adastureben, rom

rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)
E
seismuri gamokvlevis
Catareba

didi konstruqciis
ageba
patara konstruqciis
ageba
didi konstruqciis
ageba

D
seismuri samuSaoebi adastureben, rom
rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)

$50

$30

$10

patara konstruqciis
ageba

$20

nax. 18.3 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis xis~ diagrama mosamzadebeli seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebis
dros
mesame toti asaxavs axal alternativas: firmam Caataros seismuri samuSaoebi konstruqciis agebamde. am SemTxvevaSi firmas
ecodineba, rogoria zRvisqveSa navTobis rezervuaris sidide (Sansis punqti D).

rogorc vxedavT, A punqtidan gamomavali gadawyvetilebebis amsaxveli zeda

ori toti zustad igivea, rogorc, 18.1 da 18.2 naxazebze. mesame toti ki asaxavs
axal alternativas: firmam Caataros seismuri samuSaoebi konstruqciis agebamde.
am

SemTxvevaSi

firmas

ecodineba,

rogoria

zRvisqveSa

navTobis

rezervuaris

sidide (Sansis punqti D). seismuri samuSaoebis Sedegi aris Sansis punqti D, radgan
aseTi samuSaoebis Sesrulebamde firmam ar icis gansazRvruli Sedegi.
Cvens

magaliTSi,

seismur

Semowmebas

aqvs

ori

Sedegi

TiToeuli

0,5

albaTobiT. Tuki firmas ecodineba rom rezervuari aris didi, mis winaSe kvlav
dgas alternativa, aagos didi an patara platforma (naxazze Sansis punqti E).
didi konstruqciis agebis SemTxvevaSi firmis sargebeli iqneba $50 milioni, xolo
patara konstruqciis agebis SemTxvevaSi ki $30

milioni. Tu firmas ecodineba,

rom zRvisqveSa rezervuari aris patara, (naxazze Sansis punqti F), am SemTxvevaSi
mis winaSe dgas igive alternativa - aagos didi an patara konstruqcia. didi

465

konstruqciis

agebisas

firmis

sargebeli

iqneba

$10

milioni,

xolo

patara

konstruqciis agebisas ki - $20 milioni.

gadawyvetilebis xis analizs am SemTxvevaSic viwyebT marjvena bolodan
marcxena bolosaken gadawyvetilebis punqtebis analiziT.
punqtis

analizi

samuSaoebis

advilia:

Semdeg,

rom

Tu

firmas

rezervuari

danamdvilebiT

didia,

cxadia,

E gadawyvetilebis
ecodineba

didi

seismuri

konstruqcia unda

aaSenos. (naxazze 18.3 gadawyvetilebis punqtis tots, romelic asaxavs patara

konstruqciis

aSenebis

alternativas,

xazi

aqvs

gadasmuli,

radganac

igi

arabunebrivi gadawyvetileba iqneboda).

F

gadawyvetilebis

danamdvilebiT

ecodineba,

gadawyvetileba

iqneba

punqtis
rom

analizic

rezervuari

patara

aseve

pataraa,

konstruqciis

martivia:
maSin

Tu

misTvis

mSenebloba.

firmas

saukeTeso

(analogiurad,

gadawyvetilebis punqtis tots, romelic asaxavs didi konstruqciis mSeneblobis

alternativas,

xazi

aqvs

gadasmuli,

radganac

igi

aseve

arabunebrivi

gadawyvetileba iqneboda firmisaTvis).

naxaze
dadgenis

18.3

Semdeg

gamosaxuli
SegviZlia

da

punqtebis

gavamartivoT

optimaluri

gadawyvetilebis

alternativebis
xe

rogorc

es

gamosaxulia naxazze 18.4.

navTobkompaniis mosalodneli Semosavali (mln)

didi konstruqciis ageba
(seismuri samuSaoebis gareSe)

patara konstruqciis ageba

(seismuri samuSaoebis gareSe)

seismuri samuSaoebis Catareba

0.5($50) 0.5($10) $30

0.5($30) 0.5($20) $25

0.5($50) 0.5($20) $35

nax. 18.4 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis Sebrunebli xis~ diagrama seismuri samuSaoebis dros
firmam unda Caataros seismuri samuSaoebi; Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis did maragebs, maSin
aaSenos didi konstruqcia; Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis mcire maragebs, maSin aagos patara
konstruqcia.

seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebis Semdeg, firmam zustad icis rogori zomis

konstruqcia unda aagos. Cven zustad SegviZlia gamovTvaloT D Sansis punqtis
mosalodneli Semosavali: (0,5 $50milioni)+(0,5 $20 milioni)=$35 milioni. naxazze
18.4 naTlad Cans A gadawyvetilebis punqtis sami sxvadasxva alternativis sami
mosalodneli Semosavali. mesame alternativis mosalodneli Semosavali metia

466

wina

oris

mosalodnel

Semosavalze.

axla

ukve

SegviZlia

CamovayaliboT

navTobkompaniis moqmedebaTa optimaluri gegma.

firmam unda Caataros seismuri samuSaoebi;

Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis did maragebs, maSin firmam

unda aaSenos didi konstruqcia;

Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis mcire maragebs, maSin firmam

unda aagos patara konstruqcia.
zemoT aRwerili magaliTi warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis xis agebisa da

analizis momcveli ZiriTadi safexurebis ilustrirebas:

1.

daviwyoT gadawyvetilebebis Tanmimdevrobisa da sarisko movlenebis sqematuri

monaxazis SedgeniT;

2. TiToeuli gadawyvetilebisaTvis davadginoT is alternativebi, romlebic dgas

individis winaSe;
3. TiToeuli sarisko movlenisaTvis ganvsazRvroT SesaZlo Sedegebi;
4. ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli sarisko movlenis albaTobebi;
5.

davadginoT

Semosavlebi

mosalodneli

Sedegebisa

da

alternatiuli

gadawyvetilebebis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciisaTvis;

6. bolos, vipovoT gadawyvetilebaTa optimaluri Tanmimdevroba `xis Setrialebis
proceduris gamoyenebiT;
am dros Cven ganvsazRvravT `Sansis punqtis TiToeuli SesaZlo Sedegis
mosalodnel Rirebulebas da TiToeuli `gadawyvetilebis punqtis yvelaze maRal
mosalodnel

Semosavals.

alternativa

warmoadgens

Yyvelaze
swored

maRali

mosalodneli

Sesabamisi

Semosavlis

`gadawyvetilebis

mqone

punqtis

Rirebulebas.

18.3 srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba

sarisko gadawyvetilebebis winaSe mdgari adamianisaTvis Zalze sasargeblo

da

momgebiania

gaurkvevlobas
mniSvnelobisa

iseTi
an
da

damatebiTi

mis

srul

Rirebulebis

informaciis

likvidirebas
Sesaxeb

miReba,

romelic

axdens.

metyvelebs

is

aseTi
faqti,

amcirebs

informaciis
rom

realur

cxovrebaSi, Cvens mier ganxiluli magaliTisagan gansxvavebiT, navTobmompovebeli

kompaniebi mzad arian gaiRon mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi seismuri samuSaoebis
Casatareblad.
gavixsenoT `gadawyvetilebis xis analizis Sedegebi:

roca navTobkompanias ar SeeZlo seismuri samuSaoebis Catareba, maSin misTvis

optimaluri

samoqmedo

gegma

iyo

didi

konstruqciis

aSeneba.

am

gegmis

mosalodneli Semosavali iyo $30 milioni;

467

roca navTobkompanias

SeeZlo seismuri samuSaoebis Catareba danaxarjebis

gareSe, maSin misi optimaluri samoqmedo gegma iyo aseTi samuSaoebis Catareba.
Tu

winasawari

samuSaoebi

gamoavlenda

didi

rezervuris

arsebobas,

maSin

kompanias unda aego didi konstruqcia da piriqiT. aseTi samoqmedo gegmis

mosalodneli Semosavali iqneboda $35 milioni;

ase rom, roca kompanias danaxarjebis gareSe SeeZlo Caetarebina winaswari

samuSaoebi,

misi

samoqmedo

gegmis

(didi

konstruqciis

mSenebloba)

mosalodneli Semosavali $5 milioniT meti iyo, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca mas

ar

SeeZlo

aseTi

samuSaoebis

Catareba

(SevniSnavT,

rom

am

SemTxvevaSic

firmisaTvis optimaluri alternativa iyo didi konstruqciis ageba).

es magaliTi warmoadgens srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis (Value of
Perfect Information - VPI)) ilustracias. srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba
aris gadawyvetilebis mimRebi individis mosalodneli Semosavlis nazrdi, roca
individs damatebiTi xarjis gareSe SeuZlia sarisko situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebis
zustad dadgena gadawyvetilebis miRebamde winaswari qmedebebis saSualebiT. Cvens
ganxilul magaliTSi srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba aris $5 milioni.
srulyofili

informacia

Rirebulebis

matarebelia

ara

imitom,

rom

adamianebi riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobilni arian. srulfasovani informaciis

miRebas hqonda dadebiTi Sedegi ($5 milioni nazrdi), maSinac ki, roca Cvens
magaliTSi

navTobkompania

riskisadmi

neitralurad

ganwyobilad

miviCnieT.

amasTanave, srulfasovanma informaciam ver moaxdina riskis likvidacia: seismuri

samuSaoebis Catarebas ki SeuZlia rezevuaris sididis zusti dadgena, magram aseTi
samuSaoebis

Sesrulebamde

mosalodneli

Sedegebi

xom

gaurkvevelia,

ese

igi

navTobkompania isev riskis winaSe dgas im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca gadawyvets

seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebas.
ratom aqvs srulyofil informacias Rirebuleba? srulyofili informacia
saSualebas

aZlevs

gadawyvetilebebi

gadawyvetilebis

mis

winaSe

mimReb

gadaSlil

subieqts

miusadagos

alternativebs.

Cvens

Tavisi

magaliTSi

navTobkompaniis saukeTeso moqmedebaa Seusabamos WaburRilis konstruqciis zoma

zRvisqveSa
konstruqciis

navTobmaragebis
agebiT

sidides

mcire

navTobis

(maqsimaluri
rezervuaris

mogeba

patara

SemTxvevaSi

da

zomis
aseve

maqsimaluri mogeba didi konstruqciis agebiT didi navTobmaragebis SemTxvevaSi).

kompanias ar SeuZlia Seusabamos Tavisi gadawyvetilebebi rezervuaris zomebs
winaswari seismuri samuSaoebis gareSe.
srulyofili

informaciis

Rirebulebis

sidide

gansazRvravs

im

Tanxis

odenobas, ris gaRebasac firmebi isurvebdnen gaurkveveli mosalodneli Sedegebis

Sesaxeb

amomwuravi

informaciis

misaRebad.

Cvens

SemTxvevaSi

navTobkompania

gaiRebda, magaliTad, $4 milions winaswari seismuri samuSaoebisaTvis, radganac am

samuSaoebis WeSmariti fasi $5 milionia. Tuki aseTi samuSaoebis Catareba firmas

468

daujdeboda $7 milioni, maSin misTvis ukeTesi iqneboda ar Caetarebina seismuri

samuSaoebi da ise mieRo gadawyvetileba asagebi konstruqciis zomebis Sesaxeb.
srulyofili

informaciis

Rirebulebis

gansazRvrisaTvis

Tanamedrove

ekonomikuri mecniereba iyenebs realuri SesaZleblobis koncefcias (Real Option

Concept). mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom `man daiwyo bevri sawarmos ekonomikuri
Secvla.28

`formulis

realuri

SesaZlebloba

maSin

arsebobs,

roca

gadawyvetilebis mimRebs SeuZlia Seusabamos gadawyvetilebebi momavalSi misaReb

informaciebs.
zemoT ganxilul naxazze 18.3 warmodgenili gadawyvetilebis xis magaliTSi
seismuri samuSaoebis Catareba navTobkompaniisaTvis qmnis realur SesaZleblobas.
srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba aris realuri SesaZleblobis damatebiTi
Rirebuleba.

Cvens

SemTxvevaSi

rezervuaris

Rirebulebis

es

miRma.

Rirebuleba
realuri

arsebobs

SesaZlebloba

TavisTavad

navTobis

gviCvenebs

sxvaobas

kompaniis mier winaswari samuSaoebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodnel semosavalsa da

aseTi samuSaoebis Cautareblobis SemTxvevaSi mosalodnel Semosavlebs Soris.
zogadad SevniSnavT, rom realuri SesaZleblobis Rirebulebis gansazRvra hgavs
Cvens mier aRweril gadawyvetilebis xis analizs.
magaliTi 1
realuri SesaZlebloba `hiuleT faqard--isaTvis
realuri biznesis samyaroSi firmebi sul ufro xSirad mimarTaven msgavs
analizs,

raTa

daadginon

is

sargeblianoba,

rasac

maT

momavalSi

misaReb

informaciasTan gadawyvetilebebis misadageba moutanT. magaliTad, personaluri

kompiuterebis mwarmoebelma msoflioSi cnobilma amerikulma kompaniam `hiuleT
faqard-ma

Hewlett

Packard

(HP)

Secvala

evropuli

qveynebis

(safrangeTi,

germania) bazrebisaTvis zogierTi prodqciis damzadebisa da Setanis strategia.

Tavdapirvelad

calkeuli

qveynisaTvis

gankuTvnili

Wavluri

printeris

damzadeba kompaniis sawarmoSi xdeboda da Semdeg ucxour bazarze gahqondaT

gasayidad. aseTi strategia ucxour bazrebze moTxovnis raodenobis winaswar
gansazRvris sirTulis gamo kompaniisaTvis Zalze riskiani aRmoCnda. udidesi
Zalisxmevis

miuxedavad,

swrafad

cvalebadi

moTxovnis

pirobebSi

ucxour

bazrebze xSirad Wavluri printerebis Zalze meti an Zalze naklebi raodenoba

aRmoCndeboda xolme. aseTi riskis SemcirebisaTvis kompaniam gadawyvita ucxour
qveynebSi

Seetana

da

iqaur

sawyobebSi

moeTavsebina

Wavluri

printerebis

naxevarfabrikatebi da maTi asawyobi marag-nawilebi.

kompania Wavluri printerebis sabolood damzadebas mxolod mas Semdeg
iwyebda, roca miiRebda zustad gansazRvrul raodenobaze SekveTas calkeuli
bazrebisaTvis.

axalma

strategiam

gamoiwvia

warmoebis

danaxarjebis

zrda,

28

M. Amram, and N. Kulatilaka, Real Options: Managing Strategic Investment in an uncertain World. Boston: Harvard Business
School Press, 1999)

469

samagierod kompanias saSualeba mieca ucxour bazarze Wavluri printerebis

garkveul saxeobebi moTxovnis Sesatyvisi raodenobiT miewodebina mas Semdeg rac
cnobili gaxdeboda realuri damkveTis moTxovnis moculoba. kompania iyenebda
realuri SesaZleblobis koncefcias, raTa ganesazRvra, uRirda Tu ara warmoebis
danaxarjebis zrdis fasad is sargeblianoba, rac axal strategias mohqonda.
rac

ufro

popularuli

xdeba

realuri

SesaZleblobis

koncefcia

yoveldRiur ekonomikur saqmianobaSi CarTuli firmebisaTvis, `gadawyvetilebis

xis

analizis

teqnikac

sul

ufro

met

mniSvnelobas

iZens,

radganac

misi

meSveobiT SesaZlebelia srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis, da Sesabamisad,

realuri SesaZlebelobis ganxorcielebis Rirebulebis dadgenac.

18.4 auqcionis tipis bazrebi

tipiuri
likvidacia

bazari,
aris

sadac

auqcioni.

advilad
tipiur

xerxdeba

asimetriuli

auqcionebze

monawileobs

informaciis
individebis

SedarebiT mcire ricxvi, romelTac gadawyvetilebis miReba uwevT gaurkvevlobasa

da asimetriuli informaciis pirobebSi. amitom auqcionebis analizi aerTianebs
TamaSTa Teoriis elementebs, romlebic ganxilulia me-14 TavSi da gaurkvevlobis
pirobebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis Taviseburebebs, romelTa nawilic me-6 TavSi
ganvixileT.
bazrebis

swored

amitom

auqcionis

tipis

bazrebis,

erT-erTi nairsaxeobis analizi udides

rogorc

asimetriuli

praqtikul daniSnulebasTan

erTad xsenebuli Temebis integrirebis saukeTeso gzaa.

auqcionisaTvis
auqcionze

monawile

yovelTvis

damaxasiaTebelia

TiToeulma

mxarem

icis

asimetriuli

Tavisi

sastarto

informacia:
fasebi

da

SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar aqvs srulyofili informacia konkurentebis sastarto

fasebisa da potenciuri SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, monawile mxareebi
aseTi informaciis erTmaneTisagan dafarvas saguldagulod cdiloben. zogjer
sruliad SeuZlebelia savaraudo fasis gansazRvra uSualod gayidvis momentamde
Tundac sul mcire
unikaluri

naxatebis

xniT

adre.

fasi?

magaliTad,

rogor

rogor ganvsazRvroT firosmanis

ganvsazRvroT

winaswar

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis Tanafardoba axlad mokrefil xilsa da bostneulze, cocxal Tevzsa

Tu sxva malfuWebad produqtebze? yvela am SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis SeuZlebelia
winaswar

fasis

gansazRvra,

sanam

zustad

ar

ganisazRvreba

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis moculobebi, anu fasi Camoyalibdeba mxolod da mxolod uSualod

gayidvis procesSi.

auqcionis modelebi
auqcioni

aris

iseTi

organizebuli

bazari,

sadac

yidva-gayidva

xorcieldeba fasis dasaxelebis formaluri procedurebis meSveobiT. gvxvdeba

470

mravali formisa da zomis auqcionebi. xSirad isini gamoiyeneba gansakuTrebiT

unikaluri saqonlis da diferencirebuli produqtebiT vaWrobisas (magaliTad,
xelovnebis nawarmoebi, antikvaruli nivTebi, sxvadasxva saxis licenziebi). aseTi
formis auqcionebs aqvT erTi udavo upiratesoba: maT gacilebiT naklebi dro
sWirdebaT, vidre ormxriv pirispir molaparakebebs myidvelsa da gamyidvels
Soris asimetriuli informaciis pirobebSi. amasTanave, auqcionebi aZliereben
konkurencias myidvelebs Soris, rac zrdis gamyidvelis Semosavals.
auqcionis

modeli,

romelic

gulisxmobs

auqcionis

warmarTvis

wesebis

erTobliobas, metwilad gansazRvravs mis Sedegebs. gamyidvels yovelTvis surs

iseTi auqcioni, romelic axdens gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis maqsimizacias.
myidvels

ki

urCevnia

iseTi

auqcioni,

romelic

axdens

saqonlis

SeZenis

danaxarjebis minimizacias. farTod gavrcelebulia auqcionis ramdenime modeli:

1.

tradiciuli inglisuri auqcioni: gamyidveli iRebs potenciuri myidvelebis

mier zepir gancxadebebs saqonlis fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis Sesaxeb.
yoveli momdevni potenciuri myidvelis mier dasaxelebuli fasi yovelTvis
ufro maRalia. saqonels SeiZens bolo, yvelaze maRali fasis SemTavazebeli.
auqcionis

msvlelobisas

monawile

mxareebma

yovel

momentSi

ician

dasaxelebuli maRali fasi, auqcioni mTavrdeba maSin, roca Semdgomi myidveli

mzad ar aris SesTavazos dasaxelebulze ufro maRali fasi.
2. holandiuri auqcioni: gamyidveli iwyebs vaWrobas saqonelze maRali fasis
dasaxelebiT. Tu potenciuri myidvelebisagan aravin gamoTqvavs mzadyofnas
dasaxelebuli fasis gadaxdisaTvis, gamyidveli amcirebs saqonlis fass da
yovel momdvno momentisaTvis

acxadebs sul ufro dabal fass.

auqcioni

grZeldeba manam, sanam pirveli potenciuri myidveli ar gamoTqvavs mzadyofnas

romelime Semcirebuli fasis gadaxdisaTvis. holandiuri auqcioni xSirad
gamoiyeneba zogierTi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT vaWrobisas, magaliTad
TambaqoTi da yvavilebiT vaWroba, maT Soris holandiaSi titebiT vaWroba
(swored aqedan momdinareobs auqcionis am modelis saxelic).
3.

daxuruli ganacxadebis auqcioni (tenderebi): fasis Sesaxeb yvela ganacxadi

keTdeba erTdroulad daxuruli konvertebis saSualebiT. gamarjvebulia is
klienti, romlis konvertSic aRmoCndeba SeTavazeba yvelaze maRali fasis
gadaxdisaTvis

mzadyofnis

damokidebulia

auqcionis

Sesaxeb.
wesze:

Tu

pirveli

ramdens
fasis

gadaixdis

auqcionze

myidveli,
First-Price

Auction) gasayidi saqonlis fasi yvelaze maRali dasaxelebuli fasia. meore

fasis auqcionze (Second-Price Auction) saqoneli iyideba sididiT meore
dasaxelebuli fasis mixedviT.
auqcionebis
gamotanili

klasificireba

saqonlis

Sefasebis

SesaZlebelia
mixedviT.

monawileebis

monawileebisaTvis

mier

auqcionze

kerZo

Sefasebis

saqonlis SemTxvevaSi TiToeul monawiles aqvs mocemuli saqonlis Rirebulebis

gansakuTrebuli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sefaseba. man zustad icis, ra

471

`uRirs es nivTi, magram ar flobs srulyofil informacias Tu ra uRirs sxva

monawileebs igive nivTi. magaliTad, xelovnebis unikaluri nawarmoebebisa da
antikvaruli

nivTebis

auqcioni

swored

aseTi

auqcionia.

saerTo

Sefasebis

auqcionze yvela monawiles aqvs saqonlis Rirebulebis erTnairi Sefaseba, magram

arcerTma maTganma ar icis zustad Rirebulebis odenoba.
warmovidginoT,
daluquli

rom

Cemodani.

auqcionze

aravin

icis,

gasayidad
ramdeni

gamotanilia

lari

devs

larebiT

masSi.

savse

TiToeuli

monawilisaTvis CemodanSi moTavsebuli kupiurebis fuladi Rirebuleba erTi da

igivea, magram arcerTma ar icis larebis zusti odenoba. saerTo Sefasebis
auqcionebze monawileebma rogorme TavisiT unda moipovon informacia saqonlis
realuri Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, unda mixvdnen mas an gamoiyenon sxva monawileebis
mier dasaxelebuli fasis Sesaxeb informacia.

kerZo Sefasebis auqcionebi

ganvixiloT kerZo Rirebulebis auqcionebis specifika sami saxis auqcionis
magaliTze: esenia pirveli fasis daxuruli auqcioni, inglisuri auqcioni da
meore

fasis

daxuruli

auqcioni.

am

SemTxvevebis

ganxilvisas

Cveni

mizania

SeviswavloT, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens TiToeuli saxis auqcionis formaluri

wesebi monawileTa qcevaze da gamyidvelebis mier miRebul Semosavalze.
magaliTi 2
antikuri magida internet-auqcionze
davuSvaT, internet-auqcionze gasayidad gamotanilia antikuri sasadilo
magida. umetes SemTxvevaSi internet-auqcioni, magaliTad, msoflioSi cnobili
amerikuli internet-auqcioni eBay, moqmedebs pirveli fasis daxuruli auqcionis
modelis mixedviT, sadac monawileebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saqonlis kerZo
Sefaseba.

davuSvaT,

maqsimaluri

Tanxa,

rom

$1000

romlis

aris

WeSmariti Sefaseba

gadasaxdeladac

mzad

xarT.

(True Valuation)
radganac

mocemuli

SemTxveva aris kerZo Sefasebis auqcioni, sxva potenciuri klientebi SesaZloa

sxva maqsimaluri Tanxis gadaxdisadmi iyvnen mzad. davuSvaT, rom Tqven ar iciT
Tqveni konkurentebis mier internet-auqcionze dasaxelebuli maqsimaluri fasi.
Tqven darwmunebuli xarT, rom konkurentebs Soris albaT iqnebian iseTebic, vinc
$1000-ze meti an naklebi fasis gadasaxdelad iqneba mzad. rogori unda iyos fasis
dasaxelebis strategia?
erTi SexedviT Zalze bunebrivad moCans $1000-is ganacxadis gakeTeba. bolos
da bolos, Tven swored ase ,,giRirT es magida da Tqveni SefasebiT maqsimaluri
fasis SeTavazebiT zrdiT auqcionis mogebis Sansebs. Tumca, es namdvilad ar aris
saukeTeso
myidvelebis

strategia

am

optimaluri

SemTxvevaSi.
strategia

im

pirveli

fasis

maqsimalur

dasaxelebaa, romlis gadaxdisTvisac isini mzad arian.

472

daxurul

Tanxaze

auqcionze

dabali

fasis

aseTi strategiis upiratesobaSi dasarwmuneblad, davuSvaT, rom gaakeTeT

$900 ganacxadi. radganac TqvenTvis ucnobia sxva monawileebis kerZo Sefasebebi
(maT mier magidis subieqturi Sefasebebi - is Tanxa, rac TiToeul maTgans magida
`uRirs),

Tqven

gamoiwvevs.

zustad

ar

gecodinebaT

mrudi

naxazze

dasaxelebuli

fasis

odenobasa

da

davuSvaT,

Tqven

riskisadmi

neitralurad

rom

18.5

is

Sedegebi,

gviCvenebs

rasac

Tqveni

damokidebulebas

auqcionis

mogebis

qmedeba

Tqvens

albaTobebs

ganwyobili

mier
Soris.

brZandebiT,

xolo

Semosavalsa da danaxarjebs afasebT mosalodneli Rirebulebis mixedviT (ise,

rogorc es me-6 TavSi aRvwereT).
S
1

auqcionis mogebis albaToba

0.7
A
B

0.4
F
E

0
$900

$1000

fasis ganacxadebi

nax. 18.5 pirveli fasis daxurul auqcionze optimaluri fasis SeTavazeba

roca internet-auqcionze gakeTebuli ganacxadi $1000-ia, mosalodneli gadasaxdeli Tanxa aris A+B+C+D+E+F farTobi. Tu
Semcirdeba SeTavazebuli fasi $900-mde, maSin mosalodneli gadasaxdeli Tanxa iqneba E+F farTobi. mcirdeba auqcionis
mogebisas misaRebi mosalodneli Semosavali (Benefit). pirvelad mosalodneli Semosavali - $1000 gamravlebuli mogebis
albaTobaze aris A+B+C+D+E+F farTobi, xolo roca SeTavazebas $900-mde amcirebT, maSin Tqveni mosalodneli
Semosavalic D+E+F farTobamde mcirdeba da klebulobs A+B+C farTobis toli sididiT. ase rom, mosalodneli gadasaxdeli
mcirdeba ufro meti sididiT, vidre mosalodneli Semosavali. wminda Semosavali am SemTxvevaSi tolia D farTobis.

rogorc naxazidan Cans, roca Tqvens mier internet-auqcionze gakeTebuli

ganacxadi $1000-ia, mosalodneli gadasaxdeli

(Expacted Payment)

_ ganacxadSi

miTiTebuli fasi gamravlebuli auqcionis mogebis albaTobaze _ aris A+B+C+D+E+F

farTobi

toli.

Tuki

Tqven

SeamcirebT

SeTavazebul

fass

$900-mde,

maSin

mosalodneli gadasaxdeli Tanxa iqneba E+F farTobi. mosalodneli gadsaxdeli

mcirdeba A+B+C+D fartobiT ori mizezis gamo: ixdiT cotas, Tuki moigebT da
mogebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro naklebia.
mosalodneli

gadasaxdelis

Semcireba

Zalian

kargia,

magram

mcirdeba

auqcionis mogebisas misaRebi mosalodneli sargebloba (Benefit) Tavdapirvelad

Tqveni mosalodneli sargebloba - $1000 gamravlebuli mogebis albaTobaze aris

473

A+B+C+D+E+F farTobi, xolo roca SeTavazebas $900-mde amcirebT, maSin Tqveni

mosalodneli

sargeblobac

D+E+F

mcirdeba

mcirdeba

da

klebulobs

A+B+C

farTobis toli sididiT.

ase rom, mosalodneli gadasaxdeli mcirdeba ufro meti sididiT, vidre
mosalodneli sargebloba. wminda sargebloba am SemTxvevaSi D farTobis tolia.
Tqveni keTildReoba D farTobiT umjobesdeba.
cxrili 18.1 naTlad gviCvenebs am Sedegs: marTalia SeTavazebuli fasis
SemcirebiT Tqveni mogebis albaTobac mcirdeba, magram ufro naklebi sididiT
vidre mosalodneli sargebloba, xolo mogebis SemTxvevaSi gadasaxdeli Tanxac
dagezogebaT.

474

mosalodneli sargebloba da danaxarji daxurul auqcionze

cxrili 18.1
mosalodneli Semosavali da danaxarji pirveli fasis daxurul auqcionze
sxvadasxva fasis dasaxelebisas
SeTavazebuli fasi
$1000

$900

mosalodneli sargebloba

A+B+C+D+E+F

D+E+F

mosalodneli gadasaxdeli

A+B+C+D+E+F

E+F

mosalodneli mogeba

ramdeniT

unda

SeamciroT

SeTavazebuli

fasi?

am

kiTxvaze

pasuxi

damokidebulia S mrudis formaze. S mrudis formas gansazRvravs auqcionis sxva

monawileebis mier arCeuli ganacxadis gakeTebis strategiebisa da maTi kerZo
Sefasebebis

Sesaxeb Tqveni warmodgenebi. pirveli fasis

Fganacxadis

wardgenis

strategia

aris

me-14

TavSi

daxurul auqcionze
gaanalizebuli

neSis

SemTxvevaSi,

neSis

wonasworobis erT-erTi magaliTi.

auqcionze

monawileTa

mTliani

raodenobis

wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategia TiToeuli monawilisaTvis aris, SesTavazos

fasi, romelic udris (N-1)/N gadamravlebuli SemTavazeblis kerZo Sefasebaze.
aRsaniSnavia,

rom

ramdenic

ar

unda

iyos

auqcionze

monawileTa raodenoba,

yvelaze maRali kerZo Sefasebis monawile igebs auqcions da ixdis ufro naklebs,
vidre mzad iyo gadaexada. amasTanave, SeTavazebebis wonasworuli fasi izrdeba
auqcionze monawileTa ricxvis zrdasTan erTad.
savarjiSo 1
neSis wonasworobis ilustrireba daxurul auqcionze
amocana
auqcionze or monawiles surs iSviaTi gamocemis bukinisturi wignis SeZena.
TiToeul maTgans sjera, rom metoqis mier wignis kerZo WeSmariti Sefaseba
meryeobs

$0-dan

$200-mde.

vaCvenoT,

rom

TiToeuli

monawilisaTvis

neSis

wonasworobis Sesabamisi fasi aris maTive WeSmariti Sefasebis naxevari.

amoxsna
radgan

mocemul

SemTxvevaSi

N=2,

amitom

TiToeuli

monawilisaTvis

optimaluri SesaTavazebeli fasi aris {(2-1)/2=1/2} gadamravlebuli TiToeulis

WeSmarit Sefasebaze.

475

Cveni mizania vaCvenoT, Tu I monawile darwmunebulia, rom II monawile

WeSmariti Sefasebis naxevari fasis tol ganacxads gaakeTebs, maSin TviTonac
Tavisi WeSmariti Sefasebis naxevari fasis tol ganacxads gaakeTebs.
Tu II monawilis mier dasaxelebuli fasi aris misi WeSmariti Sefasebis
naxevari, maSin I monawilis azriT, II monawilis mier dasaxelebuli fasi aris $0dan $100-mde diapazonSi ($200/2=100). aseTi varaudis safuZvelze, Tu I monawile
daasaxelebs Q-s tol fass, misi auqcionis mogebis albaToba iqneba Q/100. aSkarad
Cans, rom II monawilis mocemuli strategiis SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia I monawilis
mier $100-ze udnav maRali fasis SeTavazeba, raTa man auqcioni ueWvelad moigos.
(am SemTvevaSi Q/100 ganayofi erTze metia).
Tu I monawile daasaxelebs $50, maSin arsebobs 0,5 albaToba imisa rom II
monawile ufro met Tanxas daasaxelebs. amave SemTxvevaSi arsebobs 0,5 albaToba
imisa rom II monawile $50 nakleb Tanxas ganacxadebs. davuSvaT rom I monawilis
mier wignis namdvili Sefaseba aris $60. misi mTliani mogeba aris wignis SeZenis
mosalodnel sargeblobas minuss mosalodneli gadasaxdeli
mosalodnel sargeblobas mosalodneli gadasaxdeli=
= (namdvili Sefaseba X mogebis albaTobaze) (SeTavazebuli fasi X mogebis
albaTobaze)=
= (60 X Q/100) (Q X Q/100)= (0,60 -0,01 Q) Q
monawilis mTliani mogebis (Total Profit) formula (0,600,01Q)Q aris
wrfivi

moTxovnis

mrudis

Sesabamisi

mTliani

amonagebis

(Total

Revenue)

analogiuri formula. gavixsenoT masala me-11 Temidan; roca moTxovnis funqciaa

P=(a-bQ), mTliani amonagebi tolia TR=(a-bQ)Q). zRvruli mogebis (Marginal Profit)
formulac analogiuri iqneba wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis Sesabamisi zRvruli
amonagebis formulis: MP= 0,60-0,02Q. ( me-11 Temidan gvaxsovs, rom roca TR= (a-bQ),
maSin MR= a-2bQ.)
optimaluri Ffasis dros zRvruli mogeba nulis tolia.

optimalurma

ganacxadis fasma unda daakmayofilis 0,60-0,02Q=0 formula, saidanac Q=$30. axla

ukve

aSkarad vxedavT,

rom

monawilis

mier SeTavazebuli

fasi aris

misi

WeSmariti Sefasebis - $60-is naxevari.

ase

rom,

daasaxelebs

mis

Tu

monawile

darwmunebulia,

mier

saqonlis

WeSmariti

rom

Sefasebis

II

monawile

naxevaris

auqcionze

tol

fass,

saukeTeso qmedeba I monawilisTvisac zustad igive strategiis arCeva iqneba.

ramdeni monawilec ar unda iyos auqcionze, mas yovelTvis yvelaze maRali
WeSmariti Sefasebis mqone monawile igebs da Tanac yovelTvis ufro nakleb
Tanxas ixdis vidre mzad iyo gadaexada. amasTanave, auqcionze wonasworuli fasi
matulobs imis mixedviT, rac ufro meti monawilea.
magaliTi 3
antikuri magida kerZo Sefasebis mqone inglisur auqcionze

476

ganvixiloT

antikuri

magidis

gayidvis

magaliTi

inglisur

auqcionze.

davuSvaT, rom Tqvens mier gansazRvruli antikuri magidis kerZo Sefaseba $1000-is
tolia, xolo Tqveni metoqis mier magidis kerZo Sefaseba $800-ia, oRond amis
Sesaxeb Tqven araferi iciT. davuSvaT, auqcioni iwyeba organizatorebis mier $300
fasis gamocxadebiT. rogori unda iyos Tqveni qmedebis startegia?
me-14 TemaSi Catarebuli sxvadasxva strategiebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom
dominanturi strategia iqneba gaagrZeloT sul ufro da ufro maRali fasis
dasaxeleba manam,

sanam

fasi ar gadaaWarbebs

Tqvens

mier antikuri magidis

WeSmarit Sefasebas.
warmovidginoT, Tqveni metoqe asaxelebs $450, unda daasaxeloT Tu ara $451
magidis xelSi Casagdebad? cxadia, unda daasaxeloT. situacia ori scenaris
mixedviT

SeiZleba

ganviTardes

da

orive

scenari

ukeTesia

im

varianTTan

SedarebiT, roca ar asaxelebT $451 magidis xelSi Casagdebad.

I varianti: yvelaze uaresi rac SeiZleba dagemarToT aris is, rom metoqem
ufro maRali fasi SesTavazos gamyidvels. am situaciaSi Tqveni mdgomareoba ar
iqneba ufro uaresi, vidre $451-s daasaxelebdiT (arc maSin da arc axla ar gaqvT
magida, Tumca Tanxac ar wagigiaT);
II varianti: yvelaze saukeTeso viTareba, romelSic SeiZleba aRmoCndeT $451
dasaxelebisas, aris is, rom metoqem Sewyvitos fasis dasaxeleba da $451-ad
sasurveli

magida

miiRoT.

es

fasi

naklebia

Tqvens

mier

magidis

WeSmarit

Sefasebaze _ Tqven xom mzad iyaviT Tundac $1000 gadagexadaT.

roca

inglisur

auqcionze

monawileebi

misdeven

maT

mier

saqonlis

WeSmariti Sefasebis tol Tanxamde fasis zrdis strategias, auqcions igebs

yvelaze maRali kerZo Sefasebis mqone monawile. Tqveni metoqe tovebs auqcions,
rogorc ki Tqvens mier dasaxelebuli fasi gadaaWarbebs $800 da gaxdeba Tundac
$801. Tqven ki Sedegad SeiZenT TqvenTvis $1000 Rirebulebis mqone magidas $801-ad.
magaliTi 4
antikuri magida kerZo Sefasebis mqone meore fasis daxurul auqcionze
warmovidginoT, rom igive magida iyideba meore fasis daxurul auqcionze.
TamaSTa Teoria aqac dagvexmareba optimaluri strategiis SerCevaSi: TiToeuli
monawilis dominanturi strategia iqneba maT mier saqonlis WeSmariti Sefasebis
toli

fasis

dasaxeleba.

rasac

ar

unda

fiqrobdeT

Tqveni

metoqis

mier

dasaxelebul mosalodnel fasze, sulerTia, TqvenTvis saukeTeso startegiaa $1000

dasaxeleba. am gadawyvetilebis sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad ganvixiloT Tqveni
alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi:

Tu daasaxelebT
damokidebuli

$1000-ze

iqneba

nakleb fass, an moigebT

metoqeebis

mier

saqonlis

auqcions
WeSmarit

an ara.

es

Sefasebebze,

romelTa Sesaxeb Tqven ar gagaCniaT srulyofili informacia. $1000 fasis

477

dasaxelebisas ki faqtiurad zarali ar gaqvT: es xom meore fasis daxuruli

auqcionia da mogebis SemTxvevaSic ki Tqven ixdiT ara $1000 dolars, aramed
$1000-is Semdeg meore maqsimalur fass. ase rom, $1000 ze naklebi nebismieri
fasis dasaxeleba ar aris optimaluri qmedeba Tqveni mxridan (es iqneba
Tqveni dominirebadi da ara dominanturi strategia)

ra moxdeba Tu daasaxelebT Tqvens mier magidis WeSmarit Sefasebaze ufro

maRal

fass,

magaliTad

$1050?

erTi

SexedviT,

es

varianti

momxiblavad

gamoiyureba, radgan mogebis SemTxvevaSic ki $1050 ze naklebi Tanxis gadaxda

mogiwevT. (Tumca zustad ver gansazRvravT $1000-ze metis Tu naklebis. es
damokidebuli iqneba sxva monawileebis strategiebze)

Tu Tqvens mier $1050 dasaxelebisas II monawile asaxelebs $1050-ze met fass,

Tqveni

mxridan

fasis

momateba

veraferSi

dagexmarebaT:

Tqven

yvela

SemTxvevaSi agebT auqcions.

meore mxriv,

Tu Tqveni metoqe daasaxelebda

$1000-ze

auqcionis mogeba $1000 dolaradac SegeZloT, axla

naklebs, Tqven ki

zaralobT da ixdiT $50-

iT mets.
da bolos, Tuki Tqveni metoqe asaxelebs fass $1000-dan $1050-mde diapazonSi,
maSin Tqven igebT auqcions, magram zaralobT ixdiT Tqvens mier magidis
WeSmarit Sefasebaze ufro mets.
ase rom, WeSmarit Sefasebaze ufro maRali fasis SeTavazebas arasdros
moaqvs sargebeli da zogierT SemTxvevaSi zianis momtania. ukeTesia daasaxeloT
Tqvens mier saqonlis Wesmariti Sefasebis toli fasi da auqcionis wagebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tqven ar dazaraldebiT.
axla kvlav davubrundeT meore fasis daxurul auqcionze antikuri magidis
gayidvis magaliTs. roca Tqveni metoqis maqsimaluri fasi $800 dolaria, Tqvens
mier swored SerCeuli startegiis Semdeg asaxelebT $801, igebT auqcions da
ixdiT $800 (es aris Tqveni metoqis mier dasaxelebuli maqsimaluri fasi, romelic
axla ukve auqcionze dasaxelebuli meore maqsimaluri fasia). Tqvens mier meore
fasis daxurul auqcionze gadaxdili safasuri $800 aris praqtikulad im Tanxis
toli ($801) romelsac inglisuri auqcionis SemTxvevaSi gadaixdidiT.
ase

rom,

meore

fasis

daxuruli

auqcioni,

gasxvavebuli

formaluri

procedurebis miuxedavad, TiTqmis igive Semosavlis momtania gamyidvelisaTvis,

rogorc inglisuri auqcioni.
SevajamoT
auqcionis

Cvens

analizis

mier

Sedegebi.

ganxiluli
Tu

kerZo

auqcionis

Sefasebis

yvela

mqone

monawile

sami

saxis

misdevs

neSis

wonasworobis Sesabamis strategiebs, maSin

pirveli fasis daxurul auqcionze yvelaze maRali fasis gadaxdisaTvis

mzadmyofi monawile igebs auqcions, magram ixdis im maqsimalur fassze
naklebs, romlis gadasaxdeladac gadasaxdeladac mzad iyo;

478

inglisur auqcionze aseve yvelaze maRali fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadmyofi

monawile igebs auqcions, magram ixdis meore maqsimaluri fasis praqtikulad
tol (umniSvnelod met) safasurs;

meore fasis daxurul auqcionze isev yvelaze maRali fasis gadaxdisadmi

mzadmyofi monawile igebs auqcions. TiToeuli monawile asaxelebs Tavis
maqsimalur fass. mogebuli ixdis dasaxelebul meore maqsimalur fass.
rogorc vxedavT, samive auqcions saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: 1. auqcions

yovelTvis igebs maqsimaluri fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadmyofi; 2. mogebulis mier

gadaxdili fasi aris missave gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnaze ufro naklebi. kerZod,
inglisur da

meore

fasis

daxurul

auqcionze

mogebulis

gadaxdili Tanxa

praqtikulad sididiT meore dasaxelebuli maqsimaluri fasis eqvivalenturia. es

eqvivalenturoba

ZalaSia

kerZo

Sefasebis

mqone

monawileebis

yvela

auqcionisaTvis. am gasaocar Ffenomens ewodeba Semosavlebis eqvivalenturobis

Teorema, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismieri saxis kerZo Sefasebis mqone monawileebis
auqcionze gamyidveli iRebs praqtikulad erTsa da igive Semosavals, romelic
meore maqsimaluri Sefasebis tolia.

saerTo Sefasebis auqcionebi

saerTo Sefasebis mqone monawileebis auqcions axasiaTebs erTi ucnauroba,
romelsac SegviZlia `mogebulis ubedureba (Winners Curse) vuwodoT: auqcionis
momgebi
realur

monawilis
fass.

am

mier

dasaxelebuli

araracionaluri

fasi

qmedebis

SesaZloa

aWarbebdes

SesaZleblobis

saqonlis

sailustraciod

warmovidginoT, rom auditoriaSi auqcionis wesiT gasayidad profesors Semoaqvs

dolarebi, romelic moTavsebulia gaumWvirval daxurul CemodanSi. auqcionze
iyideba

dolarebi

da

ara

Cemodani.

studentebs

eZlevaT

CemodanSi

mxolod

wamierad Caxedvis saSualeba, raTa daaxloebiT mainc gansazRvron Tu ramdeni

dolaria Sig moTavsebuli. zusti informacia CemodanSi moTavsebuli kupiurebis
fuladi Rirebulebis Sesaxeb studentebisaTvis ucnobia.
davuSvaT CemodanSi moTavsebuli fulis Rirebuleba Tqven SeafaseT $150. es
aris is maqsimaluri Tanxa ris dasaxelebasa da gadaxdasac moisurvebdiT am
Cemodanis sanacvlod. Tqveni jgufelebic Tavisi Sexedulebebis mixedviT afaseben
Cemodnis Rirebulebas. maTi Sefaseba SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli iyos Tqveni
Sefasebisagan.
davuSvaT, rom jgufis wevrebis mier gakeTebuli Sefasebebi warmodgenilia
normaluri ganawilebis mixedviT. naxazze 18.6. normaluri ganawilebis mrudis
simaRle

gviCvenebs

sxvadasxva

Sefasebebis

SedarebiT

sixSires

(Relative

Frequency). gumbaTis wveri anu mrudis Sua nawili gviCvenebs saqonlis realur
fass, anu CemodanSi moTavsebuli Tanxis realur odenobas - $80, rac ucnobia
studentebisaTvis.

479

davuSvaT, rom profesori mimarTavs pirveli fasis daxuruli auqcionis

wess

`Cemodnis

Seswavlili

fulis

sakiTxi:

gasayidad.

kerZo

studentebs

Sefasebis

pirveli

axsovT
fasis

profesoris
auqcionze

leqciaze

optimaluri

strategia aris imaze naklebi fasis dasaxeleba, ris gadaxdisTvisac isini mzad
arian. Tu yvela studenti marTlac ase moiqceva maSin maT mier dasaxelebuli
fasebis ganawilebis amsaxveli gumbaTis formis mrudi iqneba ufro marcxniv,
vidre studentebis Sefasebebis ganawilebis mrudi.
davuSvaT rom Tqven daasaxeleT $100, maSin roca mzad xarT `Cemodnis
fulisaTvis

$150

gadaixadoT.

Tqven

igebT

auqcions,

magram

aRmoaCenT

rom

gadaixadeT ufro meti (100>80), vidre kupiurebis realuri Rirebulebaa. swored es

gaxlavT `mogebulis ubedureba: monawileebi iyeneben kerZo Sefasebis auqcionis
Sesabamis saukeTeso strategiebs saerTo Sefasebis auqcionze, ris Sedegadac

Sefasebebisa da fasebis sixSire

ixdian ufro maRal fass, vidre saqonlis realuri sabazro fasia.

a
b
$80

$100

$150

Sefasebebi da fasebi dolarebSi

nax. 18.6 mogebulis ubedureba

mrudis simaRle gviCvenebs sxvadasxva Sefasebebis SedarebiT sixSires. gumbaTis wveri (mrudis Sua nawili) gviCvenebs
saqonlis realur fass anu CemodanSi moTavsebuli Tanxis realur, studentebisaTvis ucnob odenobas - $80. fasi dasaxelebuli
iqneba muqi mrudis marjvena monakveTidan da es dasaxeleba Seesabameba `Cemodnis kupiurebis realuri Rirebulebis yvelaze
optimistur Sefasebas. nebismieri studenti, romelic daasaxelebs fass 80-100 dolaris diapazonSi (naxazze a+ b farTobi),
waawydeba `mogebulis ubedurebis problemas.

naxazi

18.6

gvixsnis

`mogebulis

ubedurebis

fenomens.29

momgebi

fasi

dasaxelebuli iqneba lurji mrudis marjvena monakveTidan da es dasaxeleba

naxazi warmoadgens identur diagramas m. bezermanisa da u. f. samuelsonis wignidan: M Bazerman and W.F. Samuelson, I Won the Auction
But Dont Want the Prize, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27, 4, page 618-634
29

480

Seesabameba
Sefasebas.

,,Cemodnis
nebismieri

kupiurebis
studenti

realuri
romelic

Rirebulebis
daasaxelebs

yvelaze
fass

optimistur

80-100

dolaris

diapazonSi (naxazze a+b areali), waawydeba ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problemas.

rogor aviciloT Tavidan ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problema? profesoris
kerZo Sefasebis auqcionis gakveTilebidan kargad unda gaxsovdeT, rom auqcions
yovelTvis igebs mxolod saqonlisaTvis yvelaze maRali Sefasebis mimniWebeli
monawile.

windaxedulma

studentma

unda

gaiTvaliswinos,

rom

CemodanSi

moTavsebuli kupiurebis Rirebuleba erTnairia, saerToa yvelasaTvis, oRond misi

zusti odenoba aravin icis.
windaxeduli studentis mier auqcionze strategiis SerCevisas Catarebul
analizs eqneba Semdegis saxe:

me Sevafase CemodanSi fuli $150-ad;

Tu movigeb auqcions, es niSnavs rom me yvelaze maRali Sefaseba mimicia

CemodanSi

moTavsebuli

fulisaTvis

da,

SesaZlebelia

fulis

realuri

Rirebuleba iyos ufro naklebi vidre Cemeuli Sefaseba - $150;

radganac Cemi mizania movigo auqcioni da amasTanave ar gadavixado imaze meti,

vidre fulis realuri Rirebulebaa, ise unda moviqce TiTqos Cemeuli Sefaseba
aris $150-ze naklebi, vTqvaT a $150, sadac a < 1.
Tu ramdeniT nakleb fass daasaxelebT Tqveneul SefasebasTan SedarebiT (a

-s

sidide),

damokidebulia

sxva

monawileebis

raodenobaze.

davuSvaT,

rom

auditoriaSi Tqvens garda 29 studentia. auqcionis mogebis SemTxvevaSi Tqveni

Sefaseba $150 aris umaRlesi 30 potenciur Sefasebebs Soris. ra odenobis Tanxis
dasaxeleba iqneba yvelaze ukeTesi TqvenTvis? am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxi moiTxovs
rTul gaTvlebs albaTobis Teoriidan, magram erTmniSvnelovnad cxadia, rom unda
daasaxeloT bevrad ufro naklebi vidre $150, magaliTad daiwyeT $85-dan. codna
,,mogebulis

ubedurebis

fenomenis

arsebobis

Sesaxeb

aucileblad

iwvevs

monawileebis mxridan Zalze frTxil da TavSekavebul qmedebebs, vidre es xdeba

kerZo Sefasebis auqcionebze.
,,mogebulis ubedurebis fenomeni gulisxmobs, rom auqcionis monawileebs
SeuZliaT

misi

Tavidan

acileba

Tuki

gaiTvaliswineben

misi

arsebobis

SesaZleblobas strategiis SerCevisas. auqcionze monawileTa ricxvis gazrdam

SesaZloa kidev ufro frTxili saqcielisken ubiZgos monawileebs da isini kidev
ufro

dabali

auqcionidan

fasis

dasaxelebiT

gansxvavebiT,

sadac

daiwyeben
monawileTa

auqcions.
ricvis

(kerZo
gazrda

Rirebulebis
iwvevs

neSis

wonasworobis Sesabamisi fasis zrdas).

rogorc vxedavT, saerTo Sefasebis auqcionis SemTxveva, sadac monawileebi
ufrTxian mogebulis ubedurebis fenomens da dabal fass asaxeleben, sulac ar
aris

auqcionis

saukeTeso

saxe

gamyidvelisaTvis.

rogorc

Cans,

saerTo

Sefasebisas gamyidvelisaTvis yvelaze ufro xelsayrelia inglisuri auqcionis

mowyoba.

TamaSTa

Teoriis

gamoyenebiT

SesaZlebelia

imis

dasabuTeba,

rom

481

gamyidvelebis Semosavlebi saSualod maRalia inglisuri auqcionis SemTxvevaSi

vidre pirveli da meore fasis, an holandiuri auqcionis SemTxvevaSi. (es debuleba
marTebulia, Tu monawileebi arian riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili an riskis
uarmyofeli individebi). amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom inglisuri auqcioni
yvelaze ufro metadaa gavrcelebuli realuri biznesis samyaroSi. is saSualebas
aZlevs monawileebs miiRon ufro meti informacia erTmaneTisagan, aRmofxvran
asimetriuli informaciiT gamowveuli ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problema.
magaliTi 5
`mogebulis ubedureba saklaso oTaxSi
rogor fiqrobT, Tqvens auditoriaSi marTla rom Semovides profesori
dolarebiani CemodniT da moawyos zemoT aRwerili auqcioni, waawydebiT Tu ara
,,mogebulis ubedurebis problemas?
orma profesorma, maqs bezermenma (Max Bazerman) da uiliam samuelsonma
(William

Samuelson)

Caatares

zustad

msgavsi

eqsperimenti

aSS-s

bostonis

universitetSi magistraturis studentebis sxvadasxva jgufebTan. Cemodanisa da

dolaris kupiurebis nacvlad isini iyenebdnen xurda fuliT savse gaumWvirvale
qilas, sadac moTavsebuli iyo $8-is xurda fuli. studentebis motivaciis gazrdis
mizniT maT daaweses damatebiTi prizi im studentisaTvis, romelebic qilaSi
fulis realur raodenobasTan yvelaze ufro miaxloebul fass daasaxelebdnen.
auditoriebSi Catarebulma eqsperimentebma daadastures, rom studentebi
sistematurad dgebodnen `mogebulis ubedurebis problemis winaSe. 48 Catarebul
auqcionze mogebulis mier dasaxelebuli saSualo fasi iyo $10,01 rac $2,01 iT
aRemateboda qilaSi moTavsebuli fulis realur Rirebulebas. es Sedegi kidev
ufro gasaocaria, radganac studentTa umravlesoba saSualod mcire Tanxas
asaxelebda. studentTa mier qilaSi moTavsebuli Tanxis saSualo Sefaseba iyo
$5,13, rac @2,87-iT naklebia `qilis fulis realur Rirebulebaze. ase rom, am
auqcionze

,,mogebulis

ubedurebis

tendencia

kidev

ufro

Zlieri

aRmoCnda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom studentebi realur Rirebulebaze naklebad afasebdnen

`qilis

fulis

Rirebulebas,

auqcionis

momgebis

mier

dasaxelebuli

fasi

aRemateboda mis realur Rirebulebas. realuri Rirebuleba marTla $5,13 rom

yofiliyo, mogebulis danakargi kidev ufro STambeWdavi iqneboda - $4,88 (10,01-5,13)
vidre $2,01
magaliTi 6
internet-auqcionebi
bolo wlebSi internet-auqcionebis popularoba gansakuTrebiT izrdeba.
ucxoeTSi erT-erTi popularuli internet-auqcioni aris

eBay. (www.ebay.com).

yoveldRiurad am internet-saitis meSveobiT imarTeba mravali auqcioni, sadac

gasayidad gamoaqvT uamravi sxvadaxva saqoneli, dawyebuli antikvaruli nivTebiT

482

da damTavrebuli saTamaSoebiT. Nnebismier 18 wlis moqalaqes SeuZlia masSi

monawileobis miReba myidvelis statusiT. rogorc wesi, gamyidvelebi ixdian
gayiduli nivTis safasuridan garkveul procents kompaniis sasargeblod. kompania
marTavs ori modelis auqcions: (1) erT saqonelze zrdadi fasis mqone auqcions,
sadac yvelaze maRali fasis SemTavazebeli iRebs auqcions da ixdis sididiT
meore

SeTavazebul

auqcions,

sadac

fass;

igebs

(2)

ramodenime

yvelaze

identur

maRali

fasis

saqonelze

SemTavazebeli

mzardi
n

fasis

raodenobis

monawile.
aRsaniSnavia, rom arcerTi maTgani zustad ar Seesabameba Cvens mier zemoT
aRweril

auqcionis

models.

pirveli

TiTqos

hgavs

tradiciul

inglisur

auqcions, magram auqcionis damTavrebis zusti da fiqsirebuli drois codna

monawileebs aZlevs saSualebas mimarTon sxvagvar strategias da gaakeTon Tavisi
ganacxadebi auqcionis bolos. meore modelis auqcions, Tavad kompania eBay ki
uwodebs holandiurs, magram tradiciuli holandiuri auqcionisagan gansxvavdeba
ori ZiriTadi niSniT: (1) fasis dasaxeleba mimdinareobs zrdis da ara klebis
principiT da (2) cnobilia auqcionis daxurvis zusti da fiqsirebuli dro. orive
modelis internet-auqcionze gamyidveli organizatorebs acnobebs maTTvis misaReb
minimalur

fass-sarezervo

fass

(Reserve

Price).

Tumca

myidvelebma

ician

sarezervo fasis arebobis Sesaxeb, maTTvis ucnobia misi zusti odenoba.

mraval internet-auqcionze umeteswilad warmodgenilia kerZo Sefasebis
mqone saqoneli (Tumca, radgan nebismiers SeuZlia nivTis auqcionze gatana, dgeba
saqonlis

saerTo

Sefasebis

problemac

ramdenad

sandoa

gamyidveli?).

tradiciuli auqcionebisagan gansxvavebiT, internet-auqcionebs saqonlis xarisxis

gakontrolebis aranairi funqcia ar aqvT, isini myidvelisa da gamyidvelisaTvis
mxolod internet-forumis organizebas axdenen.
saerTo

Sefasebis

mqone

internet-auqcionebs

axasiaTebs

kidev

erTi

saSiSroeba: radganac gamyidvelisaTvis Zalian advilia eleqtronuli fostis

daregistrireba da misi saSualebiT auqcionze fasis ganacxadis gakeTeba, maT
SeuZliaT

am

procesis

manipulireba.

magaliTad,

maT

SeuZliaT

realurad

gaamwvavon `mogebulis ubedurebis problema saqonlis fiqtiuri fasis Tavadve

SeTavazebiT, rac myidvelebs SecdomaSi Seiyvans da aiZulebs maTac gazardon
dasaxelebuli fasebi.

ase

rom,

internet-auqcionebze

monawileobis

drosac

,,frTxili da windaxeduli myidvelis filosofia kargi mrCevelia.

ZiriTadi terminebi

asimetriuli informacia
xarisxis gaurkvevloba
TanmimdevrobiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi
srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba
auqcionis saxeebi
kerZo Sefasebis auqcioni

483

saerTo Sefasebis auqcioni

,,mogebulis ubedurebis problema

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

asimetriuli informaciis bazrebze garigebaSi monawile

mxare

flobs

srul

da

mniSvnelovan

informacias,

mxolod erTi

xolo

meore

mxare

SezRuduli informaciis mflobelia.

2. saqonlis xarisxis Sesaxeb informaciis asimetriulad ganawilebis mizeziT
dabali xarisxis saqoneli bazridan srulad gandevnis maRali xarisxis
saqonels

.da

araxelsayreli

momxmarebels
SerCevis

araxelsayreli

problema

arCevanisaken

SesaZlebelia

imdenad

ubiZgebs.
seriozuli

gaxdes, rom bazris sruli ganadgureba gamoiwvios.

3.

`gadawyvetilebis

xe

aris

diagrama, romelic aRwers

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi individis SesaZlo alternativebs da drois mocemul momentSi

TiToeuli

alternativis

albaTobebs.

`gadawyvetilebis

xis

diagramis

analizi iwyeba diagramis marjvena bolodan marcxniv calkeuli punqtebis

analiziT.
4. srulyofili

informaciis

Rirebuleba

aris

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi

individis mosalodneli Semosavalis nazrdi, roca individs damatebiTi

xarjis gareSe SeuZlia winaswari samuSaoebis Catareba sarisko movlenis
mosalodneli Sedegebis Ggamovlenis (Semowmebis, testirebis) mizniT.
5. arsebobs mravali saxis auqcioni: inglisuri, pirveli da meore fasis
daxuruli

auqcioni,

holandiuri

auqcioni.

auqcionebis

dayofa

SesaZlebelia kerZo da saerTo Sefasebis mqone auqcionebad imis mixedviT,

monawileebs
Sefaseba

mocemuli

aqvT

Tu

saqonlis

saqonlis

mxolod

Rirebuleba

maTTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

yvelasaTvis

saerTo,

magram

TiToeulisaTvis ucnobia.
6. Semosavlis

eqvivalenturobis

Teorema

amtkicebs,

rom

Tu

auqcionis

monawileebs aqvT saqonlis kerZo Sefasebebi, maSin nebismieri modelis

auqcioni auqcionTa didi ricxvis SemTxvevaSi saSualod erTi da igive
Semosavlis momtania gamyidvelisaTvis. faqtiurad, es Semosavali
yvelaze maRali Sefasebis

meore

toli iqneba.

7. saerTo Sefasebis auqcionebze, monawileebi unda ufrTxildnen `mogebulis

ubedurebis fenomens: movlenas, roca auqcionis momgebi individi asaxelebs
da ixdis saqonlis realur Rirebulebaze maRal fass.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

484

daasaxeleT asimetriuli informaciis bazrebis magaliTebi.

2. rogor da ratom iwvevs asimetriuli informacia bazris deformacias (axseniT

Zveli manqanebis bazris magaliTze).
3.

ra igulisxmeba ,,gadawyvetilebis xis cnebaSi da ras asaxavs ,,gadawyvetilebis

xis diagrama?

4. ratom aqvs srulyofil informacias Rirebuleba riskisadmi neitralurad

ganwyobili adamianebisTvisac ki?
5. ratom

aris

auqcioni

asimetriuli

informaciis

yvelaze

ufro

swrafad

aRmomfxvreli bazris saxe?

6. ra gansxvavebaa kerZo da saerTo Sefasebebis mqone auqcionebs Soris?
7. ratom

Cndeba

,,mogebulis

ubedurebis

problema

saerTo

da

ara

kerZo

Sefasebis auqcionebze?

8. rogori unda iyos optimaluri strategia

saerTo Sefasebis auqcionze? kerZo

Sefasebis auqcionze?

485

Tavi 19. gare efeqtebi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis Sefasebas
2. bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebis SerCevas
3. gare efeqtebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebis analizs
4. gare efeqtebis dros zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargeblianobasa da
zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris damokidebulebis axsnas
5. qouzis Teoremis praqtikuli gamoyenebis axsnas
6. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis efeqtiani miwodebis gansazRvras
7. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis kerZo upiratesobebis Sefasebas

19.1 gare efeqtebi

gare

efeqtebi

anu

eqsternaliebi

(Externalities)

warmoiSoba

rogorc

momxmareblebs, aseve mwarmoeblebs Soris an momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs

Soris. igi SeiZleba iyos uaryofiTi (rodesac erTi mxaris qmedebebi iwvevs meore
mxarisaTvis damatebiT danaxarjebs) an dadebiTi (rodesac erTi mxaris qmedebebs
meore mxarisTvis damatebiTi mogeba moaqvs).
uaryofiT gare efeqtebs adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac magaliTad, firma narCen
wyals CauSvebs im mdinareSi, romelSic Tevzs iWeren da meTevzeTa Semosavali maT
yoveldRiur saqmianobazea damokidebuli. mdinareSi rac ufro met gaufiltrav
wyals CauSvebs firma, miT naklebia TevzWeris moculoba. uaryofiTi efeqtis
warmoSobis mizezia is, rom

sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros firmas ar

gaaCnia damatebiTi (gare) danaxarjebis gaTvaliswinebis stimuli.

dadebiTi gare efeqti warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac magaliTad, mepatrone Tavis
saxls lamaz ferebSi SeRebavs da mis irgvliv mSvenier baRsac gaaSenebs. am
saqmianobidan sargebels yvela mezobeli Rebulobs miuxedavad imisa, rom am
gadawyvetilebaSi Tavidan gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo mezoblis sargeblianoba.

uaryofiTi eqsternaliebi da araefeqtianoba

eqsternaliebi
ekonomikuri
davubrundeT

sabazro

araefeqtianobis
firmis

gadawyvetilebis

fasebze
mizezi

magaliTs.

mruds

ar

gaxdes.

naxazi

konkurentul

moqmedeben.
19.1

Aamitom

aRniSnuli
,,a

bazarze,

faqti

gviCvenebs
naxazi

isini

19.1

rom

firmis
,,b

SeiZleba
avxsnaT,
sawarmoo
sabazro

moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebs. davuSvaT, rom bazarze moqmedi yvela firma

erTnair gare efeqtebs axdens. vivaraudoT, rom firmas aqvs sawarmoo funqcia
warmoebis faqtorTa fiqsirebuli TanafardobiT, anu is ver Secvlis faqtorTa

486

kombinaciebs.

Ggaufiltravi

wylebis

moculobis

Semcireba

SeiZleba

mxolod

warmoebis moculobis Semcirebis xarjze.

gare efeqtebis arsi gavaanalizoT or etapad: 1. Tavdapirvelad dabinZurebis
wyaro iyos mxolod erTi firma; 2. ra moxdeba, Tu yvela firma analogiurad
moiqceva?
dargSi

warmoebuli

Pproduqtis

fasi

P1-is

tolia,

is

ganisazRvreba

dargobrivi miwodebisa (MC1) da moTxovnis mrudebis (D) gadakveTis wertiliT

(naxazi 19.1 ,,b). MC mrudi asaxavs firmaSi warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjebs (naxazi
19.1 ,,a). firma maqsimalur mogebas

Rebulobs q1 gamoSvebis dros, rodesac

zRvruli danaxarjebi fass utoldeba. magram Q gamoSvebis moculobis cvlileba

gavlenas axdens meTevzeebze dawesebul gare danaxarjebze.

gare danaxarjebi

naCvenebia zRvruli gare danaxarjebis

(Marginal External Cost _ MEC) mrudis

saxiT

umravlesi

naxazze

19.1

,,a.

dabinZurebis

saxeobisaTvis

firmisMmrudi

aRmavalia: Tu firma didi raodenobiT awarmoebs produqts da wyalSi CaRvris

damatebiT narCenebs, maSin meTevzeTa zarali izrdeba.

MSC

fasi

MSCI

fasi

MCI

MC

P*
P1

P1
MEC1
MEC
D
q*

q1

A,,a
firmis gamoSvebis
moculoba

raodenoba

Q*

,,b

Q1
raodenoba

dargSi gamoSvebis
moculoba

nax. 19.1 gare danaxarjebi

uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis arsebobis dros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba MMSC maRalia, vidre zRvruli danaxarji
(MC). maTi sxvaoba gare zRvruli danaxarjis (MEC) tolia. Nnaxazze ,,a firma, iswrafis ra maqsimaluri mogebisaken,
awarmoebs q1 raodenobis produqts, romlis fasi MC-s utoldeba. warmoebis efeqtiani moculoba q*-is tolia, amiT fasi MSC-s
utoldeba. naxazze ,,b dargSi produqtis gamoSveba Q1-is tolia (dargobrivi miwodebis MC1 da moTxovnis D mrudis
gadakveTis wertili). Mmagram warmoebis efeqtiani moculoba Q* arc ise maRalia da moTxovnis mrudisa da zRvruli
I
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis (MSC ) mrudebis gadakveTis wertilSia mocemuli.

487

sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT, firma awarmoebs didi raodenobis produqts.

efeqtiania warmoebis done, rodesac produqtis fasi zRvrul sazogadoebriv
danaxarjebs

(Marginal

Social

Cost

MSC)

utoldeba

(warmoebis

zRvruli

danaxarjebi da gadaRvrili narCenebis zRvruli gare danaxarjebi).

naxazze 19.1 ,,a warmoebis yoveli donisaTvis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
danaxarjebis

mrudi

aigeba

zRvruli

danaxarjebisa

da

zRvruli

gare

danaxarjebis SejamebiT (MSC=MC+MEC). zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mrudi

(MSC) kveTs fasis wrfes warmoebis moculobis q * wertilSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi
mdinareSi narCenebs mxolod erTi firma Rvris, amitom produqtze sabazro fasi
ucvleli

rCeba.

magram

firma

awarmoebs

produqtis

met

( q1 _s

raodenobas

nacvlad q * -isa) da mdinareSi bevr mavne narCenebs Rvris.

ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac yvela firma CaRvris narCenebs mdinareSi.
naxazze 19.1 ,,b MC 1 aris dargobrivi miwodebis mrudi. dargis mTliani warmoebis
moculobasTan dakavSirebuli zRvruli gare danaxarjebi MEC 1 SeiZleba miviRoT
yvela im individis zRvruli danaxarjis SejamebiT, romlebmac zarali miiRes
warmoebis yoveli doneze. MSC 1 mrudi aris produqtis mwarmoebeli yvela firmis
warmoebis

zRvruli

danaxarjebisa

da

zRvruli

gare

danaxarjebis

jami.

sabolood, MSC 1 MC 1 + MEC 1

efeqtiania Tu ara dargSi warmoebis moculoba gare efeqtebis dros? naxazze
19.1 ,,b

naCvenebia dargSi warmoebis

efeqtianobis

done,

rodesac damatebiTi

erTeulis gamoSvebidan miRebuli zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul sazogadoebriv

danaxarjebs utoldeba. vinaidan momxmareblisTvis moTxovnis mrudi gamoxatavs
zRvrul amonagebs, amdenad warmoebis efeqtiani moculoba Seadgens Q * _s
zRvruli

sazogadoebrivi

gadakveTaSi

mdebareobs.

moculoba Q1 _is

danaxarjebisa
magram

( MSC 1 )

konkurenciis

da

moTxovnis

pirobebSi

da igi

mrudis

dargSi

(D)

warmoebis

tolia da mdebareobs moTxovnis mrudisa da MC 1 miwodebis

mrudebis gadakveTaze. naTelia, rom dargSi warmoebis moculoba Zalian maRalia.

mocemul magaliTSi, yoveli erTeuli produqtis warmoeba niSnavs mdinareSi
garkveuli raodenobis mavne narCenebis CaRvras. maSasadame, mniSvneloba ar aqvs
mdinares erTi firma abinZurebs Tu mTlianad dargi. ekonomikuri araefeqtianoba
vlindeba rogorc nameti warmoeba, romelic iwvevs mdinareSi didi raodenobiT
dabinZurebuli wylis Cadinebas. araefeqtianobis mizezia produqtze araswori
faswarmoqmnis meqanizmi. Nnaxazze 19.1 ,,b sabazro fasi
asaxavs

calkeuli

sazogadoebriv

firmis

danaxarjs.

warmoebis
mxolod

zRvrul

ufro

P1 Zalze dabalia. is

danaxarjs

maRali,

da

ara

magaliTad,

SemTxvevaSi mwarmoeblebi SeZleben miaRwion warmoebis efeqtian dones.

488

zRvrul

P*

fasis

rogoria

sazogadoebisTvis

am

araefeqtianobis

danaxarjebi?

gamoSvebis

yovel erTeulze Q*_ze meti moculobis dros sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi aris

sxvaoba

sazogadoebriv

zRvrul

danaxarjebsa

da

zRvrul

amonagebs

Soris

(moTxovnis mrudi). erToblivi sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi naCvenebia naxazze 19.1

,,b. igi warmodgenilia daStrixuli samkuTxedis saxiT, SemosazRvrulia MSC 1 da
D

mrudebiTa da warmoebis Q*_ Q1 moculobiT.

eqsternaliebi

araefeqtianobasac.

iwveven
viciT,

ara
rom

marto

firmebi

moklevadian,
konkurentul

aramed
bazarze

grZelvadian
Sedian

maSin,

rodesac fasi warmoebis saSualo danaxarjze metia, xolo gadian bazridan, roca
fasi saSualo danaxarjebze naklebia. grZelvadiani wonasworobis dros fasi
grZelvadian saSualo danaxarjebs utoldeba. uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis dros
calkeuli

warmoebis

saSualo

danaxarjebi

ufro

naklebia,

vidre

saSualo

sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi. Sedegad, zogierTi firma dargSi rCeba maSinac ki,

rodesac maTTvis gamosvla ufro efeqtiania. Aamrigad, uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis
gamo dargSi Warbi raodenobis firmebi moqmedeben.

dadebiTi eqsternaliebi da araefeqtianoba

gare efeqtebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion warmoebis arasakmarisi donec. gavixsenoT
saxlis remontisa da baRis gaSenebis magaliTi. naxazze 19.2 horizontalur RerZze
naCvenebia saxlis mepatronis investiciebi remontsa da baRis gaSenebaze.

Rirebuleba

MSB

P1

MC

P*

MEB

q1

q*
remontis moculoba

nax. 19.2 gare sargebeli

dadebiTi gare efeqtis dros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba MSB maRalia, vidre zRvruli kerZo sargeblianoba
D. maTi sxvaoba zRvruli gare sargeblianobis MEB-is tolia. saxlis mflobeli amjobinebs saremonto samuSaoebSi q1
Tanxis investirebas (zRvruli sargeblianobis D mrudisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis MC mrudis gadakveTa). remontis
efeqtianobis done q* metia da aris zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
gadakveTa.

489

saxlis remontis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi asaxavs danaxarjebs remontze

saxlSi Catarebul samuSaoebTan mimarTebaSi. igi aris horizontaluri wrfe,
vinaidan danaxarjebi damokidebuli ar aris saremonto samuSaoebis moculobaze.
moTxovnis

mrudi

sargeblianobas

asaxavs

saxlis

mflobelisTvis.

remontidan

saremonto

miRebul

samuSaoebSi

zRvrul

mepatrone

kerZo

debs

q1

investiciebs (moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTa). magram

remonts

gare

sargeblianoba

moaqvs

misi

mezoblebisTvisac,

rogorc

amas

gviCvenebs zRvruli sargeblianobis mrudi (Marginal External Benefit - MEB). E

mrudi mocemul magaliTSi daRmavalia, vinaidan zRvruli sargeblianoba didia
mcire moculobis remontis dros, magram klebulobs, Tu saremonto samuSaoebis
moculoba izrdeba.
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis mrudi (Marginal Social Benefit MSB) gamoiTvleba warmoebis yvela doneze zRvruli kerZo sargeblianobisa da
zRvruli

gare

efeqtianobis

sargeblianobis

SejamebiT,

e.i.

MSB D MEB .

warmoebis

q * done aris MSB da MC mrudebis kveTa (damatebiTi saremonto

samuSaoebidan zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba utoldeba am samuSaoebis

zRvrul danaxarjebs). araefeqtianoba gaCnda imis gamo, rom saxlis mepatrone
remontsa da baRis gaSenebaze daxarjuli investiciebidan sargeblianobas srulad
ver Rebulobs. P1 fasi sakmaod maRalia imisaTvis, rom mflobels gauCndes
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT saremonto samuSaoebze investirebis survili q*
efeqtian doneze. igi moiTxovs ufro dabal P* fass.

19.2 bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebi

rogor SeiZleba gare efeqtebiT gamowveuli araefeqtianobis daZleva? Tu
firmis warmoebis teqnologia faqtorTa fiqsirebul proporciebzea dafuZnebuli,
maSin gare efeqtiT miRebuli araefeqtianobis daZleva warmoebis moculobis
Semcirebis

waxalisebiTaa

SesaZlebeli,

magaliTad,

warmoebis

moculobaze

sagadasaxado dabegvris gamoyeneba. bevr firmas SeuZlia Secvalos warmoebis

faqtorebi, SearCios sxva teqnologia, magaliTad, gamoyofili mavne narCenebis
Sesamcireblad mwarmoebels SeuZlia damatebiTi filtrebis gamoyeneba.
ganvixiloT firma, romelic produqts konkurentul bazarze yidis. misi
qarxnis gamonabolqvi haers abinZurebs. firmas SeuZlia Seamciros narCenebis
moculoba,
situacia
narCenebis

magram
asaxulia

es

danaxarjebTanaa

naxazze

raodenoba,

19.3.

dakavSirebuli.

horizontalur

vertikalurze

RerZze

danaxarjebi

kompromisis
gamosaxulia
erTeul

miRwevis
qarxnis
narCenze.

simartivisTvis davuSvaT, rom firmis gadawyvetileba warmoebis moculobaze da

narCenebis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad; SeirCa warmoebis

490

iseTi moculoba, romelic mas maqsimalur mogebas moutans. narCenebis ra done

iqneba

firmisTvis

MSC

xelsayreli?

aris

qarxnis

narCenebis

zRvruli

sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mrudi. igi gviCvenebs qarxnis narCenebisgan miRebuli

zaralis moculobas da maSasadame, is adre aRwerili MEC mrudis eqvivalentia.

MSC mrudi aRmavalia, radganac gare efeqtis zRvruli danaxarji miT metia, rac

Ddanaxarji erTeul
narCenze (lari)

ufro didia es efeqti.

MSC

MCA
0
2

10

12

14

16

18

E0

20

22

24

26

narCenebis raodenoba

E1

nax. 19.3 narCenebis efeqtiani done

narCenebis efeqtiani donis dros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi (MSC) narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebis (MCA)
tolia. efeqtiani E* done 12 erTeuls Seadgens.

MCA

mrudi

asaxavs

narCenebis

Semcirebis

zRvrul

danaxarjebs

(firmis

damatebiTi danaxarjebi im mowyobilobebis dadgmaze, romliTac gakontroldeba

dabinZureba).

MCA

mrudi

daRmavalia,

radgan

narCenebis

Semcirebis

zRvruli

danaxarji dabalia, Tu Semcireba umniSvneloa, xolo maRali, Tu Semcireba

arsebiTia.
narCenebis

Semcireba

danaxarjebs

moiTxovs

da

ar

gaaCnia

pirdapiri

sargeblianoba firmisTvis. Aamitom firmis mogebis maqsimizacia aris narCenebis

done _ 26, romlis drosac narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebi nulis
tolia. 12 erTeulis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani done E* wertilSi miiRweva, sadac
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji (3 lari) utoldeba narCenebis Semcirebis
zRvrul

danaxarjs.

aRsaniSnavia,

rom

Tu

narCenebis

done

E*-ze

naklebia

(magaliTad, E0), maSin narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebi (7 lari) metia,

vidre

sazogadoebrivi

sazogadoebisTvis

zRvruli

narCenebis

done

danaxarjebi
optimalur

(2

doneze

lari).
bevrad

maSasadame,
naklebia.

Tu

491

aRniSnuli done E1is tolia, maSin zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji (4 lari)

metia zRvrul mogebaze (1 lari). am dros narCenebis gadaRvra Zalzed didia.

standarti narCenebze (Emissions Standard)

standarti anu normativi narCenebze aris mavne nivTierebis oficialurad
dadgenili

moculoba,

romlis

gadameteba

firmebs

ekrZalebaT.

winaaRmdeg

Tanxa erTeul
narCenze (lari)

SemTxvevaSi maT fuladi an sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT.

MSC
standarti

(nakrebi)

MCA
12
E

26
*

narCenebis raodenoba

nax. 19.4 standartebi da gadasaxadi narCenebze

narCenebis gadayris efeqtiani E done miiRweva rogorc narCenebis gadayraze gadasaxadis, aseve dabinZurebis
zRvruli normebis dawesebiT. firma, romelic iZulebulia mavne narCenebis yovel erTeulSi 3 lari gadaixados,
amcirebs mavne narCenebis dones im wertilamde, sadac es Tanxa zRvrul amonagebs utoldeba. Aaseve, mavne
narCenebis Semcirebis igive done miiRweva standartis saSualebiT (narCenebis done 12 erTeulamde mcirdeba).

naxazze 19.4 efeqtiani standarti E* wertilSi 12 erTeuls Seadgens. Tu

narCenebi

aRniSnul

dones

gadaaWarbebs,

maSin

firmas

daekisreba

Sesabamisi

sanqciebi.
standarti

gulisxmobs,

rom

firma

efeqtianad

muSaobs.

igi

aRniSnul

standarts inarCunebs im danadgarebis dadgmiT, romlebic mavne narCenebis dones

amcireben.

narCenebis

danaxarjebis
SemTxvevaSi,

zrdas.
Tu

danaxarjebisa

Semcirebaze
firmebi

produqtze

da

narCenebis

xarjebis

aRmoaCenen,
fasi

ufro

Semcirebaze

rom

zrda

iwvevs

dargSi

metia,

firmis

Sesvla

vidre

momgebiania

warmoebis

gaweuli

xarjebis

romelsac

firma

saSualo

jami.

im

saSualo
aRniSnuli

moTxovna dargisaTvis efeqtianobis pirobaa.

gadasaxadi narCenebze
narCenebze

gadasaxadi

aris

Tanxa,

narCenebis

yovel

erTeulze ixdis. naxazi 19.4 gviCvenebs, rom 3 lari gadasaxadi uzrunvelyofs

492

firmis efeqtian muSaobas. am gadasaxadiT igi axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias

mavne narCenebis Semcirebis xarjze 26-dan 12 erTeulamde. riT aris es gamowveuli?
vTqvaT, gadasaxadi pirvel erTeulze narCenebis dones
naklebi

danaxarjebiT

(narCenebis

Semcirebis

amcirebs 26-dan 25-mde

damatebiTi

zRvruli

danaxarji

axloa 0-Tan). maSasadame, firma 3 larsac ar ixdis. faqtiurad, 12 erTeulis zemoT

nabismieri

moculobis

narCenisTvis

zRvruli

danaxarji

naklebia,

vidre

dabinZurebis gadasaxadi. amitom firma upiratesobas aniWebs gadasaxadis gadaxdas

mavne narCenebis Semcirebaze. 12 erTeulis donidan dawyebuli zemoT narCenebis
Semcirebaze zRvruli danaxarji mcirea, vidre dabinZurebis fasi. am SemTxvevaSi
firmisTvis ufro sarfiania gadaixados gadasaxadi, vidre Seamciros narCenebis
gadayra. maSasadame, firma gadaixdis Tanxas, romelic Ria feris marTkuTxedis
saxiTaa naCvenebi da gaiRebs mTlian danaxarjebs mavne narCenebis Semcirebaze
(muqi feris samkuTxedi).

standartebi da gadasaxadi
mavne nivTierebaTa gadayris regulirebisTvis zogierT qveyanaSi (magaliTad,
aSS) SemoRebul iqna standarti narCenebis gadayraze, zogierTSi ki (magaliTad,
germania) upiratesoba eniWeba gadasaxads. romeli meTodia ukeTesi?
standartebsa da gadasaxads Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba arsebobs maSin,
rodesac saxelmwifo organoebs ar gaaCniaT sruli informacia da regulireba
danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. davuSvaT, rom administraciuli danaxarjis gamo
narCenebis gadayris maregulirebeli organo awesebs yvela firmisTvis erTnair
standarts an erTnair gadasaxads.

narCenebze gadasaxadis upiratesobebi

ganvixiloT narCenebze dawesebuli gadasaxadis arsi. davuSvaT, ori firma
ganlagebulia

ise,

rom

narCenebze

zRvruli

sazogadoebrivi

danaxarjebi

erTnairia. amasTan mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tu romeli maTgani Seamcirebs

narCenebis gadayris moculobas. firmebisTvis narCenebis gadayris moculobis
Semcireba

xarjebTanaa

amsaxveli

mrudebi

dakavSirebuli,

erTnairi

ar

amitom

iqneba.

ratom

maTi

dabinZurebis

aris

umjobesi

Semcirebis
dabinZurebis

gadasaxadis da ara standartis SemoReba? naxazze 19.5 yoveli firma narCenebis 14

erTeuls yris. davuSvaT, gvinda mTliani narCenebis moculoba 14 erTeuliT
SevamciroT. es yvelaze iafi iqneba, Tu ,,firma I narCenebs 6 erTeuliT, xolo
,,firma

II

erTeuliT

Seamcirebs.

amasTan,

TiToeuli

firmis

narCenebis

Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarji Yyoveli firmisTvis 3 lars Seadgens. ra moxdeba,

Tu maregulirebeli organo moiTxovs, rom orive firmam narCenebis gadayra 7
erTeulamde Seamciros? am SemTxvevaSi ,,firma I-is narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli
danaxarji 3-dan 3,75 laramde gaizrdeba, xolo ,,firma II-is ki 3-dan 2,5 laramde
Semcirdeba. es gadawyvetileba ar axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias, radganac
,,firma II_s
narCenebis

narCenebis Semcireba ufro iafi daujdeba, vidre ,,firma I_s.

Semcirebis

danaxarji

14

erTeulamde

minimaluria

mxolod

im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive firmis narCenebis Semcirebaze danaxarjebi erTmaneTis

tolia.

493

Ggasagebia, Tu ratom SeiZleba gadasaxadi (3 lari) ufro xelsayreli iyos,

vidre

standarti

(7

erTeuli).

laris

gadasaxadis

SemTxvevaSi

narCenebis moculobas 6 erTeulamde Semacirebs, ,,firma II

efeqtiani

iqneba.

standartis

SemoRebis

SemTxvevaSi

,,firma

8 erTeulamde, rac

,,firma

damatebiT

danaxarjebs gadaixdis (gamosaxulia muqi daStrixuli nawiliT 7 da 8 erTeul

narCenebs Soris). amave dros, ,,firma IIis narCenebis Semcirebaze danaxarjebi
Semcirdeba (gamosaxulia Ria daStrixuli nawiliT 6 da 7 erTeuls Soris).
naTelia, rom mavne narCenebis gadayris danaxarjebi ,,firma I-Tvis ufro metad
gaizrdeba, vidre Semcirdeba ,,firma II-is danaxarjebi. maSasadame, gadasaxadis
SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi dabinZurebis igive done miRweuli iqneba ufro mcire
danaxarjebiT, vidre yvela firmisTvis narCenebis gadayris erTiani standartis
pirobebSi.

Ggadasaxadi erTeul narCenze

(lari)
MCA1
MCA2

4
3,75

danaxarjebis zrda ,,firma Iis

narCenebis SemcirebiT

3
2,5
2
1

danaxarjebis
Semcireba ,,firma
II-is SemcirebiT

0
1

10

11

12

13

14

narCenebis raodenoba

nax. 19.5 gadasaxadi narCenebze

SezRuduli informaciis pirobebSi Cinovniks SeiZleba hqondes arCevani mavne narCenebis erTian gadasaxadsa da yvela
firmisTvis narCenebis gadayris erTian standarts Soris. 3 lari gadasaxadi amcirebs narCenebis gadayris saerTo raodenobas 14
erTeulamde ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT, vidre 7 erTeulamde yoveli firmisTvis. gadasaxadis pirobebSi dabali danaxarjebis mqone
firma (,,firma II) metad amcirebs narCenebis dones, vidre maRali danaxarjebis mqone firma (,,firma I).

sabolood,
ramdenime

gadasaxadi

mizezi

gaaCnia:

ufro
a)

Tu

xelsayrelia,

vidre

standarti.

aRniSnuls

standartebi

yvela

firmisTvis

erTnairad

gamoiyeneba, maSin damabinZurebeli narCenebis igive moculobiT Semcireba SeiZleba

miRweul iqnas masze gadasaxadis dawesebiT da Tanac naklebi danaxarjebiT; b)
gadasaxadi firmas stimuls aZlevs axali danadgarebis SesaZenad, amiT kidev
ufro metad mcirdeba mavne narCenebis moculoba.
davuSvaT,

standarti

moiTxovs,

rom

orive

firmam

narCenebis

done

erTeuliT Seamciros (14-dan 8-mde). ,,firma I ganixilavs axali aRWurvilobis

494

SeZenis

SesaZleblobas,

rac

Seamcirebs

misi

narCenebis

Semcirebis

zRvrul

danaxarjebs MCA1-dan MCA2-mde. Tu danadgarebi SedarebiT iafia, firma iyidis mas

(es danaxarjebs Seamcirebs). magram 3 laris odenobis gadasaxadi firmisTvis
narCenebis Semcirebis ufro Zlieri stimuli gaxdeba. aseTi gadasaxadiT ara
mxolod Semcirdeba firmis danaxarjebi pirveli 6 erTeulis mavne narCenebis
gadayraze, aramed kidev momdevno 2 erTeulis narCenis gadayrac gaiafdeba: 8-dan 6
erTeulamde moculobis narCenebis gadayraze gadasaxadi ufro maRalia, vidre
dabinZurebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebi.

narCenebze standartis upiratesobebi

ganvixiloT

naxazze

19.6

naCvenebi

situacia.

zRvruli

sazogadoebrivi

danaxarjebis mrudis daxriloba Zalian mkveTria, Tumca dabinZurebis Semcirebis

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

ufro

damreci

wrfiT

aris

warmodgenili.

narCenebis

gadayris efeqtiani gadasaxadi 8 lars Seadgens. davuSvaT, rom informaciis

uqonlobis gamo dawesebulia ufro dabali mosakrebeli 7 lari (12,5%-iT naklebi).
radganac

MCA

mrudi damrecia, firmis

narCenebis done 8-dan 11 erTeulamde

gaizrdeba. es nawilobriv Seamcirebs firmis danaxarjebs narCenebis gadayraze,

magram

MSC

mrudi

danaxarjebi

mkveTrad

mniSvnelovnad

izrdeba.
gaizrdeba.

es

imas

niSnavs,

sazogadoebrivi

rom

sazogadoebrivi

danaxarjebis

zrda

(narCenebis SemcirebiT gamowveuli xarjebis ekonomia) naCvenebia ABC samkuTxedis

farTobis saxiT.
ra

moxdeba,

Tu

analogiuri

Secdoma

daSvebuli

iqneba

dabinZurebis

normativis gaangariSebis dros? efeqtiani standarti mavne narCenebis 8 lars

Seadgens. davuSvaT, 12,5%-ian doneze 8-dan 9 erTeulamde standarti dadginda.
rogorc wina magaliTSi ganvixileT, es gamoiwvevs sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis
zrdas

da

narCenebze

danaxarjebis

Semcirebas.

magram

sazogadoebrivi

danaxarjebis wminda zrda, romelic naxazze 19.6 patara ADE samkuTxedis saxiTaa
naCvenebi, amJamad iseTi didi aRar iqneba.
aRniSnuli magaliTi gviCvenebs sxvaobas dabinZurebaze dawesebul standartsa
da gadasaxads Soris. rodesac zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mrudi
mkveTrad daxrilia, xolo dabinZurebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi
SedarebiT

damreci

rCeba,

maSin

danaxarjebi

damatebiT

narCenebze

SeiZleba

mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. aseT SemTxvevaSi standarti umjobesia, vidre gadasaxadi.

arasruli informaciis pirobebSi standarti narCenebis dones ufro mkacrad
gansazRvravs, Tumca maTi Semcirebis danaxarjebi isev gaurkvevelia. dabinZurebaze
gadasaxadi piriqiT, narCenebis Semcirebaze gaweul danaxarjebs sizustes matebs,
Tumca Semcirebuli narCenebis moculoba isev ucnobi rCeba. A
amrigad,

gasatarebeli

politikis

upiratesoba

damokidebulia

ganusazRvrelobis xasiaTsa da danaxarjebis mrudebis formaze.

495

standarti
erTeul narCenze (lari)
C
16

zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi
danaxarji

14
12

E
10
A
8

D
B

dabinZurebis
Semcirebis
zRvruli danaxarji

0
2

10

12

14

16

narCenebis raodenoba

nax. 19.6 standarti narCenebis gadayraze

rodesac mTavroba ar flobs informacias dabinZurebis SemcirebiT gamowveul danaxarjebsa da mogebaze, mas SeuZlia
daawesos standarti an gadasaxadi. standarti ufro efeqtiania im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis
mrudi ufro damrecia, vidre narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi. am SemTxvevaSi standartis dawesebis 12,5%iani Secdoma gamoiwvevs ADE samkuTxedis farTobis tol damatebiT sazogadoebriv danaxarjebs. imave Secdomis Sedegad
gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi gaCndeboda zedmeti danaxarjebi ABC samkuTxedis saxiT.

gardamavali nebarTvebi dabinZurebaze

davuSvaT, gvinda efeqtianad SevamciroT narCenebis done im wertilamde,
rodesac dabinZurebis SemcirebiT miRebuli zRruli sargebeli am Semcirebis
zRvrul

danaxarjebs

utoldeba.

magram

danaxarjebis

ganusazRvrelobisa

da

gadayris SemcirebiT miRebuli sargeblis gamo ar SeiZleba narCenebze dawesebul

gadasaxads vendoT. amisaTvis arsebobs gardamavali nebarTvebi
(Transferable

Emissions

Permits).

am

sistemis

Tanaxmad,

dabinZurebaze

TiToeulma

firmam

nebarTva unda aiRos narCenebis gadayraze. nebarTvaSi miTiTebulia narCenebis

raodenoba, romlis gadayra nebadarTuli aqvs firmas. darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi
gamoiyeneba

seriozuli

fuladi

sanqciebi.

firmebs

Soris

ganawilebuli

nebarTvebis raodenoba imgvarad aris SerCeuli, rom narCenebis done ar unda

aRematebodes sasurvel maqsimums. nebarTvebi bazarze brunavs, SesaZlebelia maTi
yidva da gayidva.
aRniSnuli sistemis farglebSi garemos abinZureben is firmebi, romlebsac
nebarTvebi gaaCniaT. davuSvaT, rom naxazze 19.5 mocemulma orma firmam 7 erTeuli
narCenis gadayris nebarTva miiRo. ,,firma I, romlisTvisac narCenebis moculobis
Semcirebis

496

zRvruli

danaxarji

SedarebiT

maRalia,

erTeul

narCenze

nebarTvisaTvis 3,75 lars gadaixdida. amave dros, ,,firma IITvis am nebarTvis

Rirebuleba mxolod 2,5 lars Seadgens. maSasadame, ,,firma II-s SeuZlia ,,firma I-s
nebarTva 2,5 laridan 3,75 laramde fasSi miyidos.
Tu firmebi da nebarTvebi sakmaod bevria, maSin ganviTardeba nebarTvaTa
konkurentuli bazari. sabazro wonasworobis dros nebarTvis fasi utoldeba
Semcirebis

zRvrul

danaxarjebs

yvela

firmisaTvis.

winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi

firmebisTvis ufro sasargeblo iqneboda meti raodenobis nebarTvebis SeZena.

saxelmwifos mier dawesebuli narCenebis done minimaluri danaxarjebiT miiRweva.
SedarebiT

dabali

zRvruli

danaxarjebis

mqone

firmebi

yvelaze

metad

Seamcireben narCenebis moculobas, xolo gansakuTrebiT maRali danaxarjebis

mqone firmebi narCenebis Semcirebas SeZleben meti nebarTvebis yidviT, Tanac
narCenebs Seamcireben minimaluri odenobiT.
bazarze moqmedi nebarTvebi qmnian gare efeqtebis bazars. aseTi midgoma
mimzidvelia, radgan igi aerTianebs standartebis

sistemisa da danaxarjebis

upiratesobebs.

meoradi nedleulis gamoyeneba

sanam

momxmareblebisa

da

mwarmoeblebisaTvis

narCenebis

gadayra

Semaferxebel faqtorebTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, manam sazogadoeba ar zrunavs

maT Semcirebaze. pirveladi resursebis zedmetad da gadamuSavebuli masalis
arasakmarisad gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs bazris fiaskos. sabednierod, bazris fiaskos
Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos CareviT.
ganvixiloT tipiuri ojaxis mier minis taris gamoyenebis wesi, raTa avxsnaT
resursebis

meorad

gadamuSavebaze

moqmedi

stimulebi.

bevr

komunalur

meurneobaSi dasufTavebis wliuri gadasaxadi fiqsirebulia. Sedegad, saSualo

ojaxisTvis nagvis gadayris xarji umniSvneloa.
nagavze dabali danaxarjebis gamo warmoiSoba gansxvaveba nagvis gadayraze
kerZo

da

sazogadoebriv

danaxarjebs

Soris.

dasufTavebis

zRvruli

kerZo

danaxarjebi nagvis mcire da saSualo moculobisTvis mudmivi iqneba, xolo didi

raodenobis SemTxvevaSi (transportirebis da gatanis gamo) danaxarjebi gaizrdeba.
aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT dasufTavebis sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi Sedgeba
garemos

dabinZurebisa

da

dazianebis

(minis

mavne

narCenebis

gamo)

danaxarjebisagan. zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi udaod gaizrdeba kerZo

danaxarjebisa da dabinZurebis ekologiuri Tu esTeTikuri danaxarjebis gamo.
naxazze

19.7

naCvenebia

orive

danaxarjis

mrudi.

horizontalur

RerZze

marcxnidan marjvniv naCvenebia narCenebis raodenoba m, romelsac ojaxi gadayris

kviris ganmavlobaSi (maqsimaluri mniSvneloba 12 erTeuli kviraSi). Sesabamisad,
gamomuSavebuli

narCenebis

raodenobas

miviRebT,

Tu

horizontalur

RerZs

ganvixilavT marjvnidan marcxniv mimarTulebiT. rodesac izrdeba ganadgurebuli

narCenebis raodenoba, izrdeba kerZo zRvruli danaxarji

MC, magram ara ise

mkveTrad, rogorc zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji MSC.

497

taris

meorad

gadamuSavebas

axorcielebs

kerZo

an

municipaluri

organizacia. meoradi gadamuSavebis zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaizardos

narCenebis moculobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris imis gamoc, rom nagvis
Segrovebisa
zRvruli

da

daxarisxebis

danaxarjebis

narCenebis

12

danaxarjebi

mrudi

erTeuli
nulis

gadamuSavebis

xarjebi

swrafad

ganixileba

ganadgurebulia,

tolia;

moculoba

MCR

ufro

roca

marjvnidan

gadamuSaveba

gadayrili

izrdeba.

izrdeba.

amasTan,

marcxniv.

Cerdeba

rodesac

da

zRvruli

moculoba

mcirdeba,

gadamuSavebis

zRvruli

nagvis

izrdeba

gadamuSavebis

erTeulis
Rirebuleba (lari)

danaxarjebic.

MSC

MCR

MC+ ukugeba erTeulze

MC

m*

m1

12

narCenebis
raodenoba

nax. 19.7 gadamuSavebis efeqtiani moculoba

narCenebis gadamuSavebis efeqtiani moculoba ganisazRvreba wertiliT, sadac

narCenebis

gadamuSavebis

zRvruli

danaxarji

MCR

utoldeba

dasufTavebis

zRvrul sazogadoebriv danaxarjs MSC. naxazze 19.7 naCvenebia, rom gadayrili

narCenebis efeqtiani raodenoba m* naklebia, vidre kerZo bazarze dawesebuli m1
raodenoba.
ratom

ar

dasufTavebis
maTgani

aris

gare

gadasaxadi,

kargia,

magram

efeqtebis
standartebi

praqtikaSi

winaaRmdeg
an
misi

brZolisaTvis

nebarTvebi?
realizacia

gamoyenebuli

Teoriulad

nebismieri

rTulia.

magaliTad,

dasufTavebaze gadasaxdis daweseba Znelia radgan komunalur momsaxurebas Zalian

Zviri ujdeba minis narCenebis daxarisxeba da Segroveba. aseve rTulia nagvis
dasufTavebaze fasebis dadgena da angariSebis gamowera (narCenebis sazogadoebriv
danaxarjebze gavlenas axdens wona da masalebis Semadgenloba. Sesabamisad maszea
damokidebuli fasebis dadgena).

498

anazRaurebadi depozitebi (Refundable Deposit)

erT-erTi politikuri gadawyvetileba, romelic warmatebulad gamoiyeneba
meoradi

gadamuSavebis

waxalisebisTvis

aris

anazRaurebadi

depozitebi.

am

sistemis dros myidveli yidulobs saqonels minis tariT, maRaziis mflobels

uxdis pirvelsawyis Tanxas da Rebulobs depozits ukan, rodesac taras abrunebs
maRaziaSi an meoradi narCenebis gadamuSavebis centrSi. anazRaurebadi depoziti
sasurvel stimuls qmnis _ kompensacia ise SeirCeva, rom firmebi sul ufro met
taras abareben misi meoradi damuSavebisTvis.
calkeuli

individis

SemTxvevaSi,

anazRaurebadi

depoziti

ganixileba

rogorc narCenebze damatebiTi kerZo danaxarjis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba

(anazRaurebis

miRebiT

alternatiul

danaxarjebze

uaris

Tqma).

naxazze

19.7

naCvenebia, rom narCenebis ganadgurebaze maRali danaxarjebis dros adamianebi

upiratesobas aniWeben nagvis raodenobis Semcirebas da meoradi gadamuSavebis
moculobis gazrdas optimalur sazogadoebriv m* donemde.

Sr

fasila
ri

SIr
SV

S
SI
P
PI

M1 M*

minis raodenoba

nax. 19.8 anazRaurebadi depozitebi

pirvelad, minis taris bazarze balansi P fassa da gadamuSavebuli minis M1 miwodebis donezea. nagvis ganadgurebis
SedarebiTi danaxarjebis zrdisa da meoradi gadamuSavebis waxalisebis gamo dasabrunebeli depoziti gadamuSavebuli
minis miwodebas Sdan S1mde zrdis. Semdeg fasi P1mde mcirdeba, gadamuSavebuli minis raodenoba M* -mde
izrdeba, gadayrili minis raodenoba ki mcirdeba .

msgavsi analizi dargobriv donezec gamoiyeneba. naxazi 19.8 gviCvenebs minis

taraze sabazro moTxovnis daRmaval D mruds. pirveladi minis taris miwodeba Sv
mrudia, meoradi minis taris miwodeba Sr mrudi. sabazro miwodeba S aris am
ori mrudis jami. ase rom, minis sabazro fasi udris P_s, xolo meoradi minis
wonasworuli sabazro miwodebaa M1.

499

nagvis gadayris SedarebiTi (SefardebiTi) danaxarjebis gazrdiTa da misi

meoradi damuSavebis waxalisebiT

aRdgenili depoziti iwvevs gadamuSavebuli

Sr/-mde,

minis miwodebis zrdas Sr-dan

minis erToblivi miwodeba gaizrdeba S-dan

S/-mde, xolo minis fasi klebulobs P / donemde. Sedegad, gadamuSavebuli minis

raodenoba izrdeba M*-mde, rac gadayrili minis Semcirebas asaxavs .
anazRaurebadi depozitis sqemas gaaCnia sxva upiratesobac: iqmneba iseTi
saqonlis

bazari,

meurneobebi,

romelic

kerZo

mzadaa

firmebi

an

meoradi

gadamuSavebisTvis.

calkeuli

adamianebi

municipaluri

ewevian

meoradi

gadamuSavebisaTvis masalebis Segrovebasa da aRdgenas. amasTan, bazari rac ufro

farTovdeba da efeqtiani xdeba, miT ufro metad izrdeba moTxovna meoradi
gadamuSavebis nedleulze.

19.3 gare efeqtebi da sakuTrebis uflebebi

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gare efeqtebiT gamowvuli araefeqtianobis Tavidan
acileba

SesaZlebelia

nebarTvebi

saxelmwifo

dabinZurebaze

regulirebiT.

mniSvnelovania,

gadasaxadi

radganac

narCenebze

isini

cvlian

da

firmis

stimulebs da aiZuleben maT mxedvelobaSi miiRon zrdadi gare danaxarjebi.

Mmiuxedavad amisa,

saxelmwifo regulireba gare

efeqtebis

Tavidan acilebis

erTaderTi saSualeba ar aris.

sakuTrebis uflebebi (Property Rights)

sakuTrebis uflebebi iuridiuli wesebia, romlebic adgenen Tu ra unda
akeTon adamianebma an firmebma TavianTi sakuTrebiT. Tu adamians aqvs miwis
sakuTrebis ufleba, mas SeuZlia am miwaze aaSenos saxli, moawyos sasaTbure
meurneoba, gayidos da a. S. amasTan, is daculia sxva firmebis an adamianebis
zemoqmedebisagan.
sakuTrebis

uflebaTa

mniSvnelobis

Sesafaseblad

davubrundeT

firmas,

romelic narCenebs mdinareSi yris. dauSvaT, rom is flobs sakuTrebis uflebas

mdinaris

gamoyenebaze

gaaCniaT

sakuTrebis

Tavisi
ufleba

narCenebis
wylis

gadasayrelad,

dabinZurebaze.

xolo

amitom

meTevzeebs

firma

ar

ar
aris

dainteresebuli mdinaris dabinZurebis danaxarjebi CarTos sawarmoo angariSebSi.

sxva sityvebiT, firma dabinZurebiT gamowveul xarjebs gare danaxarjebad aqcevs.
davuSvaT, meTevzeebi mdinares floben, anu maT aqvT sufTa wylis gamoyenebis
ufleba.

am

SemTxvevaSi,

maT

ufleba

aqvT

moiTxovon

firmisgan,

rom

maT

gadauxadon narCenebis gadaRvrisTvis. firma an aRar imuSavebs, an gadaixdis

gadasaxdels.

es

danaxarjebi

SeiZleba

iyos

internalizebuli

(gardaiqmneba

firmis Siga danaxarjebad) da resursebis ganawileba efeqtiani gaxdeba.

molaparakebebi da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba

500

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba miiRweva saxelmwifos Carevis gareSec (Tu gare

efeqtebi

zemoqmedeben

SedarebiT

mcire

monawileebze

da

maTi

sakuTrebis

uflebebi kargadaa gansazRvruli). davuSvaT, qarxnis narCenebis mdinareSi CaRvris

gamo mcirdeba meTevzeTa mogeba. qarxanas SeuZlia daayenos filtrebi, meTevzeebs
ki SeuZliaT gadaixadon gamwmendi danadgarebis dadgmisTvis.
efeqtiani gadawyvetileba axdens qarxnisa da meTevzeebis erToblivi mogebis
maqsimizacias. yvelaze didi Sedegi miiRweva maSin, rodesac qarxana filtrebs
daayenebs. sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli uflebis SemTxvevaSi rogori molaparakebebia
momgebiani orTave mxarisTvis?
narCenebis moculobis alternatiuli variantebis mogeba (yoveldRiuri)
cxrili 19.1

Qqarxnis

meTevzeebis

erToblivi

mogeba, lari

mogeba, lari

mogeba, lari

500

100

600

300

500

800

500

200

700

300

300

600

filtri da gamwmendi
mowyobiloba ar aris
filtri dayenebulia,
gamwmendi

mowyobiloba

ara
filtri ara, Ggamwmendi
mowyobiloba
dayenebulia
filtri da Ggamwmendi
mowyobiloba
dayenebulia

davuSvaT, qarxanas ufleba aqvs gadaRvaros narCenebi mdinareSi. dasawyisSi

meTevzeTa mogeba 100, xolo qarxnisa 500 lars Seadgens. gamwmendi danadgarebis
dayenebis

SemTxvevaSi

meTevzeebis

mogeba

200

laramde

gaizarda,

ris

gamoc

mTliani mogeba erToblivi TanamSromlobiT 700 (500+200) laria. ufro metic,

meTevzeebi mzad arian qarxanas 300 lari gadauxadon filtrebis dayenebisTvis
(sxvaoba

filtris

arsebobis

dros

500

lar

mogebasa

da

TanamSromlobis

ararsebobis dros 200 lar mogebas Soris). qarxana filtrebis dadgmaze kargavs
mxolod

200

lars.

Ddanakargebze

igi

Tanaxmaa,

radgan

misi

danakargebi

kompensirebuli iqneba. am dros, TanamSromlobiT orive mxaris mogeba 100 laria

(meTevzeebisTvis 300 lar mogebas akldeba filtris dayenebis danaxarjebi 200
lari).

501

davuSvaT,

rom

qarxanam

da

meTevzeebma

moilaparakes

100

laris

mogeba

Tanabrad gadainawilon da meTevzeebi qarxanas filtris dayenebisTvis 250 lars

gadauxdian. rogorc cxrili 19.2 gviCvenebs, es gadawyvetileba mogviyvans efeqtian
Sedegamde. TanamSromlobis ararsebobis dros meTevzeebi gamoimuSaveben 200, xolo
qarxana 500 lar mogebas; TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi orive mxaris mogeba 50
lariT izrdeba.
davuSvaT,

meTevzeebi

floben

sakuTrebis

uflebas

da

isini

qarxnisgan

moiTxoven filtrebis dayenebas. sawarmo 300, xolo meTevzeebi 500 lar mogebas
Rebulobs. ase rom, arcerT mxares ar SeuZlia gaiumjobesos Tavisi mdgomareoba
molaparakebis Sedegad _ sawyisi gadawyvetileba aris efeqtiani.
molaparakebebi alternatiuli sakuTrebis uflebebis dros
cxrili 19.2

gadayraze

sufTa wyalze

ufleba, lari

ufleba, lari

qarxnis mogeba

500

300

meTevzeTa mogeba

200

500

qarxnis mogeba

550

300

meTevzeTa mogeba

250

500

ar aqvs adgili
TanamSromlobas

TanamSromloba

aRniSnulis msgavsad SeiZleba gavaanalizoT nebismieri situacia, romelSic

mkveTradaa gansazRvruli sakuTrebis ufleba. Tu mxareebs SeuZliaT yovelgvari
danaxarjebis
efeqtiania

gareSe

imis

urTierTsasargeblo

miuxedavad,

Tu

rogor

molaparakeba,
ganisazRvreba

saboloo
sakuTrebis

Sedegi
ufleba.

Mmocemul debulebas qouzis Teorema (Coase Theorem) ewodeba.

ZviradRirebuli molaparakebebi _ strategiuli qcevis roli

molaparakebebi

droisa

da

fulis

danaxarjebTan

aris

dakavSirebuli,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu sakuTrebis uflebebi ar aris mkveTrad gansazRvruli.

aseT dros arc erTi mxare ar aris darwmunebuli molaparakebebis SedegebSi.
Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi orive mxarem icoda, rom molaparakebebis procesi
damTavrdeboda

200_dan

300

laramde

gadaxdiT.

Tu

mxareebi

uflebebSi

darwmunebuli ar iyvnen, meTevzeebs SeeZloT uari eTqvaT 100 larze meti Tanxa
gadaexadaT da molaparakebis procesi Sewydeboda.

502

molaparakebebi

Sewydeba

maSinac,

rodesac

danaxarjebis

TvalsazrisiT

komunikaciebi da kontroli araferi ar Rirs da orive mxare darwmunebulia, rom

ufro did mogebas
molaparakebebze
daTmobaze

miiReben.

uars

wava.

aseTi

erT-erTi mxare

acxadebs.

igi

strategiuli

ufro did wils

SecdomiT
qceva

fiqrobs,

SeiZleba

rom

moiTxovs
meore

araefeqtiani

da

mxare

SedegiT

damTavrdes _ Sewydes TanamSromloba. davuSvaT, qarxnas narCenebis mdinareSi

gadaRvris ufleba aqvs. is acxadebs, rom filtrebis sistemas ar daayenebs manam,
sanam ar miiRebs 300 lars da es misi saboloo gadawyvetilebaa. magram meTevzeebi
sTavazoben 250 lars (darwmunebulebi imaSi, rom bolos qarxana daTanxmdeba
,,samarTlian gadawyvetilebas). aseT situaciaSi SeTanxmeba SeiZleba verasdros
ver iqnes miRweuli, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erT-erT an orive mxares
,,jiuti momlaparakeblis reputacia gaaCnia.

samarTlebrivi gadawyveta sasamarTlo sarCeli zaralis anazRaurebaze

gare efeqtebTan dakavSirebul mraval situaciaSi dazaralebul mxares aqvs
kanonieri ufleba mimarTos sasamarTlos. warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dazaralebuli
mxare iRebs zaralis Sesabamis fulad kompensacias. am Tanxas dazaralebuli
ixdis.
davuSvaT, meTevzeebs aqvT sufTa wyliT sargeblobis ufleba e.i. qarxana
pasuxismgebelia

zaralisTvis,

romelsac

meTevzeebi

miiReben

filtrebis

uqonlobiT. es zarali meTevzeebisTvis mocemul SemTxvevaSi 400 lars Seadgens

(mogebas 500 lars, romelsac meTevzeebi Rebuloben sanam wyalSi narCenebi ar iyo,
gamoakldeba mogeba 100 lari wyalSi narCenebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi).
qarxanas arCevanis Semdegi variantebi gaaCnia:
1. filtri ar daidgmeba, zarali anazRaurdeba da mogeba Seadgens 100 lars
(500lari_400lari);
2. filtri daidgmeba, zaralis anazRaureba Tavidan iqneba acilebuli da mogeba
Seadgens 300 lars (500lari_200lari).
Aamrigad, qarxnisTvis ufro efeqtiania filtris dadgma, vidre zaralis
anazRaureba.
efeqtiani
narCenebis

Sedegi

CaRvris

maSinac

ufleba

aris

aqvs.

mosalodneli,

kanonis

Tanaxmad,

qarxnisgan filtris dadgma moiTxovon, magram

maT

Tu

qarxanas

meTevzeebs

mdinareSi

ufleba

aqvT

qarxanas 200 lari unda

gadauxadon. meTevzeebs arCevanis sami varianti gaaCniaT:

1. dadgan gamwmendi danadgarebi; mogeba Seadgens 200 lars;
2. aiZulon qarxana dadgas filtri, magram gadauxdos kompensacia; mogeba
Seadgens 300 lars (500lari_200lari);
3. ar dadgan gamwmendi danadgarebi da ar moiTxovon filtrebi, mogeba
Seadgens 100lars.

503

meTevzeebs SeuZliaT maqsimaluri mogeba meore variantis SemTxvevaSi miiRon.

amiT isini qarxnisagan moiTxoven filtraciis sistemis dadgmas, magram amisTvis
kompensirdeba 200 lari dakarguli mogeba, zustad ise, roca meTevzeebs gaaCndaT
sufTa wyalze ufleba. es arCevani efeqtiania, radgan filtri dadgmuli iqneba.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 300 lari mogeba bevrad naklebia 500 larze, romelic maT
sufTa wyliT sargeblobis uflebis dros hqondaT.
dasaxelebuli magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom danakargebis anazRaurebaze sarCelis
Setana molaparakebebis moTxovnas abaTilebs. dazaralebuli mxarisTvis zaralis
anazRaurebis ufleba iZleva efeqtiani Sedegis miRebis garantias.

magaliTi 1
qouzis Teoremis praqtikuli gamoyeneba
qouzis Teorema gamoiyeneba rogorc xelisuflebaSi, aseve organizaciebsa da
individebs Sorisac.
mravali wlis manZilze narCenebis gadamamuSavebeli nagebobidan nagavi niuiorkis navsadguris maxloblad iyreboda, rac cud zegavlenas axdenda wylis
xarisxze da drodadro abinZurebda niu-jersis sanapiros. erT-erTi yvelaze cudi
incidenti 1987 wlis agvistoSi moxda, rodesac nagvis 200 tonaze metma masam niujersis sanapiro zolze 50 milis sigrZis fena warmoqmna.
niu-jersis

Stats

sufTa

sanapiros

ufleba

hqonda

da

man

niu-iorkis

sasamarTloSi iCivla zaralis anazRaurebis mizniT. niu-jerselebs aseve SeeZloT

moeTxovaT, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT Sewyvetiliyo nagvis gadamuSaveba da
Senaxvis danadgarebis gamoyeneba manam, sanam problema ar mogvardeboda.
niu-jerss sufTa sanapiro da ara mxolod zaralis anazRaureba sWirdeboda.
niu-iorki

ki

icavda

Tavis

SesaZleblobas

gamoiyenebina

gadamamuSavebeli

danadgarebi. Sedegad, gaCnda urTierTxelsayreli gacvlis SesaZlebloba. ori

kviris molaparakebebis Semdeg mxareebma SeTanxmebas miaRwies. niu-jersis Stati
daTanxmda

ar

gaegrZelebina

sasamarTlo

devna,

niu-iorki

ki

daTanxmda

gamoeyenebina specialuri bornebi da sxva mcuravi saSualebebi imisaTvis, rom

SeezRuda

narCenebis

gavrceleba.

is

aseve

daTanxmda,

rom

Seqmniliyo

damkvirebelTa gundi nagvis gadamuSavebisa da Senaxvis monitoringisTvis. jgufs

SeeZlo moeTxova im danadgarebis daxurva, romlebic pirobebs ar Seesabameboda.
imavdroulad,
misuliyvnen

niu-jersis
niu-iorkis

oficialur

nagvis

Senaxvisa

pirebs
da

neba

darTes

SeuzRudavad

gadamamuSavebel

danadgarebis

simZlavreebTan, raTa gaekontrolebinaT misi efeqtiani funqcionireba.

19.4 saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi

gare
resursebiT

504

efeqtebi

drodadro

ufaso sargeblianoba.

warmoiSoba

maSin,

rodesac

saerTo sargeblianobis

SesaZlebelia

resursebi

(Common

Property Resources) yvelasaTvis Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomia. Sedegad xdeba

maTi gadaWarbebuli gamoyeneba. haeri da wyali aseTi resursebis ori yvelaze
metad cnobili magaliTebia. garda amisa, masve miekuTvneba Tevzi, cxovelTa
populaciebi, mineraluri nedleulis Zieba da mopoveba. ganvixiloT zogierTi
araefeqtianoba, romelic SeiZleba gaCndes, Tu resursebi imyofebian saerTo da
ara kerZo sakuTrebaSi.
davuSvaT,
SeuzRudavi

did

tbaSi

kalmaxia

raodenobisTvis.

TiToeul

da

igi

xelmisawvdomia

meTevzes

SeuZlia

meTevzeebis

gaagrZelos

Tevzis

daWera manam, sanam Tevzis daWeris zRvruli Semosavali ar gautoldeba zRvrul

danaxarjebs. magram tba warmoadgens saerTo sargeblianobis resurs da arcerTi
meTevze ar aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari TevzWeris
zemoqmedeba

sxva

danaxarjebi

ar

meTevzeebis
asaxaven

SesaZleblobebze.

namdvil

danaxarjebs

Sedegad

meTevzis

sazogadoebisaTvis,

kerZo
vinaidan

TevzWeris gafarToeba amcirebs Tevzis maragebs da naklebad misawvdoms xdis mas

sxvebisaTvis. es iwvevs araefeqtian Sedegs iWeren zedmeti raodenobis Tevzs.
aRniSnuli mdgomareoba grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 19.9. vivaraudoT,
rom daWerili Tevzis moculoba sakmaod mcirea moTxovnasTan SedarebiT da
meTevzeebi aRiqvamen Tevzis fasebs, rogorc mocemulobas. agreTve dauSvaT, rom
SesaZlebelia im meTevzeebis raodenobis kontroli, visac xeli miuwvdeba tbasTan.
Tevzis daWeris efeqtiani done TveSi F * F wertiliT ganisazRvreba, sadac Tevzis
daWeris zRvruli sargeblianoba zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis tolia.
zRvruli sargeblianoba fasia, romelic miRebulia moTxovnis mrudiT. naxazze
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi mocemulia imisaTvis, rom asaxuli iqnas
ara

mxolod

kerZo

saeqspluatacio

danaxarjebi,

aramed

Tevzis

maragebis

amowurvis sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebic.

axla SevadaroT efeqtiani Sedegi im SemTxvevas, rodesac tba aris saerTo
sargeblianobis resursi. am SemTxvevaSi zRvruli gare danaxarjebi mxedvelobaSi
ar miiReba da TiToeuli meTevze iWers Tevzs manam, sanam ar Sewydeba mogebis
miReba. Tu daWerili Tevzis raodenoba miaRwevs F * _s, maSin TevzWeriT miRebuli
Semosavali aRemateba danaxarjebs da miiReba mogebac. TevzWera gagrZeldeba da am
bizness

SeurTdebian

axali

monawileebi

manam,

zRvrul danaxarjebs. naxazze es mdgomareoba

sanam

fasi

aRniSnulia

ar

gauTanabrdeba

Fc

wertiliT.

Fc

wertilSi daWerili iqneba metismetad bevri Tevzi.

505

sargeblianoba,
danaxarjebi (lari)

zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi
danaxarji
kerZo danaxarji

moTxovna

F*

Fc

Tevzis raodenoba
(TveSi)

nax. 19.9 saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi

rodesac saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi (magaliTad, Tevzi) xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis, maSin isini gamoiyenebian Fc
wertilamde, sadac kerZo danaxarji damatebiT miRebuli Semosavlis tolia. aseTi gamoyenebis dros gadaWarbebuli aRmoCndeba
efeqtiani F* done, romlis drosac resursis gamoyenebis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji zRvruli sargeblianobis tolia (emTxveva
moTxovnis mruds).

arsebobs saerTo sargeblianobis resursebis problemis SedarebiT martivi

gadawyveta aseTi resursis marTva ganxorcieldes erTaderTi mesakuTris mier.
mesakuTre daawesebs gadasaxads resursebiT sargeblianobaze, romelic Tevzis
maragis

amowurvis

(gadasaxadis)

gamo

araxelsayrelad

zRvruli
bevri

CaTvlis.

danaxarjebis

meTevze

F * -ze

samwuxarod,

tolia.

meti

saerTo

iZulebiTi

raodenobiT

Senatanis

Tevzis

sargeblianobis

daWeras

resursebis

umravlesobas gaaCnia didi masStabebi, amitomac erTaderTi mesakuTris daniSvna

yovelTvis

ar

aris

praqtikuli.

aseT

SemTxvevebSi

resursi

zogjer

xdeba

saxelmwifos sakuTreba an masze xorcieldeba pirdapiri saxelmwifo regulireba.

19.5 sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli)

CvenTvis

ukve

cnobilia,

rom

gare

efeqtebi,

maT

Soris

saerTo

sargeblianobis resursebic, warmoadgenen sabazro araefeqtianobis mizezebs da

zogjer

iTxoven

saxelmwifo

regulirebas.

ra

SemTxvevaSi

unda

daikavos

saxelmwifom kerZo firmebis adgili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblis

saxiT? ramdenad saWiroa es? am TavSi davaxasiaTebT pirobebs, romlis drosac
bazari saerTod ver uzrunvelyofs momxmareblebs sasurveli saqonliT an ar
xdeba misi saTanadod Sefaseba.

506

sazogadoebriv

dovlaTs

(Public

Goods)

ori

damaxasiaTebeli

niSani

gaaCnia, kerZod, aris: 1. arakonkurentuli; 2. gamouricxavi.

arakonkurentulia dovlaTi

(Nonrival

Goods),

Tu

warmoebis

nebismier

doneze am dovlaTis miwodebis zRvruli danaxarji kidev erTi momxmareblisTvis

nulis tolia. kerZo seqtorSi warmoebuli dovlaTis umravlesobisTvis warmoebis
zrdis zRvruli danaxarji dadebiTi sididea. magram rig dovlaTze damatebiTi
momxmareblebis gaCena gavlenas ver axdens danaxarjebze.
ganvixiloT moZraoba Tbilisi-cixisZiris Cqarosnul avtostradaze mcire
satransporto nakadis SemTxvevaSi. vinaidan avtostrada ukve arsebobs da ar aris
gadatvirTuli, masze avtomobiliT mgzavrobis damatebiTi danaxarjebi udris
nuls. aseTive magaliTia Suquris gamoyeneba gemisTvis. rodesac Suqura ukve
funqcionirebs,

misi

eqspluataciis

danaxarjebi

ar

gaizrdeba,

Tu

masze

orientacias aiRebs kidev erTi gemi. da bolos, ganvixiloT sazogadoebrivi

televizia.

cxadia,

rom

damatebiTi

telemayureblis

mier

misi

gamoyenebiT

gamowveuli danaxarjebi udris nuls.

dovlaTis umravlesoba konkurentulia moxmarebaSi. magaliTad, rodesac
Tqven

yidulobT

avtomobils,

gamoricxulia

misi

yidva

kidev

sxvis

mier.

konkurentuli dovlaTi momxmareblebs Soris unda ganawildes. arakonkurentuli

dovlaTis SeZena yvelas SeuZlia Dda es gavlenas ver moaxdens sxva adamianebis
sargeblianobaze.
gamouricxavia
moxmarebidan

misi

gamouricxavi

(Nonexclusive)
gamoricxva.

dovlaTiT

amis

Tu

dovlaTi
gamo

Znelia

sargeblianobisaTvis

SeuZlebelia
an

saerTod

gadasaxadis

adamianis

SeuZlebelia

daweseba;

maTi

gamoyeneba SeiZleba gadaxdis gareSe. gamouricxavi dovlaTis erT-erTi magaliTia

erovnuli

Tavdacva.

Tu

eri

uzrunvelyofilia

kargi

TavdacviT,

es

yvela

moqalaqisTvis sargebliania. Suqura da sazogadoebrivi televiziac gamouricxavi

dovlaTis magaliTebia.
ar aris aucilebeli, rom gamouricxavi dovlaTi Tavisi xasiaTiT iyos
saerTo-erovnuli.

Tu

regionis

an

qalaqis

administracia

ebrZvis

sasoflo-

sameurneo mavneblebs, amiT mogebulia yvela fermeri da momxmarebeli. calkeuli

fermeris

gamoricxva

SeuZlebelia.

am

programiT

avtomobili

aris

miRebuli

sargeblianobidan

gamoricxvadi

saqoneli

praqtikulad
(amavdroulad

konkurentulic). rodesac dileri axal avtomobils miyidis erT momxmarebels,

yvela danarCens igi arTmevs am avtomobilis yidvis SesaZleblobas.
zogierTi

dovlaTi

gamoricxvadia,

magram

arakonkurentuli.

magaliTad,

dabali intensiuri moZraobis dros xidze gavla arakonkurentulia, vinaidan

damatebiTi manqana xidze ar Seanelebs sxva avtmobilis moZraobis siCqares. amave
dros

xidze

moZraoba

gamoricxvadia _

mflobels

SeuZlia

akrZalos

xidis

gamoyeneba. aRniSnulis kidev erT magaliTs satelevizio signali warmoadgens. Tu

signali eTerSi gadis, mauwyeblobis zRvruli danaxarjebi kidev erTi damatebiTi

507

momxmareblisTvis nulis tolia. magram tele da radiosignalebi SeiZleba gaxdes

konkurentuli, Tu signali daiSifreba da kodebis miRebaze dawesdeba gadasaxadi.
zogierTi dovlaTi aris gamouricxavi, magram konkurentuli. okeane an didi
tba arakonkurentulia, magram TevzWera konkurentulia (radgan sxvebisTvis igi
dakavSirebulia danaxarjebTan). rac ufro meti Tevzi iqneba daWerili, miT ufro
naklebi

darCeba

sxvebisTvis.

atmosferuli

haeri

aris

gamouricxavi,

xSirad

arakonkurentulic. is SeiZleba aRmoCndes konkurentuli, Tu romelime firmis

mavne gamonabolqvi araxelsayrelad imoqmedebs haeris xarisxze da SezRudavs
sufTa haeriT sargeblianobis SesaZleblobas.
sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTi,

romelic

arakonkurentuli

da

gamouricxavia,

adamianebisTvis sargeblianoba moaqvs nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebis dros da

misi vinmesTvis CamorTmeva SeuZlebelia. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis klasikuri
magaliTia

erovnuli

Tavdacva.

rogorc

ukve

aRvniSneT,

Tavdacva

aris

gamouricxavi da agreTve arakonkurentuli, radgan Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofaze

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

kidev

erTi

damatebiTi

adamianisaTvis

nulis

tolia.

Suqurac sazogadoebrivi dovlaTia, vinaidan igi arakonkurentuli da amasTan

gamouricxavia _ Znelia gemebs dauweso gadasaxadi SuquriT sargeblianobisaTvis.
ar aris aucilebeli, rom Suqurebis mflobeli iyos saxelmwifo. r.qouzma Tavis
erT-erT naSromSi aRwera XIX saukunis inglisSi Suqurebis kerZo dafinansebis
magaliTi.
sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTis

CamonaTvali

gacilebiT

mcirea,

vidre

saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili dovlaTi. saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili

uamravi dovlaTi konkurentulia moxmarebaSi, gamoricxvadia an gaaCnia orive
maxasiaTebeli.
arsebobs

kidev

magaliTad,
erTi

saSualo

damatebiTi

ganaTleba

bavSvis

konkurentulia

ganaTlebaze

moxmarebaSi.

dadebiTi

damatebiTi

danaxarji, radgan klasis gazrdis gamo sxva bavSvebze yuradReba mcirdeba. garda
amisa, fasiani swavlebis SemoRebam SeiZleba zogierTi bavSvi ganaTlebis miRebis
procesidan

gamoricxos.

saxelmwifo

ganaTlebas

uzrunvelyofs

adgilobrivi

xelisufleba, radgan igi dakavSirebulia dadebiT gare efeqtebTan da ara imis

gamo, rom igi aris yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi.

efeqtianoba da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi

kerZo dovlaTis miRebis efeqtiani done ganisazRvreba damatebiTi erTeulis
zRvruli

sargeblianobis

da

am

erTeulis

warmoebaze

gaweuli

zRvruli

danaxarjebis SedarebiT. efeqtianoba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zRvruli

sargeblianoba

da

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

tolia.

igive

principi

gamoiyeneba

sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis mimarT, Tumca analizis meTodi gansxvavebulia. kerZo

dovlaTis

SemTxvevaSi

zRvruli

romelsac Rebuloben momxmareblebi.

508

sargeblianoba

ganisazRvreba

sargebliT,

sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTis

SemTxvevaSi

unda

gairkves

rogor

afasebs

TiToeuli adamiani produqtis damatebiT erTeuls. am Sefasebebis agrerirebiT

gamoiangariSeba zRvruli sargeblianoba yvela im adamianisTvis, vinc sargeblobs
am

dovlaTiT.

sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTis

efeqtiani

donisaTvis

zRvruli

sargeblianoba da warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebi erTmaneTs unda gautoldes.

naxazze 19.10 naCvenebia sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebis efeqtiani done.
D1 aris pirveli momxmareblis sazogadoebriv dovlaTze moTxovnis mrudi, xolo
D2

meore

momxmareblis

sargeblianobas,

moTxovnis

romelsac

mrudi.

TiToeuli

momxmarebeli

Rebulobs

mrudi

aRwers

warmoebis

zRvrul

moculobis

TiToeul doneze. magaliTad, Tu arsebobs sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis 2 erTeuli,

pirveli momxmarebeli Tanaxmaa gadaixados am dovlaTSi 1,50 lari da es aris
momxmareblis

zRvruli

sargeblianoba.

analogiurad,

meore

momxmarebeli

Rebulobs sargeblianobas 4,00 laris odenobiT.

orive adamianis zRvruli sargeblianobis gasaangariSeblad unda Sejamdes
TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudi vertikalze. magaliTad, Tu gamoSvebis moculoba 2
erTeuls Seadgens, maSin jamdeba zRvruli sargeblianoba 1,50 lari da zRvruli
sargeblianoba 4,00 lari. Ee i. zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba 5,50 laria.
Tu

aseTi

Sedegad

gaTvla

vRebulobT

sazogadoebrivi

warmoebis

sazogadoebrivi

TiToeuli

dovlaTis

donisaTvis

agregirebuli

keTdeba,

moTxovnis

mruds.
warmoebis

efeqtiani

done

ganisazRvreba

moTxovnisa

da

zRvruli

danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertiliT. Cvens magaliTSi warmoebis zRvruli

danaxarjebi aris 5,50 lari, amitom dovlaTis 2 erTeuli gamoSvebis efeqtiani
donea.

509

sargeblianoba,
lari
7,00

5,50

4,00

zRvruli danaxarjebi
D

D2

D1
1,50

10

raodenoba

nax. 19.10 sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis efeqtiani miwodeba

rodesac saqoneli arakonkurentulia, zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba (moTxovnis D mrudi) ganisazRvreba dovlaTze
moTxovnis D1 da D2 mrudebis vertikaluri SejamebiT. gamoSvebis efeqtiani donis wertilSi moTxovnis, miwodebis da
zRvruli danaxarjis mrudebi erTmaneTs kveTen.

ratom aris 2 erTeuli efeqtiani moculoba? ra moxdeba, Tu gamovuSvebT

dovlaTis mxolod 1 erTeuls? miuxedavad imisa, rom zRvruli danaxarjebi isev
5,50 laria, zRvruli sargeblianoba erTi erTeulis gamoSvebaze daaxloebiT 7,00
lars Seadgens. vinaidan zRvruli sargeblianoba zRvrul danaxarjebze metia,
SeTavazebuli
vivaraudoT,

dovlaTis
rom

raodenoba

warmoebulia

aSkarad

sazogadoebrivi

arasakmarisia.
dovlaTis

Aanalogiurad,
erTeuli.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi zRvruli sargeblianoba, (daaxloebiT 4,00 lari) ufro naklebia,

vidre zRvruli danaxarjebi (5.50 lari); warmoebulia metismetad bevri dovlaTi.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoeba efeqtiania mxolod maSin, rodesac zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi da bazris uunaroba
davuSvaT, fiqrobT q. foTSi ganaxorcieloT ,,amerikuli TeTri pepelas
ganadgurebis programa. gaTviTcnobierebuli gaqvT, rom programis mniSvneloba
qalaqisa da misi mosaxleobisaTvis ufro didia, vidre misi ganxorcielebis
danaxarjebi _ 50000 lari. SegiZliaT Tu ara mogebis miReba programis kerZo gziT
ganxorcielebiT? Tqven gakotrdebiT, maSinac ki, Tu q. foTSi mcxovreb 10000
mosaxleze daawesebT gadasaxads 5,00 laris odenobiT. ver aiZulebT adamianebs
gadaixadon gadasaxadi, Tundac zogierTi maTgani Tanaxma iyos yvelaze maRali
Tanxis gadaxdaze.

510

samwuxarod, mavne mwerebis mospoba gamouricxavi momsaxurebaa. ar SeiZleba

misi ganxorcieleba ise, rom igi sargebliani ar iyos yvelasTvis. amitom bevri
ojaxi ar gadaixdis imdens, ramdenadac sinamdvileSi afaseben programas. am
SemTxvevaSi adamianebi moqmedeben rogorc ,,ubileTo mgzavrebi (Free Riders).
esmiT programis mniSvneloba, magram ufasod iReben misgan sargebels.
rac

Seexeba

sazogadoebriv

dovlaTs,

,,ubileTo

mgzavrebis

arseboba

arTulebs an SeuZlebels xdis bazarze mis efeqtian miwodebas. SeiZleboda,

monawileTa raodenoba mcire yofiliyo, xolo programa SedarebiT iafi, maSin
yvela

ojaxi

ojaxebis

nebayoflobiT

metismetad

SeTanxmebebi

daTanxmdeboda

didi

Cveulebriv

raodenobis

araefeqtiania.

danaxarjebis
SemTxvevaSi

amrigad,

ganawilebas.

magram

nebayoflobiTi

kerZo

sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTis

warmoeba efeqtiani rom iyos, igi saxelmwifos mier unda iyos subsidirebuli an
uzrunvelyofili.

magaliTi 2
moTxovna sufTa haerze
SeviswavloT

sufTa

haeris

maxasiaTeblebi,

rogorc

sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTi. regionSi haeris xarisxs uamravi faqtori gansazRvravs, maT Soris hava,
qari, samrewvelo gamonabolqvi da sxva. haeris gasufTavebis nebismieri mcdeloba
gaaumjobesebs
sufTa

haeri

gamoricxva

atmosferul
gamodis

am

haers

rogorc

mTlianad

regionis

farglebSi.

gamouricxavi

dovlaTi

sargeblianobidan

praqtikulad

maSasadame,

romelime

SeuZlebelia.

adamianis

sufTa

haeri

warmoadgens agreTve arakonkurentul dovlaTs: Tu me vsargeblob sufTa haeriT,

es xels ar giSliT Tqvenc igive gaakeToT.
vinaidan sufTa haeri aris sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi, misTvis ar arsebobs
bazari an gansazRvruli fasi, romliTac adamianebi Tanaxma iqnebodnen gaecvalaT
haeri sxva produqtze. sabednierod, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT adamianebis
sufTa

haerSi

gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofna

uZravi

qonebis

bazris

analizis

saSualebiT. nebismieri ojaxi ori identuri saxlis yidvis dros, mets gadaixdis
im saxlSi, romelic mdebareobs ufro sufTa haeris mqone regionSi.
davuSvaT,
statikuri

qalaq

analizis

Sefasebebi. kerZod,
saxlebis

sxva

TbilisSi

sacxovrebeli

daxmarebiTYmiRebuli

saxlebis

iqna

sufTa

Sesaxeb

monacemebis

haerze

moTxovnis

dadginda korelacia binis fasebsa da haeris xarisxs, agreTve

maxasiaTeblebsa

da

garemos

Soris.

naxazze

19.11

naCvenebia

moTxovnis sami mrudi, romlebic asaxaven sufTa haeris, azotis oqsidisa da

Semosavlis donis SefasebiT damokidebulebas. horizontalur RerZze aRniSnulia
haeris dabinZurebis done wilebSi haerSi azotis oqsidis as milionze (Parts Per
Hundred Million, pphm). vertikalurze _ TiToeuli ojaxis mzadyofna gadaixados
azotis oqsidis donis Semcirebis erT asmilionian wilSi.

511

moTxovnis mrudi aRmavalia, vinaidan horizontalur RerZze aisaxeba ufro

dabinZureba, vidre sufTa haeri. rac ufro sufTaa haeri, miT dabalia met
dovlaTSi

gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofna.

sxvaoba

sufTa

haerSi

gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofnis doneebs Soris mniSvnelovnad meryeobs. magaliTad, Tu TbilisSi

azotis oqsidis done icvleba 3-dan 5 punqtamde, saSualo Semosavliani ojaxi
Tanaxma iqneboda gadaexada 800 lari azotis oqsidis donis 1 punqtiT SemcirebaSi
(Tu azotis oqsidis done 3 punqtamde Semcirdeboda).
lari
maRali Semosavali

3000

saSualo Semosavali
2500

dabali Semisavali
2000

1500

1000

500

10

azotis oqsidi

nax. 19.11 moTxovna sufTa atmosferul haerze

sami mrudi asaxavs TiToeuli sami kategoriidan (dabali, saSualo da maRali SemosavliT) ojaxebis mzadyofnas gadaixadon
sufTa haerSi (azotis oqsidebis donis SemcirebaSi). saerTod ojaxebi maRali SemosavliT avlenen ufro maRal moTxovnas
sufTa atmosferul haerze, vidre ojaxebi dabali SemosavlebiT. garda amisa, TiToeul ojaxs urCevnia naklebi gadaixados
sufTa haerSi, rodesac haeris xarisxis done izrdeba.

es Tanxa mkveTrad aiwevs (2200 laramde 1 wiliT SemcirebaSi), Tu azotis oqsidis

Ydone 9 punqts Seadgens.
atmosferuli

haeris

mciredi

gaumjobesebisaTvis

maRalSemosavliani

ojaxebi Tanaxma arian gadaixadon meti dabalSemosavlianebTan SedarebiT. azotis

oqsidis dabali donis SemTxvevaSi (3 punqti) sxvaoba ojaxebs Soris dabali da
maRali SemosavlebiT mxolod 200 larss Seadgens, magram igi ufro maRal
doneebze (9 punqti) 700 laramde izrdeba.
sufTa haerze moTxovnis raodenobrivi informaciisa da haeris xarisxis
gaumjobesebaze

danaxarjebis

Sefasebebis

daxmarebiT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,

aRemateba Tu ara garemos mdgomareobis regulirebiT miRebuli sargeblianoba

danaxarjebs.

gamokvleviT

dadgenilia,

rom

kontrolis

zomebi

amcireben

dabinZurebis dones, magaliTad, azotis oqsidiT dabinZurebas daaxloebiT 10%-iT.

512

Qq.

Tbilisis

daaxloebiT

20

yvela
aTas

mcxovrebis
lars

sargeblianoba

Seadgens.

Aaseve,

am

10%-iani

gamokvlevebiT

dadgenilia,

avtomobilebis gamonabolqvis kontrolisaTvis mowyobilobaze

aTas

larze

naklebia.

Aamrigad,

regulirebidan

gaumjobesebiT

miRebuli

rom

danaxarjebi 20
sargeblianoba

namdvilad aRemateba danaxarjebs.

513

sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis kerZo upiratesobebi

sazogadoebrivi
vinaidan

mas

gansazRvros
mgzavrebis

uCndeba

dovlaTis

warmoeba

SesaZlebloba

mTavrobam
problema

moTxovna
stimuls

daawesos

xelsayrelia
gadasaxadebi

sazogadoebriv

aZlevs

adamianebs

saxelmwifosaTvis,
an

dovlaTze,
arasworad

baJebi.
Tu

rogor

,,ubileTo

warmoadginon

TavianTi upiratesobebi?

gadaxdis
mzadyofna

ganvixiloT kerZo upiratesobebis gansazRvris meqanizmebi.

AW

W2 W3
W1

600

1200

1800

2400

danaxarji erTi moswavlis ganaTlebaze, lari

nax. 19.12 ganaTlebaze danaxarjebis donis gansazRvra

ganaTlebaze danaxarjebis efeqtianobis done ganisazRvreba Tanxis SekrebiT, romlis gadasaxdelad mzadaa samive moqalaqe. mrudebi
W1, W2, W3 gamoxataven TiToeuli maTganis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnas, xolo mrudi AW Seesabameba gadaxdaze maT erTobliv
mzadyofnas. danaxarjebis efeqtiani done erT moswavleze 1200 lars Seadgens. sinamdvileSi uzrunvelyofili xarjebia is done , romelsac
irCevs saSualo amomrCeveli. mocemul situaciaSi saSualo xmis mimcemTa upiratesoba W2 mrudis pikiT aisaxeba, romelic efeqtian
doneze mdebareobs.

ganawilebis

problemis

gadasawyvetad

farTod

gamoiyeneba

kenWisyris

principi. zogierTi sakiTxis mosagvareblad moqalaqeebi uSualod monawileoben

kenWisyraSi.

agreTve

kenWisyraSi

danarCen

isini

irCeven

sakiTxebze.

kanonmdeblebs,
mniSvnelovani

romlebic
sakiTxebis

monawileoben
mosagvareblad

gamoiyeneba referendumic, romelic adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobisa da regionebis

doneze dafuZnebulia xmaTa umravlesobis wesze: TiToeul admians aqvs erTi xma.
imarjvebs is kandidati (an pasuxi kiTxvaze), romelic miiRebs xmebis 50%-ze mets.
rogor gansazRvravs umravlesobis wesi saxelmwifo ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofas?
naxazze 19.12 aRniSnulia sami moqalaqis upiratesoba ganaTlebis danaxarjebTan
dakavSirebiT erT moswavleze. aRniSnuli sami moqalaqe mocemuli skolis raionSi
sam dainteresebul jgufs warmoadgens.
mrudi W1

asaxavs pirveli moqalaqis mzadyofnas gadaixados ganaTlebis

safasuri yvela aucilebeli gadasaxadebis gamoklebiT. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna

es momxmareblis nametia, romelsac mosaxleoba Rebulobs xarjebis konkretuli

514

donis

arCeviT.

saerTo

sargeblianoba

imatebs

jamSi

ganaTlebis

xarjebis

zrdasTan

xarjebis
erTad.

momatebiT

magram

miRebuli

amasTan

izrdeba

gadasaxadebic, romliTac ibegreba ganaTleba. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis mrudi,

romelic asaxavs wminda sargeblianobas ganaTlebis xarjebidan, Tavdapirvelad
mimarTulia zemoT (moqalaqeebi ufro afaseben ganaTlebis xarjebis dabal dones).
Tu ganaTlebaze xarjebi gadaaWarbebs 600 lars erT moswavleze, ganaTlebis
miRebis mniSvneloba mcirdeba. maSasadame, wminda sargeblianoba sinamdvileSi
klebadia. sabolood xarjebis done imdenad izrdeba (2400 lari erT moswavleze),
rom moqalaqeebisTvis umniSvnelo xdeba arCevanis gakeTeba xarjebis aRniSnul
donesa da xarjebis ararsebobas Soris.
W2,

mruds

romelic

aRwers

gadasaxadebisagan

gaTavisuflebuli

meore

moqalaqis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnas, analogiuri forma aqvs, magram maqsimums

aRwevs erT moswavleze 1200 laris doneze. da bolos, mrudi
asaxavs

mesame

moqalaqis

gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofnas,

piks

W3 , romelic

aRwevs

1800

laris

pirobebSi.

AW

wrfe

aris

erT

mzadyofna, e.i. mrudebis

moswavleze

W1 ,W2 da W3

ganaTlebis

gadaxdisadmi

AW

jami. mrudi

erToblivi

aCvenebs maqsimalur

Tanxas, romlis gadaxdaze Tanaxmaa samive moqalaqe TiToeuli ganaTlebis donis

miRebaSi.

naxazze

19.12

advilad

SesamCnevia,

rom

erToblivi

gadaxdisadmi

mzadyofna maqsimums aRwevs, roca erT moswavleze ixarjeba 1200 lari. vinaidan
mrudi AW

gamoxatavs saxsrebis xarjvidan miRebul sargeblianobas aucilebeli

gadasaxadebis

gaTvaliswinebiT,

maqsimaluri

wertili

1200

lari

erT

moswavleze _ xarjebis efeqtiani donec aris.

miviRebT Tu ara efeqtian Sedegs, Tu kenWisyris dros vixelmZRvanelebT
xmaTa

umravlesobis

wesiT?

davuSvaT,

rom

sazogadoebam

kenWisyriT

unda

gadawyvitos daixarjos erT moswavleze 1200 Tu 600 lari. pirveli moqalaqe xmas
miscems 600 lars, xolo danarCeni ori xmas miscems 1200 lars, romelic iqneba
arCeuli xmaTa umravlesobis wesiT.
xmaTa

umravlesobis

wesiT,

alternativis

miuxedavad

arCeuli

iqneba

varianti 1200 lari erT moswavleze. maSasadame, 1200 lari warmoadgens saukeTeso
variants

saSualo

xmis

mimcemisTvis

(medianuri

anu

saSualo

upiratesobis

moqalaqisaTvis; pirveli moqalaqe amjobinebs 600 lars, mesame 1800 lars). xmaTa
umravlesobis wesiT xarjebis done, romelsac airCevs saSualo xmis mimcemi,
yovelTvis iqneba misaRebi yvela alternatiul variants Soris.
iqneba Tu ara saSualo amomrCevlis mier arCeuli xarjebis done efeqtiani?
mocemul SemTxvevaSi es asea, vinaidan 1200 lari aris efeqtiani xarjebi. magram
saSualo xmis mimcemis upiratesoba xSirad ar emTxveva xarjebis efeqtian dones.
davuSvaT, mesame moqalaqis upiratesoba iseTive aRmoCnda, rogoric meoresi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saSualo amomrCeveli irCevs Tanxas 1200 lars

515

erT moswavleze, xarjebis efeqtiani done ukve naklebia, vidre 1200 laris dros
(mxedvelobaSi miiReba samive moqalaqis upiratesoba). am SemTxvevaSi umravlesobis
wesi iwvevs ganaTlebaze saxsrebis gadaxarjvas. Tu Cvens magaliTSi erTnairi
iqneboda pirveli da meore moqalaqis upiratesoba, maSin umravlesobis wesi
gamoiwvevda ganaTlebaze xarjebis arasakmaris dones.
maSasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom xmaTa umravlesobis wesi avlens saSualo
amomrCevlis

upiratesobas,

misi

Sedegebi

ekonomikurad

yovelTvis

efeqtiania.

umravlesobis wesi araefeqtiania im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi TiToeuli adamianis

upiratesobas Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

ZiriTadi terminebi

gare efeqtebi (eqsternaliebi)

dadebiTi gare efeqti
uaryofiTi gare efeqti
zRvruli gare danaxarji
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
danaxarji
zRvruli sargeblianoba
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
sargeblianoba
bazris fiasko
standarti narCenebze

gadasaxadi narCenebze
nebarTva dabinZurebaze
anazRaurebadi depoziti
qouzis Teorema
saerTo sargeblianobis resursi
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi
arakunkurentuli dovlaTi
gamouricxavi dovlaTi
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis kerZo
upiratesoba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

gare efeqtebs adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mwarmoebeli an momxmarebeli

zemoqmedebs

sxvebis

sawarmoo

an

samomxmareblo

gadawyvetilebebze

imgvarad, rom es pirdapir ar aisaxeba bazarze. gare efeqtebi iwveven bazris

araefeqtian muSaobas, radgan maTi zemoqmedebiT sabazro fasebi veRar
gvawvdian zust informacias moTxovnisa da miwodebis sidideebis Sesaxeb.
2. garemos dabinZureba aris gare efeqtebis gavrcelebuli magaliTi, rac
sabazro

,,Cavardnebs

iwvevs.

aRniSnulis

koreqtireba

SesaZlebelia

narCenebis gadamuSavebis xelSewyobiT an gamonabolqvze standartebisa da

nebarTvebis SemoRebiT,
gansazRvruli

aseve gadasaxadebis dawesebiT. Tu ar arsebobs

monacemebi

danaxarjebisa

da

sargeblianobis

Sesaxeb,

SesaZlebelia koreqtirebis nebismieri meqanizmi aRmoCndes misaRebi,

imis

mixedviT, Tu rogoria zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjisa da zRvruli

sargeblianobis mrudTa formebi.
3.

sabazro
Soris

CavardniT
kerZo

gamowveuli

molaparakebebis

problemebis
gziT.

daZleva

qouzis

SeiZleba

Teoremis

mxareTa
mixedviT

molaparakebebis Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetileba efeqtiani iqneba, roca

sakuTrebis uflebebi naTlada gansazRvrulia, transaqciuli danaxarjebi

516

aris

nulis

toli

da

adgili

ara

aqvs

strategiul qcevas.

naklebad

mosalodenelia, rom molaparakebam moitanos efeqtiani ASedegi, radgan

xSirad mxareebs aqvT strategiuli qceva.
4. saqoneli,

romelsac

kerZo

seqtori

efeqtianad

ver

awarmoebs,

arakonkurentuli an gamouricxavi. sazogadoebriv dovlaTs

aris

orive Tviseba

axasiaTebs. dovlaTi arakonkurentulia, Tu warmoebis yoveli mocemuli

donis pirobebSi misi miwodebis zRvruli danaxarji yoveli damatebiTi
momxmareblisTvis aris nulis toli. dovlaTi gamouricxavia, Tu calkeuli
adamianebis moxmarebidan misi gamoricxva Zviria an SeuZlebelia.
5. zRvruli

sazogadoebrivi

sargeblianoba

ganisazRvreba

dovlaTze

individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis vertikaluri SejamebiT. sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTis

miwodeba

efeqtiania,

roca

zRvruli

sazogadoebrivi

sargeblianoba warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia.

6. moqalaqeebisTvis

xmis

micemis

umravlesobis

wesi

aris

sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTis arCevis erT-erTi gza. umravlesobis wesis mixedviT efeqtiania

danaxarjebis

done,

momxmarebelma.

Tumca

romelsac
es

ar

upiratesoba

niSnavs,

rom

mianiWa

aRniSnuli

medianurma

done

calsaxad

efeqtiania.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

ra SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba gare efeqtebi (eqsternaliebi)?

2. gare efeqtebis ra saxeobebs icnobT?

3.

rogori

damokidebulebaa

zRvrul

sazogadoebriv

sargeblianobasa

da

zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris dadebiTi gare efeqtebis dros?

4. rogori

damokidebulebaa

zRvrul

sazogadoebriv

sargeblianobasa

da

zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis dros?

5. aageT zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis mrudi. aRwereT grafiki.
6. daasaxeleT bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebi.
7. rogor SeiZleba gare efeqtebiT gamowveuli araefeqtianobis daZleva?
8. ra SemTxvevaSi miiRweva narCenebis gadayris efeqtiani done?
9. daasabuTeT narCenebze gadasaxadis dawesebis upiratesobebi.
10. daasabuTeT narCenebze nebarTvebis dawesebis upiratesobebi.
11. ratom

ar

aris

gare

efeqtebis

winaaRmdeg

brZolisaTvis

gamoyenebuli

dasufTavebis gadasaxadi, standartebi an nebarTvebi?

12. sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli uflebebis SemTxvevaSi rogori molaparakebebia
sarfiani

ori mxarisTvis?

13. ganmarteT qouzis Teorema.

517

14. saerTo

resursebiT

sargeblianobis

ra

SemTxvevaSi

warmoiSoba

gare

efeqtebi? Ppasuxi daasabuTeT.

15. ganmarteT terminebi: arakonkurentuli dovlaTi, gamouricxavi dovlaTi.
moiyvaneT magaliTebi.
16. grafikulad warmoadgineT sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis efeqtiani miwodebis
mrudi. ra SemTxvevaSia sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoeba efeqtiani?
17. ra

SemTxvevaSi

unda

daikavos

saxelmwifom

kerZo

firmebis

adgili

produqtisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblis saxiT? ramdenad saWiroa es?

18. rogor

gansazRvros

mTavrobam

,,ubileTo mgzavrebis

problema

moTxovna
stimuls

sazogadoebriv
aZlevs

dovlaTze,

adamianebs

warmoadginon TavianTi upiratesobebi?

19. SeafaseT kerZo da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis sargeblianobebi.

518

Tu

arasworad

Tavi 20. keTildReobis ekonomika

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1.

keTildReobis ekonomikis cnebebis ganmartebas

2. konkurentuli

wonasworobiT

miRweuli

ganawilebis

Sefasebas

samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis TvlaTaxedviT

3.

SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudebis agebas

4. socialuri keTildReobis funqciur gamosaxvas da analizs

5. keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoremebis ganxilvas
6. lorencis mrudiT Semosavlebis uTanabrobis aRweras

20.1 keTildReobis ekonomikis ganmarteba

keTildReobis

ekonomika

(Welfare

Economics)

Seiswavlis

zogadi

wonasworobis modelSi aRwerili pareto-optimaluri mdgomareobis miRwevisa da

socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizaciis pirobebs. pareto-optimalurobis miRweva
efeqtian gacvlasTan erTad gulisxmobs warmoebis faqtorebis, aseve saqonlis da
Semosavlebis optimalur ganawilebas momxmareblebs Soris.
keTildReobis ekonomika ganixilavs normatul sakiTxebs da damyarebulia
SefasebiT gasjaze. Mmisi mizania aRweros ara is, Tu rogor muSaobs ekonomika,
aramed Seafasos ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi.
warmoebis

faqtorebis

ganawileba

pareto-optimaluria,

Tu

SeuZlebelia

faqtorTa xelaxali gadanawilebiT romelime saqonlis gamoSvebis gazrda sxva

saqonlis gamoSvebis Semcirebis gareSe. amrigad, ori saqonlis mqone ekonomikis
modelSi sawarmoo kontraqtebis (SeTanxmebaTa) mrudi aris warmoebis faqtorTa
pareto-optimaluri ganawilebis Sesabamisi wertilebis aRmniSvneli traeqtoria.
saqonlisa da Semosavlis ganawileba pareto-optimaluria, Tu SeuZlebelia
maTi xelaxali gadanawilebiT romelime momxmareblis sargeblianobis gazrda
sxva momxmareblis sargeblianobis Semcirebis gareSe. amrigad, ori ekonomikis
modelSi

samomxmareblo

saqonlis/Semosavlis

kontraqtebis

pareto-optimaluri

(SeTanxmebaTa)

ganawilebis

mrudi

Sesabamisi

aris

wertilebis

aRmniSvneli traeqtoria.

20.2 samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba

zogadi

wonasworobis

analizis

dros

Cven

ganvixileT

produqtisa

da

momsaxurebis efeqtiani ganawilebis sxvadasxva modeli. Gganawilebis efeqtianobis

problema

dakavSirebulia

samarTlianobis

problemasTan.

Oorive

cneba

519

istoriulia da isini sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneebs

gamoxataven.
rogorc

aRiniSna,

efeqtiani

ganawileba

srulyofili

konkurenciis

pirobebSi miRweva. AamasTan, ganawilebis zogierTi modeli ufro samarTliania,

vidre sxvebi. ganawilebis romeli tipia yvelaze samarTliani? es rTuli sakiTxia.
ekonomistebi, aseve sxva mecnierebi, ver mividnen im SeTanxmebamde, Tu rogor
ganisazRvros samarTlianoba (Equity) da rogor gamoisaxos igi raodenobrivad.
yoveli

Sexeduleba

mWidrod

aris

dakavSirebuli

sargeblianobis

Sesaxeb

subieqtur warmodgenasTan. aRiSnuli sakiTxi ganvixiloT Teoriul aspeqtSi da

movaxdinoT

konkretuli

konkurentuli

magaliTis

wonasworobiT

ilustracia

miRweuli

imis

ganawileba

dasamtkiceblad,
yovelTvis

ar

rom
aris

samarTliani.

SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudi (Utility-Possibility Curve)

ganvixiloT
martivi

naxazze

ekonomikis

mxolod A da B

20.1

warmodgenili

efeqtiani

gacvlis

X da

zogadi

saqonlis

wonasworobis

mwarmoebeli

modeli,

sadac

individebi arseboben.

20
18

16
14

10

M (O B )

12
10

8
E

A3

6
B1

B2

OA

10

A1

B3
6

A2

10

12

14

16

18

20

nax. 20.1 efeqtiani gacvlis zogadi wonasworobis modeli

Tu

saqonlis

gamoSvebis

amsaxveli

naxazidan

(nax.

20.1)

samomxmareblo

kontraqtebis mrudebs gadavitanT individebis sargeblianobebis amsaxvel naxazze

(nax. 20.2), miviRebT ekonomikis SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mruds.
naxazze

20.2

ganurCevlobis

A1

mruds

Seesabameba

150

erTeuli

sargeblianoba (UA= 150 utili), xolo B3 ganurCevlobis mruds ki 450 erTeuli

sargeblianoba (UB=450 utili). sargeblianobaTa amsaxvel naxazze am kombinacias

520

Seesabameba CI wertili, xolo naxazze 20.1 sargeblianobaTa am kombinaciisas

optimaluri gacvlis aRmniSvnelia C wertili.
zustad aseve, naxazze 20.2 ganurCevlobis A2 mruds Seesabameba 300 erTeuli
sargeblianoba (UA= 150 utili), xolo B2 ganurCevlobis mruds ki 400 erTeuli
sargeblianoba
kombinacias

(UB=400

Seesabameba

utili).
D

sargeblianobaTa

amsaxvel

diagramaze

am

wertili, xolo naxazze 20.1 sargeblianobaTa am

kombinaciisas optimaluri gacvlis aRmniSvnelia

D wertili.

uB

500

C( A1, B3 )
D( A2 , B2 )

400

300

200

E( A3 , B1 )
100

FM
O
100

200

300

400

uA

500

nax. 20.2 SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudi

analogiurad, naxazze 20.2 ganurCevlobis A3 mruds Seesabameba 400 erTeuli

sargeblianoba (UA=400 utili), xolo B1 ganurCevlobis mruds ki 150 erTeuli
sargeblianoba
kombinacias

(UB=150

Seesabameba

utili).

sargeblianobaTa

E Ewertili,

xolo

naxazze

kombinaciisas optimaluri gacvlis aRmniSvnelia

C ,

da

wertilebis

amsaxvel
20.1

diagramaze

sargeblianobaTa

am
am

E wertili.

SeerTebiT

miviRebT

FM F

SesaZlo

sargeblianobaTa mruds (naxazi 20.2). am mrudze D wertili, warmoadgens rogorc

warmoebis, aseve moxmarebis pareto-optimalurobis aRmniSvnel wertils, romelsac
naxazze 20.1 Seesabameba D wertili.

erTiani

SesaZlo

sargeblianobaTa

mrudi

(Grand

Utility-Possibility

Curve)
naxazze 20.1 asaxul

N M J

transformaciis mrudze wertilebis arCeviT

SesaZlebelia ejvortis kolofis diagramisa da samomxmareblo mrudis, Semdeg ki,

erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudis (Grand Utility-Posibility

Curve)

ageba, aseve warmoebisa da moxmarebis sxva pareto-optimumis Sesabamisi wertilis

migneba. es procedura SesaZlebelia ramdenjerme gavimeoroT da pareto-optimumis

521

aRmniSvneli

wertilebi

SevaerToT

texiliT.

miviRebT

erTian

SesaZlo

sargeblianobis mruds (naxazi 20.3).

naxazze 20.2
asaxuli

OA M

wertils

FM

SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi miRebulia naxazze 20.1

samomxmareblo kontraqtis mrudidan.

transformaciis

samomxmareblo

mrudze,

kontraqtis

mrudi

maSin

(romelic

Tu avirCevT sxva

SegviZlia
ar

aris

avagoT

OA N

sxva

naCvenebi

naxazze

20.1).

Sesabamisad, SegviZlia avagoT sxva F N SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudi (nax. 20.3).

uB

600

500

FM

400

FN
300

200

100

FM

FN

400

500

O
100

200

300

600

uA

700

nax. 20.3 erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi

amrigad,

SegviZlia

davadginoT

warmoebisa

da

gacvlis

sxva

pareto-

optimumis Sesabamisi T wertili, romelic aseve asaxulia naxazze 20.3. Tu zemoT

aRweril proceduras ramdenjerme gavimeorebT, miRebul D , T da sxva wertilebs
SevaerTebT, miviRebT erTian SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa

mruds.

maSasadame,

SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna: saqonlis an Semosavlis veranairi ganawileba ver

gazrdis

romelime

individis

mier

moxmarebuli

saqonlis

an

Semosavlis

raodenobas, Tu amave dros ar Semcirda sxva individis moxmareba.

samarTlianoba da srulyofili konkurencia

konkurentul

wonasworobas

mivyavarT

pareto-efeqtianobis

Sedegamde,

romelic SeiZleba aRmoCndes samarTliani, SeiZleba ara. faqtiurad konkurentuli

wonasworoba

optimaluri

garigebebis

mrudis

nebismier

wertilSi

SeiZleba

damyardes imis miuxedavad, Tu rogori iyo sawyisi ganawileba.

efeqtiani ganawileba yovelTvis ar aris samarTliani. amitom saxelmwifom
socialuri

samarTlianobis

motiviT

SeiZleba

moaxdinos

saqonlis

an

Semosavlebis gadanawileba. xSirad es miiRweva sagadasaxado sistemis gamoyenebiT.

522

magaliTad, progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT miRebuli saxsrebi gamoiyeneba

saojaxo meurneobebis

daxmarebis

programebSi da Semosavlebi gadanawildeba

mdidrebidan Raribebis sasargeblod. Aaseve, saxelmwifos SeuZlia uzrunvelyos

samedicino daxmarebiT naklebSemosavliani ojaxebi da sxva.
rogorc

aRvniSneT,

konkurentuli

wonasworoba

SeiZleba

arsebobdes

optimaluri garigebebis mrudis nebismier wertilSi. es mikroekonomikis erT-erTi

fundamenturi daskvnaa da pasuxs iZleva ZiriTad normatul kiTxvaze: arsebobs Tu
ara kompromisi samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobas Soris? es daskvna ganixileba
rogorc keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli Teorema da amtkicebs, rom nebismieri
konkurentuli wonasworoba pareto-efeqtiania.
SeuZlia Tu ara sazogadoebas resursebis ufro samarTliani ganawilebis
pirobebSi funqcionirebdes ekonomikurad efeqtianad? am kiTxvaze pasuxs iZleva
keTildReobis ekonomikis meore Teorema, romlis Tanaxmad ar aris aucilebeli,
rom

gadanawileba

konfliqtSi

movides

efeqtianobasTan.

formalurad

meore

Teorema amtkicebs:
Tu individualuri upiratesobebi gamokveTilia, maSin TiToeuli paretoefeqtiani ganawileba warmoadgens konkurentul wonasworobas.
ufro martivad, Teorema amtkicebs, rom yoveli wonasworoba, romelic
pretenzias acxadebs samarTlianobaze, SeiZleba miRweul iqnas individTa Soris
resursebis ganawilebiT da aseTi ganawileba araefeqtianobis gancdas ar iwvevdes.
realurad

efeqtianobisa

da

samarTlianobis

amocanebi

ar

SeiZleba

gadaiWras erTdroulad. aucilebelia ganxorcieldes rTuli arCevani. pirvel da

meore Teoremebze dafuZnebuli keTildReobis ekonomika saxelmwifo politikaSi
samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis Tanmxlebi normatiuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis
saSualebas iZleva.

20.3

socialuri keTildReobis funqcia

ekonomikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba socialuri keTildReobis funqcia (Social

Wal Fare Function). misi saSualebiT aRiwereba sazogadoebisaTvis sasurveli
calkeuli sargeblianobis xvedriTi wonebi.
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia dakavSirebulia samarTlianobis Sesaxeb
gansakuTrebul Sexedulebaze. samarTlianobaze zogierTi Sexeduleba ar iZleva
saSualebas

zustad

ganisazRvros

gamomdinare,

socialuri

individualuri

keTildReobis

funqciis

sargeblianoba.

saxiT

maTi

aqedan

warmodgena

ar

xerxdeba.
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb arsebobs oTxi Sexeduleba:
1.

egalitaruli sazogadoebis yvela wevri Tanabari raodenobis dovlaTs

iRebs;

523

2. roulzianuri gulisxmobs yvelaze naklebad uzrunvelyofili adamianebis

sargeblianobis maqsimizacias;
3.

utilitaruli

gulisxmobs

sazogadoebis

yvela

wevris

saerTo

sargeblianobis maqsimizacias;
4. bazarze orientirebuli dovlaTis sabazro ganawileba warmoadgens yvelaze
samarTlians.
egalitaruli

Sexedulebebis

mixedviT,

dovlaTi

mkacri

TanabrobiT

unda

ganawildes; roulzianelebic samarTlianobas did mniSvnelobas aniWeben. maTi

Sexeduleba

zogjer

SeiZleba

daxasiaTdes,

rogorc

egalitaruli,

rac

gulisxmobs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris resursebis Tanabar ganawilebas. Tumca

es yovelTvis ar aris aucilebeli. vTqvaT, maRali Sromisnayofiereba jildovdeba
ufro

meti

SemosavlebiT.

Cven

SeiZleba

vaiZuloT

adamianebi

imuSaon

meti

daZabulobiTa da maRali SromisnayofierebiT. es gamoiwvevs meti saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis warmoebas, romelTagan zogierTi SeiZleba gadanawilebul iqnes
sazogadoebis Raribi adamianebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad.
roulzianuri Sexedulebis (Rawlsian View) mixedviT, resursebis Tanabarma
ganawilebam SeiZleba mospos aqtiuri adamianebis ufro meti daZabulobiT Sromis
stimuli.30

is

keTildReoba,

romelsac

daZabuli

SromiT

miaRwies,

SeiZleba

gadasaxadebis meSveobiT iqnes amoRebuli. es mosazreba uSvebs uTanasworobas, Tu

sazogadoebis naklebad uzrunvelyofili wevrebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba.
roulzis mixedviT, yvelaze xelsayreli samarTliani ganawileba maqsimizacias
ukeTebs

sazogadoebis

yvelaze

naklebad

uzrunvelyofili

wevrebis

sargeblianobas.
utilitarizmis momxreebi garkveul zRvars avleben yvelaze metad da yvelaze
naklebad uzrunvelyofili sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris.
bazarze

orientaciis

mixedviT

Tu

vimsjelebT,

samarTlianad

SeiZleba

CaiTvalos konkurenciuli sabazro procesis Sedegi _ bazari ajildoebs maT,

vinc yvelaze niWieria da yvelaze daZabulad Sromobs. magaliTad, Tu E
konkurentuli

wonasworuli

ganawilebis

wertili,

maSin

am

aris

SexedulebiT

wertili ufro samarTliania vidre F , im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saqoneli Tanabrad

ar aris ganawilebuli.
erTiani

SesaZlo

sargeblianobaTa

mrudze

gamosaxul

pareto-optimumis

mravali wertilidan romeli Seesabameba maqsimalur socialur keTildReobas?

socialuri

keTildReobis

funqciis

asagebad

arsebobs

erTaderTi

meTodi

pirovnebebs Soris sargeblianobaTa Sedareba (Interpersonal Comparision of

Utility).

30

Cm.: John Rawls, A Teory of Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).

524

uB

uB

500

500

600

600

400

400

D
W3

W3

W2

W2

200

W1

W1

200

G
O

uA
200

400

600

800

400

600

uA

800

nax. 20.5 maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReoba

nax. 20.4 socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudebi

socialuri

200

keTildReobis

funqcia

gviCvenebs

da

individebis

sargeblianobebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebs, romlebic sazogadoebas erTidaigive

dakmayofilebis anu keTildReobis doniT uzrunvelyofen.
naxazze

20.4

W1 W 2

warmoadgenen

da W3

socialuri

keTildReobis

funqciebs anu socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudebs. sazogadoeba amjobinebs maRla

mdebare

mrudebze

dabla

mdebare

arsebuli
mrudidan

wertilebis
maRla

Sesabamis

mdebare

socialur

mrudze

keTildReobas.

gadasvla

mTlianad

sazogadoebisaTvis (orive individisaTvis) keTildReobis ufro maRal doneze

mianiSnebs. erTidaigive mrudis gaswvriv moZraoba ki niSnavs, rom erTi individis
keTildReobis

gazrda

SesaZlebelia

mxolod

meore

individis

keTildReobis

Semcirebis xarjze.
socialuri

keTildReobis

mrudis

Sexebis

wertili

erTian

SesaZlo

sargeblianobaTa mrudTan warmoadgens maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReobis

aRmniSvnel wertils. naxazze 20.5 D wertili Seesabameba maqsimaluri socialuri
keTildReobis wertils Cvens mier ganxiluli martivi ekonomikisaTvis.
maSasadame, socialuri keTildReobis funqciis asagebad da keTildReobis
maqsimumis
msjeloba

wertilis
(eTikuri

dasadgenad,
msjeloba)

sazogadoebam
erTmaneTs

unda

Seudaros

Caataros

SefasebiTi

sxvadasxva

individTa

sargeblianobebi.

20.4 Semosavlebis ganawileba da gadanawileba

adamianTa

keTildReobis

Sesaxeb

warmodgenas

iZleva

Semosavlebis

individualuri ganawileba. marTalia ar arsebobs mecnierulad dasabuTebuli

525

meTodi individTa bednierebis SedarebisaTvis, magram Semosavlebis ganawileba

SedarebiTi

keTildReobis

erT-erTi

xelmisawvdomi

indikatoria

da

farTod

gamoiyeneba ganawilebis uTanabrobis statikuri analizis dros.

individualuri Semosavlebis uTanabrobas mravali faqtori gansazRvravs.
maTgan mniSvnelovania Sromis anazRaurebis diferenciacia, rasac Tavis mxriv,
ganapirobebs

gansxvavebani

bunebriv

unarSi,

ganaTlebis

doneSi,

profesiul

gamocdilebaSi da sxva. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis mZlavri faqtoria agreTve

fasian

qaRaldebsa

(aqciebi,

obligaciebi)

da

uZrav

qonebaze

sakuTrebis

araTanabari ganawileba da bolos, arcTu iSviaTad ganmsazRvrel faqtorebad

gvevlineba: warmateba, qudbedianoba, informaciis floba, riski, piradi kavSirebi
da a.S.
Semosavlebis

uTanabrobis

siRrme

aRiwereba

lorencis

mrudiT.

horizontalur RerZze aRvniSnoT mosaxleoba (an ojaxebi), xolo vertikalurze

Semosavali (naxazi 20. 6). maCveneblebi mocemulia %-Si da TiToeul RerZze 100%-is
misaRebad gamoyofilia 20%-iani niSnulebi. amgvarad, mosaxleoba nawildeba 5
nawilad.

mosaxleobis

jgufebi

RerZze

lagdebian

dabalSemosavlianebidan

mdidrebis mimarTulebiT. Tu mosaxleobis TiToeuli mexuTedi iRebs Tanabar

Semosavals, maSin adgili aqvs absolutur Tanabarzomierebas da lorencis mrudi
warmoadgens
mrudiT

OE

aris

diagonals,

warmodgenili.

xolo

absoluturi

lorencis

mrudi

araTanabarzomiereba

asaxavs

Semosavlebis

OGE

faqtiur

ganawilebas. realurad uRaribesi fena iRebs 5-6%_s, xolo mdidrebi 40-50%_s.

amitom lorencis mrudi Zevs im xazebs Soris, romlebic asaxaven Semosavlebis
absolutur Tanabarzomierebasa da absolutur uTanabrobas. rac ufro uTanabroa
Semosavlebis ganawileba, miT ufro Cazneqilia mrudi da uaxlovdeba G wertils,
da

piriqiT,

rac

ufro

dabalia

diferenciaciis

done,

miT

ufro

axlosaa

lorencis mrudi OE biseqtrisasTan.

uTanasworobis done ganisazRvreba jinis koeficientis saSualebiT. igi
gamoiTvleba rogorc OABCDEF figuris (daStrixuli) farTobis Sefardeba OEG
figuris farTobTan. rac ufro maRalia koeficienti, miT didia uTanasworoba.
ganxiluli sistema asaxavs mxolod nominaluri Semosavlis ganawilebas.
ganviTarebul
fuladi

qveynebSi

Tanxa

gadasaxdelebis

_
saxiT.

Semosavlebis

xelfasebis,
Tumca

es

gadanawilebisas

dividendebis,
sistema

ar

gaiTvaliswineba

sargeblis,

iTvaliswinebs

yvela

transfertuli
im

Semosavlebs,

romlebmac ar miiRes fuladi Sefaseba (Semosavlebi sakarmidamo meurneobebidan,

saxelmwifo daxmarebebi da sxva).

526

100

absoluturi
Tanabarzomiereba

absoluturi uTanabroba

Semosavlebis procenti

80

60
D
F
40
C

lorencis mrudi
(faqtiuri
ganawileba)

20
B
A
0

20

40

60

G
100

80

mosaxleobis procenti

nax. 20.6 lorencis mrudi

lorencis mrudi asaxavs Semosavlebis ganawilebis Tanabarzomierebis xarisxs da gviCvenebs damokidebulebas
Semosavlebis absolutur Tanabarzomier da uTanabro ganawilebas Soris.

ganviTarebul

qveynebSi

saxelmwifo

aqtiurad

ereva

Semosavlebis

gadanawilebaSi. TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi moqmedeben socialuri uzrunvelyofisa

da

RaribTa

dazRveva,

saxelmwifo

daxmarebebi

daxmarebis

programebi

mravalSvilian

ojaxebze,

(socialuri
SeRavaTebi

da

samedicino

binis

qiraSi,

ganaTlebasa da samedicino momsaxurebaze da sxva).

Semosavlebis

gadanawilebis

Sedegad

lorencis

mrudi

gadaadgildeba

Tanabarzomieri mimarTulebiT (nax. 20. 7).

80

Semosavlis procenti

lorencis mrudi gadasaxadebisa da transfertuli

lorencis mrudi gadasaxadebis

gadaxdisa da transfertuli
gadasaxdelebis gacemis Semdeg
D

60
D

F
40

B
C

20

B
A
0

20

40

60

80

gadasaxdelebis gacemamde

100

100

mosaxleobis procenti

nax. 20.7 lorencis mrudis gadaadgileba Semosavlebis gadanawilebis Sedegad

piradi Semosavali gadasaxadebis gamoricxvisa da transfertebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg SedarebiT
Tanabarzomierad nawildeba. transfertebi amcireben uTanabrobas da dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis Semosavlebis
mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenen.

527

20.5 monopoliis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli efeqtianobis

danakargebi. kvazioptimumi
davuSvaT, rom tansacmlis (C) warmoeba monopolizebulia, xolo sakvebis (F)
warmoeba srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi mimdinareobs. es imas niSnavs, rom
PC P MRC MC C ,

rodesac

PF MR F MC F .

erTi gamosaxulebis meoreze gayofiT

miviRebT:
PC / PF MC C / MC F

an
PC / PFF MRTC F

vinaidan momxmarebeli sargeblobs sabazro fasebiT, is monopolizebul

produqtze amcirebs moxmarebas fasebis zrdis dros. wonasworobis pirobebSi
TiToeuli momxmareblisaTvis sruldeba toloba:
PC / PFF MRS CF

Aamis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:

MRS CF MRTCF

tansacmlis monopolizebuli warmoebidan gamoTavisuflebuli resursebi

gadaerTveba sakvebis warmoebaSi, axdens mis kvlavwarmoebas da fasis Semcirebas.
monopoliis arseboba fasebs amaxinjebs pirvel rigSi monopolizebul, meore
mxriv, yvela sxva dargSi.
gadasaxadebi

aseve

amaxinjeben

zogad

wonasworobas,

radganac

iwveven

fasebis wonasworuli mdgomareobidan gadaxras. es gavlenas axdens, erTi mxriv,

mwarmoebelze (umcirebs warmoebis stimuls), meore mxriv, momxmareblis arCevanze.
es

ukanaskneli

cdilobs

saqonelSemcvlels.

ra

Seamciros

urTierTSemcvlelobis

sagadasaxado

mzardi

efeqti

tvirTi,
iwvevs

irCevs

erToblivi

moTxovnis damaxinjebasa da saboloo jamSi efeqtianobis danakargebs.

davuSvaT,

sakvebis

momxmarebeli

ibegreba

25%-iani

gadasaxadiT,

xolo

tansacmlisa ar ibegreba. Tu gadasaxads gamyidveli ixdis, maSin wminda fasi

tolia sabazro fass gamoklebuli gadasaxadis Tanxa:
Pp Pt (1 t ),

sadac: Pp aris wminda fasi;

Pt - sacalo fasi sagadasaxado fasnamatiT;
t - fasze sagadasaxado fasnamati (%-Si), mocemul SemTxvevaSi 0,25. aqedan ( Pt Pp )

aris gadasaxadis sidide erTeul sakvebze.

momxmareblisaTvis
PC / PFF MRTCF

Tumca mwarmoeblebi orientacias akeTeben ara sacalo Pt fasze, aramed im

fasze, romelsac realurad iReben, e.i. Pp fasze. gamyidvelisaTvis

528

PC / PF MRTCF

magram radganac Pt Pp , maSin MRS CF MRTCF amrigad, sazogadoeba gaiRebs

efeqtianobis danakargebs da gadasaxadi aferxebs pareto-optimumis miRwevas.
realurad

ganixileba

orive

SemTxveva:

1.

Tu

tansacmlis

warmoeba

monopolizebulia, xolo sakvebis ara, sagadasaxado politikis ganxorcielebiT

SeiZleba aRdges darRveuli wonasworoba; 2. Tu gadasaxadebis saSualebiT moimata
sakvebis fasma, am dargSi damatebiTi resursebis modineba SeCerdeba da SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas dargze zewolis situaciac ki. zogadi wonasworoba miiRweva axal
`meore saukeTeso~ (Second Best) doneze. mas sxvanairad kvazioptimumsac uwodeben.
kvazioptimumis (`meore saukeTesos~) Teoria amtkicebs, rom Tu erT dargSi
an dargTa garkveul jgufSi SeuZlebelia aRmoifxvras damaxinjeba, ukeTesia uari
iTqvas sxva dargSi an dargTa jgufSi maqsimaluri efeqtianobis miRwevaze.Ees
aucilebelia ekonomikis dabalansebuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
aseTi midgomiT SesaZlebelia axleburad iqnas gaazrebuli bazris fiasko.
Aam

ukanasknels

adgili

aqvs

maSin,

rodesac

gacvla

momxmareblebsa

da

gamyidvelebs Soris Tavisufal bazarze ar ganapirobebs gamoSvebis maqsimaluri

efeqtianobis

miRwevas

(rodesac

kerZo

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

ar

emTxveva

sazogadoebriv zRvrul danaxarjebs).

aRniSnuli situacia tipiuria gare efeqtebis dros.

Aam dros bazrebi

damuxruWebulia da Tu erT bazarze garduvalia damaxinjeba ( MRS MRT ), `meore

saukeTeso~ Teoriis mixedviT ufro efeqtiania ganzrax, odnav davamaxinjoT yvela
bazari da damaxinjebis Sedegebi gadavanawiloT.
kargi iqneba Tu SevZlebT damaxinjebis yvela wyaros aRmofxvras. rogorc
Cans, Sereuli ekonomikis zogierTi forma iTavsebs saxelmwifo Carevas zogierTi
problemis dasaZlevad. TumcaBbazris funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifo Careva dRemde
gauTavebeli davis sagania.
saxelmwifo Carevis Tavidan asacileblad sazogadoeba darwmunebuli unda
iyos,

rom

ar

arsebobs

gare

efeqtebi,

sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli,

riskiani

saqonlisa da informaciis bazrebi, aseve, arasrulyofili konkurencia da aqedan

gamomdinare, masStabis zrdiT miRebuli ekonomia. Tu yvela CamoTvlili arsebobs,
maSin

Tavisufali

bazris

marTebulia.

magram

ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos

wonasworobis

realur

cxovrebaSi

Careva

unda

mixedviT,
es

ase

Sefasdes

Semosavlebis

ar

aris.

ganawileba

amitomac

Semosavlebis

sabazro

ganawilebis,

samarTlianobisa da resursebis ganTavsebis efeqtianobis mixedviT.

20.6

ratom arian bazrebi warumatebelni?

ganixileba Bbazrebis efeqtianobis Sefasebis ori midgoma: 1. konkurentuli

bazrebi moqmedeben. aseT SemTxvevaSi Sesasrulebelia konkurenciis winapirobebi,

529

raTa moxdes resursebis efeqtiani gadanawileba; 2. konkurenciis winapirobebi

saeWvoa sruldebodes. aseT dros aucilebelia wamgebian bazrebTan brZolis
xerxebis dadgena. maSasadame, Tu aqamde ganvixilavdiT pirvel midgomas, axla ki
saWiroa ganvixiloT meorec.
konkurentuli
gamowveuli:

bazrebis

sabazro

warumatebloba

Zalaufleba,

oTxi

arasruli

ZiriTadi

informacia,

mizeziT
gare

aris

efeqtebi,

sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli).

sabazro Zalaufleba. viciT, rom araefeqtianoba Cndeba maSin, rodesac

mwarmoebeli an warmoebis faqtoris gamyidveli flobs sabazro Zalauflebas.
magaliTisTvis warmovidginoT, rom sakvebis mwarmoebeli Cvens mier warmodgenil
ejuortis kolofSi monopoliur Zalauflebas flobs. Sesabamisad, is irCevs
warmoebis

iseT

moculobas,

romlis

drosac

zRvruli

amonagebi

zRvrul

danaxarjebs utoldeba. amasTan, yidis ufro naklebi moculobis produqcias

konkurentulze meti fasiT. warmoebis ufro dabali done gulisxmobs sakvebis
warmoebaze

ufro

mcire

gamoTavisuflebuli

zRvrul

faqtorebi

danaxarjebs.

gadairTveba

amavdroulad,

tansacmlis

warmoebidan

warmoebaze.

Sedegad,

transformaciis zRvruli norma Semcirdeba ise, rom MRTFC = MC F / MCC . Zalian

bevri tansacmlisa da Zalian naklebi sakvebis warmoebiT miiReba mza produqciis
araefeqtiani nakrebi. Ees imiT aris gamowveuli, rom sabazro Zalauflebis mqone
firmebi

sawarmoo

gadawyvetilebebis

dros

ar

iyeneben

momxmareblebis

gadawyvetilebebiT miRebul fasebs.

Aanalogiur
bazarzec.

Sedegebs

davuSvaT,

rom

iwvevs

sabazro

profkavSirebis

sabazro Zalaufleba da Sromis

Zalaufleba
saSualebiT

miwodebas

warmoebis

muSebma

faqtorTa

xelSi

akontroleben sakvebis

Caigdes

warmoebis

sferoSi. amiT kvebis industriaSi Sromis miwodeba mkveTrad Semcirdeba, xelfasi

ki mkveTrad gaizrdeba ( wF ). samkervalo industriaSi piriqiT, Sromis miwodeba
mkveTrad gaizrdeba dabali xelfasis ( wC ) fonze. samkervalo dargSi warmoebis
faqtorebis efeqtianobis pirobebi Sesruldeba, vinaidan MRTS C LK wC / r . magram
kvebis industriaSi gacemuli xelfasi samkervalo industriis xelfasis dones
aRemateba.

maSasadame,

MRTS F LK wF / r wC / r MRTS C LK .

sabolood,

warmoebis

faqtorebis ganawileba araefeqtiani gaxdeba. efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom teqnikuri

Senacvlebis zRvruli norma erTnairi iyos yvela produqciis warmoebis dros.
arasruli informacia. Tu momxmarebels sabazro fasebze an produqciis
xarisxze ar gaaCnia zusti informacia, maSin sabazro sistema efeqtianad ver
funqcionirebs. informaciis ukmarisobis gamo mwarmoebelma bazars produqcia
SeiZleba miawodos zedmetad an arasamarisi raodenobiT. zogjer momxmarebeli
saqonels

ar

yidulobs,

Tundac

misi

SeZeniT

sargeblianoba

miiRos.

Aaseve,

SesaZlebelia produqciis yidva, romliTac zarals Rebuloben. magaliTad, wonis

damklebi abebis myidvelma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom maT araviTari samedicino
Rirebuleba ar gaaCniaT. sabolod, arasamkarisma informaciam SeiZleba SeaCeros
zogierTi bazris ganviTareba.

530

amrigad,

informaciulma

problemam

SeiZleba

konkurentuli

bazris

araefeqtianoba gamoiwvios.
gare efeqtebi. fasebis sistema efeqtianad muSaobs, radgan sabazro fasebi,
rogorc

mwarmoeblisTvis

warmoadgenen.

zogjer

momxmarebelTa

saqmianobas.

aseve

sabazro
Tu

momxmareblisTvis,
fasebi

sawarmoo

ver

informaciis

asaxaven

saqmianoba

an

wyaros

mwarmoebelTa

moxmareba

da

zegavlenas

axdens sxva saxis warmoebaze an moxmarebaze da es uSualod ar aisaxeba sabazro

fasebSi,

maSin

saubroben

(eqsternaliebi)

gare

gamoiyeneba

efeqtebis

imitom,

rom

arsebobaze.
zegavlena

termini
xdeba

gare

efeqtebi

saqmianobis

sxva

sferoebze (mogebaze an xarjebze) da is gareSe faqtoria mocemul bazarTan

mimarTebaSi.
davuSvaT, rom foladsaglini qarxana sawarmoo narCenebs mdinareSi Rvris.
amiT gamousadegari xdeba dasvenebis zona, banaoba da TevzWera. Ee. i. adgili aqvs
gare

efeqts.

danaxarjebis

qarxana
zust

ver

acnobierebs

masStabs.

es

iwvevs

wylis

dabinZurebiT

warmoebis

gamowveuli

faqtorTa

gamoyenebis

araefeqtianobas. Tu aseTi efeqti mTlian dargs axasiaTebs, maSin foladze ufro

dabali fasi dawesdeba (warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebis toli), vidre Tundac
warmoebis

danaxarjebis

gaangariSebis

dros

gaTvaliswinebul

iqnes

wylis

dabinZurebis danaxarjebi. sabolood, foladis naglinis gamoSvebis moculoba

aRmoCndeba gaumarTleblad didi, xolo mza produqciis bazari araefeqtiani
iqneba.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli) (Public Good) Bbazris warumateblobis
bolo mizezi Cndeba maSin, rodesac bazars momxmareblisaTvis sargebliani saqonlis
miwodeba

aRar

momxmareblisTvis

SeuZlia.

sazogadoebrivi

SeiZleba iafi iyos,

Mmagram

dovlaTi

(saqoneli)

Tu zogierTma igi ukve

mravali
miiRo,

sxvebisTvis SesaZlebelia igi miuwvdomeli aRmoCndes. davuSvaT, firmam gadawyvita

Caataros gamokvleva axali teqnologiebis sferoSi, romelSic is ver SeZlebs
patentis miRebas. Tu aRmoCena cnobili gaxda, sxva firmebs SeuZliaT misi gamoyeneba.
maSasadame, sanam ar SeCerdeba sxva firmebisagn saqonlis gayidva, manam kvlevebi
araefeqtiani iqneba.
amrigad, bazars ar SeuZlia momxmareblisTvis sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis
(saqonlis) sakmarisi raodenobiT SeTavazeba. problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia
saxelmwifos daxmarebiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT Aganixileba problemis mogvarebis
ori gza: 1. saqoneli gamouSvas damoukideblad; 2. kerZo firmebs Seuqmnas misi
warmoebis stimuli.

531

ZiriTadi terminebi

keTildReobis ekonomika
SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi
erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi
keTildReobis pirveli Teorema
keTildReobis meore Teorema
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia
egalitaruli Sexeduleba
roulzianuri Sexeduleba
utilitaruli Sexeduleba
bazarze orientirebuli Sexeduleba
lorencis mrudi
kvazioptimumi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1.

keTildReobis

aRwerili

ekonomika

Seiswavlis

pareto-optimaluri

zogadi

mdgomareobis

wonasworobis

miRwevisa

da

modelSi
socialuri

keTildReobis maqsimizaciis pirobebs. pareto-optimalurobis miRweva efeqtian

gacvlasTan

erTad

gulisxmobs

warmoebis

faqtorebis,

aseve

saqonlis

da

Semosavlebis optimalur ganawilebas momxmareblebs Soris.

2. ori ekonomikis modelSi samomxmareblo kontraqtebis (SeTanxmebaTa) mrudi
aris saqonlis/Semosavlis pareto-optimaluri ganawilebis Sesabamisi wertilebis
aRmniSvneli traeqtoria.
3. efeqtiani ganawileba yovelTvis ar aris samarTliani. amitom saxelmwifom
socialuri

samarTlianobis

motiviT

SeiZleba

moaxdinos

saqonlis

an

Semosavlebis gadanawileba. xSirad es miiRweva sagadasaxado sistemis gamoyenebiT.

4. keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli Teoremis Tanaxmad nebismieri konkurentuli
wonasworoba

pareto-efeqtiania.

amtkicebs, rom

keTildReobis

ekonomikis

meore

Teorema

Tu individualuri upiratesobebi gamokveTilia, maSin TiToeuli

pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba warmoadgens konkurentul wonasworobas. pirvel da

meore Teoremebze dafuZnebuli keTildReobis ekonomika saxelmwifo politikaSi
samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis Tanmxlebi normatiuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis
saSualebas iZleva.
5.

samarTlianobis

Sesaxeb

ganixileba

oTxi

Sexeduleba:

egalitaruli

sazogadoebis yvela wevri Tanabari raodenobis dovlaTs iRebs; roulzianuri

gulisxmobs

yvelaze

naklebad

uzrunvelyofili

adamianebis

sargeblianobis

maqsimizacias; utilitaruli iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis yvela wevris saerTo

sargeblianobis

maqsimizacias;

bazarze

orientirebuli

dovlaTis

sabazro

ganawileba warmoadgens yvelaze samarTlians.

6. socialuri keTildReobis funqcia gviCvenebs

individebis sargeblianobebis

sxvadasxva kombinaciebs, romlebic sazogadoebas erTidaigive dakmayofilebis anu

keTildReobis doniT uzrunvelyofen. socialuri keTildReobis mrudis Sexeba

532

erTian SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudTan warmoadgens maqsimaluri socialuri

keTildReobis aRmniSvnel wertils.
7. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis siRrme aRiwereba lorencis mrudiT. igi asaxavs
Semosavlebis

ganawilebis

damokidebulebas

Semosavlebis

Tanabarzomierebis
absolutur

xarisxs

Tanabarzomier

da
da

gviCvenebs
uTanabro

ganawilebas Soris.
8. kvazioptimumis (`meore saukeTesos~) Teoriis Tanaxmad Tu erT dargSi an
dargTa garkveul jgufSi SeuZlebelia aRmoifxvras damaxinjeba, ukeTesia uari
iTqvas sxva dargSi an dargTa jgufSi maqsimaluri efeqtianobis miRwevaze.Ees
aucilebelia ekonomikis dabalansebuli ganviTarebisaTvis.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1.

ras Seiswavlis keTildReobis ekonomika?

2. rogori damokidebuleba arsebobs samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobas Soris?

3.

aageT da daaxasiaTeT SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi.

4. aageT erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi. gaakeTeT daskvna individebs

Soris saqonlis/Semosavlebis ganawilebaze.
5. ganmarteT keTildReobis pirveli da meore Teoremebi.
6. aRwereT socialuri keTildReobis funqcia.
7. individebis sargeblianobis rogor kombinaciebs aRwers socialuri
keTildReobis funqcia? daasaxeleT magaliTebi.
8. samarTlianobis Sesaxeb romel Sexedulebebs icnobT? Mmokled daaxasiaTeT
TiToeuli maTgani.
9. arsebobs Tu ara kompromisi samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobas Soris?
10. SeuZlia Tu ara sazogadoebas resursebis ufro samarTliani ganawilebis
pirobebSi funqcionirebdes efeqtianad?
11. CamoTvaleT individualuri Semosavlebis uTanabrobis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebi.
12. romeli mrudiT aRiwereba Semosavlebis uTanabrobis done? Ppasuxi
warmoadgineT grafikulad.
13. axseniT lorencis mrudis gadaadgileba Semosavlebis

gadanawilebis

SemTxvevaSi.
14. SeafaseT monopoliis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli eeqtianobis danakargebi.
15. rogor gesmiT cneba kvazioptimumi (,,meore saukeTeso)?
16. CamoTvaleT bazris warumateblobis oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi.
17. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis arasakmarisi miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos
mier problemebis mogvarebis ra gzebi arsebobs?

533

gamoyenebuli literatura
1.

buloni p., gagniZe i., nacvalaZe m., mikroekonomika, meToduri saxelmZRvanelo,

nawili 1, nawili 2, Tbilisi-parizi, 2001.

2. burjaliani

j.,

ioSiro

nakamacu,

analitikuri

Jurnali

`strategia

da

organizacia~, 2004, #3(7), gv. 12-13.

3.

feli

u.

oberenderi

p.,

mikroekonomikis

safuZvlebi,

Targmani

germanuli

gamocemidan b. gelitaSvilis mier, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1998, gv.

315-318.
4. xaraiSvili

e.,

i.

gagniZe,

m.

CavleiSvili,

i.

nacvliSvili,

mikroekonomika, leqciebis kursi, gamomcemloba ,,universali,

5. Besanko David A.,
Approach,
6. Dominick

m.

nacvalaZe,

Tbilisi, 2007.

Braeutingam Ronald R., Microeconomics, An Integrated

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2-end Edition 2004.

Salvatore,

Schaum

Outline

of

Theory

and

Problems

of

Microeconomic Theory, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, printed in the USA, 1992 .

7. Milton H. Spencer. Contemporary Economics, Sixth Edition, Worth Publishers
Inc, New York, 1986. cn.24.
8.

Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics, 2nd

edition, New York,

Macmillan, 1992.
9. Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics, Fifth

edition, Prentice

Hall International, Inc. 2001.

10. Thomas Christopher R., Maurice Charles S., Managerial Economics., Eighth
Edition 2005, McGraw-Hill Company.
11. Fogiel

and

the

Microeconomics,
12. a .,

staff

of

Research

and

Education

Association,

2000.

M,

13. .., M;

.,1998.

- ,,, .,

2001.

14. ., ., , - ,,, .,
15. http://www.freeusaguide.com/col_index.htm
16. http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm#C
15. http://microeconomica.economicus.ru/
16. http://nova.umuc.edu/~black/pageg.html
The Economics Net-TextBook
17. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/nhm/notes.htm
Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green, Microeconomic Theory, Oxford University
Press (1995).
18. http://daphne.palomar.edu/jose/sabbatical
19. http://www.math.omsu.omskreg.ru/info/learn/micro/D.htm
.

534

2002.

20. ***http://myphlip.pearsoncmg.com/cw/mplistres4.cfm?vbookid=152
Microeconomics, 5/e Robert S. Pindyck

535

C
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti

s i l a b u s i

kursi _ mikroekonomika
bakalavriati ECTS: 10 krediti
2008 -2009 saswavlo weli
avtorebi: sruli profesori e. xaraiSvili
asocirebuli profesorebi:
i. gagniZe, m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili
asistent-profesori m. nacvalaZe

misamarTi:
0186 Tsu maRlivi (X) korpusi, universitetis q. #2, oTaxi #506;
tel. 30 37 53; faqsi (99532) 30 37 53.
www.economics.tsu. ge/ micro

Tbilisi 2008

536

kursis mizani
Camouyalibos studentebs analitikuri ekonomikuri azrovneba, Seaswavlos maT
ekonomikuri analizis Tanamedrove instrumentebis gamoyeneba gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisa da socialur-ekonomikur problemaTa gadaWris procesSi.

kursis amocanebi
_ Seaswavlos studentebs mikroekonomikuri analizis instrumentebis
gamoyeneba Teoriis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebisaTvis; daexmaros maT Teoriuli codna
gamoiyenon praqtikuli problemebis gadaWraSi.
_ gaarkvios studentebi momxmarebelTa qcevis TeoriebSi, bazris efeqtiani
funqcionirebis koncefciebSi martivi maTematikuri aparatis gamoyenebiT;
_ gamoumuSavos studentebs warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebis, riskebis
Sefasebis, bazris uunarobisa da informaciuli problemebis pirobebSi efeqtiani
moqmedebisa da optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis, bazrebis urTierTgavlenisa
da zogadi wonasworobis analizis unar-Cvevebi;
_ Seaswavlos maT ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebis meTodebi.

winapiroba
kursis masalebis warmatebiT aTvisebisaTvis studentebs Seswavlili
hqondeT Semdegi akademiuri kursebi: maTematika; ekonomikis principebi.

unda

saswavlo kursis formati

leqcia _ kviraSi 1 saaTi;
seminari (weriTi da zepiri gamokiTxva, testireba), praqtikuli (savarjiSoebis,
amocanebis amoxsna, saqmiani situaciebis ganxilva) _ kviraSi 2 saaTi;
saSinao davalebebi;
Sualeduri gamocda _ semestrSi 2-jer;
konsultacia

leqtorTan/seminaris

xelmZRvanelTan

SemuSavebuli

ganrigis

Sesabamisad;
finaluri gamocda _ weriTi, kombinirebuli.

swavlebis meTodebi
1. pirdapiri swavleba (leqcia), sadac gamoyenebuli iqneba:
struqturirebuli praqtika (leqtoris mier problemis an amocanis nabijnabij analizi studentebTan erTad);
mizanmimarTuli praqtika (studentebis mier damoukidebeli muSaoba da
leqtoris mxridan maTi samuSaos kontroli);
damoukidebeli praqtika (studentebis damoukidebeli muSaoba leqtorTan
uSualo kavSiris gareSe da davalebis wardgena seminarze).
2. modelireba, romelic iTvaliswinebs: modelirebuli savarjiSoebSi mocemuli
ZiriTadi koncefciebis axsnasa da gameorebas, rolebis, wesebis, proceduris
gacnobas,

praqtikuli

savarjiSoebis

Sesrulebas,

Sedgebis

Sejamebasa

da

procesis analizs.
3. kooperireba/jgufuri muSaoba, romelic iTvaliswinebs:
modelis/savarjiSos Sedarebas realur cxovrebasTan, kavSirebis dadgenas
savarjiSosa da kursis ZiriTad Sinaarss Soris;
ZiriTadi ilustrirebuli ekonomikuri koncefciebis mimoxilvas da jgufur
prezentaciebs, sadac Cadebuli iqneba Sejibris elementebi.
4. kvleva/jgufuri muSaoba, romelic iTvaliswinebs:
studentTa Soris urTierTswavlebis danergvas, sxvisi azrebis mosmenas,
Sefasebas da saerTo daskvnebis Camoyalibebis unaris ganviTarebas;

537

 studentebis mier internetis gamoyenebiT sakuTari gamokvlevebis Catarebas,

literaturis gacnobas, statistikuri informaciis damuSavebas, sqemebis,
cxrilebis, grafikebis meSveobiT monacemebis/informaciis Segrovebas da
damuSavebas;
miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gakeTebas da mis warmodgenas
esseebisa da proeqtis saxiT;
proeqtis prezentacias, sadac Cadebuli iqneba Sejibris elementebi.
SeTavazebuli kiTxvis reJimebi:
a/swrafi
gacnoba)

kiTxvis

reJimi

(mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebis,

faqtebis,

daskvnebis

b/gamoyenebiTi kiTxvis reJimi (praqtikul sakiTxebze, diagramebze, cxrilebze,

sqemebze orientacia)
g/ZiriTadi kiTxvis reJimi (gaRrmavebuli codnis miReba, Temis srulad mocva)
kursis Sinaarsi da struqtura

Temebis dasaxeleba

leqci
a

seminari

2
2
1

2
4
2

vada

Semodgomis semestri

1.

3.

Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi

meTodologia
moTxovna,
miwodeba
da
sabazro
wonasworoba
moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba

4.
5.

momxmarebelTa qceva
individualuri da sabazro moTxovna

2.

pirveli Sualeduri Semowmeba

6
7.
8.
9

gaurkvevloba da riski
2
warmoebis Teoria da danaxarjebi
1
mogebis maqsimizacia da konkurentuli
2
miwodeba
konkurentuli bazrebis analizi
2

4
2

meore Sualeduri Semowmeba

sul saaTebi

4
4

15 sT

30 sT

2
2
1

2
4
2
2

I kvira
II kvira
III kvira
IV-V kvira
VI- kvira
VII
kviris
seminarze
VIII - IX kvira
X kvira
XI-XII kvira

XIII-XIV kvira
XV kviris seminarze

gazafxulis semestri
10
11
12
13
14

monopolia da monofsonia
faswarmoqmna
sabazro
Zalauflebis
pirobebSi
monopolisturi
konkurencia
da
oligopolia
TamaSTa Teoria
sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebi
mesame Sualeduri Semowmeba

15
16
17
18

investiciebi, dro da kapitalis bazari

zogadi
wonasworobis
analizi
da
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba
asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi
gare efeqtebi da sazogadoebrivi
dovlaTi
meoTxe Sualeduri Semowmeba

538

I-II kvira
III
IV-V
VI-VII
VIII
IX kviris seminarze
X
XI-XII
XIII
XIV

XV
seminarze

kviris

sul saaTebi
jami

15 sT

30 sT

30 sT

60 sT

Sefaseba
Ggamoyenebuli iqneba Sefasebis ori tipi:
1. uwyveti Sefaseba (Temis Teoriuli nawili _ esse, savarjiSoebi da
amocanebi,

testireba

yoveli

Temis

Semdeg,

situaciebis

ganxilva-Sefaseba,

Sualeduri gamocda, jgufuri proeqtebi da sxva);

2.

saboloo

Sefaseba

(gamocdebi:

testebiT,

zepiri,

werilobiTi,

,,Ria

wigniT, ,,mosafiqrebeli, ,,saSinao davalebis formiT da sxva).

Sualeduri Sefasebis Sedegebi studentebs ecnobebaT semestrSi 2-3_jer.
Sefasebis procesis aRricxva mimdinareobs programa Excel_iT.

Sefasebis determinantebi: daswreba seminarze _ 5 qula; aqtivoba seminarze

(Temis Cabareba weriTi formiT, situaciuri analizi, prezentaciebi) _ 20
qula; praqtikuli muSaoba (amocanebis, savarjiSoebis amoxsna) _ 15 qula;
Sualeduri gamocda (semestrSi 2_jer) _ 20 qula; finaluri gamocda _ 40
qula.
studentis gamocdaze daSvebis winapiroba: Sualeduri Sefasebis mixedviT
studentma unda daagrovos 21 qula.
savaldebulo literatura
1. mikroekonomika, e. xaraiSvili; i. gagniZe; m. CavleiSvili; i. nacvliSvili;
m. nacvalaZe,
2.

Besanko

saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2008.

David

A.,

Braeutigam

Ronald

R.,

Microeconomics.

An

Intergrated Approach.; Printed in the USA. 2004.

3. ., ., , ,,,,, 2002.
4. Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics, Fifth

edition, Prentice

Hall International, Inc. 2001.

damatebiTi literatura
1. gagniZe i., nacvalaZe m., buloni p., mikroekonomika, meToduri
saxelmZRvanelo, naw. 1 da naw. 2, Tbilisi, 2001.
2. biwaZe b., lipartia z., cimintia k., mikroekonomika, gamomcemloba
,,afxazeTis mecnierebaTa akademia, Tbilisi, 2004.
6. pindaiki r. rubinfeldi d., mikroekonomika, (mokle Targmani inglisuri
da rusuli enidan), mTargmneli da redaqtori lobJaniZe v., Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba ,,lampari, Tbilisi, 1998.
7. .., M, , - ,
, 2001.
539

 .., , , 1993, 1., 2.

9. . ,
M,
-, 1994, 1.
11. Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics. , 2nd edition, New
York, Macmillan, 1992.
12. Dominick Salvatore, Microeconomic Theory.
Schaums Outlines.
McGraw-Hill
8.

Companies. 1992.

mikroekonomikis onlain-saxelmZRvaneloebi:
http://www.amp.aknet.kg/microeconomics/contents.htm
http://www.uef.ru/rus/parts/microeconomics/
http://www.math.omsu.omskreg.ru/info/learn/micro/D.htm

http://daphne.palomar.edu/jose/sabbatical
http://nova.umuc.edu/~black/pageg.htm

literaturis xelmisawvdomoba:
ZiriTadi da damxmare literaturis umetesi nawili xelmisawvdomia. igi aris
erovnul da Tsu biblioTekebSi, aseve ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
biblioTekaSi, mikroekonomikis kaTedraze _ oTaxi #506.
garda

aRniSnuli

literaturisa,

studentebs

miecemaT

leqtorebis

mier

momzadebuli masalebi, testebi, savarjiSoebi, amocanebi da sxva (nabeWdi

saxiT).
studentebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT gamoiyenon onlain-saxelmZRvaneloebi, hendbuqebi da sakiTxavi masala rusul da inglisur enebze.
gamocdis

win

studentebs

CautardebaT

test-konkursi,

rogorc

codnis

winaswari Semowmebis saSualeba. studentebi Sualeduri Sefasebebis mixedviT

daiyofian mcire jgufebad da erTmaneTs Seejibrebian 9 kategoriis mixedviT
miRebul codnaSi, esenia:
I kategoria _ sabazro wonasworoba
II kategoria _ moTxovna da miwodeba
III kategoria _ elastikuroba
IV kategoria _ warmoeba da danaxarjebi
V kategoria _ srulyofili konkurencia
VI kategoria _ monopolia
VII kategoria _ oligopolia
VIII kategoria _ warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi
IX kategoria _ finaluri kiTxva
test-konkursis detaluri aRwera proeqtis saxiT studentebs miewodebaT
erTi

TviT

adre.

yvelaze

maRali

qulebis

mqone

gamocxaddeba da dajildovdeba prizebiT.

swavlis Sedegebi
1. codna da gacnobiereba

540

jgufi

gamarjvebulad

1.1 studentebs
gamoyeneba

ecodinebaT ekonomikuri analizis

gadawyvetilebebis

miRebisa

da

Tanamedrove instrumentebis

socialur-ekonomikur

problemaTa

gadaWris procesSi
1.2

studentebs gaacnobierebuli eqnebaT ekonomikuri cxovrebis raodenobrivi da

xarisxobrivi movlenebis analizis principebi da Sefasebis ZiriTadi teknika

1.3 B studentebs ecodinebaT ekonomikuri problemebis alternatiuli midgomebis
Sefaseba
1.4

studentebs

gaazrebuli

eqnebaT

mikroekonomikuri

analizis

Tanamedrove

koncefciebisa da instrumentebis gamoyeneba praqtikul saqmianobaSi

2. codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba/praqtikuli unarebi

2.1 mikroekonomikis Teoriuli sakiTxebis

Sesabamisi

literaturuli wyaroebis

damuSavebis, ZiriTadi Sinaarsis akumulirebisa da werilobiTi/zepiri formiT

gadmocemis unari
2.2 mikroekonomikuri koncefciebis analizisas martivi maTematikuri aparatis
gamoyenebis unari
2.3 ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebis meTodebis analizisa da SerCevis
2.4. movlenebis

unari

praqtikuli Sefasebisa da ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

unari

3. zogadi unarebi
3.1 kognituri unarebi: analizisa da sinTezis, masalebis dajgufebisa da
meoradi

informaciebis

Seqmnis,

debatebSi

argumentirebuli informaciebis warmodgenisa da

monawileobis,
kontrargumentebis

warmoCenis unarebi
3.2

teqnologiuri

unarebi:

Tanamedrove

kompiuteruli

programebis

gamoyenebis, internet resursebis Ziebisa da damuSavebis, Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT

masalis prezentaciis unari

3.3 lingvisturi unarebi: zepiri da werilobiTi komunikacia mSobliur

enaze
3.4 sistemuri unarebi: damoukidebeli da gunduri muSaobis unari

541

542

ANNOTATION

Georgia has gained the political sovereignty and began to build the
democracy , civil society and market economy.
involves

reforms

in higher

This process

education system. The

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

also

goal of Ivane

is to introduce

educational

standards that corresponds with Bologna Process requirements. Members

of

Microeconomics

Chair

have

tried

develop

undergraduate students taking in to consideration

textbook

for

new challenges of

educational reforms.
Most of examples, applications, and extensions are drawn from the real
world and especially from Georgian economy and lifestyle. We equip
students with the theoretical framework to make wise decisions in
practice and to understand todays discussion of tomorrows problem.
However,

we

hope

textbook

will

help

students

to

understand

quantitative and qualitative aspects of real economic life dynamics;

to apply contemporary microeconomics concepts and instruments in
practice; to evaluate consumer choice theory; to compare and analyze
the profit maximization and cost minimization conditions;
characteristics

of

factors

market

efficiency;

to identify

to

identify

equilibrium conditions in particular markets and in an industry; to

make

optimal decisions about economic

efficiency

and equity.

543

Microeconomics
Course Content
1.

Contemporary

Microeconomics and its Methodology

2.

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium

3.

Demand and Supply Elasticity

4.

Consumer Behavior

5.

Individual and Market Demand

6.

Risk and Uncertainty

7.

Production Theory

8.

Production Costs

9.

Profit Maximization and Supply in Competitive Markets

10.

Analyses of Competitive Markets

11.

Monopoly and Monopsony

12.

Pricing

13.

Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

14.

Game Theory and Strategic Behavior

15.

Factors Markets

16.

Capital Markets, Investments and Time

17.

General Equilibrium and Economic Efficiency

18.

Markets with Asymmetric Information

19.

Externalities and Public Goods

20.

Welfare Economics

in Markets

with Market Power

Microeconomics
(Undergraduate Program ECTS 10).

Authors:

Full Prof.

E. Kharaishvili

Associate Prof. I. Gagnidze

Associate Prof. M. Chavleishvili
Associate Prof. I. Natsvlishvili
Assistant Prof. M. Natsvaladze

544

SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis

545

SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis

546