Sample Lab Report Simple and Fractional Distillation Unknown # 2 Purpose In this experiment we aim to demonstrate that we can

separate two volatile compounds rom a mixture due to the di erent chemical properties o each compound! "e will accomplish this b# a separation procedure known as distillation$ which relies on each compound havin% a distinct and separate boilin% point! &ur pure products will be anal#'ed with %as chromato%raph# to determine the success o the distillation! Procedures (he experiment was per ormed as stated in the course textbook) Pavia$ D! L!$ Lampman$ *! +!$ ,ri'$ *! S!$ -n%el$ R! *! Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach! 2007$ .th -d! Pp 5157! ! Data and Results (he distillation curves or our simple and ractional distillation /See pa%e 01 clearl# demonstrate that ractional distillation separates the two compounds more completel#! (he boilin% point /bp1 o our unknown compounds was taken rom the lat re%ions o the ractional distillation curve! &ur unknown mixture contained hexane /bp 23 451 and toluene /bp 667!2 451! 8nal#sis via %as chromato%raph# allowed us to determine the relative percenta%e o hexane and toluene at ractions near the be%innin% and end o our distillations! Relative percenta%es have been recorded in the table below$ and our calculations are shown on pa%e 9!

Simple Distillation
Fraction 6 /.th mL1 Fraction 2 /6;th mL1 Percent :exane ;9 22 Percent (oluene 29 ;<

Fractional Distillation
Percent :exane 30 . Percent (oluene ; 32

8 i%ure o the %as chromato%raph# data has been included on pa%e .!

Sample, 1

5onclusion (his week we utili'ed two methods o distillation /simple and ractional1 to separate a mixture o two volatile compounds! "e ound that while the simple distillation separated the ma=orit# o the two compounds near the be%innin% and the end o the distillin% process$ ractional distillation produced much more pure ractions! In simple distillation the column was shorter$ allowin% less room or the two di erent compounds to ull# separate! "hile heatin% the round>bottom lask the hexane molecules %ain hi%her kinetic ener%# aster than the toluene molecules due to their lower molecular wei%ht and lesser intermolecular orces! (he lon%er ractional distillation column allowed the hexane molecules with hi%her kinetic ener%# to separate rom the lower> ener%# toluene molecules! 8 ter viewin% the %as chromato%raph data rom the ractional distillation we saw that our unknown compounds had almost completel# separated$ while the ractions rom the simple distillation were less pure! 8lthou%h distillation is a %ood separation techni?ue it is still necessar# to ensure that proper steps are taken to reduce the chances o error! Failure to add a boilin% chip to the round>bottom lask could allow the mixture to heat unevenl#! (his could allow molecules with a hi%her boilin% point to %ain kinetic ener%# be ore the molecules with the lower boilin% point$ which would create impure ractions! "atchin% the rate o temperature increase is also important! 8llowin% the temperature to increase too ?uickl# can cause impurit# or the same reason! "e or%ot to add the boilin% chip to the round>bottom lask in the simple distillation$ which could have contributed to the mixture o toluene and hexane that we saw! "e made sure to include the boilin% chip in the ractional distillation$ however$ and did not observe an# problems! -ven thou%h both hexane and toluene are volatile$ the# have di erent chemical properties to allow or separation and anal#sis! :exane is a h#drocarbon with no dipole moment or double bonds! (his means that it has ew intermolecular interactions$ and will have a lower boilin% point! It also has a lower molecular wei%ht than toluene$ so it will appear irst on the %as chromato%raph! (oluene has a ben'ene rin% with a meth#l %roup attached! (oluene has %reater intermolecular orces than hexane because the ben'ene rin% withdraws electrons rom the meth#l %roup! (his creates a sli%ht polarit# to the molecule that increases intermolecular orces and increases the boilin% point! Since toluene has a %reater molecular wei%ht than hexane it will appear second on the %as chromato%raph! (his experiment illustrates how use ul the di erent properties o compounds can be while tr#in% to puri # mixtures o compounds!

@&(-) *raphs should be printed out in landscape orientation and take up a ull pa%e!

Sample, 2

Sample, 3

Sample, 4

Gas Chromatography Data from the Simple and Fractional Distillations. Hexane passes through the column at 5.3 seconds and toluene passes through the column at 7.2 seconds. A. 4th mL fraction from simple distillation. Hexane is more abundant than toluene. B. 17th mL fraction from simple distillation. oluene is more abundant than hexane. C. 4th mL fraction from fractional distillation. !raction is nearl" all hexane. D. 17th mL fraction from fractional distillation. !raction is nearl" all toluene.

Sample, 5

Sample 5alculations /For .th raction o simple distillation1 8mount o compound is directl# proportional to the area under the %as chromato%raph# peak) 8rea A $ where b is the base o the peak and h is the hei%ht o the peak!

8rea :exane A

A 0mm2

8rea (oluene A

A 6mm2

Percent :exane A

A ;9B :exane

Percent (oluene A

C 677B A 29B (oluene

Sample, #