Aerodynamics & Flight Mechanics (AMV) Aerodynamics&FlightMechanics (AMV)

LESSON 4: LESSON4:
TAKEOFFANDLANDING
PERFORMANCES
Adeline deVillardi deMontlaur
adeline.de.montlaur@upc.edu
Building C3,Office103 g ,
CONTENTS
LESSON6:TAKEOFFANDLANDINGPERFORMANCES
INTRODUCTION
1 GROUND ROLL DURING TAKEOFF 1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKE OFF
2.TAKEOFF
3.AIRPATHDURINGTAKEOFF
4 LANDING PERFORMANCES 4.LANDINGPERFORMANCES
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INTRODUCTION
f ll l ti 0 t ti f sofarallacceleration=0:staticperformance
studyofdynamicperformance:takeoff,landingruns,turningflight
whatistherunninglengthalongthegroundrequiredbyanairplane,
startingfromzerovelocity,togainflightspeedandliftfromtheground? g y, g g p g
thislength=groundrollorliftoffdistance,x
LO
H h i i i f l i di l l Hypothesis:symmetricaircraft,longitudinalmovementonly
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INTRODUCTION
Totaltakeoffdistance(definedbytheFederalAviationRequirements
FAR)=x
LO
+distancetocleara35ftheight(forjetpoweredcivilian
transport)ora50ftheight(forallotherairplanes)
[G 20 2]
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[Gmez,2012]
INTRODUCTION
Hypothesis:Thrustparalleltotherunwayaxis
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[Gmez,2012]
1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKEOFF
a. Withallwheelsontheground
Constant pitch angle = constant angle of attack constant C
D
, C
L
Constantpitchangle constantangleofattackconstantC
D
,C
L
( ) V(t) obtain C C V
S

2
1

T
g
dV
a
L D
2
1

|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
b With main landing gear on the ground
( ) V( ) ob C C V
W

W
g
dt
L D 1

|
|
.

\
|
.

\
b. Withmainlandinggearontheground
Increasingpitchangle=increasingangleofattacknonconstantC
D
,C
L
( ) ( ) ( ) C C V
W
S

2
1

W
T
g
dt
dV
a
L D
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
int. num. through V(t)
. \
. \
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1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKEOFF
Remark: Groundeffect
wingtipvorticesdiminishedbecause g p
oftheinteractionwiththeground
d h d d downwashreduced
induceddragreduced
C
D
andC
L
differentthantheones
in the air intheair
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1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKEOFF
Remark: Groundeffect
Tendencyforanairplanetoflareorfloatabovethegroundnearthe y p g
instantoflanding.
R d d d t d f
C
C C
2
L
| +
Reduceddragaccountedfor:
Approximateexpressionforbasedonaerodynamictheory:
Ae
C C
L
D0 D
| + =
( )
( )
2
2
16h
b
16h
= |
where h:heightofthewingabovetheground
( )
b
16h
1+
g g g
and b:wingspan [McCormick,1979]
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1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKEOFF
c. Distanceandtimespentingroundrolling
1.obtainedexactly byintegration
VdV
Vd d usingthat: weobtain:
V V V
VdV VdV VdV
a
VdV
Vdt dx = =
} } } }
+ = = =
LOF
R
R LOF LOF
V
V
2
V
0
1
V
0
x
0
LO
a
VdV
a
VdV
a
VdV
dx x
} } } }
+ = = =
LOF
R
R LOF LOF
V
V
2
V
0
1
V
0
t
0
LO
a
dV
a
dV
a
dV
dt t
2 1
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1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKEOFF
2.orobtainedapproximatively usingaseriesofhypothesis:
i ft h if l l t d t d i b supposeaircrafthasauniformlyacceleratedmovementdrivenbya
constantaveragedforce:
( ) | | ( ) | |
averageforcesetequaltoitsinstantaneousvalueatavelocityequal
( ) | | ( ) | |
LOF
0.7V av LO
L W D T L W D T F + = + =
to0.7V
LOF
[Shevell,1983]
Typically suppose V is stall speed at take off configuration + 10% Typically,supposeV
LOF
isstallspeedattakeoffconfiguration+10%
securitymargin(ex.FAR25requirements):
2W
Lmax
S LOF
SC
2W
1.1 1.1V V = =
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Typical variation of forces acting on an airplane during take off:
1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKEOFF
Typicalvariationofforcesactingonanairplaneduringtakeoff:
Underthesehypothesis:
2
LOF
LO
2 F
W V
x =
LO
and
2gF
LO
LO
LO
LOF
LO
gF
W 2x
gF
W V
t = =
Proof:seeexercise1(Atenea)
LO LO
g g
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[Anderson,2005]
1.GROUNDROLLDURINGTAKEOFF
Estimatedgroundrollliftoffdistance:
2
1 21W
( ) | | ( )
LOF
0.7V max L,
2
LO
L W D T SC g
1.21W
x
+
=

verysensitivetoweightofairplane,varyingdirectlyasW
2
variesfrom0.02forsmoothpavedsurfaceto0.10forgrassfield
lift ff di t d d d
1
x T
liftoffdistancedependson,and
decreasedbyincreasing:wingarea,C
L,max
,andthrust
2
LO

x T
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2.TAKEOFF
Hypothesis:ForV
LOF
calculation,smallpitchangleverticalcomponent
ofThrust<<otherforces
[Gmez,2012]
But forMinimumUnstick velocity(V
MU
):highpitchangle
Th t l b d i d V ll l t
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Thrustalongbodyaxis,andsupposeVparalleltorunway
3.AIRPATHDURINGTAKEOFF
a. Transition(circulartrajectory)
Calculate V(t) (t) (t) and
b. Stabilizedstraightascent
CalculateV(t),(t),(t)and
(t)forgivenTand
e
(t)
c. Horizontaldistanceandtimespentduringairpath
usingthat andsupposing<<1 ( ) ( )
a
VdV
cos Vdt cos dx = =
} } }
+ = =
2
TR
TR
LOF
2
LOF
V
V
4
V
V
3
V
V
A
a
VdV
a
VdV
a
VdV
x
} } }
+ = =
2
TR
TR
LOF
2
LOF
V
V
4
V
V
3
V
V
A
a
dV
a
dV
a
dV
t
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4 3
a a a
3.AIRPATHDURINGTAKEOFF
E l f T k ff W i h d S d ExamplesofTakeoffWeightsandSpeeds
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3.AIRPATHDURINGTAKEOFF
Moreexamples:
Aircraft Maximum Minimum Minimum
TakeOffWeight TakeOffDistance LandingDistance
A320 70,000kg 1496m
A340 600 368 000kg 2390m A340600 368,000kg 2390m
A380800 560,000kg 2404m
Ref: Performance Engineering Program (Airbus) for VR=150kt and CONF1+F Ref: PerformanceEngineeringProgram(Airbus)forVR=150ktandCONF1+F
CessnaCitationMustang 3,921kg 947.93m 725.42m
Cessna172Skyhawk 1,111kg 464.82m 381.00m
Cessna172SP 1,157kg 292.61m 175.26m
Ref: http://www.aircraftcompare.com
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4.LANDINGPERFORMANCES
2mainphases:
[Gmez,2012]
p
1. intheair:finalapproach&roundinguntiltouchdown
2. groundroll:withonlymaingear&withallwheels
Again, distances can be obtained: exactly by integration or Again,distancescanbeobtained:exactly byintegrationor
approximatively usingaseriesofhypothesis
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4.LANDINGPERFORMANCES
sameforcediagramduringgroundrollastakeoffbutinstantaneous
accelerationisnegative
thrust:T
~
0ornegative(thrustreverser:4060%ofmaxT)
( )
dV
L W D equationofmotion
supposeaircrafthasauniformlyacceleratedmovementdrivenbya
( )
dt
dV
m L W D =
pp y y
constantforcesetequaltoitsinstantaneousvalueatavelocityequalto
0 7V :
( ) | | ( ) | | L W D L W D F
0.7V
TD
:
Typically,supposeV
TD
isstallspeedatlandingconfiguration+15%
( ) | | ( ) | |
TD
0.7V av L
L W D L W D F + = + =
securitymargin:
max L,
stall TD
SC
2W
1.15 1.15V V = =
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,
Under these hypothesis: (with convention that F <0)
4.LANDINGPERFORMANCES
Underthesehypothesis:(withconventionthatF
L
<0)
( )
L TD
L
2
TD
L
W 2x W V
t and
W V
x = = =
weobtaintheestimatedlandinggroundrolldistancebetweentouchdown
( )
L L
L
L
L
F - g gF 2gF
andcompletestop:
( ) | |
0 7V max L
2
L
L W D SC g
1.32W
x
+
=

pilotappliesbrakes:=0.4forpavedsurface
( ) | |
TD
0.7V max L,
g
p pp p
spoilersbreakliftandincreasedrag
modernjettransportsusethrustreversal
duringthelandinggroundroll
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REFERENCES
AircraftPerformanceandDesign,J.Anderson,McGrawHill,NewYork,
1999
IntroductiontoFlight,J.Anderson,FifthEdition,McGrawHill,New
York,2005
Mecnica delvuelo,M.A.Gmez Tierno,M.Prez Corts,C.Puentes
Mrquez,2Edicin,Garceta,2012
Aerodynamics,AeronauticsandFlightMechanics,B.W.McCormick,
Wiley,NewYork,1979
FundamentalsofFlight,R.S.Shevell,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,
NJ,1983
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