EFFECTIVE MODAL MASS & MODAL PARTICIPATION FACTORS Revision D

By Tom Irvine
Email: tomirvineaol!"om
#$ne %&' %(()
***********************************************************************
Intro+$"tion
T,e e--e"tive mo+al mass .rovi+es a met,o+ -or /$+0in0 t,e 1si0ni-i"an"e2 o- a vi3ration
mo+e!
Mo+es 4it, relatively ,i0, e--e"tive masses "an 3e rea+ily e5"ite+ 3y 3ase e5"itation!
On t,e ot,er ,an+' mo+es 4it, lo4 e--e"tive masses "annot 3e rea+ily e5"ite+ in t,is
manner!
Consi+er a mo+al transient or -re6$en"y res.onse -$n"tion analysis via t,e -inite element
met,o+! Also "onsi+er t,at t,e system is a m$lti7+e0ree7o-7-ree+om system! For 3revity'
only a limite+ n$m3er o- mo+es s,o$l+ 3e in"l$+e+ in t,e analysis!

8o4 many mo+es s,o$l+ 3e in"l$+e+ in t,e analysis9 Per,a.s t,e n$m3er s,o$l+ 3e
eno$0, so t,at t,e total e--e"tive mo+al mass o- t,e mo+el is at least )(: o- t,e a"t$al
mass!
De-initions
T,e e6$ation +e-initions in t,is se"tion are ta;en -rom Re-eren"e <!
Consi+er a +is"rete +ynami" system 0overne+ 3y t,e -ollo4in0 e6$ation
F 5 = 5 M +
><?
4,ere
M is t,e mass matri5
= is t,e sti--ness matri5
5 is t,e a""eleration ve"tor
5
is t,e +is.la"ement ve"tor
F is t,e -or"in0 -$n"tion or 3ase e5"itation -$n"tion
<
A sol$tion to t,e ,omo0eneo$s -orm o- e6$ation ><? "an 3e -o$n+ in terms o- ei0enval$es
an+ ei0enve"tors! T,e ei0enve"tors re.resent vi3ration mo+es!
Let

3e t,e ei0enve"tor matri5!
T,e system@s 0eneraliAe+ mass matri5 mB is 0iven 3y
M
T
mB >%?
Let r 3e t,e in-l$en"e ve"tor 4,i", re.resents t,e +is.la"ements o- t,e masses res$ltin0
-rom stati" a..li"ation o- a $nit 0ro$n+ +is.la"ement!
De-ine a "oe--i"ient ve"tor L as
r M
T
L >&?
T,e mo+al .arti"i.ation -a"tor matri5 i

-or mo+e i is
i i
mB
i
L
i

>C?
T,e e--e"tive mo+al mass i ' e--
m
-or mo+e i is

i i
mB
%
i
L
i ' e--
m >D?
E5am.le
Consi+er t,e t4o7+e0ree7o-7-ree+om system s,o4n in Fi0$re <' 4it, t,e .arameters
s,o4n in Ta3le <!
%
Fi0$re <!
T,e ,omo0eneo$s e6$ation o- motion is
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

+
+
+
1
]
1

1
]
1

(
(
%
5
<
5
&
;
%
;
&
;
&
;
&
;
<
;
%
5
<
5
%
m (
(
<
m


>E?
T,e mass matri5 is
;0
< (
( %
M
1
]
1

>F?
Ta3le <! Parameters
Varia3le Val$e
<
m %!( ;0
%
m
<!( ;0
<
;
<((( NGm
%
;
%((( NGm
&
;
&((( NGm
&
m
<
;
<
m
%
;
%
;
&
5
<
5
%
y
T,e sti--ness matri5 is
m G N
D((( &(((
&((( C(((
=
1
]
1

>H?
T,e ei0enval$es an+ ei0enve"tors "an 3e -o$n+ $sin0 t,e met,o+ in Re-eren"e %!
T,e ei0enval$es are t,e roots o- t,e -ollo4in0 e6$ation!
( M
%
= +et
1
]
1

>)?
T,e ei0enval$es are
[ ]
%
se" G ra+ ) ! )(<
%
<

><(?
se" G ra+ (& ! &(
<
><<?
8A FH ! C
<
- ><%?
[ ]
%
se" G ra+ E()H
%
%

><&?
se" G ra+ () ! FH
%
><C?
8A C ! <%
%
-
><D?

T,e ei0enve"tor matri5 is
1
]
1

HHH< ! ( CD)F ! (
&%D< ! ( E%H( ! (
><E?
T,e ei0enve"tors 4ere .revio$sly normaliAe+ so t,at t,e 0eneraliAe+ mass is t,e i+entity
matri5!
M
T
mB ><F?
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

HHH< ! ( CD)F ! (
&%D< ! ( E%H( ! (
< (
( %
HHH< ! ( &%D< ! (
CD)F ! ( E%H( ! (
mB
><H?
C
1
]
1

1
]
1

HHH< ! ( CD)F ! (
ED(% ! ( %DE( ! <
HHH< ! ( &%D< ! (
CD)F ! ( E%H( ! (
mB
><)?
1
]
1

< (
( <
mB
>%(?
A0ain' r is t,e in-l$en"e ve"tor 4,i", re.resents t,e +is.la"ements o- t,e masses
res$ltin0 -rom stati" a..li"ation o- a $nit 0ro$n+ +is.la"ement! For t,is e5am.le'
ea", mass sim.ly ,as t,e same stati" +is.la"ement as t,e 0ro$n+ +is.la"ement!
1
]
1

<
<
r
>%<?
T,e "oe--i"ient ve"tor L is
r M
T
L >%%?
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

<
<
< (
( %
HHH< ! ( &%D< ! (
CD)F ! ( E%H( ! (
L
>%&?
1
]
1

1
]
1

<
%
HHH< ! ( &%D< ! (
CD)F ! ( E%H( ! (
L
>%C?
;0
%&F) ! (
F<DF ! <
L
1
]
1

>%D?
T,e mo+al .arti"i.ation -a"tor i

-or mo+e i is
i i
mB
i
L
i

>%E?
T,e mo+al .arti"i.ation ve"tor is t,$s
D
1
]
1

%&F) ! (
F<DF ! <
>%F?
T,e "oe--i"ient ve"tor L an+ t,e mo+al .arti"i.ation ve"tor are i+enti"al in t,is
e5am.le 3e"a$se t,e 0eneraliAe+ mass matri5 is t,e i+entity matri5!
T,e e--e"tive mo+al mass i ' e--
m
-or mo+e i is

i i
mB
%
i
L
i ' e--
m >%H?

For mo+e <'
[ ]
;0 <
%
;0 F<DF ! <
< ' e--
m >%)?
;0 )CC ! %
< ' e--
m
>&(?
For mo+e %'
[ ]
;0 <
%
;0 %&F) ! (
% ' e--
m

>&<?
;0 (DE ! (
% ' e--
m
>&%?
Note t,at
;0 (DE ! ( ;0 )CC ! %
% ' e--
m
< ' e--
m + +
>&&?
;0 &
% ' e--
m
< ' e--
m +
>&C?
T,$s' t,e s$m o- t,e e--e"tive masses e6$als t,e total system mass!
Also' note t,at t,e -irst mo+e ,as a m$", ,i0,er e--e"tive mass t,an t,e se"on+ mo+e!
T,$s' t,e -irst mo+e "an 3e rea+ily e5"ite+ 3y 3ase e5"itation! On t,e ot,er ,an+' t,e
se"on+ mo+e is ne0li0i3le in t,is sense!
E
From anot,er vie4.oint' t,e "enter o- 0ravity o- t,e -irst mo+e e5.erien"es a si0ni-i"ant
translation 4,en t,e -irst mo+e is e5"ite+!
On t,e ot,er ,an+' t,e "enter o- 0ravity o- t,e se"on+ mo+e remains nearly stationary
4,en t,e se"on+ mo+e is e5"ite+!
Ea", +e0ree7o-7-ree+om in t,e .revio$s e5am.le 4as a translation in t,e I7a5is! T,is
",ara"teristi" sim.li-ie+ t,e e--e"tive mo+al mass "al"$lation!
In 0eneral' a system 4ill ,ave at least one translation +e0ree7o-7-ree+om in ea", o- t,ree
ort,o0onal a5es! Li;e4ise' it 4ill ,ave at least one rotational +e0ree7o-7-ree+om
a3o$t ea", o- t,ree ort,o0onal a5es! T,e e--e"tive mo+al mass "al"$lation -or a
0eneral system is s,o4n 3y t,e e5am.le in A..en+i5 A! T,e e5am.le is -rom a real7
4orl+ .ro3lem!
Asi+e
An alternate +e-inition o- t,e .arti"i.ation -a"tor is 0iven in A..en+i5 B!
Re-eren"es
<! M! Pa.a+ra;a;is' N! La0aros' V! PlevrisJ O.tim$m Desi0n o- Str$"t$res $n+er
Seismi" Loa+in0' E$ro.ean Con0ress on Com.$tational Met,o+s in A..lie+
S"ien"es an+ En0ineerin0' Bar"elona' %(((!
%! T! Irvine' T,e KeneraliAe+ Coor+inate Met,o+ For Dis"rete Systems'
Vi3ration+ata' %(((!
&! L! T,omson' T,eory o- Vi3ration 4it, A..li"ations %n+ E+ition' Prenti"e 8all'
Ne4 #ersey' <)H<!
F
APPENDII A
E6$ation o- Motion
Fi0$re A7<! Isolate+ Avioni"s Com.onent Mo+el
T,e mass an+ inertia are re.resente+ at a .oint 4it, t,e "ir"le sym3ol! Ea", isolator is
mo+ele+ 3y t,ree ort,o0onal DOF s.rin0s! T,e s.rin0s are mo$nte+ at ea", "orner! T,e
s.rin0s are s,o4n 4it, an o--set -rom t,e "orners -or "larity! T,e trian0les in+i"ate -i5e+
"onstraints! 1(2 in+i"ates t,e ori0in!
H
;yC ;5C
;AC
;y%
;5%
;y& ;5&
;y<
;5<
;A<
;A&
;A%
m' #
(
5
A
y
Fi0$re A7%! Isolate+ Avioni"s Com.onent Mo+el 4it, Dimensions
All +imensions are .ositive as lon0 as t,e C!K! is 1insi+e t,e 3o5!2 At least one
+imension 4ill 3e ne0ative ot,er4ise!
)
5
A
y
(
3
"<
"%
a< a%
C! K!
T,e mass an+ sti--ness matri"es are s,o4n in $..er trian0$lar -orm +$e to symmetry!
>A7<?
= M
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
+
,
_

+ +
+ +
,
_

+ +

+
+
%
%
a
%
<
a
y
; %
%
3
5
; C
3
%
"
<
"
5
; %
%
%
a
%
<
a
A
; %
%
%
"
5
; C
%
"
<
"
%
a
<
a
y
; 3
%
a
<
a
A
; %
%
%
"
%
<
"
y
; %
%
3
A
; C
(
%
a
<
a
A
; % 3
A
; C
A
; C
%
a
<
a
y
; % (
%
"
<
"
y
; % (
y
; C
3
5
; C
%
"
<
"
5
; % ( ( (
5
; C
>A7%?
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

A
#
(
y
#
( (
5
#
( ( ( m
( ( ( ( m
( ( ( ( ( m
M
<(
T,e e6$ation o- motion is
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

(
(
(
(
(
(
A
y
5
=
A
y
5
M






>A7&?
T,e varia3les
N an+ O' P'
re.resent rotations a3o$t t,e I' Q' an+ R a5es' res.e"tively!
E5am.le
A mass is mo$nte+ to a s$r-a"e 4it, -o$r isolators! T,e system ,as t,e -ollo4in0 .ro.erties!
M M C!%H l3m
#5 M CC!) l3m inS%
#y M &)!) l3m inS%
#A M <H!H l3m inS%
;5 M H( l3-Gin
;y M H( l3-Gin
;A M H( l3-Gin
a< M E!<H in
a% M 7%!EH in
3 M &!HD in
"< M &! in
"% M &! in
<<
Let r 3e t,e in-l$en"e matri5 4,i", re.resents t,e +is.la"ements o- t,e masses res$ltin0
-rom stati" a..li"ation o- $nit 0ro$n+ +is.la"ements an+ rotations. The influence matrix
for this example is the identity matrix provided that the C.G is the reference point.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

< ( ( ( ( (
( < ( ( ( (
( ( < ( ( (
( ( ( < ( (
( ( ( ( < (
( ( ( ( ( <
r

>A7C?
T,e "oe--i"ient matri5 L is
r M
T
L >A7D?
T,e mo+al .arti"i.ation -a"tor matri5 i

-or mo+e i at +o- / is

i i
mB
/ i
L
/ i

>A7E?
Ea", i i
mB
"oe--i"ient is < i- t,e ei0enve"tors ,ave 3een normaliAe+ 4it, res.e"t to t,e mass
matri5!
T,e e--e"tive mo+al mass i ' e--
m
ve"tor -or mo+e i an+ +o- / is

[ ]
i i
mB
%
/ i
L
/ i ' e--
m >A7F?
T,e nat$ral -re6$en"y res$lts -or t,e sam.le .ro3lem are "al"$late+ $sin0 t,e .ro0ram:
si5*+o-*iso!m!
T,e res$lts are 0iven in t,e ne5t .a0es!
<%
six_dof_iso.m ver 1.2 March 31, 2005

by Tom Irvine Email: omirvine!aol.com

This "ro#ram finds he ei#enval$es and ei#envecors for a
six%de#ree%of%freedom sysem.

&efer o six_dof_isolaed."df for a dia#ram.

The e'$aion of moion is: M (d)2x*d)2+ , - x . 0

Ener m (lbm+
/.20
Ener 1x (lbm in)2+
//.2
Ener 1y (lbm in)2+
32.2
Ener 13 (lbm in)2+
10.0

4oe ha he siffness val$es are for individ$al s"rin#s

Ener 5x (lbf*in+
00

Ener 5y (lbf*in+
00

Ener 53 (lbf*in+
00

Ener a1 (in+
6.10

Ener a2 (in+
%2.60

Ener b (in+
3.05

Ener c1 (in+
3

<&
Ener c2 (in+
3


The mass marix is
m .
0.0111 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.0111 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.0111 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.1163 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.103/ 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.0/07

The siffness marix is
5 .
1.0e,00/ 8
0.0320 0 0 0 0 0.1232
0 0.0320 0 0 0 %0.1/10
0 0 0.0320 %0.1232 0.1/10 0
0 0 %0.1232 0.7623 %0.5/50 0
0 0 0.1/10 %0.5/50 1.01/0 0
0.1232 %0.1/10 0 0 0 1.2003

Ei#enval$es
lambda .
1.0e,005 8
0.0213 0.0570 0.2006 0.2200 1.5622 2.7310

<C
4a$ral 9re'$encies .
1. 7.330 :3
2. 12.02 :3
3. 27.0/ :3
/. 27./7 :3
5. 63.06 :3
6. 03.12 :3

Modes ;ha"es (ro<s re"resen modes+

x y 3 al"ha bea hea
1. 5.21 %6.01 0 0 0 %1./2
2. 0 0 0.62 0.25/ %0.7// 0
3. 7.17 6.23 0 0 0 0
/. 0 0 1.0/ %2.26 %1.25 0
5. 0 0 %3.62 1.61 %2.3 0
6. 1.26 %2.25 0 0 0 /.3

=arici"aion 9acors (ro<s re"resen modes+

x y 3 al"ha bea hea
1. 0.0656 %0.0755 0 0 0 %0.0623
2. 0 0 0.0263 0.111 %0.0762 0
3. 0.0725 0.0621 0 0 0 0
/. 0 0 0.0115 %0.263 %0.202 0
5. 0 0 %0.0/02 0.107 %0.230 0
6. 0.0217 %0.025 0 0 0 0.21


Effecive Modal Mass (ro<s re"resen modes+

x y 3 al"ha bea hea
1. 0.00/3 0.00562 0 0 0 0.00/0
2. 0 0 0.00220 0.0123 0.00522 0
3. 0.00632 0.00/77 0 0 0 0
/. 0 0 0.000133 0.062 0.0/00 0
5. 0 0 0.00160 0.035 0.0566 0
6. 0.000/71 0.000623 0 0 0 0.0/32

Toal Modal Mass

0.0111 0.0111 0.0111 0.116 0.103 0.0/07

<D
APPENDII B
The following definition is taken from Reference 3. Note that the mode shape functions are
unscaled. Hence the participation factor is unscaled.
Mo+al Parti"i.ation Fa"tor
Consi+er a 3eam o- len0t, L loa+e+ 3y a +istri3$te+ -or"e .>5't?!
Consi+er t,at t,e loa+in0 .er $nit len0t, is se.ara3le in t,e -orm
? t > - ? 5 > .
L
o
P
? t ' 5 > . >B7<?
T,e mo+al .arti"i.ation -a"tor
i
-or mo+e i is +e-ine+ as

L
(
+5 ? 5 >
i
? 5 > .
L
<
i
>B7%?
4,ere
? 5 >
i
is t,e normal mo+e s,a.e -or mo+e i
<E
APPENDII C
The following convention appears to !e more useful than that given in "ppendix #.
Mo+al Parti"i.ation Fa"tor -or a Beam
Let
? 5 >
n
Q M mass7normaliAe+ ei0enve"tors
m>5? M mass .er len0t,
T,e .arti"i.ation -a"tor is

L
(
+5 ? 5 >
n
Q ? 5 > m
n
>C7<?
T,e e--e"tive mo+al mass is
[ ]

1
]
1

L
(
+5
%
? 5 >
n
Q ? 5 > m
%
L
(
+5 ? 5 >
n
Q ? 5 > m
n ' e--
m
>C7%?
T,e ei0enve"tors s,o$l+ 3e normaliAe+ s$", t,at
[ ] <
L
(
+5
%
? 5 >
n
Q ? 5 > m

>C7&?
T,$s'
[ ]
%
L
(
+5 ? 5 >
n
Q ? 5 > m
%
n n ' e--
m
1
]
1

>C7C?
<F