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Chng M AU ONG LC HOC

10

PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CHUYEN ONG CUA CHAT IEM VA HE CHAT IEM
Noi dung - a ra cac khai niem c ban dung trong ong lc hoc - Thiet lap phng trnh vi phan chuyen ong cua chat iem va c he Yeu cau - Nam vng cac khai niem neu trong chng nay - Thiet lap c phng trnh vi phan chuyen ong cua chat iem va c he. Biet giai mot so bai toan thuan va mot so bai toan nghch cua chat iem va c he. 10.1. CAC KHAI NIEM CUA ONG LC HOC
1. Chat iem

Chat iem la iem hnh hoc co khoi lng. Trong thc te, nhng vat ran ma kch thc cua co khong anh hng en qua trnh tnh toan c xem nh chat iem. V du nh bai toan xac nh quy ao cua ten la, chuyen ong cua vat ran tnh tien. 2. C he C he la tap hp cac chat iem ma chuyen ong cua chung phu thuoc lan nhau. - C he t do la c he ma cac chat iem cua chung tng tac vi nhau va vi gia (vat ran khong thuoc c he) ch qua lc tac dung Nh vay cac chat iem cua c he t do co the dch chuyen tuy y trong mot lan can be t v tr ang xet, v du nh he mat tri. - C he khong t do (c he chu lien ket) la tap hp cac chat iem ma v tr va van toc cua chung ngoai viec chu anh hng cua lc con b rang buoc bi mot so ieu kien hnh hoc cho trc (c goi la cac lien ket), v du nh c cau may. 3. Vat ran tuyet oi

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Vat ran tuyet oi la mot c he ac biet co khoang cach gia hai chat iem bat ky luon co nh. - Vat ran an hoi bo qua tnh bien dang (bien dang be) c xem la vat ran tuyet oi - Chat iem la mot vat ran ac biet 4. Lc Khai niem lc tong quat hn trong tnh hoc. Lc la ai lng phu thuoc v r r tr r , van toc V va thi gian t: F = F(r, V , t). V du: - Lc keo cua ong c t trang thai khi ong phu thuoc t - Lc can phu thuoc van toc V - Lc hap dan phu thuoc v tr r 5. He quy chieu quan tnh e khao sat chuyen ong cua oi tng, chung ta chon mot vat chuan e anh gia chuyen ong, c goi la he quy chieu. He quy chieu quan tnh la he quy chieu ma trong o he tien e Newton c nghiem ung, noi cach khac, trong o mot chat iem co lap khong co lc tac dung se chuyen ong theo quan tnh. e bieu dien cac bieu thc tnh toan, ngi ta gan co nh vao he quy chieu nhng he toa o thch hp. T ay ve sau, neu khong co lu y g ac biet chung ta hieu rang cac bai toan c khao sat trong he quy chieu quan tnh. Qua at va cac vat ran chuyen ong thang eu oi vi qua at thong thng c chon lam he quy chieu quan tnh trong ky thuat. 6. Tom tat he tien e Newton-Galile Chat iem chu tac dung cua lc se chuyen ong thoa man quan he:
m W = F1 + F 2 + ... + F n

trong o : W = W1 + W 2 + ... + W n ; vi: m W k = F k Cac tien e ve lc tng tac va giai phong lien ket tng t nh trong tnh hoc. 7. He n v Theo he SI (quoc te) lay cac n v c s: - o dai :m - Khoi lng : kg - Thi gian : s Cac ai lng c hoc khac eu co th nguyen phu hp vi cac dan xuat cua no. 10.2. PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CHUYEN ONG CUA CHAT IEM VA HE CHAT IEM 1. Phng trnh vi phan chuyen ong cua chat iem

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1- Dang vector va toa o Decartes Xet chat iem khoi lng m chu tac dung cua lc F . Goi ban knh vector r r &=F r cua chat iem la r ta nhan c: m & (10.1) Chieu phng trnh vector (10.1) len cac truc toa o Decartes:
& = Fx m& x & & = Fy my && mz = Fz

(10.2)

z M(m)

He phng trnh (10.2) la he phng trnh phan chuyen ong trong he toa o Decartes. 2- Dang toa o t nhien Chieu phng trnh (10.1) len cac truc cua nb, chung ta nhan c:
&=F mW = m& s 2 &2 v s =m = Fn mWn = m 0 = Fb

vi
y

Hnh 10.1

(10.3)

Cac phng trnh dang nay ap dung thuan li khi a biet quy ao chuyen ong cua chat iem. 2. Phng trnh vi phan chuyen ong cua he chat iem Xet chat iem Mk cua he N chat iem co khoi lng tng ng mk, gia toc W k . Tuy theo tnh chat cua c he, chung ta co the phan chia lc tac dung vao chat iem Mk theo lc ngoai F k , lc trong F k hay lc hoat ong F k va phan lc lien ket R k ma ta co he phng trnh vi phan di dang:
m k W k = F k + F k (k = 1 ... n)
e i
e
i

(10.4) (10.5)

hoac:

m k W k = F k + R k (k = 1 ... n)

3. Phng phap ap dung e thiet lap c phng trnh vi phan chuyen ong cua chat iem va c he, ap dung chung giai cac bai toan ong lc, chung ta tuan t thc hien cac bc sau: - Xac nh chat iem hoac he chat iem, khao sat tai v tr tuy y xac nh (khong c lay v tr ac biet) - Xac nh cac lc at len chat iem (bao gom ca phan lc) - Lap phng trnh vector cua chuyen ong: m W = F k - Chon he truc toa o thch hp: (10.2), (10.3) - Lap phng trnh vi phan chuyen ong (cac phng trnh hnh chieu len cac truc toa o).

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a- Neu bai toan cho quy luat chuyen ong yeu cau xac nh lc gay ra chuyen ong o cua chat iem khao sat, chung ta ch can thc hien cac phep tnh vi phan. ay la nhng bai toan thuan. b- Neu bai toan cho lc tac dung yeu cau xac nh chuyen ong xay ra, chung ta phai thc hien cac phep tnh tch phan. ay la nhng bai toan nghch. Viec tch phan cac phng trnh vi phan, he phng trnh vi phan la rat kho khan, cho en nay cung ch giai c mot so dang. e tranh tnh trang nay, ngi ta thng giai bai toan c hoc bang mot phng phap khac (se trnh bay cac chng sau) e tm ra cac tnh chat quan trong cua chuyen ong, u dung trong thc te. 4. Cac v du V du 10.1. Xet tai khoi lng m chuyen ong eu tren cau cong ban knh r vi van toc V. Tm ap lc cua xe len cau. Giai. Xet xe nh mot chat iem M tai mot v tr tuy y xac nh (H.10.2) - Cac lc tac dung vao xe tai: Trong lc : P = mg
r

Phan lc phap tuyen : R Lc tong hp F tac dung len xe theo Hnh 10.2 phng ngang - Phng trnh chuyen ong dang vector: m W = P + R + F (*) - Dung toa o t nhien (a biet quy ao cua chat iem) M nb: (*) mWn = m Giai ra:
R = P cos m

V2 r

= P cos R

V2 V2 = m(g cos ) r r

e ton tai ap lc len cau R > 0 g cos

Ap lc nho nhat tai chan cau ( max ), ap lc ln nhat tai nh cau ( = 0 ). Neu: g cos
V2 < 0, xe se bay khoi mat ng. r

V2 >0 r

V du 10.2. Khao sat chuyen ong cua iem nang trong trng trong lc. Giai. - Xet chuyen ong cua iem nang - Lc tac dung duy nhat : - Phng trnh vector
r P = mg

: m W = mg

- Chon he truc toa o Oxyz co goc tai v tr ban au cua chat iem, vector van toc ban au V o Oyz (H.10.3)

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& = 0 x m& & = 0 Phng trnh hnh chieu: m& y & = mg z m&

Tch phan ba phng trnh vi phan tren vi ieu kien au:

x o = 0; y o = 0; zo = 0; &o = 0 x & o = Vo cos y & o = Vo sin z
z Vo x O M P y

Chung ta nhan c:

x=0 y = (Vo cos )t

t2 2

z = (Vo sin )t g

Hnh 10.3

Nh vay iem nang chuyen ong trong mat phang thang ng Oyz co quy ao la ng parabol:
z=
2 2Vo

g y 2 + tg.y cos2

V du 10.3. Tai trong treo tren lo xo. Biet khoi lng tai la m, trang thai can bang tnh lo xo dan ra mot o dai . Tm chuyen ong cua tai. Giai. - Xet chuyen ong cua tai - Lc tac ong: r Trong lc : P = mg Lc cang cua lo xo : F = cr r ( r la vector dch chuyen cua au lo xo ke t v tr khong co dan va c la he so cng cua lo xo). - Phng trnh chuyen ong dang vector:
mW = P + F

x x

- Chon truc x thang ng co goc tai O la v tr can bang tnh cua tai, xet v tr bat ky cua tai co toa o x (H.10.4). & = mg c ( + x) x Chieu len truc x: m&
0 = mg c mg = c c g &= &+ x =0 x x& x (*) & m

Hnh 10.4

(*)

Thi iem au, tai trong tnh (van toc, gia toc bang khong) nen:

Phng trnh co nghiem: x = Asin(kt + ) vi: k = g / ; con A va tm c t cac ieu kien au.
& (0) = Vo Gia s cho: y(0) = a; y
Can bang tnh P O

chung ta tnh c:
A= a2 +
2 Vo

k2

, = arctg(k

a ) Vo

x F x

Hnh 10.5

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Chu y: Bai toan tng t: khoi tru at trong chat long co trong lng rieng . Neu dien tch ay cua truc la S ta co lc ay Achemet (H.10.5):
F = S..( + x)

Chung ta cung co phng trnh dao ong nh tren vi: k =

S = m

V du 10.4. Xet chuyen ong cua xe tai tren ng. Thung xe khoi lng m1 dao ong thang ng oi vi truc banh xe theo quy luat: x = a 1 sin(1 t + 1 ) Truc banh xe lai dao ong thang ng oi vi mat ng theo quy luat: Tm ap lc tren mat ng. Giai. Xet chuyen ong thang ng cua xe nh he hai chat iem co khoi lng ng m1 va m2: Mo hnh chuyen ong nh H.10.6a
P1 m1 x m2 x2 O a) b) F21 m1 x x1 = x + x2 F12 m2 P2 O c) x2

Hnh 10.6

Xet chuyen ong cua tai m1 co mo hnh chuyen ong nh H.10.6b. ay: lay truc x thang hng len, goc trung vi mat ng. Toa o cua tai la: x1 = x + x2. r Lc tac ong P1 = m1g, F 21 - la phan lc cua tai m2 tac ong len tai m1. Phng trnh chuyen ong: m1 W1 = P + F 21
m1 x1 = F21 P1
2 m 1 [a 1 1 sin(1 t + 1 ) + a 2 2 2 sin( 2 t + 2 )] = F21 m 1 g
2 F21 = m 1 [g a 1 1 sin(1 t + 1 ) a 2 2 2 sin( 2 t + 2 )]

Xet chuyen ong cua tai m2 nh H.10.6c Phng trnh chuyen ong: m 2 W 2 = P 2 + F 21 + R ay: P 2 = m 2 g; F12 = F 21 - la phan lc cua tai m1 len tai m2
R - la phan lc cua mat ng.

& 2 = F12 P2 + R m2& x

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2 R = m 2 g + m1g m1a 11 sin(1 t + 1 ) (m1 + m 2 )a 22 2 sin(2 t + 2 )

R - la ai lng bien thien tuan hoan V du 10.5. Xet xe tai nh tren nhng ay cho biet he so cng cua em mem nam gia thung xe va truc xe la c1, gia truc xe va mat ng la c2. Tm chuyen ong thang ng cua xe. Giai. - Xem xe la he hai chat iem tai m1 va m2. Mo hnh chuyen ong nh H.10.7
2 Lo xo khong tai m1 Can bang tnh 2 m2 F21 x1 F a) b) c) O1 m1

P1

x1

F12 m2 P2

O2 x2 x2

Hnh 10.7

- Xet chuyen ong cua tai m1 nh H.10.7b Phng trnh chuyen ong: m1 W1 = m1g + F 21 ay: F 21 - la phan lc cua lo xo (1) tac ong len tai m1.
&1 = m1g c1 (x1 + 1 x 2 ) m1& x &1 = c1 (x1 x 2 ) m1& x
r

Xet chuyen ong cua tai m2 nh H.10.7c Phng trnh chuyen ong:
r m 2 W 2 = m 2 g + F 21 F (chu y: F12 = F21) r m2 x 2 = m2g + c1 (x1 + 1 x 2 ) c 2 (2 + x 2 ) & 2 = c1 x1 (c1 + c 2 ) x 2 m2 & x

ay: F - la phan lc cua lo xo di (c2) tac ong len tai m2. Ket hp ta nhan c he:
& 1 = c1 ( x 1 x 2 ) x m1& & 2 = c1 x1 (c1 + c 2 ) x 2 x m 2 &
(1) (2)

Chung ta co the giai he (1) va (2) bang cach a ve giai he phng trnh vi phan cap 4 tuyen tnh he so hang bi he phng trnh tng ng.

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& 1 = c1 ( x 1 x 2 ) x m1& &&+ [c1m 2 + (c1 + c 2 )m1 ]& & 2 + c1 c 2 x 2 = 0 x x m 2 m 2 &&

(3) (4)

Xet (4) co phng trnh ac trng:

m1 m 2 4 + [c1 m 2 + (c1 + c 2 ) m1 ]2 + c1c 2 = 0

Viet gon theo dang: A4 + B2 + C = 0 giai he phng trnh trung phng tren (chu y: > 0 va B < 0 ) ta co:
1 = i1 ; 2 = i1 ;
B ; 2A

3 = i2 ;

4 = i2

ay:

1 =

2 =

B+ 2A

Chung ta se nhan c nghiem cua (4):

x 2 = a 1 cos 1 t + a 2 sin 1 t + a 3 cos 2 t + a 4 sin 2 t

The ket qua nay vao phng trnh (3) chung ta giai c x1 cung thuoc loai ieu hoa. Cac hang so ai c xac nh t bon ieu kien au x1 va x2.