AS Chemistry

Measuring moles of GASES by measuring their volume, pressure and temperature pV = nRT

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VOLUME OF A GAS

Gas molecules move freely (no inter-molecular forces) and randomly

gas mols will always DIFFUSE to fill whatever volume is available.

Volume (V) of a gas depends on the : 1. 2. number of moles (n) of gas pressure (p) applied to the gas

3.

temperature (T) of the gas

Volume does NOT depend on the type of gas!

AVOGADROS LAW:
V

Vn V = k1n

provided P and T fixed

BOYLES LAW:
V

V 1/p pV = k2

provided n and T fixed

CHARLES LAW:
0oC V

273K

T /K

VT V = k3T

provided n and P fixed and T measured in KELVIN T (/K) = T(/OC) + 273

All 3 laws can be combined into one equation

the IDEAL GAS EQUATION pV = nRT

where "R" is called the UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT

NB : Must use appropriate S.I. units

R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1

VARIABLE S.I. UNIT V m3 p T n

Nm-2 (or Pa)

Moles

Notes : 1. Nm-2 = Pascal = "Newtons per square metre" (1 kg spread over 1m2 approx. 10Pa)

2. 3.
4.

1 kPa = 1000 Pa 1m3 = 1000 dm3 (1000 litres) = 1000000 cm3

Use pV = nRT to calculate n, given p,V and T calculate Mr if also know mass, m (/g) Mr = m / n

IDEAL GAS EQUATION not perfect at all T and p for any gas OK within experimental error provided : a. p is not too high b. T is not too low c. Molecules are not too large. ie equation less reliable if gas is close to liquefying A truly "IDEAL" gas would OBEY the equation at ALL T and p. NO SUCH GAS EXISTS! He and H2 are the nearest because these show the weakest intermolecular forces

Q1 Calculate the number of moles present, if a gas exerts 110 kPa pressure at 20oC in a volume of 20.0 dm3

p 110 kPa = 110000 Pa V 20.0 dm3 = 0.020 m3

pV = nRT
pV n = RT 110000 x 0.020 = 8.31 x 293 =

n ????
R T
8.31 J mol-1 K-1 20oC = 293 K

0.904 moles

Q2 A sample of gas weighs 0.272g. It has a volume of 100cm3 at a temperature of 16oC and pressure 100 kPa. Calculate the number of moles of gas in the sample and hence the mass of one mole of the gas.

p 100 kPa = 100000 Pa V 100 cm3 = 0.0001 m3

pV = nRT
n = pV RT 100000 x 0.0001 = 8.31 x 289

n ????
R T
8.31 J mol-1 K-1 16oC = 289 K

= 4.16 x 10-3 moles

Mr = m/n 0.272 = 4.16 x 10-3

65.4 g

The End