Luyn thi i hc mn Ton 2014 MoonTV

Thy ng Vit Hng

MT S BI TON KHONG CCH TRONG KHNG GIAN C SC

(Thy ng Vit Hng)

V d 1: Cho hnh lng tr ABCD. A ' B ' C ' D ' c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = 2a; AD = a 3, hnh chiu vung gc ca nh A ' xung mt phng (ABCD) l trng tm H ca tam gic ACD. Bit gc gia dng thng BC v mt phng (ABCD) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi lng tr v khong cch gia hai ng thng AC v A ' D theo a. V d 2: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thoi cnh 3a , BAD = 60o . Hnh chiu ca S ln y ( ABCD ) l trng tm H ca ABD v SH = a 6 . Tnh th tch khi chp v khong cch gia
AB v SE bit E l trung im ca CD .

V d 3: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung tm O, SO ( ABCD ) . Gi E,F ln lt

l trung im ca SC v AD . Gc gia EF v mt phng ( ABCD ) bng 60o . Tnh gc gia EF v mt phng ( SBD ) bit cnh y bng a .

V d 4: Cho lng tr ABC.ABC c cc mt bn u l hnh vung cnh a. Gi D,E,F ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh BC, AC, CB.Tnh khong cch ca cc cp ng thng sau: a) DE v AB b) AB v BC V d 5: Cho t din ABCD, bit tam gic ABC vung ti A c AB = a, AC = a 3 . Ngoi ra, DA = DB = DC v tam gic DBC vung. Tnh th tch khi t din ABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng AM v CD, vi M l trung im ca BC. Li gii:
+) Th tch. V DA = DB = DC v MA = MB = MC (do ABC vung ti A, M l trung im BC) suy ra D, M thuc trc ca ABC. Do DM (ABC).Tnh c BC = 2a. 1 DBC vung cn ti D nn DM = BC = a. 2 a3 3 1 . Th tch t din ABCD:V = DM. S(ABC) = 3 6 +) d(AM; CD). Gi N l trung im BD. Chng minh c CD // (AMN). Do d(CD; AM) = d(CD; (AMN)) = d(C; (AMN)). Xt t din ACMN. Th tch t din ny l 1 1 V(ACMN) = d(C;(ANM)).S(AMN) = d(N; (ACM)).S(ACM) 3 3 d ( N ;( ACM )).S( ACM ) Suy ra d(C; (AMN)) = (1) S( AMN )

N K B H M C A

Gi H l trung im BM. Khi , NH // DM suy ra NH (ACM) nn 1 1 (2) NH = d(N; (ACM)) = DM = a 2 2

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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton 2014 MoonTV S(ACM) =

a2 3 1 S(ABC) = 2 4 (3)

Thy ng Vit Hng

p dng cng thc trung tuyn: AN2 = Li c AM =

1 1 (AB2 + AD2 DB2) = a2. Suy ra AN = a. 2 2

1 BC = a nn AMN cn ti A. Gi K l trung im MN th AK MN. 2 CD a 2 a 14 = . T tam gic vung AKM, tnh c AK = . Ta c MN = 2 2 4 a2 7 1 (4) Suy ra S(AMN) = AK.MN = 2 8 a 21 T (1), (2), (3), (4) suy ra d(C; (AMN)) hay d(CD; AM) = 7 V d 6: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip trong ng trn ng knh

AD = 2a, SA (ABCD), SA = a 6 , H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB. Tm th tch khi chp H.SCD v tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AD v SC. Li gii: SH SA2 SA2 6a 2 6 2 = = = = Trong tam gic vung SAB c SA = SH .SB SB SB 2 SA2 + AB 2 7a 2 7 6 6 6 6 VHSDC = VB.SCD = VS.BCD = SA.S BCD = a 6.S BCD 7 7 7 7
S

E B

K l hnh chiu ca B trn AD ta c: BK.AD = AB.BD suy ra

9a3 2 AB.BD a 3 1 a2 3 , suy ra: VHSDC = = SBCD = BK.BC = AD 2 2 4 14 Do AD//(SBC) nn d( AD,SC ) = d( AD ,( SBC )) = d( A,( SBC ) )
BK =

Dng hnh bnh hnh ADBE. Do AB BD nn AB DE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 t d ( A,( SBC ) ) = h ta c 2 = 2 + + = 2+ + = 2+ 2+ 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 h SA AB AE SA AB BD 6a a 3a 6a a 6 Suy ra d ( AD , SC ) = h = 3 V d 7: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c tam gic ABC v tam gic SBC cn v bng nhau. Bit BC = a, AC = AB = 2a, gc to bi hai mt phng (ABC) v (SBC) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC v khong cch gia hai ng thng SA, BC theo a . Li gii:

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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton 2014 MoonTV T gi thit c

1 a2 3 VABC . A' B'C ' = SABC .CC '; SABC = CA.CB = 2 2 (ABC ') (ABC) = AB

Thy ng Vit Hng

K CH AB = H AB (CC 'H) 600 = ((ABC '), (ABC)) = (CH, HC ') = CHC '
Xt tam gic vung ABC c CH l chiu cao nn
0

1
CH 2

1
CA 2

1
CB2

1
3a 2

1
a2

4
3a 2

CH =

a 3 , Xt 2

3a a 2 3 3a a 3 3 3 tam gic vung CHC c CC ' = HC tan 60 = VABC.A'B'C' = . = 2 2 2 4 Gi N l trung im ca AC th AM//CN nn AM//(BCN); d AM,BC' = d AM,(BC' N) = d

( A,(BC N) ) .
'

N l trung im ca AC nn d

( A,(BC N) ) = d( C,(BC N) ) , k CK vung gc vi BC

' '

BC ' (NCK) (v AC BC AC (BCC ' B') (CNK) (BNC ') = NK ) K CI vung gc vi NK ti I, d C,(BC' N) = CI

Ta c

1
CI
2

1
CN
2

1
CK
2

1
CN
2

1
CB
2

1
CC '
2

==

4
a
2

1
3a
2

4
9a
2

43
9a
2

( C,(BC N) )
'

3a 43

V d 8: Cho hnh lng tr ABC. A / B / C / c cnh bn bng a, gc gia cnh bn v mt y bng 60 0 . Hnh chiu vung gc ca B / ln (ABC) l trung im H ca AB. Tam gic ABC c BC = 2a, gc ACB bng 30 0 . Tnh th tch lng tr ABC. A / B / C / v khong cch gia B / H v BC. Li gii: / T gi thit suy ra B H l chiu cao ca lng tr. a Gc gia cnh bn v mt y bng gc B ' BH = 600 BH = AB = a . 2 AB BC p dng nh l hm sin trong tam gic ABC, ta c = sin A = 1 A = 90 0 . sin C sin A Vy tam gic ABC vung ti A, ta tnh c AC = a 3
1 a2 3 a 3 AB. AC = ; ng cao ca hnh chp B / H = 2 2 2 3 1 a Suy ra th tch khi lng tr ABC. A / B / C / l V ABC . A/ B / C / = B / H .S ABC = 3 4 Din tch y S ABC =

V d 9: Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC. A' B 'C ' c tam gic ABC vung ti C . M l trung im ca A 'C' .
Bit AC = a , BC = a 3 ; mt phng ABC' hp vi mt phng ( ABC ) gc 600 . Tnh th tch khi lng tr ABC. A' B 'C ' v khong cch AM v BC ' theo a . Li gii:

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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton 2014 MoonTV

A' M C'

Thy ng Vit Hng

B'

H B

T gi thit c

1 a2 3 VABC . A' B'C ' = SABC .CC '; SABC = CA.CB = 2 2 (ABC ') (ABC) = AB

K CH AB = H AB (CC ' H ) 600 = (( ABC '), ( ABC )) = (CH , HC ') = CHC '
Xt tam gic vung ABC c CH l chiu cao nn
0

1
CH 2

1
CA 2

1
CB2

1
3a 2

1
a2

4
3a 2

CH =

a 3 2

3a a 2 3 3a a 3 3 3 Xt tam gic vung CHC c CC ' = HC tan 60 = VABC.A'B'C' = . = ( vtt) 2 2 2 4 Gi N l trung im ca AC th AM//CN nn AM // (BCN) d AM,BC' = d AM,(BC' N) = d A,(BC' N) . N l trung im ca AC nn d A,(BC' N) = d C,(BC' N)

3a CN CB CC ' a 3a 9a 9a ( ) 43 ( vdd) ( C , BC ' N ) HI vung gc vi BC ( I l trung im BK), th HI l on vung gc chung ca B/H v BC. a 3 Khong cch cn tnh l HI = 4
Ta c
d

43
2

d C ,( BC ' N ) =

V d 10: Cho lng tr tam gic ABC.ABC c AB = a, BC = 2a, ABC = 600 , hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn mt phng (ABC) trng vi trng tm G ca tam gic ABC v gc gia AA to vi mt phng (ABC) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp A.ABC v khong cch t G n mt phng (ABC). Li gii: ' ' T A G ( ABC ) AG l hnh chiu ca AA ln ( ABC ) Gi M l trung im BC. T gi thit ta c: 2 2a 2a 3 BC = 2a, AG = AI = ; A ' AG = 600 A ' G = AG.tan600 = 3 3 3 2 2 2 0 2 V AC = AB + BC 2. AB.BC. cos 60 = 3a AC = a 3 Mt khc AB 2 + AC 2 = a 2 + 3a 2 = 4a 2 = BC 2 ABC vung ti A V A ' G ( ABC ) nn A ' G l chiu cao ca khi chp A ' . ABC Th tch ca khi chp A ' . ABC c tnh bi: 1 1 1 1 2a 3 a 3 VA/ . ABC = S ABC . A ' G = . AB. AC. A ' G = a.a 3. = (vtt) 3 3 2 6 3 3 K AK BC ti K v GI BC ti I GI // AK GI MG 1 1 1 AB. AC 1 a.a 3 a 3 = = GI = AK = . = = K GH AI ti H (1) AK MA 3 3 3 BC 3 2a 6
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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton 2014 MoonTV BC GI Do: BC GH (2) . BC A ' G T (1) v (2) GH (ABC) d [G , ( A ' BC )] = GH Ta c A ' GI vung ti G c GH l ng cao nn : d [G , ( A ' BC )] = GH
A'

Thy ng Vit Hng

C'

B' N A

C 2a 3 a 3 G . M A ' G.GI 3 6 = 2a = 2a 51 I = = K 51 51 12a 2 3a 2 A ' G 2 + GI 2 B + 9 36 V d 11: Cho lng tr tam gic u ABCABC c cnh y bng a. Gi M, N, I lnlt l trung im ca cc on thng AA, AB, BC. Bit gc gia hai mt phng (CAI) v(ABC) bng 600 . Tnh theo a th tch khi chp NACI v khong cch gia hai ng thng MN, AC. Li gii: A' C' CC ' ( ABC ), CI AI C ' I AI
B'

goc C ' IC = 600 CC ' = CI tan 600 = a 3 2

VN . AC ' I = VC '. ANI

A N B I C

1 1 a3 = VC '. ABC = CC '.S ABC = 4 12 32

NI / / AC suy ra NI / / MO , NI = MO 1 NI = AC 2

MO / / AC khi v 1 MO = AC 2

suy ra MOIN l hnh bnh hnh MN / / OI MN / /( AC ' I ) d ( MN , AC ') = d ( MN ,( AC ' I )) = d ( N ,( AC ' I )) = h

a2 3 2 S AIC a 8 = a 3 h = 3VN . AC ' I = a 3 VN . AC ' I = , S AIC ' = = 1 32 cos 600 4 S AIC ' 8 2 V d 12: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = 2a. Gi M l trung im ca AD, H l giao im ca AC v BM. Bit SH vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD) v tm mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp S.ABCD nm mt y. Tnh th tch khi chp cho v khong cch t H n mt phng (SCM) theo a. Li gii: Ta d dng tnh c
3

+ OA = OS = +V=
2a 3 9

a 5 a 5 a 10 OH = SH = 2 6 3 10 a 2 d ( H ; SCM ) = ... 3

+ Ta d dng chng minh c HM HC HM =

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Thy ng Vit Hng

V d 13: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung tm O v AB = 4a, hnh chiu vung gc ca nh S ln (ABCD) trng vi trung im I ca on thng OA. Bit khong cch t I n (SAB) bng 2 SI . Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD theo a. 2 Li gii:

K D I H B

Trong (ABCD) t im I k IH song song BC vi H thuc AB. Do BC AB => IH AB M SI (ABCD) => SI AB. Hay AB (SHI) . 2 T I trong mt phng (SHI) k IK SH ti K. IK = d ( I ; ( SAB) ) = SI (1) 2 IH AI 1 BC Ta c = = => IH = =a 4 BC AC 4
M

1 1 1 + = 2 (2) (Do tam gic SIH vung ti I ng cao IK) 2 2 IS IH IK

2 1 1 2 = => SI = IH = a 2 SI SI IH 2 1 1 16a 3 Suy ra, th tch khi chp S.ABCD l V = SI .S ABCD = SI . AB 2 = (vtt) 3 3 3 T (1) v (2) =>

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