11.

Seminar

Energy Methods, FEM

Class of 2013

Topic

FEM: Truss Elements

16.01.2014

Access

Example
3

y,v2
x,v1

E
A
L
H
P

=
=
=
=
=

2 107 kN/m2
0.01 m2
2m
1m
1000 kN

1
L

Theory: Truss elements

local element stiness matrix

= E ,

F(k)
u(k)
k

u(i)
F(i)

u (k) u (i)
L

F (k) = A, F (i) = F (k)

1
1
u
(i)
F (i)

= EA
L
1 1
u (k)
F (k)

e
i

E, A, L
xe

F e,local = Ke,local ue

transformation of displacements

v2(k)
v1(k)

v1(i) i "e
y,v2
v2(i)
"
x,v1

u = v1 cos + v2 sin

u (i)
u (k)

cos e sin e
0

ue = Te v e

transformation of forces
F1 = F cos ,

F2 = F sin
1

0
cos e

v1 (i)

v (i)
0

v1 (k)
sin e

v2 (k)

F (i)
0
cos e
1

F2 (i) sin e
0

F1 (k) 0
cos e

F2 (k)
0
sin e

F (i)

= F e = TTe F e,local

F (k)

global element stiness matrix

F e = TTe Ke,local Te v e = Ke v e

cos2 e
cos e sin e
cos2 e
cos e sin e

cos e sin e
sin2 e
cos e sin e
sin2 e
EA

Ke =
L

cos2 e
cos e sin e
cos2 e
cos e sin e

cos e sin e
sin2 e
cos e sin e
sin2 e

Element stiness matrix for each element

e

90

153.43

5m

Le

Ke

3
3.1

0
EA

L1 1

2m
0 1 0
0

1m

0 0

0 1
EA

L2 0 0

0 1

0 1

0 0

0 1

System stiness matrix

Manual allocation

equilibrium at all nodes

1l
2l

F (1) + F (1)

P (1)

l
l

1
P (2) = F (2) + F3(2)

2l
P (3)
3l
F (3) + F (3)

v (1)

= K v (2)

v (3)

0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4

0.4 0.2
0.4 0.2
EA

L3
0.8 0.4
0.8 0.4

0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2


with P (i) =

3.2

P1 (i)
P2 (i)

, F (i) =

F1 (i)
F2 (i)

and v (i) =

v1 (i)
v2 (i)

Allocation by allocation-matrices

displacement vectors


v e1 =

v e2 =

v e3 =

v =

v (1) v (2)
v (1) v (3)
v (2) v (3)

T
T
T

v (1) v (2) v (3)

allocation
v e = Le v
[4]

[46]

Le1 =

[6]

1 0 0

Le2 =

1 0 0

0 1 0
0 0 1

1 0
0 0
and 0 =

with 1 =
0 1
0 0

Le3 =

0 1 0
0 0 1

equilibrium at all nodes

P =

Le T F e

Le T Ke v e

Le T Ke Le v

K

with F e = 0 for present example

system stiness matrix
K = Le1 T Ke1 Le1 + Le2 T Ke2 Le2 + Le3 T Ke3 Le3

element 1

Le1 T Ke1 Le1

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 0

0 0 1 0 EA 0 0 0 0 0 1

L1
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0

Le1 T Ke1 Le1

element 2

Le2 T Ke2 Le2

element 3

Le3 T Ke3 Le3

EA

=
L1

EA

=
L2

EA

=
L3

0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0

1 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4

0 0 0.4 0.2
0.4 0.2

0 0 0.8 0.4
0.8 0.4

0 0 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

system

K = EA

1
L1
0
1

L1
0
0
0

0
1
L2
0
0
0
1

L2

0
0
L1
0
0
0
1
0.8
0.4
0.8
+

L1
L3
L3
L3
0.2
0.4
0.4

L3
L3
L3
0.4
0.8
0.8

L3
L3
L3
0.4
0.2
0.4

L3
L3
L3

0
1

L2
0.4
L3
0.2

L3
0.4

L3
1
0.2
+
L2
L3

Consideration of boundary conditions

load
P =

0 0 0 0 P 0

boundary conditions
v1 (1) = v2 (1) = v2 (2) = 0
reduction of stiness matrix and load vector

v1(1)
0.5
0
0.5
0
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
1 v2(1)

0.5 0
0.858 0.179 0.358 0.179
EA

K=

m
0
0 0.179 0.089
0.179 0.089 v2(2)

0
0 0.358 0.179
0.358 0.179

0
1 0.179 0.089 0.179 1.089

0.858 0.358 0.179

EA

KBC =
0.358 0.358 0.179
m

0.179 0.179 1.089


T
kN
P BC = 0 1000 0
calculation of displacement

10

v BC = KBC 1 P BC = 25.22 mm

2.5
5

Post-processing

displacement vector under consideration of BC vBC

system displacement vector:
v=

0 0 10 0 25.22 2.5

mm

nodal displacements for each element

v e = Le v
results:

T
v e1 = 0 0 10 0
mm
v e2 =
v e3 =




0 0 25.22 2.5

10 0 25.22 2.5

mm

mm

local displacements
ue = Te v e
results

T
ue1 = 0 10
mm
ue2 =
ue3 =




0 2.5

mm

8.944 21.439

mm

local force F (k) equals normal force N in truss element

F e,local = Ke,local ue
results:

T
F e1 = 1000 1000
kN
F e2 =
F e3 =




500 500

1118 1118

kN
T

kN

 computation of strains
e = Be v e
with
Be =

1
1 1 Te
L

computation of stresses
e = D e
with
D=E