:


.
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1984

-2-

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B.R. Satyaprakash :
.
S.Balakrishnan :
D.M. McKinnon .
Blair W. Nakka
.

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U 3.1
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5  L #b +,  9U2D N  KL 8# ] % J J/, Stand)
92,% 9,Il W 96n B69 .  KL 8 8 D+ WD V+6
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  : N3F .D12

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a C12H22O11 + b KNO3
c CO + d CO2+ e H2O +f K2CO3 + h C + i O2

: K2CO336 5.
K,  a J  5S26 o#K i j, S  QI, K, c h 5 Y i
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@ d F, ne ni N  #@ U2  #@,  , 6 o#K P R V+6

. : #@  U2  #@, ] 2K#  ,
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:   #/   K, oL  / ]I  +# :,  K, h

: V+6
(Enthalpy of transition /mole) . / +  ,/ =
. 300 N K<,  + = T1
( Adiabatic Flame Temperature AFT )# +  6 = Tk
(Specific Heat at Constant  / i)l  6 2@ ]I  + =
Pressure/Mole)
3 J 65 NB,/   @ K NL N6S: ,3 #@ +D (A) o+#,
. /S J 35 ? 5

-9-

 ) /n 8 ?lD (2.2 J6 3 S+ 12 8 N5DU : @
 6 +  # 5S3 )6 ) U2 j,QI,# S J5D , 3.2/n
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5S2 /D N 5S3 9L j, S  QI, 26.7/73.3 / K  : : 2
)C 12H22O11 + 9.6 KNO3
7.2 CO2+11 H2O +3 K2NO3 +3 N2 (2.3

63.9 36.1 :
)C12H22O11 + 6 KNO3
9 CO + 11 H2O + 3 K2CO + 3N2 (2.4

- 10 -

 5S2 +,# 96 K, 3 65 N2KD 35/65 N 6 / 35 / K 
: 2  :N
C 12H22O11 + 6.28 KNO3
8.29 CO+ 0.56 CO2+11 H2O+3.14 K2NO3
+3.14 N2
)(2.5
Q, #+ +  J5D 5S2 n,  9@ J 5K # JS: "S2 N
q F@,  5% J .^D
2 @  WD JK6 @5 #+ NL D: Q,,  F, o#KD K,6 q
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 5S3< + 93L k ]I ,9 ,  JK6 C @5 oL  #+ NL
S B )l3 #68 N  8L , @ 5  D + WD k ,8 oL K,  :
)(7.2
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+ 9,% J %[3< + )# Cp ]I U2 @ : # : N#D ,
- 11 -

)(8.2
V+6 6 F, R ) :
)(9.2
 J/ ,9<  J 6K  L 2D  6K 2@ #U 88+  8L @ 2
U2+ L ] V: N < : ) 2 ,# /n6 OI2 )W ,
 > ( 8: L M2 J/,D Cp "K#D  : D J M3 oL  #+ J/,,
 @ oDb J,K K 3 6  [8] # , /n6 b5l U3 J/,D
+ @S: oDb J@ 9#  K Y oL  k ,% @ 5 U2+ ) 13 o+#,( ,
U  _5 ) ,% /D k K, M 5 @U2: 2 I +6 Nb %
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% ".
: K N86 J 6.d  M o#KD K K,6 q : r :  D + WD
@ N5DU /n6   > @5 @ J  ] 3/,6 %  "#. Kl6
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V+6 a  n D + WD _6  5DU U: i)` F,D Po : . q n
8 +36 38 n  2+2  F, K  6 i)l# N35 :  /D  5 Y
+ 6 i5 %# B 5 . "# 5@ M3L a K, @ J  + %# B 5
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8 V+6 n ,# 9,% _K @[_ )  K NL ?D : i)l  
NL ) M2@ A2D , ) + . U2
CD , K6 lD V: J W: < 5KD  NL C i)l  L) N# :
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 > L  W1K3 % i)` K 9D %    0.3 J6 [10] 0.6
|+ WD oDb J@ K< %  W 5DU oL K,    :

- 12 -

) r = ro ( 1 + Ku

)(11.2
V+6 5DU 6 k @ F, u ) .
55: 3.2.2 %

9 WD %  65 i# oDb J@ "# +S J j, S 34 +S J QI,

 < [#  JIS W NL i#I@  "2  < 93  " % NL M5] W
D 5 : J @ N W JQI< M5 % J M ` M2DQI . 6b
|`D (4.2) /n/.q q @. F ID N % . "#
8,  Nq J /./.q  .  6 ?L JQ . %@ 9 ?L
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4.2
/.q q F I N % N[K N Q ?L D D  %2  6 , `| NL
. (5.2) /n

- 13 -

JQ  6 9U2 N ? L .  " 8  /. v#I :5.2 /.

MB  I  +3 N# :  53 /n   +,# #lLq /n
  [ 5S26 lD o#KD DQ : M3 JQ  6 ?L n6 o#KD  NL D12
:  K, oL  D + WD B 5  :  :S  K
Ab =

[L(D

+ Di ) + 0.5 ( Do - Di )

(12.2)

K[8 N# N<I [ 8  F,D Di Do %  55: b J@ 5KD L V+6

N  #@ %
/ :  :S ( 6.2 /.) +,   %  /. J /. ,K J/,D
:     K, oL
(13.2)
Ab = { Lo ( Do + Di ) + Lc/4 [ 3 Do - 1/2 ( Di - Do ) ] + 1/4 [1/4 ( Do + Di ) + Do - 2Di ] }

- 14 -

 (6.2) /. /n K,  @ ,KSD + NL .

K,  ) J/,D oDb J@ ,,K K,  )+# (11.2 @ :S # :
: Ab(t) N1+#
)(15.2

V+6 F,D t : 6 2 JQ D : .

J, M3 W9, 8  K,  J@ 5K : N F,  D ML 6 D :
 5 Q /n6S #@ J   :S % ."#
 5K > @ LY i)` J : . ?L  D N +, 2 , . 8:
LF % p LF 55+ 5KD g Q `L 5F . ,9,88: NL
86[ ,9L q  J :2 D12 5DU J/ LF 55+ J #86 % LF %.
LF % 5S26 [5 N F, j,/ S QI, ,6 LF ,V+6 J#I J

3 LF 5 .KNO = 2.11 g / cm :

LF .Sucrose = 1.58 g / cm :/S
3

- 15 -

:    K, oDb J@ i#I# #/  LF/  % J/,D M3L

1/p = fo /o +

ff /f = 1.888 g / cm3

(16.2)

5S3 3 N  #@ N#/ i#I J QI,  5S3 Sj,  5S3 F, ff fo V+6
NL 5 5S26 K LF N[K 5S2  3 L N88: % NL QI, / Sj,  5S2 35/65
. N F % NL B,

- 16 -

  D13 :3 U2+ )(Nozzle Theory

8L  #+   N@ S  8L ) D [)l2,:q D K5 2
 N88: oL  J6   N F  oL +D % N88+ @ #B ]2 ] 5#
2 > NL 6  . 8:
 W9  8L )L 5@ D +   D +K K6 <  LK NL
 HB  : N
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* [.%
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 K,  ,KS  NL"  )6 + b @ % Y
 Y CD ) H#8 K6 K % |[ 3n J@ U2 
`[ I ) S )  J,S Y J 96 S : Y
.ML W/+
1.3

 oL U2+

]  : v  NL oL N@ S M2 [83 I ` K 8 K`# K<,

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K  [ x J[83 J6  oL  5S2 6 % V+6 y  H%2 [ % jD #  H%2
[ % +   #@ [K /n  : N
)(3.1
) hx hy = ( vy - vx ) = Cp ( Tx-Ty
#@ F, T,v,h V+6  N  J + ) 2/ (5 F3 @S< +.
< + D + WD To K J  [ %  :
To = T + v / 2Cp
)(3.2
+ 5S2 6 L  oL  L/   :
 / oL K,   :
)(3.3
/ @ U NL  )  NL ,
K,  :
)(4.3

- 17 -

) a = ( k r t

 V+6 6 r ) . @  +D @ % ,S% oDb J @  @ #@ oL 

K`,
M = v / a
)(5.3
 J K, ) (3.2) (4.3 ) D + J/,D (5.3 J6 %K< + @  : N#D ,
)(6.3

To / T = (1 + ( k-1 ) /2) M

 J 38 /2D # N3F +Y Q, J/,D D  +6 M ]IoL

K  :
)(7.3
 J U2K J   +
@   #@ |5 n: #

L P = RT i)` J6 %K 8 LF/

)(8.3

)(9.3
,K K, ) (6.3 ) (8.3) LK J J/, (9.3 I ) (,P, T
U  N8L  @  < ?, 8  . #KK J  [oL  5S2 6 %
: ) D + J/,D (3.1 + 8 # : N#D ,
)(10.3

ho = h + v / 2

 J :2 L BDQ  ,/ + 5 F3   M88+ "UD W

 jb5  oL  DY /S . 1: J/,D  HB 8)( Po, , To
6 [5 + 2/  J 5 F3 + ]I K  ` K J 91D
   ]  J HBI: V: J 6 N U,  . N8L
/ K   oL ) : N#D ,
* A* v* = cnt

)(11.3

- 18 -

Av

 V+6 :S J@ 5K A U2+ @ J@ 5K v ,  oL *

 K F, 1

<+ @ 2 ). K 6  L @ N2KD ].

 J   J K, ) (4.3 ) (6.3 ) (9.3 )(11.3
K 5K J/,D :S, U2+ @  6 D 

 J N#< /n6 |lD (1.3) /n  K8  + U2: :S  D ]) [% 9#
@ [ 96 6#  ] _+ @ J  oL  ?DS  @ L ] .
)  K 2  5@ oL U2+ j  6 +` AB3[  W NL N35
. (2.3) /n

 J K,  )(1.3 ) J/,D (10.3UD K  @  5@ oL U2+ Ve: N#D ,

- 19 -

 hx : V+6 5K vx @ #  #@ N ,/ + 5 F3 @S NL K`,

U2+ .   o5[# + ] %K NL 1  F, ) #  F .
J/,D ,@ ] Y oDb J@ %K K, 6 3K ) (2.8 )(3.3 )(3.1

] v  LY J6 oL : V:) ,  8  J , < (2

I U2+.
 J K,  :D @ I + D8 @ K 2 `)2 Po/Pe iNL N
) , @ +D  2 b )  U   J 9.

- 20 -

  J6 "2 U2+ J6  ,% 2@ 8L  8[2 J/,D Px i)l  M2@ 5K%K
 J6 "2 i)l k K, > ,K6 K, )(3.3 ) (9.3 )(6.3 ) (4.3
) (14.3: N#D ,

 :S D + J J/, 93q ,9 < 5K I /D  2@ Ao `) i I i)l L/

1 5 Y) Pa i+,. (,b   KD n6 q NB 5  - ?2    W
 96 8: MU K + @ # % 5 % J J/, ?L 9 ) L Ae/A* :
KD S2 ? . N F,
K 2.3 < 
  v#I A KD K, NL ,/+, U D + NL #,KS, 8< 3 %
]+, "#   >  |+ ) NL  +, ,2 J [S5, +,
2     F D8 .88:
1.2.3 ?L
% +, F ?L ]  J/,D  9#@ 5K oL K,   /  :
F = P dA = m ve + ( Pe - Pa) Ae

)(16.3

+q  J K,  F,D  5K  N`D 8 N#/ i)l 85[, LY :
U2+ (3.3) /. K F,D m  oL N#/ @ F, Vo I ) .
 + 6 ,SD N3F KL i)l S N ] U2+ 5S2 6  K ?  K
 + . "2
 J/,D M2 6 K,  86S: N#D ,
)(17.3
F = * V* A* Ve + ( Pe Pa ) Ae
- 21 -

:N  N`D  /n  #@ +# (4.3) ( 9.3)( 14.3) ,K6  )J/,D

: ? b /n6 52 KL 8 `| D 

.A* U2+  :S -1
.Po :  U: i)` -2
.Po/Pe U2+  5@ i)l K -3
.k ]I  + K -4
.KL i)l  % -5

?L  K 2.2.3
:S i)l 8 #@ ?L  % 8 ,S% b J@  D + WD Cf 8  K
:N#D , U2+
C f = F / P o A*
(19.3)

- 22 -

 WIl D + J J/,D 8 J@ U2  , )  U2+ 8, 6% ? 3

 , ) @S #  :S U2+ .i8L J %[3 K,  )K 5K J/,D (18.3
?L oL K,   :

K / `) J/,D Pe/Po _6 iUD ,8 oDb J@ Cf D8< 8.  :N

 J/,D M2 8  K D ?L  M,% D8 S K6 `) i U2+ ?

i)l U Pe = Pa / n U2+#  29 .52
K,  ) IS (19.3 @ 8, K ,% 3 ?L ? 5DU 9#@ +, ,8
I6 D13 6S+, K,  ). (20.3
Q, 3.2.3 @ 3 )
 + @ 3 ) S: oDb J@ CV K,  /D V+6 CV = c/Cf : c
 K @S  N#K oL K,  :
)(21.3
@ 3 5K J/,D   HB )  LY : > ,K6 
 J K, (19.3) 86S ) (21.3 ).(4.3
)(22.3

@ ,% 3  /n8+ %# ?L LY  2 : J@ #8S N

 HB U2+ .   92 KUD8 # v#I, 33 %.
J, M3 W9, .  CV ~ To / M M3 . R = R / M
  J5D/  2@ M3 @ ,% 3 @  / % < + . lI2 To
- 23 -

 < + v#I NL j %  K<Q +, )# .5 /n6 `K,

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U2+  M6  3  _+ %: %.
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 .N3 9 5 JS+SD DQ @ NL 3 @ ,% OI oDb J 
3/, N , % @ M DQ NL + 8 . To  oDb J@ o8+D
,K % J N2Y :2 +.D
J/,D@5 @ 3  +# (n R T ) QL %6 ]I . ?L SD NL M2
 @ D + 3  % oDb J@ 5I  6 I 6 WU+  28 #528 8#),
).(15
4.2.3 O52
O52 O52 I N#/ @5 @% 5K J ?L  #/ : : t JQ
)(23.3
 :S, NL [[I, 5,   6 N 8 KL ) t JQ(4.3 :

 O52 I  V: J oL [ , : 6 ]I +,# 5S2 6 tb N

 9 :  K ,  N3 +, ) L % ?L  N : B
, I L/ ) U: J 85, : . J@ 5KD O52 NL N#/
5K 6  +  N`D  :N
)(24.3

- 24 -

: `D   K, 6 lD 92@ 5K J/,D JQ  6 F, V+6

:  U: WU: F,D M3L Vo  : K, N K J@ n 5KD

 .  N ]+  <,% D + NL #,KS,  K W J I O52
oL :  #:  # N#/ H%2  ,% J #+,  KL 8 J@ 5@
:    K,
Isp = F/w = c/g

(25.3)

@N/D M2. N#/ H%2  % "K J "#  %  +,# 5S2 6

Isp = I/t
:  K, oL I O52 D +6
J  " J %[3 M6S: J/,D JK + " #] % N F,  I O52
:  K,  #@ +# (14.3) ( 25.3)  K,

(26.3)

J psia 14.7 ,% C Pe psia 1000 ,% C Po L 38 <96

 5% J D[ W I O52 D + 5DU v3 8Db iS6 L M#@ K,
(17) (Free B.A and Sarner .S.f) J
. B, NL 5  3 J6 ,+ [ 5S3 ?
WD N88+ O52 " #  %  %b lD + CV 3   @ .d?
J6 %K  86 M  .d_ , , /S 5  #528  28 ,K oDb J@  D +
: N  N`D  5K oL / 3  @ I O52
(27.3)

Isp = (CV Cf) / g

.U+ i)` 5.2.3

"#  %  +D @J@ 5@ N9L 5#  +, 6 ]I  :  U+ 5S2 6
# K /D V+6 %  :S #@ W :  #,@ N @ i)` ,+ #@ %

- 25 -

 ) S U2  # , % D %+, / 2Y A #B Y i8L D

NL 5#] Y +  F, oL K,    :
mg = p Ab r

)(28.3

/D V+6 K m  oL ) , :S Ab : K r  H%2 N:S,

) :( 5S3  JDQI )  LY : /D oL K,    :
dms/dt = (d/dt) * oo

)(29.3

J@ 5K o V+6 LF/ )# 1+# A2 J@ 5K o WU+ L) N1+# : .
,K  J K,  J K J@ 5K  oL ) @ 5 U2+  K J@ 5K
:j , LY i)` J@ 5K
: : N#D ,
)(30.3

Po i)l 5S2 6 % J J6 ?L `|  :S :  6 85 lD

 : . K5b i)l J/,D L)# N1+# 26 M2@ 5KD  5K  N`D o6S
/ Ab ,8 :S J@ 5K : N1+# )   ,8 : o#KD JQ
K,6 i8L : /n N 29q %# N . "#
+,# 5S2 6  : <Q ) ( 3 J % /D N  9L  :8
L o5[ , K,  )S+ (30.3 v3 ,6   V# ?L . N#/ QKD  C
  K. 5S3 {[5  > LY : / 9 6 {# 5  > L #:,
/ i)l# B 5 @ #<  J  8K _, %b J 9  J
) V: Von Karman and Malina (19 5K ?`6 % ,93 ,8 N`D  6 i)l
JQ:N#D ,
)(31.3
V+6 J@ 5K P i)l  N1+# t JQ .85S  D + WD @
.5 D93 K6 :  LY 85 : )6 {# )l, / K  i)l2
 6 JQ :N
)(32.3

- 26 -

++ 6.2.3 b  oL
  + oL # 86S U2+ K U  , 8L ,5@ N @J
Y  V+6 . H   < 5K  +  : NL 8% K3  ] 5#  #B2
 oL ) @ 5 U2+ . 2 J/ ) J  : NL< V+6. < jD
< HB #@ 5#  V+6 ,# WU: +, ])  C 5
V:<   (Gilbert, Allport, Dunlop) (21) J+,# 5S2 6 M3 5/  N
9% 10 KL 6/ 3 5S3 O52 I )] KBl  +,# 5S2 6 N
9% KL6 100 J %/ 3 5S3 O52 I 8,  . ,9 q , 8 KL
NL +  "U< ++ `bq D  oL ) +# @ #@ #
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6 1 : 1: 3Q#/3 S 0.454. e#
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8L % ?L2 : :J55S ?<D
( H83 ?DS WD  2@ @S ,SU  5@ 5# U2+ 26 S
,SU ). D
( H83 + @/  2 : ,SU : 26 5# ,SU )D
.96 [+,  9 "5S q 3 NL83 O52 I 5 Y V+6
 D : ,SU / 5# : 3 #@ 5D8 ,SU )(22)D
"U ..d / NL M ,SU  5#K N  / )
) : |5 V+6 (28.3
r

)(33.3

p Ab

) mg = ( 1-X

/D V+6 K x  # ,  5# 8, L D+ W U2 K,   K   :

8 I i)l 6 U: : : N#D ,
)(34.3

V+6 `) i U+  W K 6

- 27 -

5@ D K WD M2 O52 I 96 S:  N@ J6 ,SU  5#

,SU ): D
)(35.3
F,D V+6 K  _6 i .
 < ?, ,SU D 9L / S V: J D S J/,D M3L J@ 5K
> oL K,  : `D
)(36.6

 J< ] C# N88: v  , M ,SU @ #] D  LK "#[D

 HB + + 8 ,SU 96 ] v @ ,8 N`D ,SU
Vs: Ts 9 < ?, : #,K  , 8L J, M3 J/,,8. + B92
 D + C . B92
NL ,2 q D / ,SU ]) / V+6 WU+ Ts Tg
Vs vg /D  5K  @ J@ N`D [ ) ,SU# : N#D ,

)(37.3

V+6

K F,D Cs V+6 + , 6 ]I  . 5#  1: "U  K,  J/,D

+  /n @ NL 5K, K,  )/D V+6 (14.3 ,S< x = 0  K2
 5K I 8 6 J/,D KL +D  /n  : N
)(38.3

- 28 -

 1: "U   K,  J/,D  /n @ NL K, 

)/ V+6 (18.3 x = 0
 K J@ 5K WD ?L 26 M%8. [+# 8D @ #  5K : N`D
)(39.3

% K QD ?L ? < ,SU ,S< ? 995n WD N ) i8L

K,   J@ 5K DQ % K NL NL 75 5S26 ?L NL B,% N F ?L
@/D  2 . x = 0.45

 NL  + ,2 ,SU# N3F ,SU  9@ 9L 85 N :J6 9

 N2KD ,SU  WU+6 Q, 5S3 5 + : [6 8 ]) .
5K  `D K,6 ]I U 9S3 93L NL #,KS, ,2 + o6S
9:6 . 2  oL ) <6 CD ,SU  . 5#  O52 I
V: J H%2D ,8 J K,  ): msvs << mgvg V+6 (36.3
Isp = (1/g) (1-x) vg

)(40.3
,% #@ "  /n6 jD (1-x) K, O52 I .

8< _D J D K+6q @ v#I #b #:,  8L _26 3 U2+ M

@ #@ C % ,SU v#I ? 8L , ) ) (23 _26 , > WU: ,SU
 K J@ #8S 9KD +,   J5D  HB ,SU % 6 8#K
. (24) i8L "#

- 29 -

2  C 8D J@ , C 86S   , M ,SU |[ #@ #BS
U2+ 3 91 9:S H#8 2KL ,  J |[ #@ 3nI U2+# N# N  6
DQ ,% NL /:   ,% J H82D O52 I .
  8  n%2 W  C  " S< ,SU  5# NL 6S+,
 K + + .

++ 7.2.3 U2+ . N88+

  + 86S JK6 C _3 @5  ^D  F, ,2< < Y N
K5[6 + V+6.  + F,  F, : % U  J/,D N + @9#
 U 88+  H#8 93L K% J @,U oL K, #@ 96S: WD V+6
S U2+ ,K6 K . #I
<2+# 5S2 6 I, 9U,# |+ K "#[ N9L b + @S D
) N J@ U2  NL K8 D U2+ +, v3 F, V+6) 2 ,8 6
Q . (D  D + WD K,: N#D ,
= ( 1+ cos ) / 2

)(41.3

_, ,.d L M U2+ J@ v#ID N88+ U2+ 13 N F, < /:
 + + D  )  8L ) , ) DQ ) J ,
U2: Q  ( K ,SU , D ), D + WD @oDb J
 K + [ N% I U2+ 6  @5 @ 5S3 J [ % +  :
 oL ), U2+# N88+ 5S3 [ % +  :  oL , ),
U2+# N F, Q,  26 ). U2: NK%
WD  M2@ 5K oL )  `D   :
e = veo / vei
)(42.3
K, i J@ 5K a +  F,  K% 88+  KL J@ 5K e
+ [. N%
K, 5S2 6  |+ I D + J/,D v @S 6  U .e ,8# NK6
 ,% N  0.85 J6 U 5S2 6 0.98 +,  ,% 3  J6
W% O52 I N F, W% O52 I .N88+
  K  |+ I V2 ) 5S3 9L d  #  oL )  U2:
N88:  Y oL  #  U2:  N F  2 ?`I ). U2: N88:
 5K 9 N`D K, /D N++ : N#D ,
- 30 -

d = ma / mi = ma C / F

)(43.3

 /  5 Y ,8 J 5 ,8 D12  oL /D N88+ J 5  oL N F,

5  :
(  )# N , @  QD D2 ,  J U2+   jD  
. MLF
(  82 +  < U2+ ]  8[2 U2+   jD  I3
< : ) N  6 .MLF
( + ]I  HB ) q ) @ o#KD  2U2+6 q N88:
  jD    K . V2
( : ) jD /  ?L LF ) .U2
 K,  /. #@ 91, ++I3 @S # % ?L 8 88+3
? % ?L  F,/ ]) 9  `D: N#D ,
Fa = v d Fi
)(44.3
)(45.3
*Fa = v d Cfi Poe A

- 31 -

   28 :?6 "DU

1.4 +,
 M#  W +,# N[[I `,    ) ( 1.4: /. <D , W`NL
]6 NL F (E) o+#,

U2+ K :, I /. Nb  D 12< ) v3 Q(D

@ ?2D.  L K[% J /, D K6  52 9b WD : 6[
I K NL /3/, +# KBn @U2: # "S:K6q Y,
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- 32 -

 U2+  J  6 M5F WD ,[  " Q#: 9 N3 S/3 e#6   : NL i)l
 LY : 10 J D /6 j % [)` ,% N  U3 +,
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/. 5KD U2+# N 29 NL ,:  #@ C , D , , D J/,D  K
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 NL ? /n6 9n%2 (26) o+#, ) J (27   @ # : 2 89 6
[ 8D K 2+2 K6 _,    29 5K/ /n I<U2+# N ).(28
U2+# 5S2 6 NL 1 , D /S<# U  oDb J@ M@2] WD b
+ 6 9L W/+ . 8, U2: ?2 NL ,K,L   #  I<
U2+  "K/ MS3 2@ ,K, U2+ I, .Nb , v3 D  8 K8 30
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@/ 2 K  D:N#D ,
)(1.4
)(2.4

) . 8[2,( cm
) . 8[2,( cm

K. R F,D V+6   : #@ 8[2.

- 33 -

R = 1.748 - 0.762 x + 0.226 x

R = 0.461 + 0.201 x - 0.037 x

 _, ,.d  ?2 WD M U2+  J , K[% J  M#8] WD ,  <
S #@ K2 < ?, ob2,  # 8[2, U2+   # I< WD ,
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3.4@ % .?L
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 @ : #  + ,SU  D/S +#,  ]) J/, WU: >
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 400 m J  /) 600 m .(1m = 10 exp (-6) m .
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5 
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 5 @ #, @d  J J , 2 /S oL 5S2 K,35/65 L
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 @ #,  JIS #@ ,K N9L 9 i#I @ L : 190 J6 200
< S# JS+SD ?`D @ @ JIS ##, NB69 V+6 _DQ 6
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+ J K,<  . " % .5 i#I +D oD: _3
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- 34 -

) < 93 180< ( ,S< ? + 2 ) 92, ) 441 2@ 92

< ( / " Q ,D  ] / @ #,  JIS >D+# 5:
6 ,S,[   5n 8#K  J /#S  +D  i#I +S, 
Q i# J/,D /. ID .ML "D " %
 NL "D W[ /n6 . 52 3  J) "l%  D W JS:q /D  J 
/ 6 v#), D v W+n6 J  ( J/ i JUK Q# : 8 % : "8
[D N < , 53 : 45 N 8%  N 5 L M  "+SD W M5# ,K
 J[ M ISD  J [ 3 /3 " % #@ 2#: % ,D O6  ]
 "8[  b M%ID N M3 % U W "# 8  V: J  K6q
LF/ K6 NL +D@ W/+ N/6Yd J@ K6 S: M3q 6b <
6b# @  < #@ /n <Q 85b M53  @` 9# [Y
 [ +3 ,2 85  ?   _%  ,K | ] Y |5D .
"S3 ) 4.4 j, S QI,.
8< _D J D K U 96   D +  C ) S #@  +, "S3
j, S  QI, @ . # ?L  9U2D N +, W 8@ @ 5l%  J %
 J (W 10 x 1.5 {L J) "#<   K : .
5.45  K :
 J< %  K :   _+ i)l U + K W D< D K
 J 8 j "S26QI / S 5l86 #I  J % K6q6 "# , @
"2 V+6 ,@ /n6 _5F 6 W#K W[ J#I J8[2 NL "2 W#%
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: LS,  WD WI @ : @ ,S% oDb J F 6 _%#@ N3
LS, .,2S 6

- 35 -

 6.4 5 +,# N3/S

+ 6U ) J (3.4 /.< + @ # Q,, n [I 8 ?L
,:  26 NL /  l2 / 2 % @ US # 8 @ oDb J 9
+6 6[   8 % N . ?L . `) i U+ +
`) i U . W% 2 . ?L  D N +,.

: 3.4 /. 5 +, N3/S .

- 36 -

26 1.6.4  l2 5 .N3/S

26 WD  l2 / 5 5l86 N3/S  J D +  "#  J H#ID :
2+3  J N J/,, 9D 5D D + [,  C _+ 8 +, KL 
J/ 8#[ YS N[KD / l2,  #8   WD V+6@ J53U
 6   . % % J/,D 9)#5D +,  _+  1.1 NJ3#
: 110 NY# l2, L N  6 "UD / % @% ,+ # .5
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) 2 (4.4 /. 5 +, N3/S  ."#

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- 37 -

 b 5@ 6U# + @Q 3 #@ J< + V: 8 ,K D J@ U2
+,  2+3 @S # #K . 2+3 n6 %@ 9 .?L
)6 + @ < US #S: JS+SD / K`  . US .  . K
8 @S # :  D+ D + W NB69/  2 2+36 6U % W 0.635
D+ J/,D K` Q,< "S: 8 12,  J +,.
 LS 2+3 K# 5S2 6 y` Q,< K, 6 [K   `D  :
) (3.4

y = (F L) / 192 E I

F F, V+6 8 ) e3D 6 E (?L ,6 ]I 3 K` Q@ I % K`
b L K` .
K 5S2 6`  #[S  d >, @ J/,D M3L b@  6 K,  86S: N#D ,
y = (F L) / 16 E b d

)(4.4

2+3  "K/ ? "2 [ @ # K  ? S/@ "2 >,S `|

M3q ,#  >, K` . _#% 2+3 @% i#S 2  .  N[KD3/
 K` "S: 52, 8 .9% ?%,
D92 #S + % q`.5 _K  _+ K`  S/3   D+ 8
  : NL  _32 % B S/ % K% Y +, )(5.4 /. 13
LS, 2+3 S LS 3  D+  IS N [2% % 9U /n N /,
12 N 58 [K, B69/ , `| ) NL ((6.4) /n

- 38 -

2 ] HID ,L 8% +,# B69/ / NL N3 ( F )o+#, 

@5 @+ J  J 12  N96n  12 @ J N,% _D6 8 2% ?6
@S6).    581 NL 3F % 93 @ J+ # [K,  1.78
 3 N# [K,  NL US +  J< . D K6 U K

- 39 -

13 Q : J@ U2 +, K` W M3L 3,  NL / I  ,I

 % "2 Q ) Y W 9L I <9  J iS6 N/
 JD/ ) W, ( 7.4 :/n

/D 9L ,@ J K 6 D` 9< J 3, 5/,6 D [ J 3 9U
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ol 2 ,6  :S )] q 8 :S ? 3 L 5/, 3 [6d
+D : NL 5/, / J@ A2 :S _DQ 2 J/,D  5@ 9L W/+
 6d . ,
_DQ #,KS, 2 J N DQ K. D

- 40 -

 2.6.4 DK,.
DK  l2 5 5@ W N3/S I J @,U o#K WD / NL ,#K,
: 9D93  9  #,K  I J6 %K 8 J 85[, +, . J6
2+3   MD 5 K` 3, .  NB69/ S #@ US, +,
/ N3 ,9 #,@ N , .:
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 . i )13 ( 8.4: /n

8 F J [#S, K` #@ 3,  ) 6 92@ 5KD  `D  :

)(5.4

F = (L2 /L1) (Wa/2) + W

,U w V+6 #/ D93 NL 8#K,  Wa  J: NL

Wa L2 @ @,U L1  HI 6  J/,D , 6 ) 86S:N#D ,
)(6.4
F = C1 W + C2
C1 = L2/L1 V+6 . C2=C1Wa/2
 #,@ W DK, @ @ o#K oDb J   D93 NL ,#K   8D [2% #@ i)l 6
9U NB69/   N[K NQ NB69 M .b ?  8 WD V+6 9#US WD
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8 .  6   [ .N/ %K 9 `D 5,   :N
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C3 V+6  @,U C4._6

F = C3 V + C4 V

- 41 -

  I
1.1.55 U2+
(1.5)J#/n )F,D (2.5 Q,,  6 ?L # [I U2+# JQ I, Nb "K/,
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KUD +,  N  I.

- 42 -

- 43 -

- 44 -

 2.1.55 +, @ 5S3 ) 2 j,/ S QI, NL %.

F,D U K W% 2.5 : O52 I) J #S#S ( Isp U @ "S3 v#I # j, S
N QI, + NL U2: I 5KD M3q Nb U2+ ,2<8 Dq Nv#I J6 3
. "S2 1: "UD , U  %< #@ _D3  ,K Y _3
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.US# #6% Y _3

- 45 -

^// 5S3
50/50
45/55
40/60
35/65
30/70
25/75

O52 I )(
49.9
93.6
100
106
106
----

U 8 2.5 AB3 35 j "S3 v#IQI/ S.

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. 30/70 5S3 2@ |L
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- 46 -

 U 8 N[KD (4.5 :/.) M# "S3 v#I J6 3 j,QI / S + / U2

: #@ 5S3 .

):(1 : To
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- 47 -

 3.1.55  K :.

AB35 @ : j "S2 5S2 6) S 91D 5.5 /n "U ,.d
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,  U U _3  _+ i)l K WD W< _+ 9B i)l N K
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@ # : J/,D  %K6 j52 @S6 i)l : J / 5S2 6 N5D8 /n6 K, a
NL ) n K,  (10.2 > @ oDb J,K AB35 +, .
 [ LK "<S 8D  _% : NL/ %  _+ "# 1 KD
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 J : 5, NL . 6.5: /n

- 48 -

@/D  2 :  J J J53U  I L  K : v@lD /D

 i)` 5K : NL Po  +:N#D ,
)(1.5

 V: J Ro F,D Ri Kn I< N  #@ N#  . N

@ 2" K,  U AB3 ? 86S :  _+ i)l U #@ |5 93L
/n  :N
)(2.5
K   : 8 #,< HI# (34.3) N[)l :   J K . a ,n,P
@/D  2 :  i)` _+ :L ,b  K : /D : N#D ,
/W 0.335 = r @/D  2  5S3SD ^/ . 35/65
,K6 NL 2+2, (5.1) /n  I 56 .  6 i)l J5D JQ @
: J/,D  /W 2.22 .

- 49 -

@ o5[ 2 K,  )L (34.3 K,  C W8   :

= 1.83 g/cm.
Ab = 280 cm.
A* = 0.6825 cm.
K = 1.283.
T = 1620 k.
Ab ,%  @ NL 10 5S26 5 J B, ,8 K, 6 6S+,  )(13.2
  J@ A3 JK6 q @5 :S,6 : . 88+
, #: K, ) (1.5 ) (2.5 ),K6 (34.3 W8 K D@  KU K,
 C W8  :
a = 0.85
n = 0.407
)Po = 10.5 Mpa. (1530 psia
@ WD  2 K, @ NL 5K  `D K,6 ]I : )V+6 (10.2
/ : C6 Po L Mpa :  K : /D r . 3/,2S 6
K 4.1.5 U
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AB2  NL U  M#  AB2<6 _D[ U2: I Nbj 5S3 S
QI . 45/65

- 50 -

  S n%2 : AB2

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<2+ 8 /D S J ,SU % @ e#5 N/  oL )   W+D
+,# 5S2 6 ) ,S< #  )] ,9 D  +  8 J  10<
DQ# b NL U2+ %@[  _% S ?L NL/ ,SU .  +D DQ,
 J  H+ 5 5% M6 q< ,#S,Q.
:2.65 +, 5S3 )6 j,QI / S
 % J/,D D + 988+D 2@ N,K % V: J N2Y , j, S
U  _5 O52 I /D J D% 65 5S2  NL 70 B,  D L
 jD 5S2   ,% NL D . O O52 I .  2@ : .D 5S2 
NL 75 B,  U3 _3 :  J .US# #6% Y 9#KUD  vKl
 OI2 > ,% O52 I @ 45/55 5S3 2 J J/ :2 ,% 85 D12 O52
I  40 J 6  NL 70 J B, j, SQKD  q   # , 5#
) 6/( < #@ 95 1:, LY :   HB Q,D 2 J N3F
 oL @/  2 @ ,  5# ,SU @ .6  ,% J H82D O52
I 8,6 ). (1-x
, ,% H83 O52 I L j 5S3L SS J/,D 30/70  > 26  oL
8[2 H+L 2KL .N,SU U2+ WD FK @ D86 #36 5  N ]5#
/ @ 6 9 55+ 5/  J , S ?2, 5, ,SU 
@S ). D
/ S J/,D 55+ : N#D ,2 @ #, : / J ,36 5
#B  : NL @ 2 9@L 3  U2+ 3 ?8D  J  55: /nL 926 ,L 5
 "K# )# 5S2 6 [5, q I % @ 5 U2+ .

- 51 -

  J   |lD o5 U, U  J/,D ID j, 55 5S3 J ,D S  70

NL .B, + NL U2 U,  oL AB2 [# D12 + .
5S2q  F  N#,KS 5% J  ^D 35/65 N % _5 9 ] J
V: + @ # |[SU2+# #q  >  V: J n, q . #,+,
N86 n3  5S2 , @ N/D 5S3 JS: 9L %  9 @d M3q,#
 % /S 6 N2Y   9@ .
3.65  K :.
 J AB35  K : J5D  S: /n6 CD q 5S2
j,QI/ S    _5F U K JS:   /D ML j,QI/ S
J 35/65 5S26 %  HID  NL "# +, ) JS+SD /  K
:  96 K  J ?L 8 KL WD > @ oDb J DQ :S NL :
. B 5
,  :S J ol U2+ % J DQD , ?L ,J/  ol @ J +
,S, jD % M6  3  J 2 N  683 % J ?L/3 NL 2[8 %
D3 V: J H82 ,/.
DQ :S NL : / B 5 /n6 "8F [8 N " %  "#oL
:/.q NL :8,  2.2.3 W , #,K oDb J@ lD b 5S3 J ?L
:S / " 8 "8F  _3  [  8K J DQ@ % . "#
K 4.6 U.
 J U 1: J/,D , 2.5 2  AB3 NL ?L S #@ D12 ,3
 oL ,SU NL ,  + 3F D N 9L / ,SU S `, vK
/ % ?L U2 NL 32 5S26 % J B,  +q  D N 9L <?,
,SU / S SD S ) . U3  L , J5  
,2  J ,% #@ W9 /n6 jD 8 . KL .  oL N,SU + N88+
 @ W ,2< , J , D 12, < @ # + ] J6 ,2<.J
"U ,.d  ] <,3 6K  oL N88+

- 52 -

  : ?6S AB2

+6q C6 ]I 6 D12 < +   W N< @ , @% #
,3 AB3< N  , oL AB2 88+ ], 6 9[ 5 8 _3
 oL AB2 D12 .6S+
 jD @ # , ,3< N  +,# 5S2 6 oL ).
,   + j D12 < % U #@ 6 85 "# ? 5S3 J
j,QI/ S J/2 @   "UD@< NL j % 9 M o#KD  K,6
:  @  35/65 5S3 85 Nj 5S3 JS:QI S .
U2+ 6 o#KD ,L L +6q  _5 I, Nb 5KD /n J JS: V: J "K/,
  9  ?2  V: J , D   K J H#8 J/,D , D  + NL K8
 W, U2+ S NL WD % NL b +,.
J/,D 5, N[I  N[KD % J6 %K ?L J JQ  n6 j52 S @S
 8   J J/,, 988+D  2 b . N88:
]
.1
.2
.3
.4

5% b  N88:  "UD<  J @,U 8  F i)l

U: : > ,K6 % `) % "2 i + @5 #  6 i)l
JQ   @ LK J J/,D :.
J/,D<  J DQ +6 96 [ K D %  ] % `)i
U+.
+   H#8/: ,SU @ W D[ oDb J U2+ .
 ,3< N  % oL + @ # lL HID  NL AB2 . ?L
K : J J/,D N6: A36 D[ J/,D , + S,  D + [82
 D8 Y 8 D @ W@ U2   > #/ D3
/9  @86 9% ?L  J ,b .

- 53 -

N6K 6 9#68D   DQ#U3 6 2K < 

Q#/3
ENGLISH
Burnrate coefficient
Acoustic velocity
area
Burning area
Analogue /digital
Adiabetic flame
temperature
Critical thraot area
Effictive exhaust
vilocity
celsius
Coefficient of thrust
Specific heat at
constant pressure
Specific heat at
constant solid (liquid)
Specific heat at
constant volume
Characteristic velocity
Grain inside (bore)
diameter
Grain outside diameter
Energy conversion
efficiency
Mass friction
thrust
Acceleration gravity
enthalpy
Enthalpy of formation
Tatal impulse
Specific impulse
Ratio specific impulse
kelvin
Grain lengh
Mass flowrate
Gas mass flowrate
Particule (solid)

Q
symbol
a
a
A
Ab
A/D
AFT

N6K
ARABIC
:  @ K
@ 
:S,
:  :S
N,%/ N96n
N# @ :

A*
c

U2+# <+  :S

#K  I @

C
Cf
Cp

S#
?L  K
_6 i)` 2@ ]I  +

Cs

"#  %# ]I  +

Cv

_6 WU: 2@ ]I  +

CV
Di

@S ]
"#  %  " 8 N#[ 8

Do
e

"# %  " 8 N<I [ 8

N%[  +  < K

f
F
g
h
Hf
I
Isp
k
K
L
m
mg
ms

H%2  #
?L
6U  S
5 F3
/  5 F3
N#/ O52
I O52
]I  + K
J#
" 8  b
#/ oL  K
)oL  K
,SU  # oL  K

- 54 -

Melting point
Mach number
Molecular weight
Burnrate exponent
newton
Oxidiser/feul
pressure
Ambient pressure
Nozzle exit pressure
Stagnation pressure
burnrate
Molar gas constant
Universal gas constant
time
burntime
temperature
Stagnation tempurature
velocity
Nozzle exit velocity
Gas velocity
Particule (solid)
velocity
Chamber volume
Particule (solid) mass
fraction
Divergence angle

m.p.
M
M
n
N
O/F
P
Pa
Pe
Po
r
R
R
t
tb
T
To
v
ve
vg
vs

93 <
@ 
N{DQU 
: K,   ,8
J3
Sj/QI
i)l
U i)l
U2+ J I i)`
i)`
: K
)#  ,  6F
)# , K  6F
JQ
: 
+
 :
@S
U2+ J I @
@ )
,SU @

Vc
X

U+ WU:
,SU J %2  #/

d
v

K8  D
 K
@S  K
K8 | + K

g
p
o

LF/
 )LF
"#  %  LF
 LF
/

Discharge coefficient
Velocity coefficient
Divergence correction
factor
density
Gas density
Propellant density
Stagnation density
micrometre

- 55 -

REFERENCES : ?<,
1. Lancaster, O.E., ed. Jet Propulsion Engines. Princiton, N.J :
Princeton University Press , 1959. Section H :
Solid Propellant Rockets , by bartley, C.E. and Mills,
M.M.,p.163 .
2. Sutton , G.P. and Ross , D.M., Rocket Propulsion Elements, 4th.
Ed ., New York : John wiley and Sons, 1976. p.47.
3. Johnson , C.A. ed ., Encyclopedia of Chemical reactions , 2nd .ed.,
New York : Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1953.
4. McKinnon , D.M., Private Communication, Organic Chemistry
Departement , University of Manitoba .1984.
5. Smith J. and Stinson, Fuels and Combustion , Maple Press,p.100.
6. Van Welen , G.J. and Sonntag , R.E., Fundamentals of Classical
Thermodynamics, 2nd.ed., New York : John Wiley
And sons, 1978. p.502.
7. Free, B.A. and Sarner, S.F., A Rapid method For Estimation of
Specific Impulse' , ARS Journal, January , 1959.
8. Gventert , E.C. and neumann, H.E. , Design of Axisymetric
Exhaust Nozzle by Method of charactersitics
Incorporating a Variable Isentropic Component,
NASA TR R-33. 1959.
9. Oliver , R.C. and Stephanov, S.E., Large or small .
ARS Journal, Oct .1961.
10. Sutton , G.P., Rocket Propulsion Elements , p.396.
11. The Merck Index Of Chemicals and Druss, 6th ed.,1952.
12. Ibid
13. Fox, R.W. and McDonald, A.T., Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, 2nd .ed., new York : John Wiley and Sons,
1978. p.490
.
14. Sutton ,G.P., Rocket Propulsion Elements ,p.36.
15. Griffin , D.N., Turner,C.F., and Angeloff, G.T., A ballistic
Bomb Method For Determination the Experimental
Perfermance of Rocket Propellants,
ARS Journal, Jan.1959.

- 56 -

16. Lancaster , O.E., ed., jet Propulsion Engines.p.578.

17. Free,B.A. and sarner, S.F., A rapid Method of Estimation fo Specific
Impulse.
18. Hill,P.G. and Peterson,C.R., Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion.
Reading Mass. : Addison- wesley publ.co. Inc. p.385.
19. Von Karman,T. and Malina, The Analogy between Fluid Friction
And Heat Transfer, Am. Soc.Mech.Engrs., 1939.
20. Lancaster,O.E., ed., Jet Propulsion Engines.p.578.
21. Gilbert ,M., Allport ,J.,and Dunlap,R.,Dynamics of Two-Phase Flow
In Rocket Nozzles, ARS Journal, Dec.1962.
22. Hill,P.G. and Petreson ,C.R., Mechanics and Thermodynamics
of Propulsion.,p.421.
23. Brown,B.,particule Velocity Lag in Metalized Propellants .
Detonation and Two-Phase Flow.N.Y. :Acadimic Press.
24. Hoglund,R.E., Recent Advences in gas-Particle Nozzle Flows
ARS Journal. May, 1962.
25. Ibid.
26. Farley ,J.M. and Cambell ,C.E., Performance of Several Method
Of Characteristics Exhaust Nozzles , NASA TN-D243
27. Guentert, E.C. and Neumann,H.E., Design of Axisymmetric Exhaust Nozzles
By Method of Characteristics Incorporating a Variable
Isenentropic Component
28.

Journal of Fliuds Engineering , March 1976.p.61

29. Kliegel,J.R. and Nickerson ,G.R., Flow of Gas-Particle Mixtures

In Axially Symmetric Nozzles, Detonation and Two Phase Flow.
N.Y. : Acadimic Press 1962.
30. Faires, V.M., Design of machine Elements , 4th ed.N.Y. : Collier
Macmillan Ltd.,1965.p.564
31. Brown, T.L. and LeMay, H.E., Chemistry : The Central Science
Englewood Cliffs,N.J. : prentice- Hall Inc ., 1977.p.102
32. Weast ,R .C. , ed .-in-chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
54 th ed. CRC Press
33. Van Wylen, G.J. and Sonntag, R .E., Fundamentals of Classical
Thermodynamics . Table A. ii

- 57 -

APPENDIX

: o+#,

:3  K, NL :  @ : < S:

C12H22O11 +6.28 KNO3 8.29 CO+ 0.56 O2 +11H2O + 3.14K2CO3 +3.14N2
: F 1 ? ,< /   K,  NL D V+6
Hr = Hp V+6

: : #@ A3 N/ 5 F3  ,8 N[KD M# U

3/,
C12H22O11
KNO3
CO
CO2
H2 O
K2CO3
N2

 +
"#]
"#]
Y
Y
Y
B
Y

5 F3  ,%

-2.222.10
-493.205
-110.529
-393.522
-241.827
-1.146.835
000

?<
[31]
[32]
[33]
[33]
[33]
[32]
----

U NL +` N9L U2  ,# 5S2 6  #@,  ,# 5S2 6   S h W%

: 5K J IS 9,% L K2CO3 2F6 , @

- 58 -

Cp = 0.0948 T + 94.25 KJ/mol-k [32] : V+6

h tr =27.633 KJ/Kmol [32]

:  jD  

h = [( 0.0474 T + 94.25 T ) - 32.296 ] + 27.633 kJ/kmol.

)  #@ +3 5  36] I  5 F3  5@ NL @ W8  ,K 2@
: 
8.29(h CO) + 0.564 (h CO2)+ 11(h H2O) + 3.14(0.0474 T + 94.25 T)
+ 3.14 (h N2)- 2.099.714 = 0
T=1681 k : : : 2@  K,   +

- 59 -

APPENDIX

o+#,

J 35/65 5S3 2@ U2+  5@ Y oL  k ]I  + K ,% D + )6

Po=10.55 MPa i)` 2@ QI, Sj,
Pe= 0.101 MPa
To= 1629 k.
:    5K  ,KS

: N#D , : #@ A3 / +#  Cp J@ 5K J/,D

. 3500 k  300 k U, NL + ] B=T/100 V+6

.)# , K  6F  F, R k=Cp/(Cp-R)  K 5K
:N#D, @ 5K | 5 W J

- 60 -

: # 6F3  5@ ,K6

2@ 96S: J/,D ]I  + .U2+  S #@ )oL   : D + J J/,3

:   ) 6 + K,  #@ + J/,D M2 Te To
Avg. Cp = ( CpTo + CpTe)/2
J J/, N  ,8  3 k Cp i6 N  5K J  D + J/,6 k K ,% 
.M# U NL `K 6#[, W8 ? ,< , Te D +
To
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620

Te
---646
588
583
583

Avg. Cp
41.97
38.05
37.76
37.74
------

Avg. k
1.247
1.280
1.282
1.283
-------

S #@ Y oL  5S2 6 k=1.283 ,% / W J  6 ,% _)#6 Te ,%  ,
.U2+

- 61 -

APPENDIX

: o+#,

. /  2@ oL  N<,2 Ve 5K  8.

NL [6 :  LY  ,SU  /  2@ U oL   5@ J/,D
U2+  S #@ 6 mg m s J  ,% / 1 _  + . %# N#/
: N#D , U2  / QK  ,U %@ o5[ oDb J@
-A dP = ms (vs+dvs) + mg (vg +dvg) msvs-mgvg

(1)

N#D , mg m s J  W% / V+6 +, [ 82 2@ :S J ?[8A / V+6

ms = sAvs

mg = gAvg

(2)
:#@ +3 J K, J? ,U 2@

-dP = svsdvs + gvgdvg

(3)

 ),SU J  5 F3 i6 J J/, oL  6 I N6F3  8   :  K

:N#D , +  %[
ms(Cs dTs + vs dvs ) + mg (cp dTg + vg dvg) =0

(4)

:N#D ,  K,   6 @ J/,D ,SU J X %2  #/  ,K 2@

X Cs dTs + (1-x) Cp dTg + X vs dvg + (1-x) vg dvg = 0

(5)

: N#D  #@ +3 (3)  K, J

#@ +3 (5)  K, NL 5K   2@

- 62 -

Vs Ts J@ 5K  % 8,  #,@  +  +  LK "#[D  K,   :

8 .(Ts=Tg) ?DS  +  + 6 5@ JK6  2@ . oL   :? ,< NL
/n  #@  K, | 5 W J + : UD J/,D .(Vs=Vg) 5 8 ,SU
:N 

: K, | 5 M2 s =P/RT,

 F  )L?

:  K, N[KD I    8  J /

V+6

m=r/([x(1-x)]Cs+Cp

Te/To = (Pe/Po)

:N#D ,( 5)  K, | 5 1  J

: V: J , Te To  6 Ve ,8 N[K N/  K,   #@ / <J/,D V+6

Cp = kR/(k-1) :

: V+6

- 63 -

APPENDIX

: o+#,

Vs=Vg Ts=Tg oL  N<,3  : NL F KL 8  5@ J J 8.

: N#D , U2+  5@ N#/ oL  K  +  NL /D

#/  #/  5@  +  NL / U2+  5@ S  : NL ,SU ? ,< /  2@

:N#D , ) oL #
m=mg+ms
ms/mg=x/1-x
: 

:N[KD  

: )oL   6 #/  #/ J@ 5K J/,D (1)  K,

: V+6
F= mve +(Pe-Pa)Ae
:N#D , 8   K 6 J/,D (c o+#, NL) ve o6S  8.  ,K 2@

- 64 -

APPENDIX

:o+#,
: + HB W,

L1 = 24.6 cm .
L2 = 18.6 cm.

L3 = 0.5 cm.
L4 = 0.65 cm.

Do = 3.795 cm.
Di = 3.495 cm.

mm.1.5 = ,- . /0 12 *

Su = 400 MPa
.- 7 9: : ,- . /0 * 
.6 0, ?: 2/1* ?: 16/3 : -* <
Su = 900 MPa
:  A
Ss = 448 MPa
:   A
.- < G  7 P ,- . CDE 
P = 2Ss(Db/Di) = 17 MPa.
.- < KA LG Db IJ
P /MJ  D G  OG  7 ,- . CDE
P = 2Su t /Di = 35 MPa.
.D  A LG Su IJ
MPa 10.55 = ,- QR D S G U  CDV

- 65 -

APPENDIX

: 


:SXY OQ Z[

:QJ J\
A
I
B
C

: 3.50
: 0.35
: 0.932
: 2.68
:12
: 6.8
: 30

E : 0.08
F : 2.2
G :1.2
H : 0.70

1 :8.28 :
 
.- :
.M[ :
 

- 66 -

APPENDIX

F :



.ZYV M OJ Y S:-<

- 67 -


3.................................................................................:
,# 4.......................................................................:W<,
 :
 5.......................................................................
+  5.........................................................
% 5..............................................................."#
U6.....................................................................
 :N3F
7.................................................D12
] % 7..................................................."#
% 8......................................................................
3/,8....................................................................
:8....................................................................
55: %13............................................................
 :V F
D13 U2+17......................................................
 oL U2+17.....................................................
K < 21...........................................
 K 22............................................................?L
Q, @ 3 ) 23..................................
24...................................................................O52
`) i U+25.........................................................
++ b  27...........................................oL
++ U2+ 30.......................................N88+
 :?6
 28 32..........................................................."DU
+,32..................................................................
HBI U2+# D91, 33............................"K/,
@ % 34.....................................................?L
) "S3 j, S QI,35.......................................
5  K :35................................................
- 68 -

 5 +,# N3/S36...........................................

26  l2 5 37......................................N3/S
DK,41.................................................................
 42................................................................ :I
5 U2+42......................................................
5  K :48..............................................
K U50.....................................................
 S:
 n%2 51.........................................................AB2
5 U2+51.......................................................
5 +, 5S3 )6 j,QI / S51....................
5  K :52...............................................
K U52.......................................................
 : ?6S
53.................................................................... AB2
]53..................................................................
< 54............................................................
,<?56...................................................................
58.................................................................A o+#,
60................................................................. Bo+#,
62..................................................................Co+#,
64..................................................................Do+#,
66.................................................................E o+#,
67..................................................................Fo+#,

- 69 -