CONTENTS 1. Technology and Efficiency .................................................................................................... 2 2. Artificial Intelligence ............................................................................................................. 7 3. Bill Gates.............................................................................................................................. 12 4. The Impact Of Computers.................................................................................................... 17 5.

Graphics & Multimedia........................................................................................................ 22 6. Types Of Computer Viruses................................................................................................. 26 7. The Current Nature Of Human Relations ............................................................................ 31 8. Programming........................................................................................................................ 36 9. Living With Computers........................................................................................................ 41 10. The New Visual Age: The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society.............. 46 11. The Information Superhighway ......................................................................................... 51 12. E-Commerce....................................................................................................................... 56 13. Hacking .............................................................................................................................. 61 14. Internet Advertisements ..................................................................................................... 65 Bibliography............................................................................................................................. 70

L1: Technology and Efficiency The market for computer products is a multi-billion dollar business where one can find a perfect balance of technology and efficiency. The huge industrial market is lead by such names as IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq. The steps that are taken to bring the computer from several small components to a desktop product are organization of the manufacturing facility, assembly of hardware, installation of software, and a test process. The production of a high quality product is important to computer buyers. Manufacturing factories produce approximately 14,000 systems weekly. Companies generally use 2 methods of computer assembly. One method involves complete unit assembly by one person, the other being group assembly where several people construct a single computer (the latter method is known as assembly line production). When assembling a computer, there are 8 to 10 major components installed including the processor speed chip, the motherboard, RAM (Random Access Memory), diskette drive, modem or network card, video card, hard drive, sound card, and CDROM. Before the components are placed into the computer, each part undergoes an extensive testing process called quality control . Quality control ensures that faulty systems are not shipped. As an initial step, prior to the assembly process, an inspection of the outer case to ensure that there are no scratches or defects. The brand name and indicator labels are put onto the computer case at this time. Next the motherboard is installed and prepared for the processor chip. The chip (which is often a Pentium chip) is attached to the motherboard along with the RAM component. Once the chip and RAM are installed, the internal speakers and sound card are placed into the case. The hard drive, disk drive and CD-ROM drive are attached to the computer chassis. All these components are then attached to the motherboard with cables so that they may communicate with each other. Power supply is then applied to the computer and other additional components such as the video card, and modem are added near a final stage of assembly. After all these components are installed to create the finished PC, the unit is thoroughly inspected to ensure that all the cables connections are in place and all other defects are fixed. Inspectors also ensure that cables are in appropriate places so that they do not touch components. The CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductorcircuitry for the memory and processor) is set up at this time. The top cover is placed onto the computer and it is shipped off for further testing. All companies differ in their testing of finished products. A common practice in most companies includes the 48-hour burn in period. After it, final diagnostic tests are completed to ensure all components are working well. If a computer is ordered with sound cards, speakers are attached to the unit and they also are tested. Mouse and keyboard components are tested manually by connecting a testing mouse and keyboard to the ports. The computer is then shipped from the manufacturing site to the distribution center. Here, additional tests are possible as computers are randomly checked and inspected. The computer is then further shipped to department or retail stores for sale to the consumer. In conclusion, the production of a computer from a number of components to a finished product is a complex procedure.() The usefulness of the computer and subsequent consumer demand for improved models will keep pressure on manufactures to build more efficient, high quality machines in future years.

A. Read the text above and find the synonyms for the following words(the words are in the same order as they appear in the text). 1. exquisite; 2. main; 3. to put into position; 4. to damage a surface; 5. wrong; 6. ending; 7. filled in; 8. buyer; 9. following; 10. bettered. B. Match the beginning of the sentences in the first column with their endings in the second one. a. the two methods of computer assembly 1. the video card, the modem are b. major components of a computer are 2. the 48-hour burn in period an initial step in quality control is 3. the complete unit assembly by one person, and the assembly line production c. additional components are 4. organization of the manufacturing facility, assembly of hardware, installation of software, and a test process 5. the processor speed chip, the d. a method of testing the finished products motherboard, RAM (Random Access is Memory), diskette drive, modem or network card, video card, hard drive, sound card, and CD-ROM. e. The steps that are taken to bring the 6. an inspection of the outer case to ensure computer from several small components that there are no scratches or defects to a desktop product are C. Are the following statements true or false? Correct any false statements and give reasons for your choice. 1. The internal speakers and sound card are placed into the case after the chip and RAM are installed. 2. Mouse and keyboard components are not tested manually. 3. The hard drive, disk drive and CD-ROM drive are attached to the computer keyboard. 4. CMOS is the short form for: complementary metal-oxide semiconductorcircuitry for the memory and processor 5. After all the components are installed to create the finished PC, the computer is shipped from the manufacturing site to the distribution center. D. What improvements are possible in the computer field? Write your own point of view in a 200 hundred word composition.

Grammar
A. Put the verbs in brackets in the present tense continuous: positive, negative, interrogative. 1. Weabout our integration in the European Community at this moment. (speak). 2. The little boy .to swim in this lake. (learn) 3. Grandmother.the children a fairy tale. (not tell) 4. television? (you/ not watching) 5. She.(not sleep) She.a cake. ( bake) 6. What song .? (the singer/sing) 7. ..in the library? (Greg/ not study) 8. Listen ! Marythe piano.(play) 9. by bus? (you/ come) 10. Whatto say? (he/try) 11. They ..about that program. (not, lie) 12. They.., hoping to find a treasure under this tree.(dig) B. Make comments on the sentences bellow. Use the present tense continuous in your sentences. Example: Mary is in the kitchen. She is cooking dinner for everybody in the house. 1. Mike is in the garage. 2. George is in the garden. 3. Meg is in the computer lab. 4. The children are in the park. 5. Mr. Smith is in his office. 6. The students are in the language lab. 7. The opera singer is on the stage. 8. Mr. Brown is in the living room; the TV set is on. 9. All the family are at table. 10. The painter is in his studio. 11. The surgeon is in the surgery room. 12. The computer worker is in front of the computer. C. Ask questions to the following. Example: The little boy is looking at a policeman. a car. Who is the little boy looking at? What The students are listening to the professors explanations. The professor is speaking to the students about a new means of communication. Father is looking for his glasses all around the house. Greg is complaining about his neighbours. The students are talking about the conference. 4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. They are looking at the photos. 7. He is looking for his gloves. 8. She is waiting for the professor. 9. They are boasting about their results. 10. He is complaining about the noise in the street. D. Change the following statements by using the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes. Example: Shes working on a new project and so is his colleague. (neither) Shes not working on a new project and neither is her colleague. 1. Mary is helping the builders and so is her mother. (too). 2. The boys arent staying still and neither are the girls. (so) 3. The tourists are taking some photos and so is the guide. (but) 4. Shes feeling worse today and her sister is, too.(neither) 5. Paul isnt making mistakes and neither am I. (either) 6. Im searching for some information on this site and she is, too. (neither) 7. Jimmy isnt digging in the garden right now and neither is his sister. (too) 8. Bob isnt drinking his coffee and Doris isnt either. (but). 9. Mrs. Brown is carrying a suitcase and so is her husband. (either) 10. Mr. Simpson is working in the garage and his son is, too. (so) 11. Dr. White is taking care of the patient and so is the nurse. (either) 12. No man in this room is doing the right job, but all the women are. (so) E. Add tag questions to the following sentences: Example: You arent practising a new technique, are you? 1. They arent skating now, ..? 2. Diana is wearing a pair of new earrings today..? 3. You arent buying sweets,? 4. The new student is trying hard,..? 5. Your brother is studying French,.? 6. The Germans are discussing about the price of the building,..? 7. Your friend is waiting for you,? 8. Theyre going to the meeting today,? 9. He isnt repairing the car today,.? 10. My cousin is studying for the exam,..? E. Imagine you are in a computer house. Tell what the people around you are doing, using present tense continuous as much as possible.

Vocabulary
1. Replace the phrases in italics with suitable expressions from the list bellow: at cross purposes at short notice at least at least at the expense at all times at random at the last moment at a glance at the last moment at any moment at any rate at a loss at a loss 1. The child was rescued a moment before it was too late. 2. The show closed because it was running without making a profit. 3. They were speaking about different things but didnt realize it. 4. Its impossible to get tickets for such a popular show without previous warningyou need to book no less than six months in advance. 5. She was working much too hard causing harm to her health. 6. When abroad, its advisable to carry your passport constantly. 7. The winners are selected without any plan by a computer. 8. I could tell by taking one quick look that there have been a mistake. 9. Im sure that our friends will arrive very soon- anyway I hope so. 10. It was a difficult problem and I was uncertain what to do. 2. Phrasal verbs with get get away- escape get on- 1.make progress; 2.be friendly get on with- 1.have a good relationship with; 2.continue with get over- recover from get through- 1.make contact; 2.manage to finish get together- meet socially get up- rise from bed Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with get. 1. What time did he this morning? 2. She was delighted to meet you. She said you must..again soon. 3. Hes dialled her number, but he cant .. 4. George adores his wife, but cannot ..his mother-in-law. 5. The bank robbers managed to ..with 75,000 $. 6. Were still trying to that tragedy. 7. He took the car for a test drive to see how he.. 3. Adjectives or adverbs? Choose the right word that fits in: 1- She entered a (bright/brightly) lit room. 2- The traffic is moving very (slow/slowly) ahead of us. 3- Her apple pie always looks (good/well) and tastes delicious. 4- There was a (fresh/freshly) fall of snow during the day. 5- I was (scarce/scarcely) able to move my leg after the accident. 6- The (easiest/easily) thing is for us to take the plane home. 7- In some towns you don't feel (safe/safely) going out alone at night.

L2: Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point. The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic. Early attempts at AI were neural networks modelled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. In order to tell that AI is present we must be able to measure the intelligence being used. For a relative scale of reference, large supercomputers can only create a brain the size of a fly. It is surprising what a computer can do with that intelligence once it has been put to work. Almost any scientific, business, or financial profession can benefit greatly from AI. The ability of the computer to analyze variables provides a great advantage to these fields. There are many ways that AI can be used to solve a problem. Virtually all of these methods require special hardware and software to use them. Unfortunately, that makes AI systems expensive. Many new AI systems now give a special edge that is needed to beat the competition. Created by Lotfi Zadeh almost thirty years ago, fuzzy logic is a mathematical system that deals with imprecise descriptions, such as new, nice, or large This concept was also inspired from biological roots. The inherent vagueness in everyday life motivates fuzzy logic systems. In contrast to the usual yes and no answers, this type of system can distinguish the shades in-between. Fuzzy logic's structure allows it to easily rate any input and decide upon the importance. Moreover, fuzzy logic lends itself to multiple operations at once. Fuzzy logic's ability to do multiple operations allows it to be integrated into neural networks. Two very powerful intelligent structures make for an extremely useful product. This integration takes the pros of fuzzy logic and neural networks and eliminates the cons of both systems. This new system is a now a neural network with the ability to learn using fuzzy logic instead of hard concrete facts. Allowing a more fuzzy input to be used in the neural network instead of being passed up will greatly decrease the learning time of such a network. Another promising arena of AI is chaos engineering. The chaos theory is the cutting-edge mathematical discipline aimed at making sense of the ineffable and finding order among seemingly random events. Chaologists are experimenting with Wall Street where they are hardly receiving a warm welcome. Nevertheless, chaos engineering has already proven itself and will be present for the foreseeable future. Making recommendations on which AI systems work the best almost requires AI itself. However, there is something that can be said about this. On the one hand, neural networks require massive amounts of computing resources that restrict their use to those who can afford it. On the other hand, fuzzy logic is practically a win-win situation. Although some are rather simple, these systems perform their duties quickly and accurately without expensive equipment. They can easily replace many mundane tasks that other computer systems would have trouble with. The chaos theory has potential for 7

handling an infinite amount of variables. This gives it the ability to be a huge success in the financial world. While the expert systems, knowledge-based systems, and cased-based reasoning systems are here to stay for a long time. They provide an efficient, easy to use program that yields results that no one can argue with. Designed correctly, they are can be easily updated and modernized. While the massive surge into the information age has ushered some old practices out of style, the better ones have taken over with great success. The rate of advancement may seem fast to the average person, but the technology is being put to good use and is not out of control.

A. Read the text and find the synonyms for the following. The words are in the same order as those that appear in the text. 1. unnatural; 2. capacity; 3. finally; 4. mainly; 5. the lowest; 6. obtained; 7. disorder; 8. before mentioned; 9. unhappily; 10. dear; 11. necessary; 12. actually B. Are the following statements true or false? Correct any false statements and give reasons for your choice. 1. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer cased-based reasoning systems. 2. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1965 by a group of scientists 3. AI is achieved by using design structures like: neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. 4. The fuzzy "logic is a theoretical system used in mathematics, computing and philosophy to deal with statements which are neither true nor false. 5. The chaos theory is aimed at making sense of the ineffable and at finding order among seemingly random events. 6. Neural networks can be afforded by anyone. 7. Fuzzy logic can easily replace many mundane tasks that other computer systems would have trouble with. 8. The chaos theory cant be of a huge success in the financial world. 9. The expert systems, knowledge-based systems, and cased-based reasoning systems provide an inefficient, difficult to use program.

C. Write your point of view on the following two issues. Use about 300 words to sustain it. a. Computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point; b. The technology is being put to good use and is not out of control.

Grammar
A. Answer the following questions using the present tense simple to express habitual actions. Add the adverb in brackets to your answers. Example: How do you get to college? I always go to college by trolleybus. 1. What time do you go to college? (USUALLY) 2. Which piece of music do you enjoy listening to? (SELDOM) 3. When do you go to the theatre? (SOMETIMES) 4. Do you work late at night? (GENERALLY) 5. What kind of books do you read? (OCCASIONALLY) 6. Who do you study with? (OFTEN) 7. Do you sleep in the afternoon? (NEVER) 8. Where do you spend your weekend?(RARELY) 9. Where do you go during your winter holiday? (SELDOM) 10. Do you help your parents with the housework. (OFTEN) 11. Where do you meet your friends? (FREQUENTLY) B. Make sentences of your own to express chains of short actions. Example: Mary is sitting at her desk.(bell/ring, go, open) Mary is sitting at her desk. The bell rings. She goes to the door and opens it. 1. George is walking in the park with his daughter Mary. (Mary/see a flower, bend, pick) 2. The musicians are tuning up their violins. (conductor/come, bow to the audience, start conducting) 3. Two candles are burning on the mantelpiece. (The old lady/come in, go to the fire place, put off the candles). 4. A door is opening to the left.( A tall man/come in, greet everybody, sit down) 5. Someone is approaching the house. (Jane/hurry down the stairs, run to the gate, open the gate). 6. It is raining. (Paul/put on his raincoat, catch a bus, go back home) C. Complete the following statements according to the indications in the brackets: Example: He doesnt collaborate with others(she-either) He doesnt collaborate with others and she doesnt either. 1. The restaurant doesnt open until 9 oclock (neither the snack bar) 2. The language lab helps them to improve their English( so- grammar exercises) 3. Jill doesnt read French( her classmates- either) 4. The pink coat belongs to me.(so- the pink scarf) 5. Lawyers talk a lot in their work(so- teachers) 6. The Herestrau Park looks beautiful in spring( the Village Museum- too) 7. They often go on trips in the mountains( but- the other students) 8. The washing machine doesnt need to be repaired(neither- the vacuumcleaner) 9

9. I dont like this man(but- they) 10. Our friends attend school regularly( we-too) D. Complete these sentences using tag-questions. Example: The last train leaves at midnight, doesnt it? 1. He understands the new concept,.? 2. The department opens at 9 a.m.,? 3. The film doesnt begin at 3 p.m.,? 4. Susan and Meg always help their parents,? 5. Her neighbours often understand to show their gratitude in this way,? 6. They like nothing that is on the list,? 7. They sometimes do a good job,? 8. Nobody likes listening to this nonsense,.? 9. She expresses her point of view quite abruptly.,,,,? 10. This complain changes nothing in our relation,.? E. Join the following sentences using the connectors in brackets. Make any other necessary changes. Use the present tense simple after time connectors ( when, as soon as, before, etc.) and after conditional ones ( if, in case, etc.). Example: He will play that game with you. He will be in the mood.(when) He will play that game with you when he is in the mood. 1. Maybe it will snow tomorrow. Then well go to the skating rink. (in case) 2. It will get dark. Well get home then. (before) 3. Greg will soon recover. He will go swimming again. (as soon as) 4. Perhaps Tim will miss the bus. Then hell be late for the conference. (if) 5. Ill read the book. Then Ill see the film. (after). 6. The clock will strike nine. You will go to bed. (as soon as ) 7. Shell send her mother a postcard. Shell send her a letter. (before) 8. Perhaps Ill see John tonight. Then Ill tell him about the meeting. (provided) 9. Theyll go to the market. Theyll buy some food. (when) 10. Ill think about the problem youve told me about. Ill have some time. (in case) F. Imagine you are a businessman. Talk about your daily program, about the activities that you usually/ sometimes/ often/ seldom/ never do.

10

Vocabulary
1. Replace the phrases in italics with suitable expressions from the list bellow: at high tide hi-fi high and low high season high-tech high-rise highbrow higher education highlight highlights in high spirits its high time high school high street middle class middle-aged middlebrow at low tide feeling low lowbrow low-rise 1. He has searched everywhere for his glasses. 2. Delays at the airport may be terrible in the main holiday period. 3. This CD contains the best parts of the show, not the whole thing. 4. Operas and chamber music are often considered to be intellectually superior, while shows like musicals are sometimes described as uncultured- or at least not so very artistic. 5. Good quality audio equipment is on sale in every main shopping street. 6. If you come across useful new words in a text, use a yellow pen to make them stand out. 7. Would you like to live in a tall multi-storey building- or do you think two or three storey buildings are more pleasant for people to live in? 8. Passangers and vehicles will be carried on ultra-modern shuttle trains. 9. Everyone was feeling elated before the weekend. 10. Theres less room for holiday makers on the beach when the sea comes up high than when it goes out. 11. Ive got a bad cold and my work is getting me down- thats why Im depressed. 12. Do you think a person is no longer young when they are 40, 50 or older? 13. In Britain, its not only professional and business people who own their own homes. 14. Students who do well in their exams at secondary school can go on to university or college. 15. Dont put off doing this work any longer- you should do it now. 2. Phrasal verbs with go go away- 1.leave; 2.cease go back- return go down- become lower go in- enter go on- continue go over- 1.rehearse; 2.repeat go up- increase in number or amount Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with go. 1. Please, . reading the paragraph. 2. He told me desperately that prices..again. 3. He asked her tothrough that door. 4. Theyll..the instructions as soon as you ask them to. 5. His neighbour decided to because it started to rain. 6. The temperature ..last night. Its much colder now. 7. Who wouldnt like that problem to..

11

L3: Bill Gates In the beginning Gates' was mainly concerned and involved with technical development of new products in order to attract consumers. Since Microsoft controls the largest percentage of the market than any of its competitors Gates puts more focus on the organization itself and its employees. Microsoft's mission is to continually advance and improve software technology and to make it easier, more cost effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. In order for Microsoft to continue on its fruitful path the development of intelligent decision makers, otherwise known as managers, must be trained. Gates' realizes the importance of every single individual. He also knows he cannot be at the table to make ever single day-to-day decision, instead of trying to be in a hundred place at once. Gates' attempts to train well oiled managers. He has even published articles that reveal his expectations and qualities he attempts to instil into Microsoft managers. Here are Bill's ten qualities of a good employee: 1. Choose a field thoughtfully. By choosing a field one enjoys, it makes it easier to generate enthusiasm towards one's work. This is true for both a manager and an employee. 2. Hire carefully and be willing to fire. A strong team is vital, because a mediocre team provides mediocre results, no matter how well it is managed. 3. Create a productive environment. This is a particular challenge because it requires different approaches depending on the environment. Sometimes productivity is maximized by providing everybody his or her own office and other times by moving everybody into open space. Sometimes financial incentives stimulates productivity and motivation. Usually a mixture of approaches is necessary to reach desired productivity. 4. Define success. This is done by providing employees with a clear definition of success and how they should measure their achievements. Goals must be realistic. For example, project schedules must be set those who actually do the work. People will accept a bottom-up deadline they helped set, but maybe overwhelmed by a schedule imposed from upper management that doesn't map reality. Unachievable goals undermine an organization. 5. To be a good manager, you have to like people and be good at communicating. This quality is generally impossible to fake. If an individual doesn't genuinely enjoy interacting with people it will be hard to manage well. 6. Develop your people to do their jobs better than you can. Transfer your skills to them. This is an exciting goal, but it can be threatening to a manger that is worried about training his replacement. Many managers like to see their employees increase their responsibility because it frees them up to tackle new or undone tasks. 7. Build morale. It should be made clear there's plenty of good will to go around and that there is not just one hotshot manager getting all the credit. Explain to employees the importance of their work to the company and customers. Giving people a sense of importance increases motivation to complete the task to the best of their ability and provides the feeling of satisfaction after completion. 8. Take on projects yourself. Managers need to do more than communicate. Nobody wants to work for a boss who just delegates tasks. It is important for a manager from time to time to take on less attractive task to provide examples of how his or her employees should meet challenges. 9. Don't make the same decision twice. Managers should have the confidence in their well thought out decision in order to not leave any avenues open for rediscussion. A manager should never have to second-guess himself or herself. 10. Let people know whom to please. It should be made clear whom employees have to please, whether its the 12

manager, the managers boss or someone else higher up. There is a risk of paralysis when employees start to question whom they are supposed to make happy. The beauty of Gates' tips is they are pretty much common sense, it doesn't take a rocket scientist to incorporate these aspects into his or her employee. Making processes clear and simple always seems to accomplish the goals was set out to. Gates' believes in talking with employees and customers rather than talking at them. By conducting conversations individuals, especially customers, can understand and allow them to provide feedback that is taken into consideration allows Gates' to build a lasting and trusting relationship with employees and customers.

A. In Bill Gates opinion, To transfer your skills to your people. means It should be made clear whom employees have to please Managers should, from time to time, take on less attractive task to provide examples of how his or her employees should meet challenges. To like people and be good at communicating. To increase their motivation to complete the task to the best of their ability. Managers should not leave any avenues open for rediscussion. To provide everybody according to ones own motivation. To provide employees with a clear definition of success and how they should measure their achievements. To choose the personnel with care, avoiding mediocrities. To choose a field one enjoys. To build morale. Not to make the same decision twice. To give people a sense of importance of their work. To let people know whom to please. To hire carefully and be willing to fire. To develop your people to do their jobs better than you can. To create a productive environment. To be a good manager. To take on projects yourself. To define success.

B. Which of these Bill Gates rules do you consider to be the most important? Why? Could you add more rules to his?

13

Grammar
A. Put the verbs in the brackets in the present tense continuous or simple. 1. I.(go) out to get the evening paper. 2. You..(always, beat) me at chess. 3. Not everybody ..(like) autumn. 4. .this pair of scissors .(belong) to you? 5. What time.you....(usually, speak) on the phone? 6. They.(go) to the circus this evening. 7. All the students in the group ..(read) English well. 8. He ..(know) what she.(mean). 9. I (have) an appointment with my dentist at 5 p.m. 10. I must go, my friends.(wait)for me. 11. Hey! You ..(drink) from my glass. 12. The park (look)beautiful in autumn. 13. Meg ..(make) her clothes herself. 14. John ...(forever boast) of what he has done. 15. He.(fly) from Bucharest to Sibiu tomorrow. 16. We(get) a lot of snow in the mountains in winter. 17. I..(not approve) of your behaviour. 18. Now I (hope)our team will win the match. 19. Dont disturb her, she ..(feed) the baby. 20. I cant go away; I.(see) the manager at the beginning of the week. 21. The officer (see) him and (catch) him in a matter of seconds. 22. He always (ask) me what Ill do if I (be) the president of this committee. 23. He never (seem) to understand what (happen) in his very house. 24. They (criticize) me know, but they usually (tell) me nice things. 25. ..he..(seem) to be in better shape now? 26. they ..(usually, sign) the papers at the end or at the beginning of the meeting? 27. They (not jump) over the fence now, they (play) baseball with the neighbors children. 28. .they .feel better today or is it necessary to call for a doctor? 29. With the dress you.. ..(wear) you.(resemble) your mother very much. 30. Now that the flowers .(bloom), the garden..(smell) good. 31. What on earth you(do) there? I(try) to find the key to the door. 32. I..(not interrupt) people when they..(talk) over the telephone. 33. I.(admit) we..(move) freely in two directions. But how about up and down? Gravitation(limit) us there. (H.G. Wells) B. Translate into English: 1. Am foarte mult de lucru n perioada asta. Promit ns s trec pe la tine de ndat ce m voi elibera. 2. tiu c eti priceput la toate! De ce eti aa de nendemnatec astzi3. Este prima oar n iarna asta cnd ninge aa de mult c pare c nu se mai oprete. 14

4. - Te caut cineva la telefon. Astzi nu sunt acas pentru nimeni, i mai ales acum, cnd mi beau cafeaua. 5. - Vrea vreo unul dintre voi s mearg cu noi la bazinul de not- Astzi nu mergem, nici eu i nici sora mea, pentru c o ajutm pe mama s termine curenia de toamn. 6. Nu-i aa c nu tii noutile? George studiaz Informatica la Iai, iar Maria urmeaz cursurile Facultii de Litere, secia chinez. 7. Uneori Dunrea nghea n luna ianuarie. 8. Prietenii ti te ateapt n faa teatrului de comedie. 9. Astzi e hotrt s poarte o rochie verde cu dungi. 10. Bunica uit de fiecare dat unde i pune ochelarii i ori de cte ori are nevoie de ei i caut prin toat casa. 11. Dan e n camera mtuii lui. Repar maina de cusut acesteia. 12. Bieelul cel mai mic al vecinii mele are trei ani. Prul blond, ochii albatri i i plac foarte mult dulciurile i ursuleii, i cnd l ntrebi cum l cheam, i rspunde: -Am trei ani. 13. E prima oar cnd mnnc cltite cu spanac i nu e ru deloc i mi se pare doar c are un gust ciudat. Tu ce crezi? 14. Totdeauna se ntmpl acelai lucru. Cnd ia banii se duce la cumprturi i se ntoarce acas cu o mulime de fleacuri. 15. n mod obinuit ne petrecem sfritul de sptmn ntr-un sat din apropierea Bucuretiului. De data asta rmnem ns acas pentru c ateptm nite musafiri. 16. Directorul este foarte ocupat acum. Studiaz Proiectul pentru o nou arip a fabricii. 17. Nu se ndoiete c cel care are dreptate n acest moment este el i nimeni altcineva. 18. Vorbete i acum la telefon?! Dar este ngrozitor! Toat ziua ine telefonul ocupat! 19. i reproeaz mereu c depete viteza i c i pune viaa n pericol. 20. Nu-i aa c vezi i tu c omul de pe trotuarul vecin ne urmrete pas cu pas? 21. Nici el i nici colegul lui nu par a fi prea interesai s-i pun ntrebri existeniale, lund viaa n uor. 22. Att reprezentanii notri, ct i cei ai lor semneaz acum un tratat de neagresiune. 23. Vin dinspre moar acum i sunt foarte ncrcai, aa c hai i noi s mergem s-i ajutm. 24. M ntreab mereu care este scopul meu n via, punndu-m ntr-o situaie stnjenitoare. 25. Uit-te! Ninge cu fulgi mari!

15

Vocabulary
1. Fill in the gapes with the suitable phrases from the list bellow: In or out of. contact control danger debt doors focus hospital love luck pain prison season stock touch tune fashion practice work

1. The passengers knew they weregreat when the pilot announced he was no longer ..of the aircraft. 2. Love letters will never be .because people will go on falling 3. We used to keep .regularly but Ive lost her address and so now we are . 4. Sorry, its not a good photo because its .- I used to do a lot of photography but now Im 5. Although shes stillconsiderable, shes.and back home. 6. Strawberries are ..this month but the shop hasnt got them . 7. He really is : he lost his job last year and hes been .ever since. Now hes .. he cant afford to pay his mortgage- lets hope he doesnt end up.! 8. The twins are learning the violin but as they always play.., they arent allowed to practise in the house and they have to play! 2. Phrasal verbs with give Give away- donate Give back- return Give in -surrender Give out -distribute Give up- stop doing something Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with give. 1. My father.. smoking years ago. 2. Shes going towildlife leaflets outside the main entrance. 3. She must .these library books by Tuesday. 4. The pop star decided tothe proceeds of her last concert to charity. 5. We are strong enough not to so easily. 3. Adjectives or adverbs? Choose the right word that fits in: 1. She was (strange/strangely) calm that was something I couldnt understand. 2. The kids loved the fair, but they enjoyed the bumper cars (most/mostly) of all. 3. He (cool/coolly) placed the money on the table and walked out. 4. Do the police know the (exact/exactly) circumstances of her death? 5. We didn't expect such a (large/largely) number of people to attend our concert. 6. He had a (sudden/suddenly) heart attack while he was on holiday. 7. Don't fill your glass too (full/fully) or you'll only spill it. 8. The world's financial markets are ever more (close/closely) linked.

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L4:The Impact Of Computers THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERS Computer technology not only has solved problems but also has created some, including a certain amount of culture shock as individuals attempt to deal with the new technology. A major role of computer science has been to alleviate such problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, easier to use. Computers are forever present in the workplace. Word processors-computer software packages that simplify the creational and modification of documents-have largely replaced the typewriter. Electronic mail has made it easy to send messages worldwide via computer communication networks. Office automation has become the term for linking workstations, printers, database system, and other tools by means of a local-area network. An eventual goal of office automation has been termed the paperless office. Although such changes ultimately make office work much more efficient, they have not been without cost in terms of purchasing and frequently upgrading the necessary hardware and software and of training workers to use the new technology. Computer integrated manufacturing is a relatively new technology arising from the application of many computer science subdisciplines to support the manufacturing enterprise. The technology of CIM emphasizes that all aspects of manufacturing should be not only computerized as much as possible but also linked together via a computer communication network into an integrated whole. In short, CIM has the potential to enable manufacturers to build cheaper, higher-quality products and thus improve their competitiveness. Making a telephone call no longer should conjure up visions of operators connecting cables by hand or even of electrical signals causing relays to click into place and effect connections during dialing. The telephone system now is just a multilevel computer network with software switches in the network nodes to route calls get through much more quickly and reliably than they did in the past. A disadvantage is the potential for dramatic and widespread failures; for as has happened. The downside of this technology is the potential for security problems. Intruders can see packets traveling on a network and can perhaps interpret them to obtain confidential information. Computer technology has had a significant impact on retail stores. All but the smallest shops have replaced the old-fashioned cash register with a terminal linked to a computer system. The terminal may require that the clerk type in the code for the item; but more and more frequently the checkout counter include a bar-code scanner, a device that directly reads into the computer the UPC printed on each package. Cash-register receipts can then include brief descriptions of the items purchased, and the purchase information is also relayed back to the computer to cause and immediate adjustment in the inventory data. The inventory system can easily alert the manager when the supply of some item drops below a specified threshold. In the case of retail chains linked by networks, the order for a new supply of an item may be automatically generated and sent electronically to the supply warehouse. In a less extensively automated arrangement, the manager can send in the order electronically by a dial-up link to the suppliers computer. These developments have made shopping much more convenient. The checkout process is faster; checkout lines shorter; and the desired item are more likely to be in stock. Computer technology has been incorporated into automobiles. Computers are involved (CAD systems) not only in the design of cars but also in the manufacturing and testing process, perhaps making use of CIM technology. Todays automobiles themselves 17

include numerous computer chips that analyze sensor data and alert the driver to actual and potential malfunctions. Although increased reliability has been achieved by implementing such computerization, a drawback is that only automotive repair shops with a large investment in high-tech interfaces and diagnostic tools for these computerized systems can handle any but the simplest repairs.

A. Find in the text the opposites for the following: 1. more expensive; 2. slowlier;3. less reliable; 4. more difficult; 5. separated; 6. slowly; 7.unreliably; 8. upside; 9. insecurity; 10. important; 11. long; 12. manually; 13.less convenient B. Correct the following statements, whenever necessary: Word processors-computer software packages make it easy to send messages worldwide via computer communication networks. Electronic mail eventual goal has been termed the paperless office. Office automation simplifies the creational and modification of documents. Computers technology has not been without cost in terms of purchasing and frequently upgrading the necessary hardware and software and of training workers to use the new technology. The telephone system now are involved not only in the design of cars but also in the manufacturing and testing process, perhaps making use of CIM technology. The checkout counter includes a bar-code scanner, a device that directly reads into the computer the UPC printed on each package and software switches. Computers are involved (CAD systems) in the network nodes to route calls get through much more quickly and reliably than they did in the past.

18

Grammar
A. Make sentences according to the model: Model: Peter: dog for a walk He was taking his dog for a walk at this time yesterday. 1. Mary: at the bakers 6. Jane: in the swimming-pool 2. Billy : to the cinema 7. Harry: in the park 3. Dan: at the box-office 8. Jannet: a football match 4. Roger: in the library 9. George: to the radio 5. Jenny: into the letter-box 10. Alice: home B. Change the following statements by using the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes. Example: She was practising the violin and so was his colleague. (neither) She wasnt practising the violin and neither was her colleague. 1. The spokesman was supporting his idea brilliantly and so was Fred.(too) 2. They werent taking part in that competition and neither were their friends. (so) 3. The police officer was listening carefully to the criminal and Brian was, too.(but) 4. No stranger was trying to break in the conversation and neither was Greg. (either) 5. Their neighbours were leaving on that day and she was, too. (neither) 6. She was working ceaselessly on that project and so were we. (but) 7. The guests were talking silently and so were the kids. (either) 8. The Japanese werent having lunch and the Finish werent, either. (so) 9. The carpenters were mending the house and Brian was, too.( either) 10. All the aliens were taking photos and so were the Japanese. (too) C. Add tag questions to the following sentences: Example: You weren t practising the drums, were you? 1. They werent calculating the distance between the Sun and the Moon,..? 2. She was making a strange noise,.? 3. They were doing absolutely nothing dangerous,? 4. The students were thinking what question to ask the speaker,? 5. The gifted child was practising the guitar at that moment,.? 6. They werent trying very hard,.? 7. She was quoting nobody,? 8. The entire court were keeping silent,? 9. The elves werent walking tiptoed through the room,.? 10. The speaker was shouting at the audience,.?

D. What were they doing when the explosion took place? 1. The policeman 2. The firemen 19

3. My neighbours 4. The science man. 5. The animals in the cage.. What were they doing while the train was getting into the station? 1. The conductor.. 2. The person next to me. 3. My baby boy 4. A lady in black. 5. The bartender E. Make sentences using past tense continuous. John- dust the furniture Example: Sandra wash up While/When Sandra was washing up, John was dusting the furniture Sandra 1. wash the clothes 2. cook some food 3. iron the clothes 4. sort the clothes 5. count the money 6. phone friends John clean the rooms make the beds polish the shoes tidy the flat pack the suitcases look for their train tickets

F. Ask questions so that the words in italics should be the answer. Model: They were taking part in the contest at that very moment. When were they taking part in the contest?

1. They were speaking on the phone at that late hour. 2. The guardian was listening to the noises upstairs. 3. Nobody was paying attention to the chairman. 4. The students werent taking notes. 5. Somebody was ringing at the door late at night. 6. The newcomers were listening to the boss when, out of the blue, he stormed in. 7. The writer was typing a paragraph when he heard the telephone ringing. 8. The greengrocer was selling some cabbages right then. 9. We were waiting for a change in his attitude. 10. Everybody was pointing at him in rage.

Vocabulary
1. Fill in the gaps with suitable phrases from the list bellow: Inaddition to brief cash the circumstances comparison with detail difficulty doubt fun pencil person private public return tears view of a whisper 20 ink trouble

1. 2. 3. 4.

Poor Julie was. When she read the letter, he told me. If you are.about what to write, its best to make notes beforehand. business letters, personal letters are relatively easy to write. I think hell be upset and you shouldnt embarrass him ,so.it may be better to tell him off 5. Writing an important letter is easier if you first write a rough copy before you write the final version .or type it. 6. Orders may be placed by phone, by post or..You can pay by check, by credit card or . 7. .the size of your order we are prepared to offer a special discount of 10%..the usual trade discount. 8. We knew the firm was ..but not they weresuch serious 9. The book gave some informationgreat..but unfortunately the figures I needed were only given 10. She did me favour and then asked what Id do for heAt first I thought she meant..but then I realized she was serious. 2. Phrasal verbs with look look after- take care of look at- turn the eyes to see something look for- try to find look forward to- expect with pleasure look into- investigate look out- be careful, keep watch look up- find (information in a book) Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with look. 1. !There is a car coming! 2. He decided to .the word in the dictionary. 3. Its no wonder why she doesnt .the Maths test. 4. Could you ..my things for me while I go get a ticket? 5. The police..a number of thefts at our college. 6. Come .these interesting stamps. 7. Can you help us? Were some striped pants. 3. Choose the correct affix: 1- (anti/counter/mal/mis) -aircraft: intended to destroy or defend against enemy aircraft 2- (anti/in/mis/non)spell: to fail to spell (a word) correctly 3- (de/dis/im/un)possible: (of a situation) which is extremely difficult and there does not seem to be a solution 4-(counter/dis/mal/un)incentive: something that discourages people from doing something or working hard

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L5: Graphics & Multimedia What is graphics and multimedia? First of all, graphics software pertains to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and manipulating pictures. For example, laser printers and plotters are graphics devices because they permit computer to output pictures. Software like word processors support graphics because they let you draw or import pictures. Spreadsheet programs support graphics because they let you display data in the form of graphs and charts. Such applications are often referred to as business graphics. Multimedia has many definitions depending upon whom you ask. A standard definition follows: Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video delivered to you by computer or other electronic means. Multimedia can help to gain and hold attention, make points clearer, stimulate discussion, and in general, enhance the learning process, if it also includes the appropriate human elements. With the advent of the computer and other electronic devices, multimedia is now being used a number of ways in the classroom including PowerPoint lectures, digital slides, digital videos, case studies, newsgroups, mailing lists, MOOS, MUDS and more. As a student I can be able to use multimedia and graphics as learning materials like learning interactively with software's made for a certain subject. It will also allow me to experience a subject from many angles, giving me deeper understanding of the subject matter. Using various forms of multimedia and graphics in the classroom also helps to keep my interest level high when it comes to learning. For work, being a business major, I think multimedia and graphics will be very useful for me when I make presentations through PowerPoint or when I make a report and I want to present it with charts and graphs, which I wouldn't have been able to do without multimedia and graphics. I can also perform research on the web and without multimedia and graphics I don't think that would be possible for me to do and it would probably take me more time and effort to research it in the library rather than from my computer. In conclusion I feel that multimedia and graphics is the way to go, it can be a very effective tool to communicate, educate, compel, and convince you and/or your audience. A. Match the two columns: Laser printers and plotters let you display data in the form of graphs and charts. Spreadsheet programs are graphics devices because they permit computer to output pictures. Software like word processors are applications often referred to as business graphics. Laser printers and plotters, software like PowerPoint lectures, digital slides, digital word processors, spreadsheet programs videos, case studies, newsgroups, mailing lists, MOOS, MUDS and more. Through PowerPoint one can make they let you draw or import pictures. Multimedia and graphics as learning can be used to experience a subject from materials many angles Multimedia is now being used in a number a presentation by means of charts and of ways in the classroom including graphs B. This is one persons opinion on multimedia and graphics. Tell yours in a 200 word composition.

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Grammar
A. Fill in the blanks with the past tense of the verbs in the brackets. 1. He. . to set his clock last night so he..up late this morning . (forget); (wake) 2. His wife.him in order to wake up.(shake) 3. Heup at last..dressed and then.breakfast in a hurry.(get);(get); (get) 4. The wind all day yesterday and it also ..(blow); (rain) 5. He..his bike to his office last week, but yesterday he couldnt because of the wind and rain so he ..bus. (ride); (take) 6. He his umbrella tightly in his way to the bus stop.(hold) 7. In the bus he down on an empty seat. (sit) 8. Then an old ladyon the bus. (get) 9. He..up andher his seat. (stand); (offer) 10. He ..at the office exactly when the clock ..eight.(arrive); (strike) 11. So nobody complain.(can) 12. But he ..very tired all day on that day.(feel) 13. When he back home hethe cat,.dinner himself and thenfor twelve hours! (go); (feed); (have); (sleep). B. Complete the following tag-questions with the correct form of the verb in the margin. Example: (teach) Miss Smith ...English last year, didnt she? Miss Smith taught English last year, didnt she? (forget) You..to ring her up, did you? You didnt forget to ring her up, did you? 1. (help) John .you, didnt he? 2. (take) Mr. Smith..his son to the game, didnt he? 3. (meet) You. Alan yesterday, did you? 4. (throw) They.out those old papers, did they? 5. (explain)The teacher it to us very clearly, didnt he? 6. (wear) Mary ..a beautiful dress at the party, didnt she? 7. (live) The Scotts.in London for quite a long time, didnt they? 8. (carry) You ..those heavy bags, did you? 9. (put) Jim .the dishes away, didnt he? 10. (lose) Dr Brown never.his temper, did he? C. Answer the following questions using the past simple. Example: When did you see him? (he-come in) I saw him when he came in. 1. When did your cousin come from his office? (he get your message) 2. When did the children go out to play? (they-finish their work) 3. When did you get up? (the clock-strike six). 4. When did mother find the sugar bowl? (she-open the cupboard) 23

5. When did Meg wash up? (she- finish dinner) 6. When did they stop writing?(the teacher stop dictating) 7. When did the game start?(the referee blow his whistle) 8. When did the boys stop the game? (it-start to rain) 9. When did she stop writing? (pencil- break) 10. When did they understand the situation. (the witness- explain for several times) D. Change the following statements by using the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes. Example: She practised the violin and so did his colleague. (neither) She didnt practise the violin and neither did her colleague. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. He took the plane to the nearest island and so did his friends. (too) They complained about the conditions in the hotel and we did , too. (either) My cousin didnt show up at the party and neither did Greg.(but) They seemed to understand each other and so did my parents.(neither) She didnt allow us to enter that room and his mother didnt either.(but) They created a new style in fashion and so did the Stuarts. (too) We wondered who those persons were and my friends did, too. (either) They actually asked for nothing but we did. (neither) They said they couldnt listen to the story because of the noise and so did George.(but) 10. She created a new web-site but we didnt.(so) D. Complete these sentences using tag-questions. Example: The last bus left at 8 p.m., didnt it? 1. We hadnt anything to say against him,.? 2. They understood the problem in a blink of an eye,.? 3. They didnt agree to his telling a white lie,? 4. She and her husband didnt take part in the funerals,? 5. Greg and his girl-friend spent their time playing lego,? 6. Nobody really wanted to go with that fellow in the mountains,.? 7. They expected him to change his mind,? 8. They offered him nothing in return,? 9. She expected for nothing,..? 10. He considered that he could use your money for his benefit,..? E. Write a two hundred word story that starts like this: We heard a strange noise in the lab.. Use the past tense as much as possible.

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Vocabulary
1. Fill the gapes in these sentences using the phrases bellow: come of age for ages space age Stone Age under age fresh air fresh start freshwater new blood New World newcomer old flame old friend old hand old master old times old wives tale Old World as old as you feel young at heart 1. If you are you are not allowed to buy drinks in a pub. 2. Columbus sailed from the..to the.. 3. In an attempt to bring into the firm, theyre only taking on people under 25. 4. She used to go out with Terry- hes an ..of hers, but she hasnt seen him 5. If you are a ..to the firm and you dont know the ropes, you can ask one of the for advice. 6. We are and whenever we meet we reminisce about 7. The Great Lakes in America are not saltwater lakes. 8. He didnt enjoy his his work, so he decided to make a ..by applying to a new job. 9. I prefer painting by the .to modern paintings. 10. People in Britain.at 18, when they are officially adults. 11. You cant catch a cold from getting wet-thats an.However, plenty of.can keep you healthy. 12. Grandads ideas are terribly out of date he still seems to think hes living in the .not the..My grandma, Im happy to say, is still.. and she always says: Youre only... 2.Phrasal verbs with take take after- resemble take back- return take in- understand, absorb take off- remove(clothes) take on accept (work or responsibility) take over- take control of take up- start and spend time doing( a hobby, interest) Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with take. 1. When did you decide to..jogging? 2. Could you these video to the shop? They are overdue. 3. Shes very organized. I suppose sheher mother in this respect. 4. I want him to ..the business when I retire. 5. Its so hot in here! I think Ill..my coat. 6. I couldnt remember all the details. There was too much to.. 7. He looks exhausted. I hope he isnt.too much work. 3. Choose the correct affix: 1. (ill/mal/non/un)treat: to treat cruelly or violently 2. (a/anti/il/non)sense: language which cannot be understood because it does not mean anything 3. (dis/in/mal/un)avoidable: not avoidable 4. (dis/anti/non/in) regard: lack of consideration or respect for something. 25

L6:Types Of Computer Viruses A computer virus is a program that is designed to damage your computer, programs, and files. Like a virus in a living thing, a computer virus can spread if it is not removed. Some viruses are more dangerous than others. One of the most common places for a computer virus to appear is on a file found on the Internet or attached to an E-mail. Computer viruses didnt really exist until the mid 1980s. The first computer viruses were created in university labs to demonstrate how much of a threat the vicious code could be. There are many kind of viruses that exist today. Some of the most common of Computer Viruses are: File Viruses, Boot Sector/Partition Viruses, Multi-Partite Viruses, Trojan Horses, File Overwriters, Polymorphic viruses, and Stealth Viruses. A File Virus is the most common kind of virus. These kinds of viruses usually infect .EXE and COM files, which are the main component of a program or application. A file virus can insert its own code into part of the file, so that when the infected program file is run, the virus is executed first. Most file viruses are memory resident. Because of this, they can easily attach themselves to other programs that are being run and start to infect that file. A simple virus will overwrite and destroy a host file, immediately letting the user know that there is a problem because the software will not run. Because these viruses are immediately sensed by the computer, they have a less chance to spread. More complex written viruses will cause more damage, spread easier, and are harder to be detected. Boot sector viruses infect hard drives and floppy disks by putting itself on the boot sector of the disk, which has the code that is run at boot up. Booting up from an infected floppy, allows the virus to jump from the floppy to the hard drive. These viruses are loaded first, and gain control of the system before MS-DOS could be loaded. Since the virus is run before the operating system, it is not MS-DOS-specific and can infect any PC operating system. These viruses stay in the RAM and infects every disk that is read by the computer until the computer is rebooted. After reboot the virus is removed from memory. Multi-Partite Viruses are the worse of both file and boot sector viruses. They can infect the host software components. These viruses spread like a file virus, but still insert itself into a boot sector or partition table. Because of this, they are difficult to remove. An example of this type of virus is the Tequila virus. Trojan Horses are the worst kind of viruses that exist. They contain malicious code that is meant to damage your computer. Unlike other viruses, this virus does not replicate itself. This virus waits until the trigger event. When the trigger event occurs, a message is displayed or files are damaged. File Overwriters are viruses that link themselves to a program, leaving the original code intact and adding themselves over and over to as many files as possible. These viruses are made simply to keep copying itself. While, this virus is copying itself it is taking up more disk space and slowing down performance. Since these viruses often have flaws in them, they can inadvertently damage or destroy data. The worst kind of file overwriters, wait until the trigger event, then start to destroy files. Most of the viruses that exist today are Polymorphic. Like the human AIDS virus, polymorphic viruses grow fast to escape detection by anti-virus programs. Special encrypted code within this virus allows the virus to hide from detection. There are a limited number of kinds of polymorphic viruses. Because of this, they are easier to notice. An example of this would be the Whale Virus , which has 32 different forms. Stealth viruses are similar to a stealth aircraft. Like a stealth aircraft, they make themselves 26

invisible to be detected. The virus hides itself into the file and makes it look like the program is running normal. This is a memory-resident virus.() It is dangerous when making predictions about the future. Unless you can see into the future, it is not wise to try to see what would happen. Because of this, someone can make a broad judgment of future virus development. Find the incorrect variant out of the four. 1.Computer viruses a. didnt really exist until the mid 1980s. b. were firstly created in university labs to demonstrate how much of a threat the vicious code could be. c. are all equally dangerous. d. are of different types. 2. A File Virus a. is only memory resident. b. usually infects EXE and COM files. c. can insert its own code into part of the file. d. is the most common kind of virus. 3. Boot sector viruses a. infect hard drives and floppy disks by putting ithemselves on the boot sector of the disk b. are MS-DOS-specific and cannot infect any PC operating system. c. are loaded first, and gain control of the system before MS-DOS could be loaded. d. are run before the operating system. 4. Multi-Partite Viruses a. are the worse of both file and boot sector viruses. b. are easily to remove. c. can infect the host software components. d. spread like a file virus 5. Trojan Horses a. contain malicious code that is meant to damage your computer. I b. are the only one that replicate themselves. c. wait until the trigger event. d. are the worst kind of viruses that exist. 6.File Overwriters a. wait until the trigger event, then start to destroy files. b. are made simply to keep copying themselves. c. seldom have flaws in them. d. link themselves to a program, leaving the original code intact and adding themselves over and over to as many files as possible.

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Grammar
A. Confirm things. Use Past tense Continuous. Example: Did you read the book I told you about? Yes. In fact I was reading it when you phoned me yesterday. 1. Did you wash your hair? 2. Did you help with the housework? 3. Did you write the essay? 4. Did you check your blood pressure? 5. Did you unwrap the paintings? 6. Did you talk business with your new partner? B. Fill in the blanks with the past tense simple or continuous of the verbs in the brackets. 1. (watch) My friends ..TV when I phoned them. 2. (invite) They me to see the film when I met them in the street. 3. (write) Bobby ..the letter in about ten minutes. 4. (go) Heto his office by bike last year. 5. (read) Father.the newspaper when we got home. 6. (ask) She .me about my holidays when she called me. 7. (read) He a brochure when we met. 8. (shine) The sun when we arrived. 9. (see) We. a very amusing comedy yesterday. 10. (drive) He all the way to London. 11. (get) I saw Mary just when she..into the library. 12. (spend) They a wonderful holiday at the seaside last year. 13. (ring) When she reached the door, the bellstill.. 14. (run) She .to the door the moment she heard the bell. 15. (fly) They to Constantza last night. 16. (take off) Michael missed the flight. The plane ..when he arrived at the airport. 17. (burn)The housewhen we came out. 18. (talk) Mariam ..always.about fashion and this annoyed her friends. 19. (live) The Grants..in Brasov when I met them. 20. (drop) She the vase because she got frightened. B. Study the following situations. Ask and answer questions according to the model. Greg was reading a book on dinosaurs when the phone rang. When the phone Model: rang, he had to answer it. a) What was Greg doing when the phone rang? He was reading a book on dinosaurs. b) What did he do when the phone rang? He answered it. 1. Peter was walking up and down the platform. Then the train came and Peter met his cousin. 28

2. The girls lay quietly in the sun for an hour. Then some friends called them and they went to swim. 3. The baby cried for half an hour yesterday. Then his mother gave him a bottle of milk and he stopped crying. 4. Sheila had lunch at 1 p.m. yesterday. In the middle of it her father came home She went into the kitchen and brought her father a steak. 5. The boys were playing baseball when it started to rain. Naturally, they went home. 6. Jim was watching a film on TV when someone rang the bell. Jim stood up and opened the front door. C. Translate the following into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. Acum cteva luni echipa noastr a ctigat campionatul de fotbal. Sptmna trecut am cheltuit enorm. Ieri Simon mi-a fcut o vizit neateptat. Acum cteva zile a fost ziua lui Steve, aa c i-am cumprat un cadou, iar mama i-a fcut un tort de ciocolat i fric. 5. Lunea trecut, pe cnd vorbeam cu vrul tu, l-am vzut pe John intrnd n farmacie. 6. Cnd am ieit asear din cas a nceput s plou torenial. 7. Duminica trecut Mary a scris cteva scrisori, apoi a ascultat un concert la radio. 8. Nimeni nu l-a vzut ieri cnd se ducea la pescuit. 9. Sptmna trecut Dan a lucrat intens la pregtirea lucrrii despre influena calculatoarelor asupra psihicului uman. Acum dou zile a terminat-o i a rugat-o pe Diana s-o scrie la calculator 10. Se ntreba cu ce a greit de ea nu-i acord nici o atenie. 11. Le-a promis tuturor c se linitete i nu mai deranjeaz pe nimeni. 12. A venit cu trenul de 2 dimineaa i aplecat cu cel de 7 seara. A fost deci grbit i obosit, aa c s nu te miri c nu a trecut i pe la tine. 13. I-a lsat un bilet n care-i spunea cum se simea ea n momentul acela cumplit din viaa ei. 14. Se vedeau atunci pentru a doua oar, aa c au putut discuta problema deschis. 15. i-a fcut o hain nou pe care vrea s o poarte cu acest prilej. 16. Nu i-a neles nimeni inteniile i de aceea a ncercat s mai explice nc o dat totul. 17. Cnd ai stat de vorb cu el ultima oar era la fel de suprat pe noi? 18. A explorat mai multe site-uri i apoi a concluzionat c este prea devreme pentru a se nscrie la o burs. 19. De ce nu i-ai transmis ceea ce am discutat noi n ziua aceea cnd toi ceilali lucrau la proiect? 20. S-a deschis ua brusc i toi au tresrit speriai. S-au linitit imediat ns cnd l-au vzut intrnd pe George cu un zmbet pe fa.

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Vocabulary 1. Fill the gaps in these sentences with hard, soft, difficult or easy. 1. A .-hearted interviewer can give candidates a verytime and make life..for them. 2. Computer equipment is known as.ware and the programs are known as.ware. 3. A printout from a computer provides the user with a copy. 4. A computer can save data on a floppy disk but much more can be stored on a .disk. 5. This new fabric is so ..-wearing that it will last a lifetime. 6. You can buy tools and screws and nails at a .ware store. 7. I realize that he makes people feel un ..when hes being ., but deep down hes quite -hearted and .-going- I must say I do have a ..spot for him. 8. Its sometimes..to understand her because shes rather ..-spoken. 9. .drugs like heroin are more dangerous than so-called.drugs like marijuana. 2. Phrasal verbs with turn turn away- refuse entry turn down- 1. refuse; 2. reduce the volume turn in give to the police turn off- switch off, disconnect, remove power turn on switch on, cause to operate turn over- consider carefully turn up- 1. arrive; 2. increase the volume Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with turn. 1. The prisoners.. themselves.after a four days run. 2. He spent hours the problem in his mind. 3. It was dark inside so he ..the lights. 4. He tried desperately to the tap in the bathroom. 5. She kept .him, no matter how many times he insisted. 6. His ex-girlfriend..at his house without any warning. 7. Please, the TV. Its a bit loud. 3. Adjectives or adverbs? Choose the right word that fits in: 1. 2. 3. 4. The teacher explained the point as (simple/simply) as she could. All information will be treated as strictly (confidential/confidentially). If the action in a film is too (slow-moving/slowly-moving) I get bored. The child was playing (dangerous/dangerously) near to the edge of the swimming pool. 5. I can't ski (awful/awfully) well, but Im trying my best. 6. The (fast/fastly) train to London takes less than an hour. 7. The captain was criticized (strong/strongly) for his part in the team's defeat.

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L7: The Current Nature Of Human Relations The nature of human relations is evolutionary. It changes over time as our society adjusts to our ever-changing environment. These changes can be positive or negative, and sometimes necessary changes have both positive and negative consequences on our lives. It seems that the overall nature of current human relations can best be determined by examining human interaction in a few key areas. Interaction in the workplace, the school, and the home, as well as interaction among strangers, can be analyzed to provide an accurate description. There are many factors that can have an effect on our interaction in each of these settings. The workplace is an environment in which there is generally a high degree of personal interaction. Recent technological advances have made it much easier for people to communicate with one another. The emergence of the Internet in the 1990's has forever changed the way that people will interact with one another. E-mail has become a way to connect with co-workers anywhere in the world. No longer is one confined to only communicating with people in their department or office. The increasing popularity of cellular phones had also changed human relations. One can now be reached virtually anytime, anywhere. Although technology has made human relations easier in the workplace, it has also decreased the amount of face-to-face interaction. Technology has also created the virtual workplace, where people can work from the confines of their own home. This has drastically reduced the amount of personal interaction between workers. The cultural diversity of the typical workplace has increased greatly over the last decade. This increase in diversity has come from a couple of sources. First, many companies were forced to diversify to comply with equal opportunity laws. Second, companies began to discover that people from different ethnic backgrounds were helpful in working with a wide spectrum of customers. Regardless of the reasons, this increasing diversity in the workforce has caused a change in human interaction. People are now being exposed to others with many different cultural backgrounds, beliefs and customs. This has forced people to expand their horizons and learn the proper ways to relate to people from other cultures. Many times language barriers exist, and it can be difficult to establish effective communication. The threat of violence has been an increased concern for many companies. Workers today feel as though they are just one part of a machine, and could easily be replaced. This has degraded the quality of personal interaction in the workplace. It seems that this trend toward violent behavior is crossing the generation gaps and invading our schools as well. Advancing technology and growing diversity are having an impact on the environment of schools across the nation. These aspects of change are having many positive influences on the quality of education available to our students. Advances in computers and the internet make limitless amounts of information accessible to students. Cultural diversity in schools helps children to learn at a young age that there are many things that can be learned from other people's cultures. These changes are very important to society as a whole because they indicate that future generations will be more accepting of differences and better able to accommodate others. These social skills that children learn at school have a strong impact on how they will relate to others throughout their lives. Nearly everyday people face situations in which they interact with strangers. These interactions are very common, since one naturally meets new people while going about one's daily routine. The nature of human relations between strangers is complex and dependent upon certain situations. Most of the time these interactions are polite or at 31

the least non-committal. Unfortunately, there seems to be a trend in recent times towards distrust and outright violence in a growing percentage of these daily social interactions. Communication with strangers involves relatively greater degrees of uncertainty thus people may feel higher levels of anxiety. This may explain the growing number of people who are choosing to interact with strangers via Internet chat rooms. In this situation there is no face-to-face contact, so people do not have to worry about how they are perceived if they were to make a mistake. Anxiety is reduced, making this interaction between strangers easier.

A. Complete the following chart taking into account both the information in this text and your own knowledge. Key areas in Advantages and Why considered advantages or disadvantages. human interaction disadvantages. Workplace

School

Interaction strangers

with

B. Have in view the beginning statement: The nature of human relations() changes over time as our society adjusts to our ever-changing environment. In what respects does it change? In what way computers influence human relations? Give your own opinion.

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Grammar
A. Answer these questions using Present Perfect Continuous and: lately, recently, this year: Example: How much do you usually study? Well, I have been studying a lot recently. 1. How much do they usually train? 2. Do you spend much time on computer studies? 3. How many Peace Corps Volunteers do usually work in the business field? 4. How much money do the people in this company earn? 5. How much do you usually work? B. What have they been doing since they left school? Make questions and answers as in the model. Example: John- work in a factory What has John been doing since he left school? He has been working in a factory since then. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. George- make oilfield equipment; Clara sell groceries; Betty -design clothes; Janet- teach Geography; Nick- repair cars; Paul- work on a farm; Andy- drive a lorry; Stephen- manage a factory.

C. Fill in the blanks with since or for. Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect continuous. 1. The boys (study) Algebradinner time. 2. Annie (read) War and Peace ..she went on holiday. 3. Michael is so thirsty that he (drink)three minutes. 4. They (talk) to their master .a long time. 5. I (phone) the doctor..the last five minutes. 6. Mr. Brown (work) in this office . left school. 7. Basil (stay) with us.September. 8. Greg (read) the newspaper.he arrived home. 9. The little children (sleep) .nine hours. 10. That man (stand) at that cornerfive oclock. 11. My fiance (wait) in the line.several minutes. 12. The other lieutenant (give) commands to his subordinates..20 minutes. D. Answer these questions giving the REASON for the present state of things. Example: Why have you got a duster in your hand? Because I have been cleaning the blackboard. 33

1. Why have you got a camera in your hand? 2. Why are your hands dirty? 3. Why is Peter out-of-breath? 4. Why are they wearing tennis shoes? 5. Why has mother got flour on her hands? 6. Why are you feeling tired? 7. Why has grandfather got his glasses on? 8. Why are the pavements wet? 9. Why have you treated him so badly? 10. Why has you friend been so angry? E. Make questions using present perfect continuous. Begin with the words indicated: Example: She (write) a book about selling products efficiently. (How long) How long has she been writing a book about selling products efficiently? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The firm (to grow) rapidly. (How) They (to reorganize) to create and keep customers. (Why) We (to try) to make the company more responsible for its customers . (How) We (to talk) business for two hours. (How long) This construction company (to sell) stocks for two years. (What)

F. Ask questions for the following answers: 1. For a long time. 2. Since she graduated. 3. Since last Sunday. 4. For half an hour. 5. Since we met first. G. Write two things you have been doing for several months. Write two things your friend has been doing since a child. Write two things you and your friends have been doing for several years.

Vocabulary
1. Phrasal verbs and expressions with see see about something- to prepare /arrange for something to be done not see beyond something - to have your attention fixed on something and therefore be unable to consider other things not know what somebody sees in somebody / something - to not understand why someone likes a particular person or thing see somebody off 1. to lead someone out; 2. to send away an attacker or unwanted person, usually forcefully 34

 see something out - to wait/last until the end of a difficult situation see somebody out (also, see somebody to the door)- to go to the door of a building or room with someone who does not live or work there, when they are leaving see somebody through something - to help or support someone during a difficult period in their life see something through - to continue doing a job or activity until it is finished, especially when it is difficult see through somebody / something - to be aware that someone is trying to deceive you to get an advantage see to something /somebody - to deal with a person or task that needs to be dealt with or is waiting to be dealt with Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb or expression with see. 1. The caretaker ran out and .the boys who had been damaging the fence. 2. My brother's lent me 200 to ..me .the next few weeks. 3. My secretary will .you.. 4. The besieged town hasn't enough food to ..the month.. 5. My parents me..at the airport. 6. It's getting late - I'd better lunch. 7. The government cannot next year's general election. 8. "These letters need posting." "I'll .them later." 9. The course would take me three years to complete, but I was determined to it.. 10. He is always so rude and lazy - I don't know what she .him. 11. They were very friendly, but I quickly .them. 2. Fill the gaps in these sentences with hard, soft, difficult or easy. 1. Weve been too.on customers who dont settle their accounts on time. We should start to take a ..line. 2. These arent guidelines, they are -and-fast rules. 3. A paper bag is often half the price of a .back. 4. Take it.! There is no need to get so worried just because you are up. Its payday tomorrow. 5. Im very thirsty , so Id prefer adrink- is there any lemonade? 6. When would you like to come? I dont mind- Im . 7. Some sales people favour aggressive.sell techniques, while others prefer gentle persuasion and go for the .sell. 8. Dollars and Swiss francs (unlike the Zambian kwacha or the Albanian New Lek) are currencies. 9. After a hard day at the office, I like to take it..

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L8:Programming A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data. Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software. In some specialized, or dedicated computers the operating instructions are embedded in their circuitry; common examples are the microcomputers found in calculators, wristwatches, automobile engines, and microwave ovens. A general purpose computer, on the other hand, contains some built-in programs (in ROM) or instructions (in the processor chip), but it depends on external programs to perform useful tasks. Once a computer has been programmed, it can do only as much or as little as the software controlling it at any given moment enables it to do. Software in widespread use includes a wide range of applications programs-instructions to the computer on how to perform various tasks. Languages. A computer must be given instructions in a language that it understands-that is, a particular pattern of binary digital information. Unfortunately, the computer's own binary-based language, or machine language, is difficult for humans to use. Machine-language programming is such a tedious, time consuming, task that the time saved in running the program rarely justifies the days or weeks needed to write the program. Assembly Language. One method programmers devised to shorten and simplify the process is called assembly-language programming. By assigning a short (usually three-letter) mnemonic code to each machine-language command, assembly-language programs could be written and debugged-cleaned of logic and data errors-in a fraction of the time needed by machine-language programmers. What was needed was a shorthand method by which one symbolic statement could represent a sequence of many machine-language instructions, and a way that would allow the same program to run on several types of machines. These needs led to the development of so-called high-level languages. High-Level Languages. High-level languages often use English-like words-for example, LIST, PRINT, OPEN, and so on-as commands that might stand for a sequence of tens or hundreds of machine-language instructions. The commands are entered from the keyboard or from a program in memory or in a storage device, and they are intercepted by a program that translates them into machine-language instructions. Translator programs are of two kinds: interpreters and compilers. With an interpreter, programs that loop back to re-execute part of their instructions reinterpret the same instruction each time it appears, so interpreted programs run much more slowly than machine-language programs. Compilers, by contrast, translate an entire program into machine language prior to execution, so such programs run as rapidly as though they were written directly in machine language. The first commercial programmer was probably Grace Hopper (1906-92), an American. To facilitate computer use in scientific applications, IBM then developed a language that would simplify work involving complicated mathematical formulas. Begun in 1954 and completed in 1957, FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) was the first comprehensive high-level programming language that was widely used. COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language), a commercial and business programming language, concentrated on data organization and file handling and is widely used today in business. BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed for use by nonprofessional computer users. The language came into almost universal use 36

with the microcomputer explosion of the 1970s and 1980s. Condemned as slow, inefficient, and inelegant by its detractors, BASIC is nevertheless simple to learn and easy to use. Because many early microcomputers were sold with BASIC built into the hardware (in ROM memory) the language rapidly came into widespread use. Although hundreds of different computer languages and variants exist, several others deserve mention. PASCAL, originally designed as a teaching tool, is now one of the most popular microcomputer languages. LOGO was developed to introduce children to computers. C, a language Bell Laboratories designed in the 1970s, is widely used in developing systems programs, such as language translators. LISP and PROLOG are widely used in artificial intelligence.

A. Match the beginnings in the first column with the endings in the second: Compilers translate an entire program reinterpret the same instruction each time it appears Examples of computer languages would be: assembly-language programming. High-Level Languages allows the same into machine language prior to execution. program Machine-language programming is such a the operating instructions are embedded in tedious, time consuming, task their circuitry. With an interpreter, programs that loop some built-in programs (in ROM) or back to re-execute part of their instructions instructions (in the processor chip) One method programmers devised to shorten and simplify the process is called A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer In some specialized, or dedicated computers A general purpose computer contains FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL, LOGO, LISP and PROLOG that the time saved in running the program rarely justifies the days or weeks needed to write the program. to run on several types of machines. what operations to perform on data. B. Comment upon this quotation: Programming is a fascinating world that asks a lot and gives a lot.

37

Grammar
A. Use the present perfect tense simple and the appropriate adverbs(never, before, just, already, yet, etc.)to re-formulate the following. Example: Dinner is not ready.(cook) Mother hasnt cooked the dinner yet. 1. Lunch is ready! Come and eat, everybody!(cook) 2. Do you want another dish? No, thank you.(have) 3. Im going to play this record now. Its very new.(buy) 4. Alan is not going to read the article. (read) 5. Im still digging in the garden.(finish) 6. My brother goes to a technical college. (pass the entrance exam) 7. I dont know this man.(meet) 8. This part of the country is completely unknown to me.(be) 9. I can tell you a lot of things about Jane Austen. (read) 10. Miriam is late again but nobody is surprised. (be late). B. Re-express the following sentences using present perfect tense. Example: Ill have dinner first. Then Ill phone Angela.(as soon as) Ill phone Angela as soon as Ive had dinner. 1. Mike will arrive home. Then Ill tell him the great news.(as soon as) 2. In a few years youll gain more experience. Then youll make a wonderful doctor.(when) 3. Mr McGregor will finish lunch. Then he will talk to you about your future plans.(after) 4. The plane will take off first. Then the passengers will be allowed to smoke. (until) 5. The students will graduate. Then they will get finer jobs.(as soon as) 6. The film will finish at 10.30 p.m.. Ill be hungry by then. (by the time) 7. The children will buy tickets first. Then they will get into the cinema hall.(after) 8. The Grants will consult a lawyer. After that they will buy the house. (when) 9. You will see him. Then you will know what to do next. (until) 10. Nobody will leave this place. Well establish the main points to be discussed tomorrow. (before) C. Make sentences ending in tag-questions to express the ideas bellow. Example: The teacher hasnt marked our tests, has he? 1. You have paid the telephone bill,? 2. They havent solved those long, difficult problems,? 3. Nobody has understood that explanation,.? 4. They have already repaired the ironing machine,.? 5. Your friend hasnt completed the task,? 6. They have done nothing at all these days, .? 7. The generous woman has already given them presents,.? 8. Youve just met him on your way home,? 9. Theyve established who will be the winner this year,? 10. He has gone nowhere this week,?

38

D. Put the verbs in the brackets in the present perfect tense. Example: (study)Theyalmost every lesson in this book up to now/ so far They have studied almost every lesson in this book up to now/ so far 1. (write) Our friends from Portugal.to us regularly. 2. (be) She..busy lately. 3. (teach) Mr Smith English ever since the Second World War. 4. (have) He feels hungry although he.only just.a meal. 5. (talk) They.to someone for the past few days. 6. (not make) So far they.many mistakes in their exercises. 7. (not wear) Chris wore her new dress last week, but she.it since. 8. (be) you.here for long? 9. (seen) They ..their relatives for the last three months. 10. (not use) Ive had that dictionary for a month but I still.it. E. Put the verb in parenthesis in the correct form. Choose since or for. Example: I.(interview) him for/since the last three hours. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. My neighbours(talk) about this topic since/for yesterday. The men you.(just, meet)(speak) for/since 9 oclock. Their grandmother ..(not, knit) for/since several hours. The student .(participate) in the debates for/since two full days. Nobody(be) here for/since a few years. They ..(write) an essay on this for/since summer. They know someone who(not, read) a book for/since June last year. Who..(try) to put him through for /since two minutes ago. She .(explained) to everyone what she likes doing since/for half an hour.

F. Make sentences of your own expressing: 1. Something you have just done. 2. Something you havent done yet. 3. Something you have often done. 4. Something you have seldom done 5. Something you have always liked. 6. Something you have recently. 7. Something you have participated in today. 8. Something you have visited this week. 9. Something you have studied up to now. 10. The most interesting thing you have ever seen. 11. Something you have never done before. 12. Something you have done and whose result can be seen. 13. Something you will do after you have arrived home. 14. Something you have had for a long time. 15. Something you have learnt since youve started faculty. 16. Something you have known for the last three weeks.

39

Vocabulary
1. Fill the gaps with the phrases bellow: on a diet on average on foot on purpose on the hour on the menu for a long time for a walk on behalf of on television on the way on condition that on the contrary for a change

1. There are some lovely desserts..but I wont take anything because Im .. 2. He claimed it wasnt his fault and that he hadnt done it 3. I should like to thank you the whole department. 4. She promised to help me I returned the favour another time. 5. We havent been out togetherWould you like to come..with us on Sunday? 6. It was long drive so we stopped..to have a meal. 7. How much does a worker earn .in your country? 8. Did you see the news.last night? 9. Trains always leave 10. It takes much longer to get there than by bus. 11. No, I dont dislike Chaplin at all:.., I admire him greatly. 12. Weve done a lot of this recently, so lets do something different .. 2. Phrasal verbs and expressions with keep Phrasal verbs keep at continue working at keep off- avoid keep on- 1. continue doing something; 2. continue saying the same thing keep out- 1. stay away; 2. prevent someone or something from entering keep to- stay with or follow an agreed plan or course of action keep up- manage to go fast Expressions keep going- struggle to continue keep together- stay in group keep warm- stay warm Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb or expression with keep. 1. Weve got toif we want to be a real team. 2. Put a sweater on. Its important to. 3. She promised to be in time so shed better..it. 4. Theyre doing some building work over there so it would be great if we.. 5. When you run a marathon, its important to ..even when you feel exhausted. 6. The doctor advised him to .coffee. 7. She hasnt answered my phone calls, yet so Illtrying. 8. She walks so fast, its difficult to..with her. 9. If they ..it, theyll finish painting by midday.

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L9: Living With Computers Ergonomics is the study of the physical relationships between humans and their tools, such as computers. Office chairs should be adjustable in height and should have lower-back support and arm rests. Desks that allow proper keyboard height and special ergonomic keyboards have been developed to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome, a type of repetitive stress injury. To avoid damaging your eyes, avoid starring at the screen for long periods, position yourself from the monitor between two and five feet from your eyes, make sure no bright lights reflect off your screen, and use a monitor that has a relatively large screen without noticeable flicker. The computer industry has become known the fast pace rate of obsolescence, with both hardware and software being replaced every couple of years. Some of the leading toxic wastes coming form homes and offices are heavy metals used extensively in batteries, such as cadmium. Although some experts recommend leaving computers on all the time, this practice was shown to consume unnecessary amounts of electricity. One response has been the development of energy star equipment, which conserves electricity even when left on. Our legal system is gradually developing a code of laws to provide a legal framework for working with computers and on the Internet. The most prevalent breach of law in cyberspace is software piracy, the illegal copying or use of a program. Copyright laws relevant to computers and software are covered by the Copyright Act of 1976 and the Software Piracy and counterfeiting Amendment of 1983. Instead of building copy protection into their programs, most software developers discourage privacy among organizations by offering site licenses and network versions. Software viruses are parasitic programs that can replicate themselves, infect computers, and destroy data. Users can protect their data and software by using an anti-virus program. Hardware is sometimes stolen for the value of the data stored on it rather that for the value of the machine itself. Government, legal professionals, and computing professionals continue to debate computer-related ethical questions and attempt to develop laws that protect the freedoms of computer users while limiting immoral or illegal use of computers. Few actual laws, however, have been created or enforced to requiring computer users to let their own sense of ethics guide them. Practices such as excessive e-mailing, sharing objectionable or illegal material, and theft of intellectual property all create ethical questions for everyday computer users. It is my opinion that if we are to live comfortably with computers, we must first use common sense to realize that everything we do has a cause and effect. We must take on the responsibility as humans to utilize technology to change the World for the better, because if we dont, the misuse of technology will eventually be the downfall of humankind

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A. Make sentences of your own using the following: to replicate oneself; software piracy; ethical questions; to live comfortably with; pace rate of; a code of laws; counterfeiting; downfall; extensively.

B. Match the beginnings in the first column with the endings in the second one: To avoid damaging your eyes conserves electricity even when left on. Office chairs is a type of repetitive stress injury. Software viruses are parasitic programs covered by the Copyright Act of 1976 and the that Software Piracy and counterfeiting Amendment of 1983. Some of the leading toxic wastes coming should be adjustable in height and should have form homes and offices are lower-back support and arm rests. Carpal tunnel syndrome heavy metals used extensively in batteries, such as cadmium Copyright laws relevant to computers and avoid starring at the screen for long software are periods, position yourself from the monitor between two and five feet from your eyes, make sure no bright lights reflect off your screen, and use a monitor that has a relatively large screen without noticeable flicker. Energy star equipment Few actual laws, however, have been created or enforced to requiring computer users to let their own sense of ethics guide them. can replicate themselves, infect computers, and destroy data

C. Whats your opinion on the authors statement? Develop your point of you in a 200 hundred word essay. It is my opinion that if we are to live comfortably with computers, we must first use common sense to realize that everything we do has a cause and effect. We must take on the responsibility as humans to utilize technology to change the World for the better, because if we dont, the misuse of technology will eventually be the downfall of humankind.

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Grammar
A. Use present perfect continuous or simple. 1. She (work) hard, so she is glad to spend some time with her friends now. 2. I (talk) to a group of salesmen since 10 this morning. 3. The manager (just, sign) the papers. They are on the table now. 4. My fathers friend (have) the company since he moved to this town. 5. I (already, catch) the bus, but I(buy) a ticket , yet. 6. you(speak) on the mobile phone since 2 p.m.? Its time you finished! 7. She (criticize) me for the last 20 minutes and she seems to have even more to say! B. The prices in this city increase amazingly. Find questions for the following answers. Use present perfect simple or continuous. 1.For two years. 2. Since he left the town. 3. This summer. 4. Recently 5. Not yet. 6. Since last October.

C. Answer the following questions; use present perfect simple or continuous. Example: Why is his house empty? (move to a new place) Because he has just moved to a new place. Why is he angry? (wait for half an hour) Why are you so tired? (train for 3 hours) Why is he so thirsty? (not drink anything the whole day) How can your father be so vigorous at his age? (watch his diet all his life) How is that you are not hungry. (eat from the snack-food machine) Are you sure you dont want some coffee? (drink some coffee-just) D. Put the verbs in brackets in the past tense, present perfect simple or continuous. Example: Chris went into the kitchen at 8 a.m.. She has been trying to make pancakes for the last half hour. She has dropped one egg on the floor and shes thrown one pancake on the ceiling, but she hasnt made a good one yet. 1. I(phone) you for the last three hours. Where(you, be)? 2. Since Mike last (visit) me, he (be) to many places. 3. We (watch ) the TV program several times this week. 4. (you, meet) Doris at 5 p.m. on Monday? Yes, I (do), but I (not, meet) her since. 5. We (not receive) any letter from him yet, but we (already, get) a phone call. 6. What (you, do) with my handbag? It(be) here a moment ago. 7. Please, excuse the disorder in the house. I(move) the furniture. 8. I (know) Peter for years; as a matter of fact I (know) him since I (be) a child. (you, ever, see) any bears? 9. Mr Brown (tell) him to go the supermarket since breakfast, but he (not, go) yet. 43

10. Jim (often, try) to jump over the fence. When we(move) in three years ago, everything (be) in a mess, but now I (almost, finish) the job. 11. Today I (work) since breakfast and I (not, have) lunch yet. 12. I (never, forget) what (happen) several years ago when she (try) to help me. 13. I (not, have) many accidents since then but Ann (often, warn) me to be careful. 14. She (warn) me again this morning at breakfast time but I (work( for four hours and nothing (go) wrong. E. Translate the following into English: 1. N-am mncat niciodat icre negre. 2. George nu a mai cntat la pian de cnd era copil. 3. Meg citete n camera ei de cnd s-a ntors acas. Luna asta a citit ase romane. 4. Poate nu-i vine s crezi, dar s tii c mi-am i scris i expediat toate felicitrile de Crciun . Ultimele le-am expediat ieri. 5. Fratele ei i-a rupt piciorul. Asta s-a ntmplat acum dou sptmni ntr-un accident de main. 6. Nimeni nu a gsit ochelarii Anei. I-a pierdut n timpul orei de educaie fizic. 7. Astzi toi vecinii i-au parcat mainile n noul parcaj din faa blocului. 8. Prietenul ei e scriitor. Pn acum a scris cteva romane, iar anul trecut a scris i o pies de teatru. 9. Familia Bush a cumprat un apartament n acest cartier i de atunci locuiesc aici. 10. - Spune-mi, ai vizitat astzi Galeriile Naionale, nu-I aa? - Nu, n-am avut timp. n schimb am colindat prin toate magazinele. 11. Avionul nu a aterizat nc, dar l ateptm din moment n moment. 12. S-ar putea s m nel, dar mi se pare c e cel mai talentat violonist pe care l-am auzit vreodat. 13. N-am mai pomenit una ca asta! Sunt n ora de o lun i nu ne-au telefonat nc. 14. Nu tiu la ce personaj te referi, pentru c n-am citit filmul i nici na-m citit cartea. 15. Pregtete de obicei nite prjituri delicioase, dar de data asta s-a ntrecut pe sine. 16. De cnd s-a mutat n blocul nostru nu ne-a mai sunat la telefon i nici nu ne-a mai 17. n ultima vreme am fost att de prins cu alte treburi, nct am uitat complet de ce m-ai rugat. 18. De vreo doi ani l tot rog s ncerce s lucreze mai ordonat i s aib mai mult voin, dar n zadar. 19. Veriorul meu a crescut foarte mult de cnd nu l-am vzut. 20. Ai ncercat vreodat s faci practici vreun sport extrem? 21. De cnd n-a mai ntrebat de mine? Cred c ar fi bine s-l mai caut eu, s-i amintesc c avem un proiect de fcut mpreun. 22. Ai neles vreodat geometria diferenial? Dac da, te rog s-mi explici i mie cteva noiuni elementare. 23. De unde l cunoti? Pn acum am crezut c i e total strin. 24. De cnd a stat de vorb jumtate de or cu acel personaj pitoresc nu mai e acelai om! 25. N-a mai pomenit aa comportament n viaa ei aa c este hotrt s-l determine s- i revizuiasc atitudinea.

44

Vocabulary
1. Rewrite each sentence, replacing the underlined words with a suitable form of the word in bold on the right and adding FOR or ON. 1. She s well-known because she broke the world record. famous Shes famous for breaking the world record. account 2. We admire her because of her intelligence. 3. Are you trying to find your hat? 4. I am sorry that I was rude to you. 5. I dont want you to sympathise with me. search have apologise feel sorry

6. The price they charge varies according to the quantity you order. depend 7. He stopped to look in a shop window and then continued walking. walk

2. Phrasal verbs and expressions with do Phrasal verbs do away with- abolish (could ) do with- (usually after could) need, want do up- 1. fasten; 2. repair or redecorate do without- manage to live without have/be to do with- have a connection with Expressions do domestic jobs, e.g. the washing, cleaning, cooking, the garden do school subjects, e.g. Maths, French do someone a favour do someone good do someone harm do well do your best Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb or expression with do. 1. Our car is going to be repaired this week so well have to it for a day or two. 2. Im freezing. I could a nice hot shower. 3. Megs business started slowly, but its ..now. 4. I know its hard to do the washing-up without a proper detergent, but please try to 5. The new principal plans to..school uniform. 6. In his last year of study he ..only one course of Chemistry. 7. Please, ..and go fetch another beer. 8. You should eat a bit of meat occasionally. It wont..you any.In fact itll probably..you! 9. Could you the zip ..on the back of this dress? 10.I think he .nothingthis delicate problem. 45

L10: The New Visual Age: The Influence of Computer Graphics on Art and Society Only a few years ago it would have seemed ridiculous to discuss the influence of computer graphics on art and society. Although computer-generated graphics had already been applied in important areas of science and technology, its influence was not yet felt in the arts or in society at large. It was the most recent developments in microelectronics which mainly led to a turning point in the history of computer art. Particularly the opportunities opened by microprocessors, their decreased execution time and increased storage capacity allowing ever greater access at lower prices to larger groups of interested amateurs have opened new perspectives to the most diverse ranges of activity. 'Free' computer graphics can serve as a source of new programming methods and of ideas for creating new shapes. It is through playful experiments, but also through confrontation with classical art, that experience is gained which can be useful in several ways: (1) Theory of Art. From the viewpoint of the theoretician or the behavioural scientist who is concerned with aesthetics, computer-generated drawings represent examples of simulated pieces of art. The possibility of rapid creation and of variation in structures, as in text analysis, is also essential. (2) Education. Computer graphics is nearly indispensable when one is confronted with dynamic processes which cannot be illustrated by individual pictures, but only by animated sequences. The visualization of instructional material is one of the great tasks of our future. (3) Entertainment.. Forms of aesthetic activity can be imagined which allow the viewer to enter into a sort of dialogue with the computer or the aesthetic program; by interaction some sort of a play with graphic structures may emerge. (4)Shaping of the Environment. Until recently, the shaping of our environment was left to the more or less spontaneous ideas of individuals. But today we are convinced that an optimal coordination of our living space with its inhabitants has become a necessity. Apart from the task of a technical transformation and often adaptation to existing psychological and sociological conditions, we are confronted with the problem of aesthetic structuring. The sudden interest in visual computer art has had repercussions on its artistic forms, which, while still being ignored by art critics, have drawn the attention of designers, educators, and the entertainment industry. An additional stimulus was created by the advancement of microelectronics which added a new dimension of artistic activity: the old dream of being able to play freely with colours and shapes has come true. The new interactive method facilitated through the above-mentioned improvements even allows a sort of graphic improvisation: the artist conceives the general framework for multitude of graphic creations which the user, now promoted to the successor of the hitherto passive onlooker, is able to activate according to his own taste. At the beginning of computer graphics activities, mechanical plotting represented the only possible choice, the production of a picture took ten to twenty minutes; at times even half an hour or more. The result was an image which could be hung on the wall: which means that at least from an external viewpoint, the traditional artistic criteria were still respected. The newly obtained dynamics, however, explode the classical frame and lead to an expansion which makes the integration into classical art forms impossible. The 46

universality of means and the peculiarities of data processing systems make the traditional categories questionable for yet another reason: acoustic instruments can be used for the output of data just as well as the screens. That means no less and no more than that the program can be used to create and to structure musical and linguistic elements artistically. It is clear that the old ways can no longer satisfy the needs of these expanding forms of expression. A. Which is the wrong variant out of the four? 1.Computer graphics a. influence was not yet felt in the arts or in society at large; b. could lead to a turning point in the history of computer art by using the most recent developments in microelectronics; c. have influenced art and society since decades; d. ,by means of microprocessors, have opened new perspectives to the most diverse ranges of activity. 2. 'Free' computer graphics can serve in several ways: a. They represent examples of simulated pieces of art and offer the possibility of rapid creation and of variation in structures. b. They help with the visualization of instructional material c. The aesthetic programs they may offer are meant only for serious stuff and not for entertainment. d. They help a lot in aesthetically structuring of our living space. 3. the advancement of microelectronics a. made possible the old dream of being able to play freely with colours and shapes; b. made possible a new dynamics that exploded the classical frame and led to a new way of expression; c. makes the integration into classical art forms possible; d. allows a sort of graphic improvisation B. In what respect and to what degree do you think computer graphics influence society? Give arguments to support your ideas.

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Grammar
A. Use past perfect continuous with the verbs in brackets: Abraham Lincoln (do ) manual labour on the family farm before he was sent to local school. He (study) law for a short time when in 1834, Lincoln ran for political office again. He (work) hard for years before he overcame defeat in politics. When he became president, Americas national unity was threaten because the southern states and the rest of the country unsuccessfully (try) to settle the question of slavery. B. Fill in the blanks with the past perfect tense continuous. Example: Mr. Barton was still planting trees at 6 p.m. Mr. Barton had been planting trees all day. 1. Ann was wearing her green winter coat yesterday. In fact she..it all winter. 2. The actor was rehearsing at 8.30 p.m. He all day evening. 3. The wind was blowing in the morning. It..all afternoon. 4. The students were working on a difficult project in May. They.on it all spring. 5. Diana was ironing her dresses yesterday afternoon. She .all day. 6. The girls were still skating at noon. They ..all morning. 7. The policemen were still investigating the case in December. Theythe case all winter. 8. The guardian was still standing in front of her door at 12 p.m. He ..in front of her door all morning. 9. The surgeon was still operating her on at 6 p.m. He all afternoon. 10. The children were still preparing for the show at 1 p.m. Theyall morning. C. Ask and answers according to the model: mend the car How long had you been mending the car when grandfather came home? Id been mending the car for one hour and a half /since 2 oclock when grandfather came home. 1. listen to music 5. play the new instrument 2. translate the passage 6. ski on the slope 3. solve puzzles 7. speak on the phone 4. dig in the courtyard 8. read that novel D. Answer the questions using past perfect continuous and SINCE/FOR. Example: How long had you been standing in a queue when you bought your ticket to Brasov? Id been standing in a queue since 3 p.m./ for about ten minutes. 1. How long had your parents been saving up when they bought a car? 2. How long had you been waiting for your girl friend when she showed up? 48

3. How long had your neighbours been living next to you before they moved? 4. How long had you been walking when it started to rain? 5. How long had your neighbours been making noise when you complained? 6. How long had your mother been cooking when you offered to help her? 7. How long had you been playing this game when you join a club? 8. How long had your friends been filling-in that form when you decided to help 9. them? 9. How long had you been trying to persuade him when he left the room in a hurry? 10. How long had Mary and her friends been standing in line when someone offered them two tickets. E. Follow the model and answer the questions: Example: Why was Nick angry? (he/wait/20 minutes) Because he had been waiting for 20 minutes. 1. Why was Jane so tired? (she/work/4 hours) 2. Why did your friend look so amused?(he/watch a comedy/1/2 hours) 3. Why were you so busy? (I /make travel arrangements/ 3 days) 4. Why were they so furious? (the policeman/ ask questions/ an hour) 5. Why were they so frozen? (they /stay in a cold room/ 5 hours). 6. Why was she so enthusiastic? (she/ speak on her favourite topic/2 hours) 7. Why was she broken? (she / spend a lot of money/December last year) 8. Why were they so hungry? ( they/ have a proper meal/ several days) 9. Why were they so happy? ( they/ do something they enjoy/ 2 hours ago) 10. Why was he so relaxed? ( he/listen to a wonderful Chopin piano concert/ an hour).

Vocabulary
1. Each of these sentences contains a colourful expression. What do they mean? Dont use a dictionary. The context will help you to guess. 1. Everyone in the class passed the exam with flying colours. 2. She didnt go to work because she was feeling a little off colour. 3. The detailed descriptions in the story gave local colour to the book. 4. Far more men are colour-blind than women. 5. All the documents in this office are colour-coded. 6. What do you tjhink of the colour scheme in this room? 7. Dont allow your personal interest to colour your judgement. 8. It was only when he had won the match and started jeering at his opponent that he saw him in his true colours. 2. Phrasal verbs with run run away- escape run into- meet someone by chance run on- continue happening for longer than planned or expected run out of- use all ones supplies run over- knock down and drive over the top run through- repeat for practice 49

 run up- cause to have bills or debts Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with run. 1. We let the monkey out of its cage for a while and it.Weve never seen it again. 2. Guess who I.in the middle of the town? Mel Gibson himself! 3. I dropped my glasses in the street and a car ..it 4. Lets get going! I dont want this meeting to.all night! 5. I didnt understand the passage so I should..it once again. 6. She sold her fur coat as she 7. Greg an enormous bill at the bookshop this year. 3. Rewrite each sentence, replacing the underlined words with a suitable form of the word in bold on the right and adding FOR or ON. 1. She knows all about cars. an expert insist wind fall grow

2. I told the visitors youd be late but she was determined to wait. 3. To hear the next track you should make the tape go forward. 4. It was a tall story but he was so gullible that he believed it. 5. I used to hate that song but then it became more pleasant to me. 6. You cant trust him, but you can trust me. 7. Would you like to give me your opinion of my work?

rely / count comment

4. Choose the correct affix: 1. (dis/ir/non/un)relevant: not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore of no importance 2. (de/in/non/un)flammable: burning very easily 3. (counter/dis/im/un)possible: (of a person) extremely difficult to deal with or behaving badly 4. (dis/in/non/un)content: a feeling of wanting better treatment or an improved situation 5. (anti/ill/in/mis)considerate: not caring about other people or their feelings; selfish 6. (dis/mal/mis/un)cast: to choose (actors and actresses) that are unsuitable for the characters in (a film or play) 7. (a/de/in/non)correct: not correct; not true; not as it should be 8. (anti/ill/mal/un)comfortable: not comfortable or not relaxed or calm 9. (anti/de/non/un) -alcoholic: a drink which does not contain alcohol 10. (de/dis/non/un)frost: to (cause to) become free of ice, or to (cause to) become no longer frozen

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L11: The Information Superhighway The Internet, once concealed inside government agencies and universities, has become the largest single form of communication worldwide. With a number of online individuals exceeding thirty millions and the number of networks that act as gateways for users exceeding fifty thousands, the Internet's boundaries can only be imagined. Often described by the media as the information superhighway, the internet offers to customary users a wide variety of services, but also some drawbacks. Any form of communication via the internet is cheaper and rather faster than any service from other facilities. The electronic mail (email), for instance, allows any user on the internet to send nearly instantaneous electronic message to anyone else. The internet phone, which is slowly but surely replacing the regular phone, enables anyone to make free long distance calls, through the computer. With the appearance of streaming technologies, broadcasting companies and radio stations are transmitting regularly over the internet, which makes them accessible anywhere on the globe. The only costs involved in using these internet services, and many others not mentioned, are the costs of the user's computer, the modem , and the telephone lines used to dial in, all of which can be relatively cheap. One of the recent innovations the internet made available is online commerce, which includes online shopping, online banking, online trading and many more. This opens up a new international world of trading. Consumers, overcoming any kind of disability, can effectively dive into an immense range and selection of merchandise, effortlessly compare prices and quickly shop from remote locations. Perhaps, waiting to carry out regular transactions in financial centres is very frustrating. This is not true anymore with the expansion of the internet to include online banking. People can, anytime and anywhere from the globe, access their bank accounts, pay their bills, transfer their money and even trade their stocks. The internet is, beyond doubt, the most efficient and economic tool of the next generation. But, the dark side of the internet reveals some serious drawbacks. First, it was not designed with tight security in mind. This was demonstrated, at least once a month, by so-called crackers: growing minorities of people with nothing better to do than spoil everyone elses enjoyment. Crackers dedicate their work to purposely infect programs and distant computers that access the internet. In July 1997, successfully capturing and distributing credit card numbers of NBA and ESPN users, crackers achieved the first widely known attack on internet credit card data. On the same year, another cracker known as Snak was taken into custody by FBI agents after he had stolen over one hundred thousands credit card numbers from an internet service provider (ISP) located in northern California. Nevertheless, the internet tasking force (ITF), a group of knowledgeable engineers whose sole task is to reinforce the integrity of the internet, is taking significant measures to prevent such unlawful actions. Secondly, the internets structures do not only transport data, but it also transports compact and yet very harmful intruders: computer viruses. These artificial clever beasts that destroy data, have existed since the very first birth of personnel computers. With the growth of the internet, virus authors have been faced up to nothing but a widespread gate to the information superhighway, efficiently supplied with new viruses. Veronica, last centurys award winning virus, transformed to inoperative rather hundred thousands of computers and thousands of networks around the globe for quite few days; financial institutes deciphered the heartbreaking event to more than a few million dollars of 51

vanished money. This is wonderlessly why internet communities are very much concerned about security. Occasionally, information takes lengthy periods to load on the computers screen; just enough to frustrate impatient users. This is often due to delays that occur at endpoints, and on the internet's paths, which can be thought of several four lane roadways with neither traffic officers nor civilized drivers. The rate at which data is transmitted and the number of systems, are being improved, but not at the same level as the number of new users. This is one of the main reasons behind the delays. The information superhighway, as any other invention, has its strengths residing in its popular aspects the World Wide Web, email, online commerce, and many others. The internet has also its weaknesses, some of which can be very damaging. I believe, however, that these drawbacks will be overcome in time as technology advances and methods of securely transmitting, receiving, and retrieving information improve. A. Make your own sentences with the following words: exceeding; gateways; drawback; cracker; effortlessly; wonderlessly; endpoint. B. Fill in the following chart, according to the example: advantages COMPUTERS Any form of communication via the internet is cheaper and rather faster than any service from other facilities.

disadvantages

C. Comment upon this statement, adding your own arguments to the ones previously stated in the text above. The information superhighway, as any other invention, has its strengths () and also its weaknesses.

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Grammar
A. Comment upon these situations using past perfect simple. Example: When Doris got to the bakers, the door was locked and the lights were off. (get to the bakers-close the shop) When Doris got to the bakers they HAD CLOSED the shop. 1. Mary had a meeting and arrived home late. Her mother was washing up after dinner. (arrive home- have dinner) 2. Tom was supposed to go on a trip with his friends yesterday. When he got to the meeting place, neither the coach nor his friends were there. (get to the meeting place-leave) 3. Greg had two tickets for the film. He invited Dan to come to come with him, but he said no. (invite Dan-see the film) 4. Chris went to the shop. It was raining outside. She came out half an hour later. The sun was shining. (come out- stop raining) 5. Mike got out of the train to buy a newspaper. When he came back the train wasnt there. (come back- leave) B. Add tag questions to the statements bellow and answer them. Example: You had seen Mary,? You had seen Mary, hadnt you? 1. The film had already started,? 2. The students hadnt finished the tests,.? 3. The principal had just come,? 4. I had met nobody before,..? 5. I hadnt promised anything,..? 6. The sun had already set,..? 7. Nobody had tried it before,..? C. Imagine your father was away on a business trip last week. Yesterday you went to the airport to meet him. 1. What had you done before you went to the airport? 2. How long had you been in the airport by the time the plane landed? 3. How had you felt until the plane landed? 4. What had you done before your father was in the customs? D. Say what you had just done when.. 1. the alarm clock rang in the morning 2. the skyscraper fell down. 3. your aunt told you the great news 4. you found out you had won the jackpot 5. your parents arrived home.

53

E. Connect the following sentences by using the appropriate connectors. Choose from NO SOONER, HARDLY, UNTIL, WHEN, AS SOON AS, AFTER, BEFORE. Be careful about the past tense you use! Example: They got on the train and immediately it left. Theyd hardly got on the train when it left. (emphatic) Hardly had they got on the train when it left. 1. The sun rose and immediately we started. 2. We stopped at noon and immediately we had lunch. 3. At 12.30 the sky got dark. It was cloudy for an hour and then the sun came out again. 4. We started immediately and didnt stop at all. 5. The sun set and then we stopped 6. We unpacked our things and then we put out our tents. 7. We had supper and then we washed the dishes. 8. We went to bed and immediately we fell asleep. F. Use the past perfect simple and FOR and SINCE. Model: see any films Doris hadnt seen any films since she came home/ for two weeks. 1. play tennis 4. watch TV 2. visit anybody 5. ride her bike 3. go swimming 6. write any letters G. Join each pair of sentences bellow using BEFORE and the past perfect simple. Example: The guest left. They hadnt finished their dinner. The guest left before theyd finished their dinner. 1. The student handed in the essay. He hadnt corrected his mistakes. 2. They hadnt heard the end of the joke. The audience laughed. 3. He hadnt finished his paper. Gregs pen ran out of ink. 4. Sissy went out. She hadnt recovered from her illness. 5. The hostess served coffee. We hadnt finished our main course. H. Answer the following questions using the past perfect simple. Example: Why did the clock stopped? (Tim wind) Because Tim hadnt wound it. 1. Why couldnt she tell anything about the book? (she-read ) 2. Why didnt Jane take the coach? (she-catch the train) 3. Why didnt Mrs. Adams have a room in the hotel? (she-reserve) 4. Why didnt she have dinner? (mother- cook, yet) 5. Why did they have to stand. (they- book seats) 6. Why couldnt Carmen wear the new dress? (she- iron) 7. Why was the little boy unhappy?( he win the prize)

54

Vocabulary
1. Replace each word or phrase in italics with one of the idioms bellow. in the red red-handed see red red carpet red tape once in a blue moon out of the blue blue-collar green green green with envy give the green light 1. Most manual workers receive wages and are paid weekly. 2. He phoned me completely unexpectedly to tell me he was back in town. 3. Shes very famous so we must give her VIP treatment. 4. How environmentally friendly are you? 5. They were very jealous when they saw my new Porsche. 6. He became very angry when I told him he had made a mistake. 7. Dealings with government offices usually involve bureaucratic delays. 8. Im ready to start when you tell me to go ahead. 9. Our new clerk makes a lot of mistakes because he is still inexperienced. 10. A lucky coincidence like this happens very rarely. 11. I cant afford to buy anything because Im still in debt after my holiday. 12. The police caught him in the act of committing the crime. 2. Phrasal verbs with work against somebody- to make it more difficult for someone to achieve something for somebody- to make it easier for someone to achieve something at something- to try hard to achieve something something off- to get rid of a feeling by doing something energetic: on something- to spend time repairing or improving something out- to be the result of a calculation something out- to understand something or to find the answer to something by thinking about it up something- to develop an emotional or physical state that you feel strongly, after a period of effort or time expressions with work ones fingers to the bone- to work extremely hard, especially for a long time work like a Trojan- to work very hard till/until you drop- to work until you are so tired that you cannot work any more Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb or expression with work 1. She .to provide a home and food for seven children. 2. Inexperience can ..a candidate looking for a job. 3. Most couples would agree that for a marriage to succeed, both parties have to .it. 4. Being patient could . you in getting a job. 5. His dancing technique is good, but he needs to .his fitness. 6. These figures .differently each time I add them. 7. She stress by running for at least half an hour every day. 8. It's strange, but I can't ..any enthusiasm for going on this trip. 9. There will be a full investigation to ..what caused the accident. 10. Hes dedicated to work. He . 55

L12: E-Commerce The Internet has caught on like wild fire. No one ever intended for it to be so commercially successful. In the beginning, its main purpose was to send and receive messages; no one anticipated that one-day people could buy books and cars over a computer. Though with the advancement of certain technologies, this has happened. Ecommerce is a worldwide commodity that has taken the place of trips to the supermarket and has given us the freedom to conduct business at our house in our pyjamas. To fully understand what e-commerce is, you must first understand where it came from. It all started with the DOD (Department of Defense) in 1996. After the Cold War the Government wanted a reliable line of communication. If a network link became damaged by enemy attack, the information on it could be rerouted automatically to other links. This was the birth of the Internet. In order to use anything on the Internet, it is required that you learn to operate a separate program, one for the mail, one for news groups, and several different programs for accessing databases. This all changed in 1989. A researcher at CERN (a big European physics laboratory) named Tim Berners-Lee started to work on hypertext. By using hypertext he could link together all the different kinds of information available on the Internet. Berners-Lee called the software pack the World Wide Web. For the World Wide Web to work, each page has its own address that the web recognizes using a system called HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol). Each page has to be written with a special language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). This language tells the computer how to display a page. Now with the invention of the web, Businesses can use pictures to help sell their merchandise online, and now that the Internet is everywhere- in schools, libraries, and even cafes anyone can order just about anything from anywhere. It is now easier than ever to have and start your own web page; anyone from a big corporation or even the average joe can build his or her own web page. Just like Jeff Bezos, Time Magazines Person of the Year of 1999. With a loan from the bank, Jeff founded Amazon.com in his garage and helped start e-commerce, as we now know it. Many companies are trying to more like Amazon.com and trying to be as profitable as Bezon and Amazon.com. An example of this is eBay.com, an online web auction site, that lets everyone clean out his or her attic and make a profit. Like Sharon Balkwitsch who has sold antiques on eBay. For instance, an Art Deco ashtray that she bought for $20, sold for $290, and a vase she bought for $5 sold for $585, both on eBay. She could make nowhere near that much by selling these items in her hometown. Now thanks to the web everyone all aver the world can have a chance to bid on these items and help make Sharone richer. E-commerce is still in its developmental stage at this point. There is room for improvement for the creators as well as for the manufacturers of these goods being sold on the web. With as much support as e-commerce has gotten, it is easy to see that it will be a lasting innovation in the world of computers.

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A. Find the incorrect variant out of the four. 1. The Internet a. is commercially successful nowadays; b. enables people buy books and cars; c. has caught wild fire; d. had once as its main purpose sending and receiving messages. 2. E-commerce a. is a worldwide commodity; b. has taken the place of trips to the supermarket; c. was first used in 1996; d. has given people the freedom to conduct business at ones house in our pyjamas. 3. The web sites a. are based on hypertext b. were founded by a researcher at HTML c. are of common use nowadays d. have each of their page written with a special language called HTML 4. Jeff Bezos a. loaned some money from a bank from a bank; b. was considered Time Magazines Person of the Year of 1999.; c. founded Amazon.com in his garage; d. started e-commerce, as we now know it. 5. Sharon Balkwitsch a. has sold antiques on eBay. b. bought an Art Deco ashtray for $20, c. made all that money by selling those products in her hometown. d. is helped willingly by people to get richer.

B. Starting from the following statement tell your own opinion on ECommerce. Anyone from a big corporation or even the average joe can build his or her own web page.

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Grammar
A. Comment upon these situations using the past tense simple and the past perfect continuous. Example: Mike started studying the problem at 6 p.m. It was nine oclock when he finally found the solutions. Mike studied the problem for three hours. Mike had been studying the problem for three hours when he finally found the solution. He had been studying since 6 p.m. 1. The operation began at 10 a.m. It finally ended at 6 p.m. because it had been very complicated. 2. The McGregors went to a restaurant last night. They ordered the dishes at 8 p.m. and the waiter brought them at quarter to 9. 3. Mary turned on the TV set at 8 p.m. At 10.30 she went to bed. 4. Roger Harrison got his first job in the publishing house when he was 20. He retired when he was 65. 5. Laura began studying for her degree in 1998. She finally got her B.A. in 2002. 6. The first patients came into the waiting room at 7 a.m. The doctor came at 8 a.m. 7. Miss Brown started taking driving lessons in February 1999. She finally passed her driving test in August 1999. B. Use past tense simple or past perfect. 1. My friend (find) a luggage trolley when I offered to help her. 2. She (feel) nervous before the plane 9 took off. 3. George (wait) in the lounge before his flight (be announced) 4. They (leave) the hotel when you (call) a taxi. 5. When we reached the house, we(remember) we (forget) our luggage in the cab. 6. She (wonder) if the taxi-driver (understand) the address she (tell) him. C. Re-estate the following sentences, using past tense and past perfect: Example: I made many mistakes so I got a bad mark. I got a bad mark because I had made many mistakes. 1. She didnt hear the phone so she didnt answer it. 2. They spent a lot of time together so they came to know each other well. 3. Many immigrants from many nations came to the U.S. so the country was called a melting pot. 4. My friend never saw a baseball so he didnt understand it. 5. They redecorated the house so it looked lovely. 6. He lost control of his car so he had a terrible accident. 7. He didnt understand my name so I repeated it again. 8. They didnt come in time so I left. 9. She complained a lot about my relatives so I felt embarrassed. 10. We gave her a lot of attention so she felt nice in our company. 58

D. Use past perfect continuous or past continuous. Example: It had been raining for about half an hour when I looked out of the window. It was raining when I looked out of the window. 1. He (sleep) for several hours when I came into the room. 2. She (read) when I entered the room. 3. We didnt realize that they ( watch) us for a few minutes. 4. The woman didnt know that the man (look) at her. 5. The thieves were not aware that the police (follow) them for 10 minutes. 6. When she warned me about the danger I (drive) at a high speed for about 20 minutes. 7. When I noticed the speed limit I (drive) at a high speed. 8. She (read) a very captivating book when I got into the room. 9. Before I was in Mall she (visit) the Art Museum. 10. As we (make) pizza for an hour they lost their patience and (leave). E. Write: 1. Two things you had done before you left home in the morning. 2. Two things you had been doing for one hour by 10 yesterday morning. 3. Two things your friend had done before he went to bed. 4. Two things your friend had been doing for half an hour before he called you. 5. Two things your colleagues had done before they left the lab. 6. Two things your colleagues had been doing for a couple of minutes before the professor entered the lab. Translate the following into English: 1. Nu mai vizitasem oraul meu natal de mult vreme i eram hotrt s-mi petrec vacana acolo. 2. Nici n-am apucat s m mic c s-a i trezit. 3. Toi colegii mai i-au cumprat romanul lui Balzac dup ce au vzut serialul la televizor. 4. Mi-a spus c invitase pe un cunoscut scriitor s in o conferin despre literatura modern. 5. Nici n-am apucat bine s nchid ua c a i sunat cineva. 6. Era n magazin de jumtate de or cnd i-a dat seama c i-a uitat poeta acas. 7. Ne-a ntmpinat secretara care ncerca s prind Bucuretiul la telefon de la ora 6. 8. Cnd n cele din urm a ajuns la gar, trenul plecase. 9. Pentru c oaspetele nu sosise nc, ne-am hotrt s-l ateptm n hol. 10. Conferina urma s aib loc la ora 7 p.m. , iar oamenii ateptau n sal cam de jumtate de or cnd a sosit invitatul.

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Vocabulary
1. Fill the gaps in these sentences with one of the idioms bellow. black comedy white elephant white lie white wedding black comedy black eye black look black market blackout in black and white 1. He showed his disapproval by giving me a 2. Send me a letter about this I need to have all the details. 3. During the war, some things could only be bought on the 4. Its hilarious .about an unsuccessful murderer. 5. He must have been in a fight- hes got a . 6. Theyre not getting married in a registry office: theyre having a 7. I told a..because I didnt want her to get into trouble. 8. Most .workers receive a salary and are paid monthly. 9. She had a and didnt regain consciousness for several minutes. 10. No one will visit the museum- itll be a 2. Phrasal verbs with make make up- 1. invent ; 2. become friends again after a quarrel make up for- repay, compensate for Expressions with make make an effort- try make a fuss- complain; show unnecessary excitement make a mistake- do something wrong make a noise- make a meaningless, usually unwanted, sound make it arrive in time make money- do well financially make up ones mind- decide Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb or expression with make. 1. We need silence, so dont 2. I dont like people who always about things. 3. He behaved awfully to me last night and now, hes trying to.it. 4. Its an important course so could you to be here on time? 5. She can neverabout what to wear. 6. His dream is to be successful and to .. 7. Its important not towhen you want to win the prize. 3. Chose the correct word between the homophones: 1- There was nothing on the table but a few crusts of (bread/bred). 2- I told that (to/too/two) George and he was enchanted. 3- Why has the project been (allowed/aloud) to continue if it's such a disaster? 4- A greater proportion of students with first degrees are now going on to study for (higher/hire) degrees. 5- The plaster cast will help to (heal/heel) the broken bone. 6- This jigsaw puzzle has two (peaces/pieces) missing. 7- Go up the (stairs/stares) and her flat is on the left. 8- You need to have nerves of (steal/steel) to be a fighter pilot. 9- American pit bull terriers are (bread/bred) for their fighting instincts 60

L13: Hacking Hacking has been developed over the years to be unstoppable. Newcomers to the hacking community learn the rules by associating with established hackers. Hackers like to hack in order to impress each other. Hackers also do not know about the cost results of their actions. All studies show that hackers are generally young, and do not have full-time jobs or own property. They do not consider that if they do get into a system and make an unintentional, simple mistake, they could cost the company thousands, and possibly millions of dollars. I think that every computer professional, including the best, have made a mistake that has caused the loss of data, service or money. Young hackers do not know what a System Administrator is faced with on a day-to-day basis, and neither do they realize the problem they cause for already overworked people. The art of computer hacking has grown since the computers first started to appear. Despite the growing trend of hacking, very little research has been done on the hacking world and its culture. The image of a computer hacker has grown from a harmless nerd into a vicious technocriminal. Although hacking is a growing trend in our society, it is not one that is accepted in the United States or any other country. In the past, hackers were basically known as just computer experts. Nowadays hacker means the same thing as a cracker, a person who pirates software, and malicious hackers. There are hackers out there that will do there best to harm any system they can, national security documents. The bad hackers are dangerous if they may gain access to classified information. There is a number of things that our country (USA) is realizing about Cyber terrorism. In 1998, president Clinton created the Commission of Critical Infrastructure Protection. This protects the innocent and helpless from hackers and gives them the right over the power of Cyber Terrorists. Also in many government organizations, they have formed some type of group to deal with cyber terrorist and block them from stealing money as well as information. ()

A. Divide this article into paragraphs and give each of them a suitable title. B. Make sentences of your own using the following: unstoppable; trend; unintentional; overworked; to be faced with; nerd; to gain access to. C. Choose between these two: a. Write the portrait of the hacker from your own point of view . b. Write an article in support of /against hacker.

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Vocabulary
1. Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the passage bellow. amount course graduation outline requirements calendar credits major prospectus technical class hours curriculum number specified three college electives opportunity subjects week Selecting courses The course given by a 1.. or university are called its curriculum. The 2of the institution 3the complete 4. It gives the 5for entry to each course, as well as the credits given for the 6 .. Each course is designated as giving a 7.number of credits. These are usually equal to the number of 8 devoted each week to the course. For example, a course that meets three times a 9usually givescredits towards graduation. Schools using the semester 10..require about 120 credits for 11.Between 30 and 40 of the required 12must be in the students 13subject. Schools vary considerably in the 14 .of freedom given students in 15 their courses. Almost all schools have a certain 16..of required 17.Students can also usually choose nonrequired courses called 18..Liberal-arts colleges usually give students more 19. To choose than do 20..schools. 2. Choose the right answer: Are you going to attend Prof. Wises .on C++ next week? a) conference b) discussion c) lecture d)meeting The lecture was so that almost everyone felt asleep. a) bored b) dull c) exhausted d) tired According to my, the lecture starts at eleven tomorrow morning. a) belief b) information c) knowledge d) opinion Prof. Rush was speaking so quickly I couldnt what he said. a) accept b) catch c) listen d)take Use your imagination and try to ..the scene in your mind. a) draw b) model c) paint d) picture Would you pleasefrom smoking while the lecture is in progress? a) avoid b) keep yourself c) refrain d) stop Prof. Orator spoke clearly and..so we could understand every word he said. a) distinct b) distinctly c) distinguishable d)legibly During a lecture I always try to ..down the main points that are maid. a) doodle b) jot c) noting d) sketch Thats precisely what I mean. Youve hit the on the head. a) idea b)nail c) pin d) point A few jokes always .up a lecture. a) inspire b) liven c) loosen d) raise Miss Duffer looked as if she hadnt awhat Prof. Sophisticated was talking about. a) clue b) guess c) point d) thought 62

You can..your shorthand by taking notes during lectures. a) keep b)keep in c)keep on d) keep up To begin the lecture, let take an..of the present situation. a) oversight b) overtone c) overture d) overview The lecturer spoke so fast I found it hard to take.what he was saying. a) away b) in c) over d) up The example you have just referred to has no..on the matter under discussion. a) bearing b) connection c) dependence d) relation 3. Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage bellow. authority classes degree located special women bachelors coeducational freshmen schoolstudents year bodies coordinate graduates separate undergraduates campuses courses junior sex university Students The student body of a 1. ..or a college is divided into 2..and undergraduates. Graduates have already received their 3..degrees, while 4.have not. The undergraduates belong to one of four 5, according to their 6 of study. These are 7.., sophomore, 8.and senior classes. Most schools also admit 9.students who take a number of 10., but are not working towards a 11.. Students12vary considerably from13..to school. Some institutions are 14..with both men and 15students. Others admit 16of only one 17 A 18 institution has 19..mens and womens colleges. They are controlled by the same central 20..and are usually 21on the same campus or nearby 22.. 4. Match the words for people in education with the correct definition. 1. apprentice a) female teacher in charge of a school 2. cadet b) person who trains sportsmen for contests or prepares private students for an exam. 3. coach c) highest grade of university teacher 4. dean d) the lowest teaching rank at a university 5. disciple e) person in charge of a division of study 6. headmistress f) person who teaches you driving 7. instructor g) the head of some universities or schools 8. lecturer h) a person studying to become an officer in the army or a policeman 9. trainee i) someone learning a trade who works in return for being taught 10. principal j) person undergoing some form of vocational training 11.professor k) anyone devoted to the acquisition knowledge especially attending university 12. pupil l) attends primary school 13. student m) follower of a religious teacher. 63

5. Fill the gaps in these sentences with a suitable form of head, brain or mind. 1. Shes very good at Maths- she has a good for figures. 2. They were in two..whether to get married . 3. If theres an emergency, dont panic-try to keep your. 4. We couldnt solve the problem, but suddenly I had a..wave. 5. Ill spin a coin to see do you want to call .or tails? 6. Thats too difficult for me to follow- its over my 7. He cant climb a ladder because he has no for heights. 8. They were.over heels in love. 9. A good book can help to take your..off your troubles. 10. When it comes to politics, I try to keep an open 11. Im sorry I didnt make that phone call, it slipped my . 12. If theres a problem to solve, two ..are better than one. 6. Phrasal verbs with draw draw back- to move away from someone or something, usually because you are surprised or frightened draw somebody into something - to make someone become involved in a difficult or unpleasant situation draw something off - to remove a small amount of liquid from a larger amount draw on something - to use information or your knowledge of something to help you do something draw something out - to cause something to last longer than is usual or necessary draw somebody out of - to help someone to express their thoughts and feelings more easily by making them feel less nervous draw something up -1. to prepare something, usually something official, in writing; -2. to move a chair near to someone or something draw oneself up -to make yourself look bigger by standing straight, usually to try to seem more important Expression with draw draw in your horns- to act in a more careful way than you did before, especially by spending less money. 7. Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb or expression with draw. 1. They tried to me ..their argument but I refused. 2. I've ..a list of candidates that I'd like to interview. 3. She had a wealth of experience to... 4. He'll have to his .now he's lost his job 5. The director the meeting .for another hour with a series of tedious questions. 6. She ..a little of her home-made wine just to taste. 7. Like a lot of short men, he tends to .to his full height in public. 8. Like all good interviewers he manages to .people themselves. 9. ..a chair and I'll tell you all about it. 10. She leaned forward to stroke the dog but quickly ..when she saw its teeth.

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L14: Internet Advertisements The Internet can be very useful for companies to advertise and sell their products. Since anyone can have access to the Internet, sellers can reach the majority of the consumers through the use of the Internet. The two companies Sina and ASM both rely on the Internet to run their companies receiving revenues through the Internet and reaching their audience. Sina is a company that has become the most heavily trafficked Web sites in the Chinese language market. (Laudon, 18). Sina is known in China for providing firstrate, comprehensive, up-to-the-minute news, it also offers popular chat rooms, community platforms, financial information, online shopping platforms, search and free email throughout its four sites. (About Sina, 1). Sina uses the Internet to link people all over to other Chinese language sites. The Internet is very essential for Sina to operate its business. The Internet is the way that Sina operates with its users. Revenues are generated for Sina by advertising for companies on its Web site that is primarily for the U.S. and Taiwanese. Sina is hoping to generate profits through charging subscription fees for access from users to their sites and to add electronic commerce and Internet telephone capabilities to its Web sites. Asia Source Media (ASM) offers services via Internet for companies participating in global trade. (Laudon, 18). ASM used to be an Asian trade magazine that eventually installed software and offered an interactive catalogue of products and factories on CD-Rom and converted its catalogue to a Web site. Consumers view products and then contact the sellers using email. Using email and the Web sites helps the buyers and sellers come together saving money on costly travel or telephone calls. ASM helps to provide users online information on trade shows, product alerts and discounted prices from factories. ASM earns its revenues by accepting ads to be displayed on its Web site. (18) as well as getting paid for listings by sellers and very soon to be buyers. The whole make up of these two businesses relies wholly on the Internet to run them. Both of the companies generate all their revenues through use of the Internet. If there were no Internet, Sina would not be able to advertise on the Internet therefore not being able to generate revenue and not surviving as a company. Both of the companies use the Internet to better serve their customers and potentially adding new customers in the long run as well. Without the Internet these companies would not be able to operate their business and not serve their customers or gain potential new ones. These two companies help their customers find what information or products they are looking for in the comfort of their houses or offices. The Internet saves the customers time and money by proving a fast way to retrieve what they are looking for. Without the Internet the customers would have to search for products and information by going to these sellers to shop around or by sitting on the phone for hours calling these sellers for information. They can just click a button and find whatever they need or are looking for in less time and money.

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A. Which of the following information refers to Sina and which to ASIM and which to both? 1. It uses the Internet to link people all over to other Chinese language sites. 2. It uses the Internet to better serve its customers and potentially adding new customers in the long run as well. 3. It is known in China for providing first-rate, comprehensive, up-to-the-minute news, it also offers popular chat rooms, community platforms, financial information, online shopping platforms, search and free email throughout its four sites. 4. It offers services via Internet for companies participating in global trade. 5. It used to be an Asian trade magazine that eventually installed software and offered an interactive catalogue of products and factories on CD-Rom and converted its catalogue to a Web site. 6. It helps its customers find what information or products they are looking for in the comfort of their houses or offices. 7. It is hoping to generate profits through charging subscription fees for access from users to their sites and to add electronic commerce and Internet telephone capabilities to its Web sites. 8. It generates all its revenues through use of the Internet 9. It relies on the Internet to run its company receiving revenues through the Internet and reaching its audience. 10. It helps to provide users online information on trade shows, product alerts and discounted prices from factories. 11. It earns its revenues by accepting ads to be displayed on its Web site as well as getting paid for listings by sellers and very soon to be buyers. 12. The whole make up of this business relies wholly on the Internet to run it.

B. What do you think on internet advertisements? Could we do without them? Are there any disadvantages/risks that we should be aware of regarding these internet ads?

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Vocabulary
1. Fill in the missing information: SUBJECT TEACHER Geology . t. . . botanist a. . . entomologist agronomy . b. . zoology . . meteorologist e. . e. . . graphologist IS THE STUDY OF . religion . ancient ruins . . life . . words unborn babies .

2. Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage bellow. achievements average grade minimum perfect school adjustment colleges letter occasionally progress teacher admit common marking pass record attitude failure method percentage reports Grading Grading is a 1used in schools to 2student achievements. Almost every 3.. keeps a record of each students 4in order to have some basis for measuring his 5.The record supplies information for 6to parents. Universities and 7.often use this piece of information to help determine whether they should 8a student. For a long time, the most 9.method of recording achievement was by 10.., with a mark, or 11, of 100 per cent representing 12....achievement. The 13 mark for a 14..was usually 70 per cent , and for 15..work, about 80 per cent. Today the letters A, B, C, D, E, and 16are much more commonly used. The mark A stands for exceptional achievement, and E or F means 17 A few schools use no 18.system at all. Instead, each 19writes a detailed 20..to the parents. Such letters report the students progress, 21, activities, and social 22... 3. Choose the correct variant: 1. . that he only started learning it one year ago, his English is excellent. a) accounting b) considering c) imagining d) wondering 2. We were the ..students in the class who could speak Russian. a) alone b) one c) only d) single 3. Your pronunciation would improve if you.with a tape recorder. a) exercised b) practised c) repeated d) trained 4. Priscilla asked for .at home as she thought she would learn English more quickly that way. 67

a) particular b) peculiar c) personal d) private 5. Learners of English as a foreign language often fail to between unfamiliar sounds in that language. a) differ b) distinguish c) separate d) solve 6. Jonathan was surprised that Sonias English was soas she had never been to England. a) definite b) fluent c) liquid d) national 7. If you want to learn a new language you must .classes regularly. a) assist b) attend c) follow d) present 8. Would you ..to my studying English privately? a) allow b) agree c) approve d) permit 9. Spanish is the.. language of most Spaniards. a) home b) mother c) native d) natural 10. They are learning English, but they havent .much progress. a) done b)got c)made d) performed 11. There has been a great . in his English. a) escalation b) improvement c) increase d) rise 12. If you dont know what that word means, .in the dictionary. a) give it up b) look it up c) make it up d) show it up 13. Please ..your hand if you want to ask a question. a) arouse b) put out c) raise d) rise 14. At the language school each student is assigned to his or her own a) director b) professor c) staff d) tutor 15. A role play session is particularly useful in bringing together different of teaching. a) cords b) fibers c) strands d) threads 16.Cyrils understanding of the language is growing .. a) by hook and by crook b) by leaps and bounds c) from time to time d) slow but sure 17. Its fifteen years since Timothy worked in Holland and his Dutch is pretty .now. a) rusty b) scratchy c) sloppy d) stale 18. The schools exam results .the headmaster. a) celebrated b) delighted c) enjoyed d) rejoiced 19. They were most impressed by the overseas student whose English was a) impeccable b) infallible c) irreproachable d) spotless 20. It is .that students will have doubled their vocabulary in three months. a) anticipated b) foreseen c) hope d) worry 4. Chose the best synonym. 1. The student is discourteous; he GRUMBLES no matter how you try to please him. a) complains b) giggles c)scolds d) sneers 2. Vivian REVISED her paper carefully, following the professors suggestions. a) copied b) corrected c) retyped d) reviewed 3. Rogets Thesaurus, a collection of English words and phrases arranged by the ideas they express RATHER THAN in alphabetical order. a) as well as b) instead of c) restricted d) unless 68

4. Habits can be CONSCIOUSLY strengthened, as when a student of the guitar practises and memorizes different fingerings. a) conveniently b) deliberately c) lastingly d) robustly 5. My supply of confidence slowly DWINDLES as the day of the exam approaches. a) diminishes b) emerges c) grows d) revives 6. His face was FLUSHED because he had run all the way from the dorm so as ot to be late for the lecture. a) pale b) red c) shaking d) wet 7. The student BROKE IN ON the conversation without waiting for the speaker to stop talking. a) interrupted b) regarded c) seized d) withdrew from 8. The warmth of the lecture hall made the student DOZE. a) faint b) fall asleep c) sweat profusely d) yawn widely 9. The speaker DEMONSTRATED his knowledge of the subject by his excellent lecture. a) corrected b) created c) repeated d) showed 10. The teacher told the student that his paper was ILLEGIBLE. a) illegal b) indecipherable c) outstanding d) sloppy 5. Choose the correct word between the homophones: 1. They live in a remote farmhouse on the (Aisle/Isle) of Skye. 2. Pair/Pare/Pear) off any bits of skin that don't look very nice. 3. He had an accident while he was driving a (higher/hire) car. 4. Don't walk around outside in your (bare/bear) feet. 5. Not everybody agreed that winning was the (be-all/bee-all) and end-all. 6. They were so hungry they had to (steal/steel) in order to eat. 7. The children's club (meats/meets) every Thursday afternoon. 8. They pulled out of the deal at the last minute leaving us (hi/high) and dry. 9. The dog trotted off to (berry/bury) its bone. 10. She gave him a long (stair/stare) but didn't answer his question. 6. Fill these gaps with a suitable form of face, eye, nose, or ear. 1. I cant tell you exactly what to do- youll have to play it by 2. I tried to catch the waiters but he didnt look my way. 3. I have to go away for a while, can you keep an.on them for me? 4. They normally see ..to.but in this case they disagreed. 5. During the wedding someone started giggling and I couldnt keep a straight 6. When they said theyd got engaged I couldnt believe my. 7. Shes such a snob- she looks down her ..everyone. 8. Dont bother to tell me how to get there-Ill follow my .. 9. You cant support both sides at once- dont be so two-.. 10. If you admit to making such a serious mistake you may lose . 11. He knew the risks and went into it with his.open. 12. Anything you say to them goes in one .and out the other.

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Bibliography
- Mistzal, Mariusz - Test Your Vocabulary, Ed. Teora, 1994 - Jones, Leo- New Cambridge Advanced English, Cambridge University Press, 2000 -internet resources

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