CHNG 3.

CC IU KIN NH GI CM QUAN V NGUYN TC THC HNH TT

3.1. Cc iu kin tin quyt trong nghin cu nh gi cm quan 3.1.1. Ngi th - hi ng th Phn tch cm quan l mt th nghim cm quan khng th tin hnh nu thiu dng c o l con ngi. Trong nh gi cm quan, vic s d ng nhm ngi th gm nhiu thnh vin tr thnh iu khng th thay th. Ty theo mc ch ca th nghim m s lng thnh vin trong nhm s khc nhau. Nu nh mc ch th nghim l mun xc nh nhng tnh cht cm quan ca mt sn phm thc phm th cn phi s dng hi ng nh gi cm quan gm 812 ngi qua quy trnh tuyn ch n k v c hun luyn vi thi gian di v thng xuyn. Ngc li, nu mc ch th nghim ch n gin l tm hiu nhn bit ca ngi th v s ging, khc nhau gia hai hoc vi nhm sn phm th s lng ngi th cn phi t 60 ngi. Nhng thnh vin ny khng c hun luyn hoc c th cng c la chn v hun luyn nhng khng cn phi c hun luyn nhiu ging nh mt chuyn vin cm quan thc th. Mt trng hp na l nu nh mc ch th nghim l nh gi s a thch ca ngi tiu dng i vi mt sn phm th s lng ngi tham gia nh gi cm quan phi hn 100 ngi kt qu thu c c gi tr v ng tin cy.

3.1.2. Phng th nghim nh gi cm quan Phng th nghim nh gi cm quan l mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt i vi mn hc nh gi cm quan. Do phng th nghim nh gi cm quan phi c ch trng xy dng p ng c nhng yu cu ca mn hc (hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1. V d v m hnh phng nh gi cm quan Vic xy dng phng nh gi cm quan cn phi chn a im ph hp. N cn phi c b tr ph hp i vi cc thnh vin tham gia hi ng, khng c nm nhng ni c nhiu mi l, n o. Khu vc ny cng cn d tip cn i vi cc thnh vin, trong trng hp ngi tiu dng tham gia hi ng hoc thnh vin hi ng xa, phi c ch xe cho cc thnh vin, hay ni cch khc, phng nh gi cm quan phi c xy dng tng mt ca to nh v gn cng ra vo. Trong trng hp nh my c yu cu v an ninh, phng phi c b tr trong khu vc bo v, tuy nhin phng i ca cc thnh vin hi ng c sp xp hp l sao cho h c th ra, vo d dng. Khi thit k khu vc nh gi cm quan, cn ch ng i ca cc thnh vin hi ng. Khi n v ri khi khu vc nh gi, ngi th khng c i qua khu vc chun b v vn phng. iu ny nhm mc ch gim thiu cc thng tin ch quan c th nh hng n kt qu nh gi. Khu vc nh gi cm quan dng n gin nht l mt phng rng c trang b mt s bn v cc tm ngn. Mt iu cn ch l kt qu nh

gi ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin khu vc th, phi bo m khng c ting n v khng lm ngt qung cng vic, c bit cc thnh vin khng c lm nh hng n nhau. Nu khng c cc tm ngn, chuyn gia nn b tr bn sao cho cc thnh vin khng ngi i din vi nhau. Trong trng hp mu sc hay hnh thc bn ngoi ca sn phm l cc tnh cht quan trng cn c nh gi, cn bo m khu vc th c trang b cc loi bng n hunh quang pht ra nh sng tng t nh sng t nhin. Tuy nhin trong trng hp nh gi cm quan l mt phn khng th thiu ca qu trnh pht trin sn phm mi v cng tc bo m cht lng, cn phi xy dng mt khu vc nh gi cm quan n nh. Phn ln cc khu vc nh gi cm quan u c phng tho lun, phng th v phng ch cho cc thnh vin hi ng. Phng ch phi c b tr tin nghi, nh sng v sch s. y l ni to n tng u tin i vi thnh vin hi ng, do vy nn thit k sao cho h thy c cng vic sp thc hin mang tnh chyn nghip v c chun b chu o. Khu vc ny nn c b tr theo kiu phng i ca phng khm bnh. Chuyn gia nh gi cm quan cn ch gim ti a thi gian ch i ca cc thnh vin, tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, iu ny khng th trnh khi. lm cho vic ch i c thoi mi hn, khu vc ny nn c mt vi t bo hoc tp ch. Phng tho lun thng c sp xp tng t phng hi tho, tuy nhin trang tr v dng nn n gin hn trnh lm m t tp trung ca cc thnh vin. Khu vc ny cn b tr i li thun tin v gn khu vc chun b, tuy nhin khng c cho thnh vin hi ng c th nhn vo hoc i sang khu vc chun b. Cc vn v kim sot mi trng, nh sng ca khu vc tho lun cng tng t nh khu vc th. nhiu ni, phng th l trung tm ca mi hot ng. Phng ny cn phi c cch ly vi phng chun b v c trang b tin nghi; qun l ngn np, sch s v chuyn nghip. Phng th cn phi

c gi im lng to iu kin cho s tp trung ca cc thnh vin. Khu vc th thng c nhiu kiu thit k. Nh trong lnh vc m phm trong ngi ta ch n khng gian lm vic. S lng ngn th trong cc khu vc th thng t 3 n 25 v ph thuc vo din tch cho php. Tuy nhin chuyn gia cm quan cn u tin cho s lng ngn th, bi v s hn ch s ngn th s dn ti cng vic b nh tr do thnh vin hi ng phi ch i lu hoc bt buc phi gim s lng thnh vin. Kch thc ca cc ngn th c th thay i, nhng kch thc ti u nht l 1mt x 1mt. Kch thc cng nh, iu kin lm vic ca cc thnh vin cng b g b, lm nh hng n tp trung ca mi ngi. Mt khc kch thc ln s gy lng ph din tch. Cc ngn th cn c phn cch bng tm ngn m vi kch thc t nht l rng 50cm v cao 1m so vi mt bn nhm mc ch khng lm mt tp trung cho ngi th bn cnh. Khong khng ng sau ngn th rng ngi th c th i ra i vo thoi mi. Khu vc bo qun mu l ni cn c din tch ln nht. Cn c ni bo qun lnh cho mu, cht chun, mu chun, thc phm lm qu tng cho ngi th. Cn c cc ngn lnh ng cho cc mu khi cn thit. Ngoi ra nn c t nhiu ngn cha dng c, a, khay, cc nh, phiu th, phiu d liu, s liu thng k, bo co, b n sao ti liu, v.v. Nhiu phng chun b mu cn thiu khu vc bo qun v lu tr ph hp. Khi thit k mt c s phn tch cm quan, nht thit phi yu cu c khng gian bo qun rng ri. 3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n nh gi cm quan c im ca nh gi cm quan l s dng con ngi nh cng c o c v th loi thc phm th nm, thnh lp hi ng hoc nhm ngi th nm, vic chn la phng php tin hnh v kim sot cc iu kin mi trng trong qu trnh th nm cht ch n mc c th l iu rt quan trng. iu ny s gip loi b cc sai s v cc ghi vn m c th c gy nn bi cc yu t tm sinh l. Tt c cc yu t v tinh thn v iu kin tm sinh l

ca ngi th nm, khng kh ca mi trng nh gi cm quan u nh hng n s nhn xt, nh gi ca h. 3.2.1. Cc yu t tm l 3.2.1.1. nh hng ca s mong i Cch m ha ch quan cc mu dc nh gi c th nh hng n s phn xt ca ngi nh gi. Con ngi ta thng b nh hng bi nhng yu t h mong i. V d nh m ha mu vi cc ch s A, 1 hoc 100, 999,911 c th lm cho ngi nh gi lin tng mu s ngon, cht lng ttDo cn phi tun th cc quy tc sau : - Khng bao gi s dng ngi bit v mu th trong hi ng th. - Cung cp cho ngi nh gi ch nhng thng tin cn thit, ngn ngn, khng qu chi tit v mu th. - Trnh m ha mu vi nhng con s lin tng n cht lng sn phm nh : 999, 100, 111, A cng nh trnh o ln trt t hoc lp li con s m ha, v d : 121, 211, 867, 786 v s lm ngi nh gi ngh l cc mu ny l cng 1 mu. Khng bao gm ch s khi m ha v khng t mu hay lm bt k k hiu lm du no trn code m ha. 3.2.1.2. nh hng ca mi trng th Nhng li bnh lun, gy m thanh n o u nh hng n s nh gi ca cc cm quan vin. V d: uhm, ah, hoc c ngi no bo mu cafe ny ng qu V th cn phi nhc nh cc cm quan vin trc khi nh gi, cng nh tch bit cc cm quan vin trong sut qu trnh nh gi : s dng cc bung, ngn th nm c lp. Ngoi ra, cc cm quan vin cn c th d dng b tc ng bi cc m thanh ca mi trng xung quanh. V d thao tc phc v mu, cc cuc tho

lun bn ngoi phng chun b mu, chung in thoi, mi nc hoa,.. V th mi trng th phi tht s yn tnh, thng thong. 3.2.1.3. nh hng ca yu t kch thch v logic Li kch thch xut hin khi cc cm quan vin s dng cc thng tin thm a ra s phn xt. S kch thch ny cng lin quan n yu t logic vi mt hoc nhiu c tnh ca sn phm nh gi. V d cc mu vi mu sc m hn, c kch c ln hn s lm cho cm quan vin lin tng n cng mi-v ca mu ny s mnh hn, m hn. Hoc nu trnh by mu kem vi lp kem mng hn s lm ngi th nh gi l km cht lng. Do vic trnh by mu cn phi thn trng, nn s dng cc n mu trong qu trnh nh gi. Vic s dng nhiu tnh cht nh gi cng mt lc cng nh hng n kt qu nh gi cm quan. V nh th s d dn n s nhm ln cc tnh cht vi nhau, v d nh mu sn phm ngt hn s lin quan n tnh cht mm hn, dnh hnDo nn gii hn li cc tnh cht s dng (thng thng 4-5 tnh cht), v s dng cc thnh vin c hun luyn. 3.2.2. Cc yu t sinh l 3.2.2.1. S thch ng Thi gian nh gi ko di v thc hin trn nhiu mu th s dn n s mt mi, u oi cho ngi th. Do cn phi : - Gii hn s lng mu th - C s ngh ngi gia cc mu th phc hi chc nng cc gic quan cm quan. Thi gian thch hp cho vic ngh gii lao l 10- 15 pht. - Cung cp y nc lcoj, bnh lc thanh v cho cc cm quan vin. 3.2.2.2. Tnh trng sc khe v thi quen

Tnh trng sc khe v thi quen ca cm quan vin u nh hng n nh gi cm quan. V d cc ri lon v sc khe v dinh dng, s dng thuc, gii tnh, tm l, d ng vi sn phm th , ht thuc u c th nh hng n kt qu nh gi cm quan. Bn cnh , tui tc v cng thng cng l nhng nguyn nhn dn n sai lch v kt qu nh gi. 3.2.3. Cc yu t v vn ha S khc nhau v vn ha, a l cng c tc ng n kt qu nh gi cm quan. Do cc chuyn gia nh gi cm quan cn phi lu n vn ny, nht l i vi php th th hiu. Trc khi mun ly thc hin nh gi cm quan mt khu vc no , cn phi tm hiu cc i tng , ngn ng, phong tc tp qun c bc chun b hp l cho qu trnh nh gi. 3.3. Nguyn tc thc hnh tt Trong nh gi cm quan, m bo rng cc nghin cu c thc hin nghim tc, thu c cc d liu n nh v nh tin cy, mt chuyn gia cm quan lun phi tun th cc nguyn tc thc hnh chun sau: Mc ch ca php th Loi php th Hi ng: tuyn chn, hun luyn, kim tra Mu th: chun b mu th, kch thc, khi lng, vt cha, nhit mu th, thi gian ti a c th s dng. Chun b php th: ng nhp thnh vin hi ng, thanh v, hng dn cho cn b phc v th nghim, hng dn cho thnh vin hi ng. Phiu nh gi cm quan: hng dn, thang im, t ch thuc tnh, t lm mc. M ha mu Sp xp mu ngu nhin Cc vt dng khc: bt ch, giy n, bung nh

 V sinh, dn dp B tr t trang ca thnh vin hi ng Giy bin nhn nu thnh vin c bi dng bng tin mt Phng vn thnh vin hi ng Khu vc th Cch ly gia cc thnh vin hi ng Nhit m nh sng m thanh (ting n) Mi l/s dng cc loi ha cht lm sch khng kh Kh nng lu thng an ton Trong cc nguyn tc trn, c mt s nguyn tc then cht cn phi nm r v chun b tt. Chun b mu th Chuyn gia cm quan cn phi rt cn trng khi chun ho cc k thut chun b v quy trnh phc v mu ngoi tr nhng thnh phn bin i trong qu trnh nh gi. Chuyn gia cm quan cn quan tm n cc vn sau khi vit bo co v thc hin nghin cu: hnh thc b ngoi ca mu, kch thc v kiu dng, nhit mu. Ngoi ra cn lu vt cha mu, bao nhiu mu c th c th trong mt bui th, liu ngi th c phi thanh v gia cc ln th hay khng, cc mu s c nut hay nh ra khi th, v bao nhiu m u c a ra trong mi bui th. Cardelo v Segars (1989) thy rng kch thc mu c nh hng n im cng m ngi th gn cho cc thuc tnh cu trc, thm ch ngay c khi h khng h bit v s khc nhau ca kch thc mu. iu ny cho thy

chuyn gia cm quan cn phi xc nh r kch thc cng nh hnh dng ca mu trong php th, bi v cng mt mu c kch thc khc nhau s cho kt qu khc nhau. Do vy khi xc nh kch thc mu, chuyn gia cm quan cn ch ti mt s vn sau: Mc ch ca nghin cu? Mt khu phn n b nh thng ca mu l bao nhiu? Kch thc ca sn phm cho mt ln s dng? Thnh vin hi ng s phi nh gi bao nhiu tnh cht? i vi sn phm, kch thc c iu chnh c d dng hay khng? Cu tr li cho cc vn nu trn s gip cho chuyn gia cm quan d dng a ra kch thc mu ph hp cho mi sn phm. Ch rng, sai li nh i vi mu c kch thc ln th cn tt hn i vi mu nh. Trong mt vi trng hp, c th phi dng mt lng mu ti thiu. iu ny c th rt quan trng trong php th th hiu v mt s ngi th thng thn trng khi nm cc sn phm mi. Tuy nhin, cn gi cn i gia kch thc mu vi cc yu t nh gi thnh sn phm, chi ph bo qun, chun b mu. Nhit mu th Nhit ca mu khi th cn phi c xc nh r trong bn hng dn thc hin (protocol) php th. Nhit yu cu cho php th v thi gian ch c th s gy kh khn i vi mt s sn phm. Mt trong nhng bin php thc hin l gi cc sn phm ny trong thng cha gi nhit. Mt iu rt quan trng l phi gim n mc ti thiu thi gian lu cc mu, hoc t nht bo m khong thi gian ny l khng i i vi cc thnh vin nhm th. Cc sn phm kem nn lu gi nhit t -15 oC n -13oC trong t nht 12 gi trc khi th vi l do kem rt kh ly nu nhit lnh hn, cn nu nhit cao hn kem s chy. Thng thng kem c ly ra t t lnh v th ngay s tt hn nu chia phn trc sau li lu gi trong t lnh cho n khi th, bi v lc ny b mt b n ngoi ca mu s c xu hng ng bng, cng hn so vi phn mu ly trc tip.

Trong trng hp cc sn phm c th nhit bnh thng, chuyn gia cm quan phi o v ghi chp li nhit ca mi bui th. i vi nhng sn phm c th nhit khc so vi bnh thng, nhit ny cn phi c xc nh r, cng nh phng php duy tr nhit , v d bng b ct iu nhit, phch, b nc iu nhit, bn m, t lnh, t ng, v.v. Ngoi ra, thi gian lu gi mu ti cc thit b c bit ny cng phi c nu r. Dng c cha mu Rt kh c th a ra mt nguyn tc cng nhc cho vic la chn vt cha mu do iu kin ca mi phng th cm quan khc nhau l khng ging nhau. Ti mt vi ni, s rt tn km v mt thi gian khi phi ra mt lng ln cc a ng mu, lc ny ngi ta s s dng a dng mt ln. Ngc li nhng ni khc, do yu t chi ph hoc nhng rng buc v iu kin mi trng m iu ny li kh ng cho php. Chuyn gia cm quan cn la chn dng c cha mu sao cho ph hp, tt nht l nn s dng cc vt cha thng dng cho tng sn phm. Nn la chn dng c cha thun tin v khng gy ra nh hng ti cc tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm. V d, loi cc polystyren rt tin li do l loi cc s dng mt ln, c th lm nhn bng cch vit trc tip hoc dn giy dnh, tuy nhin loi cc ny c th lm nh hng n hng v ca cc loi ung nng. Trong trng hp dng bt mc ghi m gm 3 ch s ln thnh cc, cn ch s dng loi khng c mi. M ho mu Mu cn c dn nhn v m ho mt cch ngu nhin bng cc con s c ba ch s trnh cc yu t ch quan, v cc m u cng cn phi c trnh by ngu nhin trnh cc kt lun gi to gy ra bi th t sp xp ca cc mu. Sp xp ngu nhin Cc mu thng c ph v cho ngi th mt cch ngu nhin. S tt hn nu bo m c rng cn i trong th t sp xp mu ngu nhin c thc hin. Cn i trong th t sp xp mu ngu nhin c ngha l mi mt t

hp sp xp mu c xut hin vi s ln bng nhau. bo m vic ny cn phi xc nh s ln xut hin ca mi tp hp mu. Trong m hnh sp xp ngu nhin tuyt i, tt c mi kh nng t hp mu c th xy ra u c thc hin vi s ln bng nhau. C th s dng cc t hp mu c xy dng chuyn dng, cho php chuyn gia c c mt m hnh cn bng v th t cng nh v t hp sp xp. Ni mt cch khc, mi mt mu c sp xp trc mt mu khc vi s ln nh nhau (MacFie v cng s, 1989; Wakeling v MacFie, 1995). Nhng m hnh ny c bit c ch khi c hin tng hiu ng tn lu gia cc mu (Muir v Hunter, 1991/2; William v Arnold, 1991/2; Schlich, 1993). Chng cng rt c li, trnh c hiu ng tn lu sau th nghim. Bng nhiu cch, nhng k thut thc hnh tt lin quan n cc php th cm quan c thit lp da trn nhng hiu bit chung. Tho t tin, cc giai on m ha v chun b mu c v nng n, cng knh, tuy nhin mc ch ca cc giai on ny l m bo rng chuyn gia mi lc, mi ni u nhn bit mu v cc m s mu mt cch r rng, vi mt l do l mt vi thi im trong nghin cu, vic mt mu b tht lc l c th xy ra. Chuyn gia cm quan lun phi t hi liu vt cha, qui trnh phc v mu, phng php tuyn chn hi ng c l-gic v hp l hay khng. K thut thc hnh tt cn gip ci thin cht lng php th, t nng cao uy tn vi khch hng dn ti cc kt qu ca phn tch cm quan ngy cng c tn trng. Hng dn ngi th- hi ng th Trc khi tin hnh nh gi, cc thnh vin cm quan khng c trng thi qu no hoc qu i, khng c dng n nng mi, nhiu gia v cay, chua, mn, ngt, cc thc ung c cht kch thch mnh nh tr m, cafe, khng c ht thuc l

i vi hi ng qua hun luyn, trong mi ln tham gia nh gi, cc kim nghim vin phi c t chc kim tra li s nhy cm vi cc mi v c bn, i din mu th. Vic hng dn cho cc thnh vin hi ng cn phi thc hin rt r rng v cn thn. Thng thng nn hng dn cch tin hnh php th c bng li (trc khi ngi th vo khu vc nh gi) v c bng vn bn trn phiu th. Cng vic ny cn phi c th nghim trc trn cc i tng cha c lm quen vi phn tch cm quan. Tc gi thng hay gp trng hp cc thnh vin c nhm hoc hiu nhm nhng iu tng chng nh rt n gin hoc c din gii mt cch r rng. Hng dn dnh cho cn b k thut v nhn vin cng phi tht r rng. Cn b k thut nn nhc li hng dn ny cho chuyn gia cm quan, nhm bo m rng khng c s hiu nhm trong qu trnh truyn t gia chuyn gia v cc thnh vin thc hin php th. Thanh v Mc ch ca thanh v nhm loi b cc phn cn li ca mu t php th trc. Mt chuyn vui thng c ni n trong php th ru nh sau: khi th ru vang, cn phi c mt ming tht nng dng loi b nh hng ca v cht tanin c cha trong ru vang. Tuy nhin iu ny cng c c s ho hc. Protein v cht dch trong tht c kh nng to thnh mt hp cht c th loi b tanin, v do vy lm gim v cht ca ru vang. Nut v nh mu Trong phn ln cc php th cm quan, ngi th thng khng nut mu trnh hin tng hin tng mu th trc nh hng ti mu th sau. Ngoi ra, khi th sn phm hm lng cht bo cao, vic nut mu s lm nh hng n cn bng dinh dng i vi ngi th. Tuy nhin trong php th th hiu, khi nh gi mc chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng, vic nut mu s c nh hng ti kin nh gi sn phm. Ngoi ra, trong php th th hiu, cn

quan tm n yu t tiu th sn phm mt cch t nhin, do vy vic nut mu l hon ton chp nhn c. Mt trong nhng u im ca vic nut mu l s kch thch cc c quan cm nhn trong cung hng v iu ny rt quan trng i vi mt s sn phm v i vi h thn kinh cm nhn hng v. V d cm gic nng hng rt quan trng khi th ht tiu, cm gic hi nghn ti c hng (mt dng ca kch thch ho hc) rt c trng khi th ko s c la. Kim sot iu kin mi trng Mi trng khu vc th v phng tho lun phi c kim sot v bo m khng c mi l. N n s dng b lc mi bng than hot tnh trong h thng thng gi. Ti y nht thit phi c h thng thng gi tt, p sut khng kh d c th ngn mi t phng chun b mu bay sang. Chuyn gia nh gi cm quan cn lu cc ho cht v sinh s dng khu vc phng th v phng tho lun khng c gy mi l. y l ni khng c c ting n hoc cc yu t gy mt tp trung, nn c cc bng thng bo yu cu gi trt t khi cc bui th ang c tin hnh. Ngoi ra ting n pht ra t h thng my mc gn nh t lnh, my iu ho , thit b x l mu cn c lu . Nhit v m ca khu vc th v phng tho lun nn gi trong khong t 20 n 22oC v t 50 n 55%. Trong iu kin ny, thnh vin th cm quan c iu kin lm vic thoi mi nht v khng b mt tp trung do nhit v m gy ra. H thng chiu sng cn c sng t nht t 300 n 500 lux trn mt bn. iu kin l tng l c h thng iu chnh sng ti mc cao nht t 700 n 800lux nh sng thng thng ca vn phng. n volffram c th thay i sng bng cch thay th bng n c cng sut khc nhau to ra cng sng cng nh mu sc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhit pht ra t loi bng n ny c th lm nh hng n iu kin th, do vy cn phi lu khi

thit k ngn phi m bo nh sng phn b ng u, khng to bng ti trn mt bn.