Sinusoidal Steady State: Circuits Electronics

6.
002
CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS
Sinusoidal Steady State
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Review
We now understand the why of: 5V R L C v
Today, look at response of networks to sinusoidal drive.

Sinusoids important because signals can be represented as a sum of sinusoids. Response to sinusoids of various frequencies -- aka frequency response -- tells us a lot about the system
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Motivation
For motivation, consider our old friend, the amplifier: V
S
Demo
vO
R vi VBIAS + + CGS
vC
Observe vo amplitude as the frequency of the input vi changes. Notice it decreases with frequency. Also observe vo shift as frequency changes (phase). Need to study behavior of networks for sinusoidal drive.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Sinusoidal Response of RC Network

Example: iC
vI +
+ vC
vI (t ) = Vi cos t =0 vC (0) = 0
for t 0 (Vi real) for t < 0 for t = 0
vI
0
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Our Approach
Example: R iC + vC
vI +
Determine vC(t)
Effort Usual approach
! e m e g l u d n I
agony
easy
sneaky approach very sneaky
6.002 Fall 2000
le ct ur 11 e :0 0 11 :2 0 12 N ex :0 0 t le ct ur e
Th is
Lecture
16
Lets use the usual approach

1 2 3 4 Set up DE. Find vp. Find vH.
vC = vP + vH,
solve for unknowns using initial conditions
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Usual approach
Set up DE
dvC + vC = vI RC dt = Vi cos t
That was easy!
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Find vp
dvP RC + vP = Vi cos t dt
First try: Second try: Third try:
vP = A vP = A cos t
nope nope
vP = A cos(t + ) frequency amplitude phase
RCA sin(t + ) + A cos(t + ) = Vi cos t RCA sin t cos RCA cos t sin + A cos t cos A sin t sin = Vi cos t
. . .
gasp !
works, but trig nightmare!

6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Lets get sneaky!

Find particular solution to another input
dvPS + vPS = vIS RC dt = Vi e st st Try solution vPS = V p e RC dV p e st
(S: sneaky :-))

Nice property of exponentials
dt sRCV p e st + V p e st = Vi e st ( sRC + 1 )V p = Vi Vi Vp = 1 + sRC
+ V p e st = Vi e st
Vi e st Thus, vPS = 1 + sRC is particular solution to Vi e st

ly
Vi e j t 1 + jRC
easy!
j t
solution for Vi e where we replace s = j
Vp
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
complex amplitude
16
Fourth try to find vP using the sneaky approach
Fact 1: Finding the response to Vi e j t was easy. Fact 2: vI = Vi cos t = real[Vi e j t ] = real[vIS ]
from Euler relation, e j t = cos t + j sin t
real part
vI response vP
vIS response vPS
real part
an inverse superposition argument, assuming system is real, linear.

6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
2 Fourth try to find vP so,
complex
vP = Re[vPS ] = Re[V p e jt ]
Vi = Re e j t 1 + jRC
V (1 jRC ) j t = Re i e 2 2 2 1+ R C
Vi j j t = Re e e , tan = RC 2 2 2 1+ R C Vi j ( t + ) = Re e 1 + 2 R 2C 2
vP =
Vi 1+ R C
2 2 2
cos( t + )
Recall, vP is particular response to Vi cos t .

6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Find vH Recall,
vH = Ae
t RC
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Find total solution
vC = vP + vH
vC = Vi 1+ R C
2 2 2
cos( t + ) + Ae
t RC
where = tan 1 ( RC )
Given vC(0) = 0 for t = 0 so, Vi A= cos( ) 2 2 2 1+ R C Done!
Phew !
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16

We are usually interested only in the particular solution for sinusoids, i.e. after transients have died. Notice when t , vC vP as e
vC = Vi 1+ R C
2 2 2 t RC
0
t RC
cos( t + ) + Ae
where = tan 1 ( RC ) Vi A= cos( ) 2 2 2 1+ R C
Vp
Described as SSS: Sinusoidal Steady State

Vp
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16

All information about SSS is contained in Vp , the complex amplitude! Recall
Vi Vp = 1 + jRC
Steps 3 , 4 were a waste of time!
Vp
1 = Vi 1 + jRC Vp Vi = 1 1 + 2 R 2C 2 1 1 + 2 R 2C 2 e j where
= tan 1 RC
magnitude
Vp Vi Vp Vi
phase :
= tan 1 RC
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16

Visualizing the process of finding the particular solution vP
Vi cos t drive
D.E. + nightmare trig.
V p cos[t + V p ]
particular solution
sneak in Vi e jt drive
algebraic take equation real + part complex algebra V p e j t
the sneaky path!

6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Magnitude Plot
transfer function Vp H ( j ) = Vi
Vp Vi
1 1 + 2 R 2C 2
Vp Vi
log scale log scale
1 = RC
From demo: explains vo fall off for high frequencies!
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16
Phase Plot
= tan 1 RC
=
Vp Vi
0
1 = RC

4 2
log scale
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
16

Sinusoidal Steady State: Circuits Electronics

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6.

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Sinusoidal Steady State

6.002 Fall 2000

We now understand the why of: 5V R L C v

Today, look at response of networks to sinusoidal drive.

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

Sinusoidal Response of RC Network

for t 0 (Vi real) for t < 0 for t = 0

6.002 Fall 2000

sneaky approach very sneaky

6.002 Fall 2000

Lets use the usual approach

solve for unknowns using initial conditions

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

First try: Second try: Third try:

vP = A cos(t + ) frequency amplitude phase

works, but trig nightmare!

6.002 Fall 2000

Lets get sneaky!

dvPS + vPS = vIS RC dt = Vi e st st Try solution vPS = V p e RC dV p e st

(S: sneaky :-))

dt sRCV p e st + V p e st = Vi e st ( sRC + 1 )V p = Vi Vi Vp = 1 + sRC

Vi e st Thus, vPS = 1 + sRC is particular solution to Vi e st

solution for Vi e where we replace s = j

Fourth try to find vP using the sneaky approach

from Euler relation, e j t = cos t + j sin t

vIS response vPS

an inverse superposition argument, assuming system is real, linear.

6.002 Fall 2000

2 Fourth try to find vP so,

Recall, vP is particular response to Vi cos t .

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

Find total solution

Given vC(0) = 0 for t = 0 so, Vi A= cos( ) 2 2 2 1+ R C Done!

6.002 Fall 2000

Sinusoidal Steady State

where = tan 1 ( RC ) Vi A= cos( ) 2 2 2 1+ R C

Described as SSS: Sinusoidal Steady State

6.002 Fall 2000

Sinusoidal Steady State

Steps 3 , 4 were a waste of time!

6.002 Fall 2000

Sinusoidal Steady State

D.E. + nightmare trig.

algebraic take equation real + part complex algebra V p e j t

the sneaky path!

6.002 Fall 2000

log scale log scale

From demo: explains vo fall off for high frequencies!

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

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