GII CNG N THI TT NGHIP MN MNG MY TINH

Nguyn Xun Sn CTH50. CNTT. HNT

1. M hnh tham chiu OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): vai tr v chc
nng cua cc tng trong m hnh ny?
1.M hnh tham chiu OSI:
M hnh 7 lp OSI l m hnh tham chiu ch khng phi mt mng c th n!. "#c nh thit k
$% nhn &! '( ' )it cng &i*c c+a mnh 'ang n,m - '.u/ m hnh OSI chia ch01ng t2nh t2u34n thng
2a thnh 7 t5ng &i nh6ng chc n7ng ph.n )i*t ch! t8ng t5ng. 9ai t5ng ':ng mc khi li;n kt nhau phi
$< =ng mt gia! thc chung. >ia! thc - '.3 '0?c hiu mt c#ch '1n gin l ph01ng ti*n ' c#c t5ng
gia! tip &i nhau/ gi@ng nh0 hai ng0Ai n(i chu3*n c5n phi c( mt ngn ng6 chung &B3. C2!ng m hnh
OSI c( hai l!i gia! thc chDnh '0?c #p =ng l: gia! thc c( li;n kt Ec!nnFcti!n G !2iFntF=H & gia! thc
khng li;n kt Ec!nnFcti!nlF$$H.
I. Jai t2K & chc n7ng c+a c#c t5ng c( t2!ng m hnh:
a/ C5ng JBt LMENhi$ical La3F2 G Lp 1H: C5ng &Bt lM cung cOp c#c ph01ng thc t2u3 cBp &! '0Ang t2u34n
&Bt lM ' t2u34n c#c =Kng )it khng cOu t2Pc/ ng!i 2a n( cKn cung cOp c#c chuQn &4 'i*n/ =.3 c#p/ '5u
n@i/ kR thuBt n@i mch 'i*n/ 'i*n #p/ t@c ' c#p t2u34n =Sn/ gia! ngu!i*n n@i kt & c#c mc n@i kt.
)/ C5ng Li;n Tt U6 Li*u EUata link La3F2 G Lp IH: C5ng n3 c( nhi*m & V#c 'Wnh c1 ch thit lBp
thng tin t2u34n =Sn l;n mng/ c#c =ng thc chung t2!ng mt g(i tin/ '(ng g(i & ph.n ph#t c#c g(i tin.
Lp I c( li;n Xuan 'n lp 1 c+a c#c thit )W mng/ t!p! mng/ t2u3 nhBp mng c1 ch $6a lYi & 'i4u
khin lu:ng.
c/ C5ng mngEZFt[!2= La3F2 G Lp \H: C5ng mng c( nhi*m & V#c 'Wnh &i*c chu3n h0ng/ &ch '0Ang
c#c g(i tin t2!ng mng/ c#c g(i tin n3 c( th 'i Xua nhi4u ch]ng mi 'n '0?c 'Dch cu@i c^ng.
=/ C5ng &Bn chu3nEC2an$p!2t La3F2 G Lp _H: C5ng &Bn chu3n V#c 'Wnh 'Wa ch` t2;n mng/ c#ch thc
chu3n gia! g(i tin t2;n c1 $- t2ac tip gi6a hai '5u mPt/ 'm )! tin cB3 t2u34n =6 li*u gi6a hai '5u cu@i
EFn= t! Fn=H. b 'm )! &i*c t2u34n cn 'Wnh t2;n mng t5ng &Bn chu3n th0Ang '#nh $@ g(i tin & 'm
)! chPng chu3n thF! th ta. d;n cnh '( lp n3 c( chc n7ng 'i4u khin lu:ng & 'i4u khin lYi.
F/ C5ng phi;n ESF$$i!n la3F2 e lp fH: thac hi*n thit lBp/ =u3 t2 & kt thPc c#c phi;n lm &i*c gi6a hai
h* th@ng.
G Thi phc phi;n t2u34n khi g]p $a c@ Ephi;n t2u34n )W 'tH.
g/ C5ng t2nh =ihn EN2F$Fntati!n la3F2 e lp iH: t5ng t2nh )3 chu3n 'ci c#c thng tin t8 cP ph#p ng0Ai
$< =ng $ang cP ph#p ' t2u34n =6 li*u/ ng!i 2a n( c( th njn =6 li*u t2u34n & mk h(a chPng t20c khi
t2u34n 'h )! mBt.
g/ C5ng ng =ng Elpplicati!n la3F2 e lp 7H: t5ng ng =ng Xu3 'Wnh gia! =i*n gi6a ng0Ai $< =ng &
mi t20Ang OSI/ n( cung cOp c#c ph01ng ti*n ch! ng0Ai $< =ng t2u3 cBp & $< =ng c#c =Wch & c+a m
hnh OSI.
2. M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol): vai tr v chc nng cua cc tng trong m hnh ny.
M hnh tham chiu C"NmIN g:m c( _ t5ng chDnh '( l:
n C5ng applicati!n : C2u34n thng gi6a tin t2nh e tin t2nh
"#c t5ng kh#c t:n ti ' hY t2? t5ng n3
n C5ng t2an$p!2t: JBn chu3n =6 li*u t8 n1i g<i 'n n1i nhBn
Chac hi*n &Bn chu3n tin cB3/ 'Png th tao kim $!#t lYimlu:ng
n C5ng IntF2nFt: Li;n kt c#c cng ngh* mng kh#c nhau & cung cOp $a kt n@i t!n c5u t2!ng mt th
gii khng ':ng nhOt.
C! cm gi#c &4 mt mng '1n ':ng nhOt.
>#n 'Wa ch` l!gic =u3 nhOt/ t!n c5u ch! mYi h!$t
Nh.n gii 'Wa ch`pnh V t8 'Wa ch` l!gic $ang 'Wa ch` &Bt lM ' thac hi*n $a ph.n ph#t c#c g(i tin.
n C5ng h!$t t! nFt[!2=: bWnh khung/ kim $!#t lYi/ kim $!#t lu:ng
bi4u khin t2u3 cBp ph01ng ti*n t2u34n
C2u34n c#c =Kng )it t01i 'n n1i nhBn & gii Xu3t c#c g(i tin.
3. Cc loi dung truyn duc su dng trong mng my tnh v uu, nhuc dim
cua tng loi.
"#c l!i '0Ang t2u34n '0?c $< =ng t2!ng mang m#3 tDnh hi*n na3: J tu3n & h6u tu3n.
1. b0Ang t2u34n & tu3n: CDn hi*u '0?c t2u34n 'i t2!ng mi t20Ang khng khD.
G qu 'im: =h =ng kt l@i/ chi phD thOp.
G Zh0?c 'im: '0Ang t2u34n & t@c ' khng cn 'Wnh/ 'i khi khng )rt '0?c mng/
phm &i $< =ng hsp.
I. b0Ang t2u34n h6u tu3n: CDn hi*u '0?c t2u34n t2!ng ph01ng ti*n t2u34n: c#p 'i =.3 V!rn/
c#p ':ng t2c/ c#p Xuang.
G qu 'im: '0Ang t2u34n & t@c ' t2u34n cn 'Wnh/ $< =ng 2ng 2ki.
G Zh0?c 'im: chi phD lrp ']t ca!/ kt l@i phc tp.
4. Mi quan h gia cc tng v cc loi d|a chi trong m hnh TCP/IP. Cc loi
don v| d liu giao thc (Protocol Data Unit - PDU) duc su dng ti mi
tng, v d minh ha.
C5ng &Bt lM & t5ng &Bn chu3n
),ng &i 'Wa ch` ccng.
C5ng mng ),ng 'Wa ch` IN.
C5ng &Bt lM ),ng &i 'Wa ch` &Bt
lM.
b1n &W =6 li*u gia! thc G N2!t!c!l
=ata unit$ ENUt$H: c#c g(i =6 li*u
'0?c t2a! 'ci gi6a c#c thac th ':ng
t5ng.
5. Cc dim chnh trong d}c t k thut cua cc chun IEEE 802.3 10Base-2,
IEEE 802.3 10Base-T v IEEE 802.3 1000Base-T; quy tc 5-4-3.
"#c 'im chDnh t2!ng ']c t kR thuBt c+a c#c chuQn Iuuu vwI.\ 1wda$FGI/ Iuuu vwI.\ 1wda$FGf/ &
Iuuu vwI.\ 1wda$FGC:
G Iuuu vwI.\ 1wda$FGI: >ii t5n c1 $- uthF2nFt 1wM)p$ '@i &i c#p ':ng t2c kh!ng c#ch t@i 'a
l 1vf m/ ng!i 2a cKn c( uthF2nFt '0Ang kDnh nhx/ kim l!i mxng h!]c mng l0i nhx. E1w
M)p$ )a$F)an= uthF2nFt !&F2 c!aVial ca)lF [ith a maVimum =i$tancF !g 1vf mFtF2$. ll$!
2FgF22F= t! a$ Thin Ethernet !2 Thinnet !2 Thinwire).
G Iuuu vwI.\ 1wda$FGf: >ii t5n c1 $- uthF2nFt 1wM)p$ '@i &i c#p ':ng t2c kh!ng c#ch t@i 'a
l fww m/ ng!i 2a cKn c( uthF2nFt '0Ang kDnh 2ng/ kim l!i =3 h!]c mng l0i =53. E1w
M)p$ )a$F)an= uthF2nFt !&F2 c!aVial ca)lF [ith a maVimum =i$tancF !g fww mFtF2$. ll$!
2FgF22F= t! a$ Thick Ethernet !2 Thicknet !2 ThickwireH
G Iuuu vwI.\ 1wda$FGC: >ii t5n c1 $- uthF2nFt 1wM)p$ '@i &i c#p 'i =.3 $!rn chuci t@i 'a l
1ww m E1w M)p$ )a$F)an= uthF2nFt !&F2 t[i$tF= pai2 ca)lF$ [ith a maVimum lFngth !g 1ww
mFtF2$H.
G yu3 trc fG_G\ '0?c #p =ng ch! mYi chuQn: chuQn 1w)a$FGI & 1w)a$FGf khng #p =ngo cKn
chuQn 1w)a$FGC th #p =ng. l!i fG_G\ tCN.
6. Giao thc diu khin truy cp phuong tin truyn CSMA/CD v giao thc
PPP.
G Giao thc diu khin truy cp phuong tin truyn CSMA/CD:
L t2u3 nhBp ngSu nhi;n/ nghF '0Ang t2u34n/ nghF '0Ang =.3/ '0Ang =.3 khng )Bn th ph#t. Zu
)Bn c( th =^ng:
>ii ph#p ztm Xua3 lui{/ thAi gian cht t7ng/ Vung 't gim.
>ii ph#p zki;n t2 '?i{ tip tc nghF 2:i ph#t C/ Vung 't
>ii ph#p z'?i &i V#c $uOt p{/ '.3 l gii ph#p t2ung gian c+a I gii ph#p t2;n. ChAi gian cht
c+a '0Ang =.3 - mc t2ung )nh/ kh n7ng Vung 't - mc t2ung )nh.
Chit )W ' nghF '0Ang =.3 g|i l C2an$cFi&F2
Nhn xt:
"SMl m"U =h thac hi*n/ '1n gin.
Zh0ng khng 'i4u h! l0u thng.
S< =ng khi l0u thng Dt.
"huQn l vwI.\/ '0?c =^ng t2!ng mng uthF2nFt
G Giao thc PPP:
L mt gia! thc li;n kt =6 li*u/ th0Ang '0?c =^ng ' thit lBp mt kt n@i t2ac tip gi6a I nPt
mng. Z( c( th cung cOp kt n@i V#c thac/ mk h(a &i*c t2u34n =6 li*u...
PPP '0?c $< =ng ),ng nhi4u kiu mng &Bt lM kh#c nhau/ )a! g:m c#p tu5n ta / =.3 'i*n th!i/
mng 'i*n th!i/ 2a=i! & c#p Xuang gi@ng nh0 SOZuC. ba ph5n c#c nh cung cOp =Wch &
IntF2nFt '4u $< =ng PPP ch! kh#ch hng ' t2u3 cBp IntF2nFt. 9ai kiu '(ng g(i =6 li*u c+a
PPP l PPPoE EN!intGt!GN!int N2!t!c!l !&F2 uthF2nFtH & PPPoA EN!intGt!GN!int N2!t!c!l !&F2
lCMH/ chPng '0?c $< =ng )-i c#c nh cung cOp =Wch & IntF2nFt ' kt n@i ti =Wch & IntF2nFt.
7. So d chn ni cho R1-45 connector theo chun T568-A v T568-B; vai tr
cua cc chn khi su dng d ni kt mng LAN theo chun Ethernet vi cc
tc d 10, 100 v 1000 Mbps.
T568A:
T568B:
1. C2rng Vanh l#
I. }anh l#
\. C2rng cam
_. }anh =01ng
1. C2rng cam
I. "am
\. C2rng Vanh l#
_. }anh =01ng
f. C2rng Vanh =01ng
i. "am
7. C2rng n.u
v. Z.u
f. C2rng Vanh =01ng
i. }anh l#
7. C2rng n.u
v. Z.u
b@i&iuthF2nFt t@c'~1wwwM)p$ thch.n1/I: t2u34no ch.n\/i: nhBno _/ f/ 7/ v:
khng=^ng't2u34nmnhBn=6li*u.
8. Cc thit b| lin kt mng v d}c tnh cua chng: hub, repeater, bridge,
switch, router.
a. Repeater:
FpFatF2 l mt thit )W - lp 1 ENh3$ical La3F2H t2!ng m hnh OSI. FpFatF2
c( &ai t2K khuch 'i tDn hi*u &Bt lM - '5u &! & cung cOp n7ng l0?ng ch! tDn
hi*u - '5u 2a ' c( th 'n '0?c nh6ng ch]ng '0Ang tip thF! t2!ng mng.
bi*n tDn/ 'i*n th!i/ t2u34n thng tin Xua $?i Xuang & c#c nhu c5u t2u34n tDn
hi*u 'i Va '4u c5n $< =ng FpFatF2.
b. Hub:
9u) '0?c c!i l mt FpFatF2 c( nhi4u ccng. Mt 9u) c( t8 _ 'n I_ ccng & c( th cKn
nhi4u h1n. C2!ng ph5n ln c#c t20Ang h?p/ 9u) '0?c $< =ng t2!ng c#c mng 1wdlSuGC
ha3 1wwdlSuGC. Thi cOu hnh mng l hnh $a! ESta2 t!p!l!g3H/ 9u) '(ng &ai t2K l t2ung
t.m c+a mng. Ji mt 9u)/ khi thng tin &! t8 mt ccng & $% '0?c '0a 'n tOt c c#c
ccng kh#c.
9u) c( I l!i l lcti&F 9u) & Sma2t 9u). lcti&F 9u) l l!i 9u) '0?c =^ng phc )in/ c5n
'0?c cOp ngu:n khi h!t 'ng/ '0?c $< =ng ' khuch 'i tDn hi*u 'n & ch! tDn hi*u 2a
nh6ng ccng cKn li/ 'm )! mc tDn hi*u c5n thit. Sma2t 9u) EIntFlligFnt 9u)H c( chc
n7ng t01ng ta nh0 lcti&F 9u)/ nh0ng c( tDch h?p th;m chip c( kh n7ng ta 'ng =K lYi G 2Ot
h6u Dch t2!ng t20Ang h?p =K tm & ph#t hi*n lYi t2!ng mng.
c. Bridge:
d2i=gF l thit )W mng thuc lp I c+a m hnh OSI EUata Link La3F2H. d2i=gF '0?c $< =ng
' ghjp n@i I mng ' t! thnh mt mng ln =u3 nhOt. d2i=gF '0?c $< =ng phc )in '
lm c5u n@i gi6a hai mng uthF2nFt. d2i=gF Xuan $#t c#c g(i tin EpackFtH t2;n m|i mng. Thi
thO3 mt g(i tin t8 mt m#3 tDnh thuc mng n3 chu3n ti mt m#3 tDnh t2;n mng kh#c/
d2i=gF $% $a! chjp & g<i g(i tin n3 ti mng 'Dch.
qu 'im c+a d2i=gF l h!t 'ng t2!ng $u@t/ c#c m#3 tDnh thuc c#c mng kh#c nhau &Sn c(
th g<i c#c thng tin &i nhau '1n gin m khng c5n )it c( $a zcan thi*p{ c+a d2i=gF. Mt
d2i=gF c( th V< lM '0?c nhi4u l0u thng t2;n mng nh0 Z!&Fll/ dan3an cng nh0 l 'Wa
ch` IN c^ng mt lPc.
Zh0?c 'im c+a d2i=gF l ch` kt n@i nh6ng mng c^ng l!i & $< =ng d2i=gF ch! nh6ng
mng h!t 'ng nhanh $% kh( kh7n nu chPng khng n,m g5n nhau &4 m]t &Bt lM.
d. Switch:
S[itch 'i khi '0?c m t nh0 l mt d2i=gF c( nhi4u ccng. C2!ng khi mt d2i=gF ch` c( I
ccng ' li;n kt '0?c I $FgmFnt mng &i nhau/ th S[itch li c( kh n7ng kt n@i '0?c
nhi4u $FgmFnt li &i nhau tu thuc &! $@ ccng Ep!2tH t2;n S[itch. "ng gi@ng nh0 d2i=gF/
S[itch cng zh|c{ thng tin c+a mng thng Xua c#c g(i tin EpackFtH m n( nhBn '0?c t8 c#c
m#3 t2!ng mng. S[itch $< =ng c#c thng tin n3 ' V.3 =ang l;n )ng S[itch/ )ng n3
cung cOp thng tin giPp c#c g(i thng tin 'n 'Png 'Wa ch`.
Zg3 na3/ t2!ng c#c gia! tip =6 li*u/ S[itch th0Ang c( I chc n7ng chDnh l chu3n c#c
khung =6 li*u t8 ngu:n 'n 'Dch/ & V.3 =ang c#c )ng S[itch. S[itch h!t 'ng - t@c '
ca! h1n nhi4u $! &i FpFatF2 & c( th cung cOp nhi4u chc n7ng h1n nh0 kh n7ng t!
mng LlZ ! EJLlZH.
e. Router:
!utF2 l thit )W mng lp \ c+a m hnh OSI EZFt[!2k La3F2H. !utF2 kt n@i hai ha3 nhi4u
mng IN &i nhau. "#c m#3 tDnh t2;n mng phi znhBn thc{ '0?c $a tham gia c+a mt
2!utF2/ nh0ng '@i &i c#c mng IN th mt t2!ng nh6ng Xu3 trc c+a IN l m|i m#3 tDnh kt n@i
mng '4u c( th gia! tip '0?c &i 2!utF2.
qu 'im c+a !utF2: J4 m]t &Bt lM/ !utF2 c( th kt n@i &i c#c l!i mng kh#c li &i
nhau/ t8 nh6ng uthF2nFt cc ) t@c ' ca! ch! 'n '0Ang =.3 'i*n th!i '0Ang =i c( t@c '
chBm.
Zh0?c 'im c+a !utF2: !utF2 chBm h1n d2i=gF & chPng 'Ki hxi nhi4u tDnh t!#n h1n ' tm
2a c#ch =Sn '0Ang ch! c#c g(i tin/ ']c )i*t khi c#c mng kt n@i &i nhau khng c^ng t@c '.
Mt mng h!t 'ng nhanh c( th ph#t c#c g(i tin nhanh h1n nhi4u $! &i mt mng chBm &
c( th g.3 2a $a ngh%n mng. U! '(/ !utF2 c( th 3;u c5u m#3 tDnh g<i c#c g(i tin 'n chBm
h1n.
f. Gateway:
>atF[a3 ch! phjp n@i ghjp hai l!i gia! thc &i nhau. JD =: mng c+a )n $< =ng gia!
thc IN & mng c+a ai '( $< =ng gia! thc IN}/ Z!&Fll/ Uu"nFt/ SZl h!]c mt gia!
thc n! '( th >atF[a3 $% chu3n 'ci t8 l!i gia! thc n3 $ang l!i kh#c.
yua >atF[a3/ c#c m#3 tDnh t2!ng c#c mng $< =ng c#c gia! thc kh#c nhau c( th =h =ng
zn(i chu3*n{ '0?c &i nhau. >atF[a3 khng ch` ph.n )i*t c#c gia! thc m cKn cKn c( th
ph.n )i*t ng =ng nh0 c#ch )n chu3n th0 'i*n t< t8 mng n3 $ang mng kh#c/ chu3n
'ci mt phi;n lm &i*c t8 Va
9. Co ch lc v chuyn tip frame d liu cua bridge/switch.
aH Bridge:
G "1 ch l|c:
Zh6ng g2amF$ '0?c g-i ch! c#c nPt t2!ng c^ng mt '!n mng cc ) th0Ang th
khng '0?c chu3n tip 'n c#c '!n mng cc ) kh#c.
"#c '!n t2- thnh c#c mi4n Vung 't t#ch )i*t.
G "hu3n tip:
Thi )2i=gF nhBn mt khung =6 li*u:Cm kim 'Wa ch` Ml" 'Dch t2!ng )2i=gF ta)lF
Nu mt mc '0?c tm thO3 ch! 'Wa ch` 'Dch '( th nu 'Dch 'n n,m t2;n c^ng
'!n mng nhBn '0?c g2amF th h+3 )x g2amF '( nguc li chu3n tip g2amF '( 'n
mch gia! tip EccngH '0?c ch` t2!ng mc tm '0?c] nguc li lm lt. "hu3n tip
'n tt c c#c cng t2 cng 'k nhn 'c g2amF '(.
)H Switch:
Store-and-forward: C!n ) g2amF '0?c nhBn t20c khi n( '0?c chu3n tip 'i. b
t2h t7ng l;n '@i &i c#c g2amF ln. Th n7ng =K tm lYi l ca!.
Cut-through: "hu3n tip g2amF nga3 khi kim t2a V!ng 'Wa ch` E&Bt lMH 'Dch. Thng
kim t2a lYi. Sinh 2a ' t2h thOp nhOt.
Fragment-free switching: "hu3n tip g2amF $au khi nhBn '0?c i_ )3tF$ '5u ti;n.
L|c '0?c c#c g2amF Vung 't Ec( kDch c ~ i_ )3tF$H
1w. Giao thc IP (Internet Protocol): khun dng gi IP (IP packet format), co
ch truyn mt IP packet t ngun dn dch.
Khun dng gi IP:
Thi g(i tin ti ) 'Wnh tu3n/ ) 'Wnh tu3n $% ph.n tDch nu thO3 phi;n )n c h1n th ) 'Wnh
tu3n $% h+3 )x g(i tin & thng )#! ch! t2m ngu:n )it.
9Fa=F2 lFngth:
b =i c+a g(i tin tDnh thF! '1n &W \I )it.
C3pF !g $F2&icF:
Tiu =Wch & '0?c $< =ng t2!ng ti;u '4 g(i tin IN ' ch` 2a Xuan h* 0u ti;n ch! &i*c chu3n c#c
g(i tin/ thng th0Ang c#c g(i tin IN '0?c V< lM thF! ngu3;n trc IO/ c#c )it w/1/1 t2!ng t20Ang
kiu =Wch & ch` 2a c#c thng tin &4 t2h/ thng l0?ng & ' tin cB3. Chng th0Ang I t2!ng $@ \
thng tin '( $% '0?c ']t/ nh0ng t20Ang chc n7ng n3 khng )uc tOt c c#c ) 'Wnh tu3n phi
V< lM.
C ch truyn mt IP packet t ngu!n "n "#ch:
11. |a chi IPv4: cu trc v cc lp d|a chi; chia mng con, private addresses.
C$u tr%c &' c(c )*p "+a ch, IP&-:
G IN&_/ 'Wa ch` \I )it n3 '0?c chia lm _ )/ mYi ) v )it E&it thF! =ng nhW ph.n g:m c#c $@ w
& 1H '0?c 'm th ta t8 t2#i $ang phi.
G "Ou t2Pc t2;n th hi*n \ thnh ph5n chDnh l
"la$$ )it ZFt IU 9!$t IU
Nh5n 1 l )it nhBn =ng lp/ =^ng ' V#c 'Wnh 'Wa ch` 'ang - lp n!.
bWa ch` IN '0?c ph.n thnh f lp l/ d/ "/ U/ u/ t2!ng '( lp U/ u ch0a =^ng ti. Ca Vjt \ lp '5u
&i h* 'm nhW ph.n.
Lp A:
dit nhBn =ng th nhOt c+a lp l ),ng w/ 7 )it cKn li =nh ch! 'Wa ch` mng ZFt IU/ ph5n tip
thF! =nh ch! 'Wa ch` m#3 ch+ 9!$t IU. Lp l #p =ng khi 'Wa ch` nFt[!2k Dt & 'Wa ch` m#3 ch+
nhi4u. CDnh 2a/ ta '0?c t@i 'a 1Ii mng & mYi mng c( th hY t2? t@i 'a 1i7.777.I1_ m#3 ch+.
J^ng 'Wa ch` lM thu3t tDnh thF! h* 'm thBp ph.n t8 w.w.w.w 'n 1I7.w.w.w
Lp B:
dit nhBn =ng c+a lp d l 1w/ 1_ )it cKn li =nh ch! ZFt IU. Lp n3 #p =ng khi 'Wa ch` mng
& 'Wa ch` m#3 ch+ - mc &8a. CDnh 2a/ ta '0?c t@i 'a 1i.\vI mng/ mYi mng phc & t@i 'a
if.f\_ m#3 ch+. J^ng 'Wa ch` lM thu3t t8 1Iv.w.w.w 'n 11.Iff.w.w.
Lp C:
dit nhBn =ng c+a lp " l 11w/ I1 )it cKn li =nh ch! ZFt IU. Lp n3 #p =ng khi 'Wa ch`
mng nhi4u & 'Wa ch` m#3 ch+ Dt. CDnh 2a/ ta '0?c t@i 'a I.w7.1fw mng/ mYi mng phc & t@i
'a If_ m#3 ch+. J^ng 'Wa ch` lM thu3t t8 1I.w.w.w 'n II\.Iff.Iff.w.
Chia mng c.n:
M0?n c#c )it - ph5n 9!$t IU ' cOp ch! ZFt IU giPp t7ng $@ mng c!nmSu)nFt/ gim $@ l0?ng
h!$tmSu)nFt. M0?n n )it $% '0?c In Su)nFt. M0?n )a! nhi;u )it th t^3 thuc &! $@ Su)nFt
mu@n c( & $@ h!$t t2;n 1 Su)nFt.
Pri&ate addre//e/:
|a chi mng ring (Private Address):
L 'Wa ch` '0?c =^ng t2!ng mng LlZ ni )/ 'Wa ch` n3 ch` c( gi# t2W t2!ng mng LlZ/ c#c
m#3 c( IN =k3 n3 khng th Nu)lic l;n intF2nFt.
12. Cc cch chnh d cp d|a chi IP cho mt nt (node) mng; s hot dng cua
giao thc DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
C(c c(ch ch#nh "0 c$p "+a ch, IP ch. mt n%t 1n.de2 mng:
G U9"N cliFnt g<i Xung )# )n tin U9"NUIS"OJu t2;n mng &Bt lM.
G MYi U9"N $F2&F2 t2 lAi ),ng )n tin U9"NOu )a! g:m thng tin &4 'Wa ch` mng/ 'Wa ch`
U9"N $F2&F2/ 'Wa ch` gatF[a3
G U9"N "liFnt nhBn mt h!]c nhi4u )n tin U9"NOu & ch|n lO3 mt U9"N $F2&F2 =aa
t2;n c#c thng tin =! U9"N $F2&F2 g<i 'n. Sau '( U9"N cliFnt t! 2a )n tin U9"NuytuSC
c( cha 'Wnh =anh c+a U9"N $F2&F2 '0?c ch|n & 'Wa ch` IN 3;u c5u cOp ph#t
G "#c U9"N $F2&F2 nhBn '0?c )n tin U9"NuytuSC c( 'Wnh =anh kh#c mnh $% c!i nh0 nhBn
'0?c thng )#! cliFnt )x Xua. "h` c( =u3 nhOt mt U9"N $F2&F2 chOp nhBn )n tin n3 & t!
mt )n tin U9"Nl"T ' g<i 'i =0i =ng Xung )#.
G "#c nPt mng nhBn '0?c g2amF cha )n tin & $! $#nh 'Wa ch` Ml" c+a mnh &i 'Wa ch` Ml"
'Dch t2!ng g2amF. "h` c( =u3 nhOt mt nPt mng c( 'Wa ch` Ml" ph^ h?p. "#c thng $@ cOu hnh
t2!ng U9"Nl"T '0?c kim t2a & thit lBp. Zh0 &B3/ nPt mng 'k h!n thnh Xu# t2nh cOu
hnh.
S3 h.t "ng c4a gia. th5c 67CP 16ynamic 7./t C.n8igurati.n Pr.t.c.)2:
>ia! thc U9"N lm &i*c thF! m hnh cliFntm$F2&F2. ChF! '(/ Xu# t2nh t01ng t#c gi6a U9"N
cliFnt & $F2&F2 =ihn 2a thF! c#c )0c $au:
G Thi m#3 cliFnt kh-i 'ng/ m#3 $% g<i )2!a=ca$t g(i tin DHCPDISCOVER/ 3;u c5u mt $F2&F2
phc & mnh. >(i tin n3 cng cha 'Wa ch` Ml" c+a m#3 cliFnt.
G "#c m#3 SF2&F2 t2;n mng khi nhBn '0?c g(i tin 3;u c5u '(/ nu cKn kh n7ng cung cOp 'Wa ch`
IN/ '4u g<i li ch! m#3 "liFnt g(i tin DHCPOFFER/ '4 nghW ch! thu; mt 'Wa ch` IN t2!ng mt
kh!n thAi gian nhOt 'Wnh/ km thF! l mt $u)nFt ma$k & 'Wa ch` c+a SF2&F2.
G M#3 "liFnt $% laa ch|n mt t2!ng nh6ng lAi '4 nghW EU9"NOuH & g<i )2!a=ca$t li g(i tin
DHCPREQUEST chOp nhBn lAi '4 nghW '(. bi4u n3 ch! phjp c#c lAi '4 nghW khng '0?c chOp
nhBn $% '0?c c#c SF2&F2 2Pt li & =^ng '4 cOp ph#t ch! "liFnt kh#c.
G M#3 SF2&F2 '0?c "liFnt chOp nhBn $% g<i ng0?c li mt g(i tin DHCPACK nh0 l mt lAi V#c
nhBn/ ch! )it l 'Wa ch` IN '(/ $u)nFt ma$k '( & thAi hn ch! $< =ng '( $% chDnh thc '0?c #p
=ng.
13. Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): vai tr v co ch hot dng.
yu# t2nh thac hi*n lN '0?c )rt '5u khi mt thit )W ngu:n t2!ng mt mng IN c( nhu c5u g<i
mt g(i tin IN. C20c ht thit )W '( phi V#c 'Wnh VFm 'Wa ch` IN 'Dch c+a g(i tin c( phi n,m
c^ng t2!ng mng ni ) c+a mnh ha3 khng. Zu 'Png &B3 th thit )W $% g<i t2ac tip g(i tin 'n
thit )W 'Dch. Zu 'Wa ch` IN 'Dch n,m t2;n mng kh#c/ th thit )W $% g<i g(i tin 'n mt t2!ng c#c
2!utF2 n,m c^ng t2;n mng ni ) ' 2!utF2 n3 lm nhi*m & g!2[a2= g(i tin. " hai t20Ang h?p
ta '4u thO3 '0?c l thit )W phi g(i tin IN 'n mt thit )W IN kh#c t2;n c^ng mng ni ). Ca )it
2,ng &i*c g<i g(i tin t2!ng c^ng mng thng Xua S[itch l =aa &! 'Wa ch` Ml" ha3 'Wa ch` ph5n
cng c+a thit )W. Sau khi g(i tin 'a!c '(ng g(i th mi )rt '5u '0?c chu3n Xua Xu# t2nh ph.n
gii 'Wa ch` lN & '0?c chu3n 'i
lN &4 c1 )n l mt Xu# t2nh I chi4u 2FXuF$tm2F$p!n$F gi6a c#c thit )W t2!ng c^ng mng ni
). Chit )W ngu:n 2FXuF$t ),ng c#ch g<i mt )n tin )2!a=ca$t t2;n t!n mng. Chit )W 'Dch
2F$p!n$F ),ng mt )n tin unica$t 'n thit )W ngu:n.
1_. Giao thc NAT (Network Address Translation): vai tr v co ch hot dng.
ZlC $< =ng IN c+a chDnh n( lm IN cng cng ch! mYi m#3 c!n EcliFntH &i IN 2i;ng. Thi mt
m#3 c!n thac hi*n kt n@i h!]c g<i =6 li*u ti mt m#3 tDnh n! '( t2;n intF2nFt/ =6 li*u $% '0?c
g-i ti ZlC/ $au '( ZlC $% tha3 th 'Wa ch` IN g@c c+a m#3 c!n '( 2:i g<i g(i =6 li*u 'i &i 'Wa
ch` IN c+a ZlC. M#3 tDnh t8 Va h!]c m#3 tDnh n! '( t2;n intF2nFt khi nhBn '0?c tDn hi*u $% g-i
g(i tin t2- &4 ch! ZlC c!mputF2 )-i & chPng ngh 2,ng ZlC c!mputF2 l m#3 'k g-i nh6ng g(i
=6 li*u 'i. ZlC ghi li )ng thng tin c+a nh6ng m#3 tDnh 'k g-i nh6ng g(i tin 'i 2a ng!i t2;n
mYi ccng =Wch & & g-i nh6ng g(i tin nhBn '0?c &4 'Png m#3 tDnh '( EcliFntH.
ZlC V< lM mt g(i tin VuOt ph#t t8 );n t2!ng 'i 2a );n ng!i mt mng thF! c#ch thc $au:
n Thi ZlC nhBn mt g(i tin t8 mt ccng );n t2!ng/ g(i tin n3 '#p ng c#c ti;u chuQn ' ZlC/
2!utF2 $% tm kim t2!ng )ng ZlC 'Wa ch` );n ng!i E!ut$i=F a==2F$$H c+a g(i tin. Z(i c#ch kh#c/
tin t2nh ZlC tm kim mt hng - t2!ng )ng ZlC t2!ng '( 'Wa ch` !ut$i=F l!cal a==2F$$ ),ng
&i 'Wa ch` 'Dch c+a g(i tin. Zu khng c( phjp $! t2^ng n! tm thO3/ g(i tin $% )W l!i )x.
n Zu c( mt hng t2!ng )ng ZlC l tm thO3 Et2!ng hng n3/ 'Wa ch` 'Dch c+a g(i tin ),ng
&i 'Wa ch` !ut$i=F l!calH/ ZlC $% tha3 th 'Wa ch` 'Dch t2!ng g(i tin ),ng 'Wa ch` !ut$i=F gl!)al
thF! thng tin t2!ng )ng ZlC.
n Cin t2nh ZlC tip tc tm kim )ng ZlC ' VFm c( mt 'Wa ch` in$i=F l!cal n! ),ng &I
'Wa ch` ngu:n c+a g(i tin ha3 khng. Zu c( mt hng l tm thO3/ ZlC tip tc tha3 th 'Wa ch`
ngu:n c+a g(i tin ),ng 'Wa ch` in$i=F gl!)al. Zu khng c( mt hng n! '0?c tm thO3/ ZlC $%
t! 2a mt hng mi t2!ng )ng ZlC & chn 'Wa ch` mi &! t2!ng g(i tin.
ZlC $% V< lM mt g(i tin VuOt ph#t t8 mng );n ng!i 'i &! mng );n t2!ng thF! c#ch $au:
n Thi ZlC nhBn '0?c mt g(i tin VuOt ph#t t8 mt ccng );n ng!i/ '#p ng c#c ti;u chuQn '
ZlC/ tin t2nh ZlC $% tm kim t2!ng )ng ZlC mt hng t2!ng '( 'Wa ch` in$i=F gl!)al l
),ng &I 'ia ch` 'Dch c+a g(i tin.
n Zu khng c( hng n! t2!ng )ng ZlC '0?c tm thO3/ g(i tin )W l!I )x. Zu c( mt hng
tm thO3 t2!ng )ng ZlC/ ZlC $% tha3 th 'Wa ch` 'Dch ),ng 'Wa ch` in$i=F l!cal t8 )ng ZlC.
n !utF2 tm kim )ng ZlC ' tm 2a 'Wa ch` !ut$i=F gl!)al ),ng &i 'Wa ch` ngu:n c+a g(i tin.
Zu c( mt hng l tm thO3/ ZlC $% tha3 th 'Wa ch` 'Dch ),ng 'Wa ch` !ut$i=F l!cal t8 )ng
ZlC. Zu ZlC khng tm thO3 mt hng n!/ n( $% t! 2a mt hng mi t2!ng )ng ZlC &
cng thac hi*n nh0 - )0c I.
15. |nh tuyn trn mng IP: d|nh tuyn tnh, dng.
a) nh tuyn tnh: T h!ch 'Wnh tu3n tnh '0?c $< =ng t2!ng h5u ht c#c mng t2u34n
th@ng/ t2!ng k h!ch 'Wnh tu3n n3 ch+ 3u &i mc 'Dch lm gim c#c h* th@ng
chu3n mch phi 'i Xua/ t2!ng c#c cuc g|i '0Ang =i 1. TR thuBt 'Wnh tu3n tnh )c
l mt $@ nh0?c 'im nh0 : Xu3t 'Wnh 'Wnh tu3n tnh khng =aa t2;n $a '#nh gi# l0u
l0?ng & t!p! mng hi*n thAi. C2!ng mi t20Ang IN c#c ) 'Wnh tu3n khng th ph#t
hi*n 2a c#c ) 'Wnh tu3n mi/ chPng ch` c( th chu3n g(i tin ti c#c ) 'Wnh tu3n '0?c
ch` 'Wnh c+a nh Xun lM mng.
Cu3 nhi;n/ ph01ng ph#p 'Wnh tu3n tnh $< =ng hi*u Xu t2!ng mng nhx &i c#c tu3n
'1n/ c#c ) 'Wnh tu3n khng c5n t2a! 'ci c#c thng tin tm '0Ang cng nh0 c1 $- =6 li*u
'Wnh tu3n.
!) nh tuyn "#n$: bWnh tu3n 'ng laa ch|n tu3n =aa t2;n thng tin t2ng th#i hi*n thAi
c+a mng. Chng tin t2ng th#i c( th '! h!]c =a '!#n & tu3n '0Ang c( th tha3 'ci
khi t!p! mng h!]c l0u l0?ng mng tha3 'ci. Chng tin 'Wnh tu3n cBp nhBt &! t2!ng
c#c )ng 'Wnh tu3n c+a c#c nPt En!=FH mng t2ac tu3n/ & '#p ng tDnh thAi gian thac
nh,m t2#nh trc ngh%n cng nh0 t@i 0u hi*u n7ng mng. bWnh tu3n 'ng V.3 =ang t2;n
hai 3u t@ c1 )n: M hnh tDnh t!#n & thng tin t2ng th#i. "( hai kiu m hnh tDnh
t!#n $< =ng t2!ng 'Wnh tu3n 'ng l m hnh tBp t2ung & m hnh ph.n t#n. M hnh
tBp t2ung '0?c V.3 =ang t8 h* th@ng tDnh t!#n 'Wnh tu3n. bWnh tu3n t01ng thDch 'ng
c( thng tin mang tDnh thAi gian thac/ c#c h0ng tha3 th '0?c tm thO3 =aa t2;n t2ng
th#i thac c+a mng. da thuBt t!#n th0Ang '0?c $< =ng t2!ng kR thuBt 'Wnh tu3n t01ng
thDch 'ng l ug2!utF2 I/ bWnh tu3n tha3 th 'ng EUlH\/ 'Wnh tu3n mng thAi
gian thac ECZH _.
16. Phn bit vai tr, chc nng v cc d}c tnh co bn cua hai giao thc TCP v
UDP.
Tr li:
a) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol - Giao thc diu khin truyn vn) l mt t2!ng
c#c gia! thc c@t li c+a ) gia! thc C"NmIN. S< =ng C"N/ c#c ng =ng t2;n c#c m#3 ch+
'0?c n@i mng c( th t! c#c kt n@i &i nhau/ m Xua '( chPng c( th t2a! 'ci =6 li*u
h!]c c#c g(i tin. >ia! thc n3 'm )! chu3n gia! =6 li*u ti n1i nhBn mt c#ch '#ng tin
cB3 & 'Png th ta. C"N cKn ph.n )i*t gi6a =6 li*u c+a nhi4u ng =ng Echng hn/ =Wch &
F) & =Wch & th0 'i*n t<H ':ng thAi ch3 t2;n c^ng mt m#3 ch+.
b) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l mt t2!ng nh6ng gia! thc c@t li c+a gia! thc C"NmIN.
U^ng tUN/ ch01ng t2nh t2;n mng m#3 tDnh c( th g-i nh6ng =6 li*u ngrn '0?c g|i l
=atag2am ti m#3 kh#c. tUN khng cung cOp $a tin cB3 & th ta t2u34n nhBn m C"N lmo
c#c g(i =6 li*u c( th 'n khng 'Png th ta h!]c )W mOt m khng c( thng )#!. Cu3 nhi;n
tUN nhanh & hi*u Xu h1n '@i &i c#c mc ti;u nh0 kDch th0c nhx & 3;u c5u khrt khF &4
thAi gian. U! )n chOt khng t2ng th#i c+a n( n;n n( h6u =ng '@i &i &i*c t2 lAi c#c t2u3
&On nhx &i $@ l0?ng ln ng0Ai 3;u c5u.
c) S! $#nh mt c#ch '1n gin :
Ging nhau : '4u l c#c gia! thc mng C"NmIN/ '4u c( chc n7ng kt n@i c#c m#3 li &i
nhau/ & c( th g<i =6 li*u ch! nhau....
Khc nhau (co bn):
c#c hFa=F2 c+a C"N & tUN kh#c nhau - kDch th0c EIw & v )3tFH ngu3;n nh.n ch+ 3u l
=! C"N phi h t2? nhi4u chc n7ng h6u Dch h1nEnh0 kh n7ng khi phc lYiH. tUN =^ng Dt
)3tF h1n ch! ph5n hFa=F2 & 3;u c5u V< lM t8 h!$t Dt h1n
C"N :
G U^ng ch! mng lZ
G Thng ch! phjp mOt g(i tin
G bm )! &i*c t2u34n =6 li*u
G C@c ' t2u34n thOp h1n tUN
tUN:
G U^ng ch! mng LlZ
G "h! phjp mOt =6 li*u
G Thng 'm )!.
G C@c ' t2u34n ca!/ J!lN t2u34n t@t Xua tUN