Looking Forward

KENNETH S. KEYES, JR. and JACQUE FRESCO

Dedicated to the youth of the world who must meet the challenge of the twenty-first century.

About the Authors

Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr., is a multi !a"eted man. He attended #u$e Uni%ersity and &'tained a (A !r&m, the Uni%ersity &! )iami, ma*&rin+ in ,sy"h&l&+y and min&rin+ in musi". His interests in"lude art, sym,h&ni" musi", ya"htin+ he li%es a'&ard a -. !&&t ya"ht named Ca,ri"e and /ritin+ he is the auth&r &! How to Develop Your Thinking Ability and How to Live Longer- tronger- limmer. He has tau+ht in the E%enin+ #i%isi&n &! the Uni%ersity &! )iami.

Ja"0ue Fres"& /&r$ed as an industrial desi+ner !&r thirty years, desi+nin+ all ty,es &! e0ui,ment !r&m ,re!a'ri"ated h&uses t& aut&m&'iles, ele"tr&ni" and medi"al e0ui,ment, human !a"t&rs systems, and hundreds &! "&mmer"ial ,r&du"ts and in%enti&ns. He has desi+ned and ,atented su"h %aryin+ items as a radi"al air"ra!t /in+ stru"ture ,atented 'y the USAAF and three dimensi&nal m&ti&n ,i"tures n&t re0uirin+ the 1use &! %ie/ers. Numer&us arti"les and ,h&t&+ra,hs ha%e 'een ,u'lished a'&ut his /&r$ in many ma+a2ines and ne/s,a,ers. He has ser%ed as te"hni"al ad%is&r in a num'er &! m&ti&n ,i"tures, in"ludin+ &ne &! the !irst &n s,a"e stati&ns and a *&urney t& the m&&n "alled !ro"ect #oon $ase. He li%es in )iami.

LOOKING FORWARD
by Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr. and Jacques Fresco 3&&$in+ !&r/ard is an ima+inati%e and !as"inatin+ '&&$ in /hi"h the auth&rs ta$e y&u &n a *&urney int& the "ulture and te"hn&l&+y &! the t/enty !irst "entury. A!ter an intr&du"t&ry se"ti&n that dis"usses the 1Thin+s that Sha,e Y&ur Future.1 y&u /ill e4,l&re the /hys and /here!&res &! the un!amiliar, alarmin+, 'ut e4"itin+ /&rld &! a hundred years !r&m n&/. Y&u /ill see this s&"iety thr&u+h the eyes &! S"&tt and Hella, a "&u,le &! the ne4t "entury. Their li%in+ 0uarters are e0ui,,ed /ith a "y'ernat&r. a seemin+ly ma+i"al "&m,uter de%i"e, 'ut &ne that is 'ased &n s"ienti!i" ,rin"i,les n&/ $n&/n. 5t re+ulates slee,in+ h&urs, "&mmuni"ati&ns thr&u+h&ut the /&rld, an in"redi'le under/ater li%in+ "&m,le4, and e%en the daily "al&ri" inta$e &! the 1y&un+1 "&u,le. 6They are in their !&rties 'ut "an e4,e"t t& li%e 788 years.9 The /&rld that S"&tt and Hella li%e in is a /&rld that has a"hie%ed !ull /eather "&ntr&l, has de%el&,ed a !in+er si2ed "&m,uter that is im,lanted in the 'rain &! e%ery 'a'y at 'irth 6and the 'a'ies are s"ienti!i"ally in"u'ated the /&men &! the t/enty !irst "entury need n&t +& thr&u+h the ,ains &! "hild'irth9, and that has ,er!e"ted +eneti" mani,ulati&n that all&/s the human ra"e t& 'e im,r&%ed 'y means &! s"ien"e. E"&n&mi"ally, the /&rld is Ut&,ian 'y &ur standards. J&'s, /a+es, and m&ney ha%e l&n+ sin"e 'een ,hased &ut. N&thin+ has a ,ri"e ta+, and ,ers&nal ,&ssessi&ns are n&t needed. Nati&nalism has 'een sur,assed, and t&tal disarmament has 'een a"hie%ed: edu"ati&nal te"hn&l&+y has made s"h&&ls and tea"hers &'s&lete. The "hildren learn 'y d&in+, and are inde,endent in this !riendly /&rld 'y the time they are !i%e. The "hie! s&ur"e &! this +reater s&"iety is the C&rrelati&n Center, 1C&r"en,1 a +i+anti" "&m,le4 &! "&m,uters that ser%es 'ut ne%er ensla%es man$ind. C&r"en re+ulates ,r&du"ti&n, "&mmuni"ati&n, trans,&rtati&n and all &ther 'urdens&me and m&n&t&n&us tas$s &! the ,ast. This !rees men and /&men t& a"hie%e "reati%e "hallen+in+ e4,erien"es rather than em,ty li%es &! meanin+less leisure. O'%i&usly this '&&$ is s,e"ulati%e, 'ut it is s&undly 'ased u,&n s"ienti!i" de%el&,ments that are n&/ $n&/n. And as the auth&rs state; 1Y&u /ill understand this '&&$ 'est i! y&u are &ne /h& sees t&day &nly as a ste,,in+ st&ne 'et/een yesterday and t&m&rr&/. Y&u /ill need a sensiti%ity t& the in*usti"es, l&st &,,&rtunities !&r ha,,iness, and searin+ "&n!li"ts that "hara"teri2e &ur t/entieth "entury "i%ili2ati&n. 5! y&ur mind "an /ei+h ne/ ideas and e%aluate them /ith insi+ht, this '&&$ is !&r y&u. 1<e ha%e n& "rystal 'all. ... <e /ant y&u t& !eed &ur ideas int& y&ur &/n "&m,uter, s& that y&u "an !ind e%en 'etter ideas that may ,lay a ,art in m&ldin+ the !uture &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n.1

#esi+ns and 5llustrati&ns 'y Ja"0ue Fres"& S&uth (runs/i"$ and Ne/ Y&r$; A. S. (arnes and C&m,any 3&nd&n; Th&mas Y&sel&!! 3td = .>?> 'y Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr. and Ja"0ue Fres"& 3i'rary &! C&n+ress Catal&+ue Card Num'er; ?@ 7-.@> A. S. (arnes and C&., 5n". Cran'ury, Ne/ Jersey 8@A.7 Th&mas Y&sel&!! 3td .8@ Ne/ (&nd Street 3&nd&n <.Y OQB, En+land S(N; C>@ 8?-A7 . Drinted in the United States &! Ameri"a Other (&&$s 'y Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr. #ember of the Authors League of America HO< TO #EEE3OD YOUR TH5NK5NF A(535TY HO< TO 35EE 3ONFERGSTRONFERGS35))ER

Contents
Ac no!"ed#$ents %art I. &'INGS &'A& S'A%( O)R F)&)R( .. The 3ea, !r&m the Jun+le 7. The C&n!usi&n &! Our Times H. Dredi"tin+ the Future C. Our Ealues Chart Our C&urse A. The S"ienti!i" )eth&d ?. Cy'ernated Te"hn&l&+y -. A/ay <e F&I %art II. A %ROJ(C&ION OF O)R F)&)R( @. At H&me in the T/enty !irst Century >. A )ulti #imensi&nal 3i!e .8. #esi+nin+ the Ne/ Fenerati&n ... A Eisit t& C&r"en .7. The Cultural Center .H. The Cy'ernated 5ndustrial C&m,le4 .C. The 3imitless Fr&ntiers &! S,a"e .A. The Ne/ Ders&nality %art III. LOOKING FORWARD .?.Edu"ati&n !&r Chan+e

Ac no!"ed#$ents The auth&rs are inde'ted t& "&untless ,e&,le !&r the ideas and en"&ura+ement that ha%e made this '&&$ ,&ssi'le. )&st &! th&se /h& re%ie/ed the manus"ri,t !elt that these en&rm&us "han+es in man and his en%ir&nment mi+ht ha,,en in .,888 years 'ut n&t in the ne4t "entury as /e su++est. The auth&rs, h&/e%er, ha%e /&ndered /hether the !uture s&"iety they des"ri'e may 'e ,artially in e4isten"e 'y the time the '&&$ is ,u'lished. <e see s& many &! &ur ,redi"ti&ns &! thin+s t& "&me 'ein+ dis"ussed, de%el&,ed and tried that /e sus,e"t /e ha%e 'een t&& "&nser%ati%e in estimatin+ the time. The !&ll&/in+ $ind !riends ha%e read the manus"ri,t and &!!ered e4"ellent su++esti&nsGs&me &! /hi"h /ere used; Anne Ammirati, J&hn (ethea, 3&uise (&"hes, Jani"e (urr, Charles Kim'all, Shirley 3e/is, <illiam A. )"Call, Fret"hen )"Call, Fraham )iller, J&e Dr&s,er&, Charles Ray, Christie Ray, Arden Ri"hards, Eelma Ri"hards, )ar*&!ie Sherrill, and Anitra Th&r hau+. <e are inde'ted t& Her'ert <alla"h, Jr., !&r su++estin+ &ur titleG3&&$in+ F&r/ard. (&nita (ennett listened t& these 1!ar &ut1 ideas, ty,ed them studi&usly, and still had the stamina t& assist +reatly in editin+ and re%isin+. Shirley R&si"han &!!ered many e4"ellent edit&rial su++esti&ns. Others /h& hel,ed /ith %ari&us ,hases &! the /&r$ /ere )arty C&stell&, Karen (randt, and Ste,hanie (r&%&ld. Fran$ Seld&n and Carl Freen tirelessly assisted in re,r&du"in+ "&,ies &! the manus"ri,t. Als& than$s t& 5%Jn Far"Ka /h& hel,ed di+itali2in+ the ,a,er'&&$ tr&u+h OCR. Our than$s are als& due t& the auth&rs and ,u'lishers /h& ha%e $indly +i%en ,ermissi&n t& 0u&te !r&m their /&r$s.

Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr. Ja"0ue Fres"&

)iami, Fl&rida

%AR& I &'INGS &'A& S'A%( O)R F)&)R(

..The 3ea, !r&m the Jun+le
The li%es &! m&st men and /&men are 'li+hted 'y ,r&'lems they "ann&t s&l%e. And ,e&,le usually 'lame themsel%es, &r they 'lame 1!ate1 /hate%er that is. H&/e%er, /hen t/& "ars "&llide at an interse"ti&n, sh&uld /e, as students &! s&"iety, "&n"entrate &ur attenti&n &n the indi%idual 'lame &! the dri%ers, &n 1!ate1 &r &n the /ay trans,&rtati&n is en+ineered s& that it ,ermits "&llisi&nsL 5! y&u 'elie%e that "ars and r&ads sh&uld 'e desi+ned s& that it is alm&st im,&ssi'le !&r ,e&,le t& l&se their li%es thr&u+h "&llisi&ns, this '&&$ is !&r y&u. 5! y&u 'elie%e that the mind is "a,a'le &! +radually a,,lyin+ the meth&d &! ,atient, s"ienti!i" in%esti+ati&n t& !ind &ut h&/ t& rearran+e the stru"ture &! &ur s&"iety t& +i%e ea"h indi%idual a +reater &,,&rtunity !&r sel! reali2ati&n and ha,,iness /hile he is &n earth, /e /el"&me and need y&ur hel,. 5! y&u 'elie%e itMs a'&ut time !&r the human ra"e t& st&, s,innin+ its /heels, then letMs +et +&in+I (ut this '&&$ &n the !uture &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n is n&t !&r e%ery&ne. Fe/ /ill 'e a'le t& read it /ith&ut !&rmin+ an &,ini&n 'e!&re they see the ,i"ture as a /h&le. T& en*&y this '&&$ y&u /ill ha%e t& 'lend &,en mindedness /ith "riti"al s$e,ti"ism. 5t is hard en&u+h t& !a"e the ,r&'lems &! &ur &/n time. And it is many times m&re di!!i"ult t& understand a ,r&*e"ti&n &! !antasti" and sh&"$in+ "han+es that may &""ur &%er the ne4t hundred yearsI Su,,&se an intelli+ent man in Ne/ Y&r$ City ar&und .@?8 had sat d&/n &ne e%enin+ /ith a '&&$ ,redi"tin+ li!e a "entury later. He /&uld ha%e re!used t& 'elie%e that alm&st e%ery&ne in .>?8 /&uld 'e a'le t& &/n a h&rseless "arria+e that "&uld /his$ a'&ut at ?8 &r m&re miles ,er h&ur. <ith his Ei"t&rian attitudes he /&uld ha%e 'een dee,ly sh&"$ed 'y the 'rie! 'i$inis. 5n .@?8, n&t e%en a 1/&man &! ill re,ute1 /&uld ha%e a,,eared s& undressed in ,u'li". He /&uld ha%e smiled smu+ly at the ridi"ul&us ,redi"ti&n that man made !lyin+ ma"hines /&uld tra%el !aster than the s,eed &! s&und. The th&u+ht &! sendin+ ,i"tures and s&unds thr&u+h miles &! air /&uld ha%e seemed im,&ssi'le t& a sensi'le ,ers&n in .@?8. 5t /&uld ha%e 'een in"redi'le t& him that the art &! /ar /&uld ,r&+ress t& the ,&int /here &ne small '&m' /&uld destr&y a "ity. Our Ei"t&rian /&uld ha%e 'een alarmed that a ,art &! his /a+es "&uld 'e /ithheld t& ,r&%ide !&r retirement. At this ,&int, let us lea%e this +entleman &! the last "entury mutterin+ t& himsel! a'&ut l&ss &! !reed&m and the /&rldMs m&%in+ t&& !ast. Are /e m&re !le4i'leGm&re !arsi+htedGt&dayL <e /ill need t& 'e"&me e4,erts at "han+in+ &ur minds. The di!!eren"es 'et/een the nineteenth and t/entieth "enturies /ill ,r&'a'ly 'e small /hen "&m,ared /ith the a""eleratin+ ,a"e &! the ne4t "entury.

Y&u /ill understand this '&&$ 'est i! y&u see t&day as &nly a ste,,in+ st&ne 'et/een yesterday and t&m&rr&/. Y&u /ill need a sensiti%ity t& the in*usti"es, l&st &,,&rtunities !&r ha,,iness, and searin+ "&n!li"ts that "hara"teri2e &ur t/entieth "entury "i%ili2ati&n. 5! y&ur mind "an /ei+h ne/ ideas and e%aluate them /ith insi+ht, this '&&$ is !&r y&u. <e ha%e n& "rystal 'all that +i%es an a""urate ,i"ture &! the t/enty !irst "entury. <e /ant y&u t& !eed &ur ideas int& y&ur &/n "&m,uter. Derha,s y&u may !ind e%en 'etter ideas that may ,lay a ,art in m&ldin+ the !uture &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n. 5n the ne4t si4 "ha,ters /eMll e4,l&re the 1/hy1 and 1/here!&re1 &! the un!amiliar, alarmin+, un'elie%a'le, /&nder!ul, and e4"itin+ ,i"ture /e /ill ,aint &! the t/enty !irst "entury. Then /eMll *&in S"&tt and Hella, /h& li%e in the ne4t "entury. <eMll e4,erien"e /ith them the ne/ dimensi&ns &! li!e in the "han+ed /&rld &! the !uture. &he Lon# Journey

T& understand the ,r&'a'le "&urses &! manMs !uture de%el&,ment, letMs s,end a !e/ minutes l&&$in+ int& his ,ast. The /&rld "ame int& e4isten"e ar&und !&ur and &ne hal! 'illi&n years a+&, and all s&rts &! /eird !ishes and m&nstr&us din&saurs +&t int& the a"t 'e!&re /e did. )illi&ns &! years a+& &ur an"est&rs /ere little a,eli$e !ell&/s that s,ent m&st &! their time in trees. Then s&me &! these little 'easts 'e+an t& d& thin+s that /ere t& ma$e a l&t &! di!!eren"e t& y&u and me. They 0uit *um,in+ !r&m 'ran"h t& 'ran"h li$e the s0uirrels and, instead, 'e+an s/in+in+ !r&m lim' t& lim' s&me/hat li$e the man &n the !lyin+ tra,e2e. This led t& s&me im,&rtant "han+es !r&m head t& t&e. The arms, /hi"h ,re%i&usly m&%ed in a restri"ted ar", de%el&,ed !ree r&tati&n. This ma$es it ,&ssi'le !&r a 'ase'all ,it"her t& /hirl his arms ar&und and 2in+ &ne &%er h&me ,late. The intestinal &r+ans, /hi"h had 'een slun+ !r&m the 'a"$'&ne, as in a d&+, /ere n&/ su,,&rted 'y the ,el%is, /hi"h 'e"ame s&me/hat '&/l sha,ed. The !r&nt !eet didnMt ha%e t& su,,&rt the /ei+ht &! the '&dy anym&re, and they de%el&,ed int& a 'un"h &! s$yh&&$s that /e "all !in+ers. Sin"e animals that mis*ud+ed distan"es /hen s/in+in+ !r&m 'ran"h t& 'ran"h le!t !e/er &!!s,rin+, /e are 'lessed t&day /ith e4"ellent stere&s"&,i" %isi&n and neur& mus"ular "& &rdinati&n. <e &/e a lar+e ,art &! /hat /e are t&day t& &ur s/in+in+ ,rimate an"est&rs. )an has made three 'i+ ste,s a/ay !r&m his animal "&usins. The !irst "ultural *um, &""urred /hen he 'e+an t& use !ire, t&&ls, and lan+ua+e. Alth&u+h men &! &ur &/n s,e"ies, H&m& sa,iens, ha%e 'een here a'&ut A8,888 years, radi&a"ti%e "ar'&n datin+s sh&/ that &ur an"est&rs /ere usin+ t&&ls and !ire as mu"h as ?88,888 years a+&. The 'e+innin+s &! lan+ua+e ,r&'a'ly &""urred se%eral hundred th&usand years a+&. This /as a tremend&us lea, !&r/ard. The de%el&,ment &! lan+ua+e may ha%e ,layed a ,art in hel,in+ us 'e as intelli+ent as /e are t&day. Su,,&se s&me&ne had yelled, 1<at"h &ut !&r the ti+er in the tree 'ehind y&uI1 The m&re intelli+ent &nes /&uld ha%e +&t the messa+e !ast. They ,r&'a'ly "harmed the +reater num'er &! !emales that e%enin+ and, thus, le!t m&re &!!s,rin+.

The se"&nd 'i+ "ultural *um, ta$en 'y &ur an"est&rs &""urred a'&ut -,A88 years a+&. This /as the dis"&%ery &! h&/ t& raise !&&d. The de%el&,ment &! a+ri"ulture and animal raisin+ made it ,&ssi'le !&r us t& li%e in "r&/ded nests $n&/n as "ities. <hen man had t& +ather his !&&d in the !&rm &! !leein+ animals and rand&m ,lants, it t&&$ a l&t &! land t& su,,&rt a small +r&u,. F&r e4am,le, there /ere ,r&'a'ly n&t &%er .88,888 ,e&,le &n the entire "&ntinent &! Eur&,e 'e!&re they learned t& raise !&&d. A +&&d year mi+ht ha%e in"reased the 'irth rate. (ut they /&uld s&&n ha%e 'een $illed &!! 'y !amine and disease i! there /ere e%en &ne r&u+h year /hen the +ame and ,lants /ere less a%aila'le. <hen man 'e+an t& raise !&&d, he "&uld stay in &ne ,la"e instead &! r&amin+ all &%er the "&untryside. S&"ially and te"hn&l&+i"ally, l&ts &! thin+s 'e+an t& ha,,en !&r the !irst time. He 'e+an t& a""umulate 'ri" a 'ra". The /heel /as de%el&,ed. He learned h&/ t& heat metals t& ma$e them s&!t s& that they "&uld 'e ,&ured &r 'eaten int& use!ul sha,es. He de%el&,ed the ,l&/ !&r /&r$in+ the land and the l&&m !&r /ea%in+ "l&th. S&"ial ,atterns that /ere needed in "ity li!e /ere de%el&,ed. He am,li!ied ,&liti"al stru"tures and "reated armies e0ui,,ed /ith death dealin+ instruments. <ithin a th&usand years a!ter &ur an"est&rs a"0uired the $n&/ h&/ !&r raisin+ !&&d, the "ultural ,atterns &! "ity li!e, ,&liti"s, 'usiness, and te"hn&l&+y /ere in%ented. Sin"e then they ha%e "&ntinued /ith %ery little "han+e until re"ently. )any anthr&,&l&+ists "&nsider the "ity as &ur m&st !undamental s&"ial in%enti&n. The !irst "ities e%&l%ed in s&uth/estern Asia, and the ,attern &! the "ity /as /ell /&r$ed &ut in )es&,&tamia 'y C,A88 t& C,888 (.C. Cities did n&t a,,ear in China until ar&und 7,888 (.C. Eur&,e had t& /ait until the Free$s ,ut t&+ether a !e/ "ities ar&und >88 t& @88 (.C. The "ity did n&t a,,ear in S"andina%ia until a!ter .,888 A.#. <ritin+ de%el&,ed alm&st simultane&usly, a'&ut A,888 t& ?,888 years a+&, in E+y,t, )es&,&tamia, and the 5ndus Ealley. The Chinese in%ented their "um'ers&me sym'&ls 7,888 years later. <hen a manMs th&u+hts /ere /ritten, they "&uld s,ea$ &ut a!ter his death. The human ra"e 'e+an t& a""umulate in!&rmati&n that ,ermitted the 'uildin+ &! a m&dern "i%ili2ati&n /ith a "&m,le4 %alue system. <hereas learnin+ /as ,re%i&usly a m&n&,&ly &! a ,ri%ile+ed "lass, the de%el&,ment &! the al,ha'et e%entually made it ,&ssi'le !&r e%ery&ne t& a"0uire an edu"ati&n. All al,ha'ets n&/ in use seem t& stem !r&m a sin+le ,&int &! &ri+in in the Sinai Deninsula /here the E+y,tians /ere 'usy minin+. )&st &! the time the E+y,tians used "riminals and ,ris&ners &! /ar !&r this ty,e &! /&r$. O""asi&nally, s&me /anderin+ Semites /h& needed !&&d "ame t& /&r$ !&r them. Sin"e they /ere ,retty smart !ell&/s, the shei$s &! the Semites /ere a,,&inted !&remen &! the mines. As ,art &! their *&' they dre/ u, re,&rts &n h&/ mu"h metal /as mined and h&/ mu"h m&ney /as earned 'y the %ari&us men. Fr&m the "&m,li"ated E+y,tian system &! /ritin+, these !&remen a'stra"ted the sim,le sym'&ls re,resentin+ sin+le s&unds in the E+y,tian system. <e are inde'ted t& them !&r +i%in+ us the !irst al,ha'et. <e /ere d&in+ 'usiness as usual 'y at least H,888 (.C. Standard /ei+hts and measures /ere in use in Sumeria. (arley /as &ne &! the earliest mediums &! e4"han+e. A measure !&r 'arley /as a%aila'le !&r

,u'li" use in the mar$et ,la"e. 5! a !armer had !elt he /as 'ein+ +y,,ed, he "&uld ha%e /al$ed &%er and measured it &ut. (y H,888 (.C. "&n%enient metal "&ins 'e+an t& 'e used in ,la"e &! the m&re a/$/ard sa"$s &! 'arley, and a sh&rta+e &! m&ney 'e"ame a "&ntinual ,r&'lem !&r the +&%ernment. The C&de &! Hammura'i set the %alue rati& &! 'arley and metal. This "&de ,r&%ided seri&us ,enalties !&r any&ne "au+ht "heatin+. T& ma$e sure this m&ney system /&uld /&r$, a mer"hant "&uld ha%e 'een ,ut t& death i! he had re!used t& a""e,t either 'arley &r "&ins in ,ayment !&r his mer"handise. There are "unei!&rm re"&rds &! l&ans /ith interest that ran as hi+h as H88 ,er "ent /hen an indi%idual "&uld n&t &!!er se"urity. E%en the l&/est rate /as 7A ,er "ent ,er year. The Sumerians /&r$ed &ut 'usiness meth&ds su"h as st&"$ "&m,anies and "&r,&rati&ns. )any ta'lets re"&rdin+ their 'usiness deals and their ,ri%ate "&rres,&nden"e ha%e sur%i%ed. One ta'let dated 'e!&re 7888 (.C. des"ri'es the "&m,laint &! an &ld man a'&ut the de+enera"y &! the y&un+er +enerati&n. An&ther ta'let is !r&m a '&y at s"h&&l tellin+ his ,arents a'&ut the 1l&usy !&&d.1 The late Ral,h 3int&n , a n&ted Ameri"an anthr&,&l&+ist, /r&te; #any of the economic and social patterns which still operate in modern %estern society can be traced to this region. &t has been said that if 'eorge %ashington had been transported back to the court of Hammurabi of $abylon( about )*+,-)*)- $...( he would have felt vastly more at home there than he would in the modern capital city which bears his name. Apart from language difficulties( he would have encountered very few things in Hammurabi/s empire which were not familiar and understandable( while in %ashington he would have been baffled and confused by the tremendous technological changes . . . and the fumbling efforts which our society is making to bring the other aspects of its culture into ad"ustment with these.0 0 1The Tree of .ulture 12ew York3 Alfred A. 4nopf(56-67( p. )68.7 The third en&rm&us ste, in the de%el&,ment &! human "ulture t&&$ ,la"e /hen /e 'e+an t& su,,lement the ,uny mus"les &! human 'ein+s and animals /ith &ther s&ur"es &! ,&/er. The use &! sails &n '&ats e%entually re,la"ed +alley sla%es. <ater ,&/er /as used t& "arry thin+s d&/nstream. The /ater /heel !urnished ,&/er t& run mills. 3ater, steam ,&/er re,la"ed e%en m&re human mus"les. #urin+ the last hundred years /e learned t& manu!a"ture lar+e am&unts &! ele"tri"al ener+y. Then thin+s 'e+an t& hum 'e"ause this made ener+y &r ,&/er a%aila'le at any ,&int t& /hi"h /e "&uld run a /ire &r lu+ a +enerat&r. Fr&m a m&dern ,&int &! %ie/ &ne &! the m&st use!ul measures &! the de%el&,ment &! a "i%ili2ati&n is the am&unt &! a%aila'le ener+y ,er ,ers&n. T& a lar+e e4tent the de+ree &! ,hysi"al "&m!&rt that y&u en*&y t&day is "&rrelated /ith the ener+y that is at y&ur dis,&sal. The a,,li"ati&n &! the s"ienti!i" meth&d &! thin$in+ has made it ,&ssi'le t& de%el&, alm&st unlimited am&unts &! ener+y. This ener+y may 'e in the !&rm &! ele"tri"ity /hi"h /ill run a "&nstellati&n &! la'&r sa%in+ and li!e enri"hin+ a,,lian"es and instruments. 5t may 'e in the !&rm &! "&al, +as&line, &il, &r nu"lear ,&/er. 5t may 'e in "hemi"al !&rm, su"h as in an aut&m&'ile 'attery &r a !lashli+ht "ell. 5ma+ine

the alm&st "&m,lete ,aralysis that /&uld &""ur i! y&ur ele"tri"ity and +as&line su,,ly /ere "ut &!!, and y&u had t& use y&ur &/n mus"les in ,la"e &! the "&m,le4 &! ma"hines u,&n /hi"h y&u n&/ rely. Our Ra*+d"y (,o",+n# C+,+"+-at+on <e are t&day 'ut a !e/ ste,s !r&m the *un+le. <hile /eM%e 'een tryin+ t& +et a/ay !r&m the animal ,atterns &! the *un+le !&r a little &%er a hal! milli&n years, /e really +&t m&%in+ &nly a !e/ th&usand years a+& /ith the de%el&,ment &! "ities and the in%enti&n &! /ritin+. 5t has *ust 'een in the last "entury that /e ha%e started the lar+e s"ale use &! n&n mus"ular s&ur"es &! ener+y and ,&/er. )&st !a"t&ry /&r$ers t&day are la'&rin+ in industries that /ere n&t e%en in e4isten"e in .>88. Alth&u+h &ur /&rld may in s&me /ays a,,ear sta'le t& us, /e are in a !uri&us transiti&nal ,hase in /hi"h "han+es are &""urrin+ at the !astest rate in hist&ry. T&day /e are at the 'e+innin+ &! this third ,hase &! the de%el&,ment &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n. Fantasti" de%el&,ments lie ahead. 5! li!e at times seems 'e/ilderin+, i! y&u !eel ,ulled in many dire"ti&ns, i! y&u !ind that n& matter /hat y&u d&, y&u still ha%e sti"$y ,r&'lems, i! y&u !ind that &ur e"&n&mi", ,&liti"al, and s&"ial /ays &! d&in+ thin+s s&metimes "reate m&re di!!i"ulties than they s&l%e, then y&u are sim,ly ,layin+ y&ur ,art in su!!erin+ thr&u+h the ,resent transiti&nal ,hase &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n. )u"h &! y&ur li!e is ,atterned al&n+ the lines used in /estern Asia se%eral th&usand years a+&. Yet, s&me &! the "&nditi&ns t& /hi"h y&u are tryin+ t& ad*ust ha%e "&me &ut &! the la'&rat&ry in the last !e/ de"ades. 5! the day 'y day ,attern &! y&ur ,ers&nal, 'usiness, and s&"ial li!e is s&methin+ less than serene, y&uM%e 'een "au+ht in the /rin+er &! "han+e, and y&uM%e +&t l&ts &! "&m,any.

7.The C&n!usi&n &! Our Times

The ha'it ,atterns &! men and /&men that may ha%e 'een a,,r&,riate se%eral th&usand years a+& "ann&t 'e made t& yield ma4imum ha,,iness in the "han+ed /&rld &! t&dayGt& say n&thin+ &! the !uture "i%ili2ati&n t&/ard /hi"h /e are ra,idly e%&l%in+. This "ha,ter /ill 'rie!ly "atal&+ue s&me &! the thin+s that $ee, us !rustrated, inse"ure, and *um,y. As mi+ht 'e e4,e"ted in a time &! ra,id transiti&n, !e/ &! the 'asi" needs &! men and /&men are n&/ met in a satis!yin+ /ay. <e h&,e y&u /ill 'ear /ith us as /e haul &ut s&me &! the dirt that usually stays lum,ily under the ru+. Am&n+ the han+&%ers !r&m the ,ast, /e mi+ht list the +risly ,attern &! /ar. (a"$ in )es&,&tamia a /ar mi+ht ha%e "he/ed u, a !e/ th&usand ,e&,le. The First <&rld <ar $illed a,,r&4imately ten milli&n ,e&,le &! /h&m A ,er "ent /ere "i%ilians. (ut thatMs &nly the 'e+innin+. The Se"&nd <&rld <ar r&lled u, a death t&ll !i%e times as lar+eGa,,r&4imately !i!ty milli&n. A'&ut A8 ,er "ent /ere "i%ilians.

Su,,&se there /ere n& ,&li"e and n& la/s in y&ur "ity. <h& /&uld 'e sa!eL Criminals mi+ht li$e it. (ut n&t y&u and y&ur !amily. Similarly, the la"$ &! a res,e"ted and en!&r"ed internati&nal la/ 'et/een nati&ns endan+ers e%ery&ne &n earth t&day. 5tMs li$e li%in+ in a *un+le. Feneral Eisenh&/er has summed u, the tra+i" e!!e"ts &! the "ust&m &! /ar as a meth&d &! settlin+ dis,utes 'et/een nati&ns; ... a life of perpetual fear and tension9 a burden of arms draining the wealth and the labor of all peoples9 a wasting of strength that defies the American system or the oviet system or any system to achieve true abundance and happiness for the peoples of this earth . . . :very gun that is made( every warship launched( every rocket fired signifies( in the final sense( a theft from those who hunger and are not fed( those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. &t is spending the sweat of its laborers( the genius of its scientists( the hopes of its children. The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this3 A modern brick school in more than ;* cities. &t is two electric power plants( each serving a town of +*(*** population. &t is two fine( fully e<uipped hospitals. &t is some -* miles of concrete highway. %e pay for a single fighter plane with a half a million bushels of wheat. %e pay for a single destroyer with new homes that could have housed more than 8(*** people . . . This is not a way of life at all( in any true sense. =nder the cloud of threatening war( it is humanity hanging from a cross of iron. <hen (ertrand Russell, /&rld !am&us ,hil&s&,her, ,arti"i,ated at the a+e &! ninety in a 'i+ ,ea"e dem&nstrati&n in 3&nd&n in .>?7, he /as arrested and sent t& *ail !&r a /ee$I 5t seemed that he /anted t& "han+e s&me &! &ur ha'it ,atterns. He /ished t& end nu"lear '&m' testin+, +et rid &! all nu"lear /ea,&ns, and a'&lish the instituti&n &! &r+ani2ed murder that /e "all 1/ar1. (cono$+c Insecur+ty 5n s,ite &! &ur ,r&+ram &! s& "alled 1s&"ial se"urity,1 '&th ,ers&nal and e"&n&mi" inse"urity are usual in &ur time. Fe/ ,e&,le "an 'e sure &! "&ntinued em,l&yment. 5n many "ases &ne "an n&t 'e sure that the 'usiness that em,l&ys him /ill 'e in e4isten"e a year !r&m n&/. O!ten, &ne "an n&t 'e sure that the ty,e &! /&r$ !&r /hi"h he has 'een trained /ill 'e in demand ne4t year. Aut&mati&n is eliminatin+ hundreds &! th&usands &! *&'s ea"h year in the United States. <e are 0uite in+eni&us in 'uildin+ !a"t&ries that "an turn &ut en&rm&us 0uantities &! tele%isi&n sets, aut&m&'iles, re!ri+erat&rs, t&&th'rushes, ,a"$a+ed !&&ds, et". (ut /e /&uldnMt dare let these !a"t&ries run !ull time 'e"ause they /&uld ,r&du"e m&re +&&ds than /e "&uld sell. S& /e ha%e idle !a"t&ries s&me &!

the time /ith lar+e num'ers &! ,e&,le in need all &! the time. Darad&4i"ally, it seems that &nly /hen /eMre !i+htin+ a /ar are /e a'le t& $ee, &ur industrial ma"hines &,eratin+ at !ull "a,a"ity. Alth&u+h mu"h &! &ur ,&,ulati&n "an use 'etter "l&thin+, 'etter h&usin+, and 'etter !&&d, &ur te"hni0ues in distri'utin+ the '&unty &! mass ,r&du"ti&n are '&++ed d&/n 'y e"&n&mi" diseases that +& under the names &! 1&%er,&,ulati&n,1 1unem,l&yment,1 and 1la"$ &! ,ur"hasin+ ,&/er.1 #r. Ral,h 3int&n has &'ser%ed; As the disharmonies within the culture become increasingly pronounced( more and more of the society/s energy and resources have to be e>pended on makeshift ad"ustments until the period of rapid change gradually grinds to a halt. ?ur own society would seem to be in such a period at the present time. &ts tremendous and still accelerating development of science and technology has not been accompanied by an e<ual development in social( economic( and political patterns . . . %e are now . . . only beginning to e>plore the potentialities which it offers for developments in our culture outside technology( particularly in the social( political( and economic fields. &t is safe to predict that even two or three centuries from now( such social inventions as modern-type .apitalism( @ascism( and .ommunism will be regarded as primitive e>periments directed toward the ad"ustment of modern society to modern technology.0 0 Linton( The Tree of .ulture 12ew York3 Alfred A. 4nopf( 56-67( pp.A,-8. Our %o""uted Wor"d Alth&u+h this is the &nly /&rld /e ha%e, /eMre "ertainly n&t ta$in+ +&&d "are &! it. <eM%e already e4,l&ded en&u+h at&mi" '&m's t& "&ntaminate the atm&s,here /ith str&ntium >8 and &ther radi&a"ti%e elements. A""&rdin+ t& Hatha/ay and 3e%ert&n &! the U.S. #e,artment &! A+ri"ulture; trontium 6* . . . may become a health problem. &ts radioactivity is slow to disappear( and its accumulation in the body could be dangerous. . . . trontium 6* was first detected in animal bones( dairy products( and soil in 56-;. &t now occurs in all human beings regardless of their age or where they live.0 0 #ilicent L. Hathaway and Buth #. Leverton( C.alcium and !hosphorous(C @ood( The Yearbook oD Agriculture( 56-6 1=nited tates Department of Agriculture( %ashington( D...( 56-67( p. 55,. At&mi" '&m's are n&t the &nly means /e use t& ,&llute the air /e 'reathe. The e4hausts &! aut&m&'iles, the e4"reti&ns &! industry, and the 'urnin+ &! "&al, &il, and +ar'a+e are als& 'usy "&ntaminatin+ the air. T&day air ,&lluti&n a!!e"ts in s&me de+ree m&re than -,888 ur'an areas inha'ited 'y ..A,888,888 Ameri"ans. <hen 'itumin&us "&al and l&/ +rade !uel &il are 'urned, sul,hur di&4ide +as and sm&$e are released. A !i%e day $iller sm&+ hit 3&nd&n in .>A7 and $illed C,888 ,e&,le. Air ,&lluti&n has 'een lin$ed /ith the "&mm&n "&ld, asthma, ,neum&nia, tu'er"ul&sis, in!luen2a, "hr&ni" 'r&n"hitis, ,ulm&nary em,hysema, and lun+ "an"er.

Th&se /h& are n&t &%erly /&rried a'&ut human 'ein+s mi+ht /ell ,&nder &ther "&sts &! air ,&lluti&n. Sul,hur di&4ide has 'een sh&/n t& disinte+rate nyl&n st&"$in+s. 5t rea"ts "hemi"ally /ith m&isture t& !&rm sul,huri" a"id, /hi"h eats a/ay r&&!s, ea%es, d&/ns,&uts, and &ther e4,&sed metals. 5t e%en a!!e"ts st&ne 'uildin+s and the ,r&ud statutes &! military her&es in the ,ar$s. Air and /ater are the m&st immediate ,hysi"al ne"essities &! li!e. 3est /e ne+le"t the latter, it may 'e ,&inted &ut that &ur lar+est ri%er is /ell ,&lluted /ith &ils, ,hen&ls, amm&nia and t&4i" metals, 'l&&d, re!use !r&m h&s,itals and underta$ers, and a"ids !r&m mines. F&r e4am,le, in the St. 3&uis area there ha%e 'een times /hen the "hi"$en !eathers, %is"era, and &!!al "&lle"t in ,at"hes t&& thi"$ t& dri%e a m&t&r'&at thr&u+h. The H88,888,888 +all&ns &! se/a+e a day "&min+ !r&m St. 3&uis and East St. 3&uis "&ntain C?8 t&ns &! s&lid +ar'a+e and .?A t&ns &! +r&und +ar'a+e. 5n the ,art &! the )ississi,,i !r&m St. 3&uis t& Ne/ Orleans, a m&uth!ul &! /ater "&ntains hal! a milli&n "&li!&rm 'a"illi, /hi"h "&me lar+ely !r&m untreated se/a+e. N&r d&es the United States ha%e a m&n&,&ly &n ,&lluted /ater. Thr&u+h&ut the /&rld a'&ut !i%e milli&n "hildren die ea"h year 'e!&re their !irst 'irthday !r&m diarrhea &r dysentery thr&u+h drin$in+ un"lean /ater. (*he$era" .ach+nes The ,leasure &! li%in+ in the t/entieth "entury is s&me/hat tarnished 'y the "&nstant deteri&rati&n &! the ma"hines and +ad+ ets /e use. They are, un!&rtunately, desi+ned !&r a sh&rt li!eG '&th style /ise and !un"ti&n /ise. 5t is ,&ssi'le t& 'uild a /ashin+ ma"hine &r tele%isi&n set that /&uld ,r&'a'ly n&t need ser%i"e durin+ a ten year ,eri&d. 5t is ,&ssi'le t& desi+n an aut&m&'ile that may remain tr&u'le !ree !&r a ten year ,eri&d and t& +i%e it an attra"ti%e desi+n that /&uld 'e a,,re"iated e%en l&n+er. 5nstead &! desi+nin+ !&r l&n+e%ity and ser%i"e, aut&m&'ile desi+ners ra"$ their 'rains !&r /ays t& ma$e ne4t yearMs "ar s& a,,ealin+ that /eMll trade in this yearMs "ar. Ferald Diel in!&rms us; According to the standard practice of our durable goods industriesEalways with the aim of perpetuating scarcity in the face of abundanceEthe automobile is designed for 5(*** hours of service( to be traded in at A*(*** miles or less. Can y&u thin$ &! any ele"tri"al &r me"hani"al de%i"e in y&ur h&me that /ill remain tr&u'le !ree !&r a l&n+ ,eri&dL There is &nly &ne de%i"e in y&ur h&me that is desi+ned t& last a'&ut t/enty years. 5t is li$ely that it /&nMt re0uire ser%i"e durin+ this time. And y&u d&nMt e%en &/n itI Alth&u+h it is a "&m,li"ated ele"tr&ni" instrument, y&u "an dr&, it &n the !l&&r, and it ,r&'a'ly /&nMt 'rea$. <hether y&u use it &n"e a day &r "&ntinu&usly thr&u+h&ut the day, it d&es n&t seem t& /ear &ut. The reas&n it /as desi+ned t& +i%e at least t/& de"ades &! tr&u'le !ree ser%i"e is that it /as n&t made t& 'e s&ld. The "&m,any that rents it t& y&u /&uld ha%e t& re,air it at their &/n e4,ense i! s&methin+ /ere t& +& /r&n+. S& they ma$e sure that this "&m,le4 de%i"e is en+ineered t& hi+h standards. They "anMt ma$e m&ney i! it 'rea$s d&/n e%ery !e/ m&nths. 5n "ase y&u ha%enMt +uessed the name &! this &ne thin+ in y&ur h&me that has 'een en+ineered t& +i%e y&u ma4imum utility and minimum maintenan"e, it is the tele,h&neI 5t is desi+ned !&r tr&u'le !ree use, n&t !&r "hea, ,r&du"ti&n at a ,r&!it. H&/ /&nder!ul it is t& reali2e that there are /ays t& +et &!! the treadmill &! 'uy it, use it, *un$ it, and 'uy it a+ainI

Stand+n# Roo$ On"y O%er,&,ulati&n &! the /&rld is a t/entieth "entury ,r&'lem. 5t t&&$ until a'&ut N@88 !&r us t& s,a/n a /&rld ,&,ulati&n &! &ne 'illi&n. Current ,redi"ti&ns indi"ate that the ,resent ,&,ulati&n &! three and &ne third 'illi&n /ill e4,l&de t& se%en 'illi&n 'y the end &! this "entury and t& si4teen 'illi&n 'y the year 78C8 i! the +r&/th rate is n&t "han+ed. This en&rm&us +r&/th in ,&,ulati&n in many areas &! the /&rld is +reatly e4"eedin+ the a'ility &! m&st "&untries t& ,r&%ide !&&d and de"ent li%in+ standards. The FAO <&rld F&&d Sur%ey &! .>?H !&und that at least ?8 ,er "ent &! the ,e&,le in the under de%el&,ed areas /ere undern&urished and that hal! &! the /&rld su!!ers !r&m hun+er, &r malnutriti&n, &r '&th. 5n A!ri"a, 3atin Ameri"a, and the Far East, !&&d ,r&du"ti&n is +r&/in+ &nly t/& thirds as !ast as the ,&,ulati&n. 5n the latter t/& areas the ,er "a,ita !&&d ,r&du"ti&n is still 'el&/ the le%els attained t/enty !i%e years a+& I Eu+ene R. (la"$, !&rmer ,resident &! the <&rld (an$, has summed it u, in this /ay; & must be blunt. !opulation growth threatens to nullify all our effort to raise living standards in many of the poorer countries. %e are coming to a situation in which the optimist will be the man who thinks present living standards can be maintained. Cu"tura" D+"e$$as )&st &! the 'uilt in dilemmas that !a"e human 'ein+s in &ur !ast "han+in+ /&rld ,&se ,r&'lems !&r /hi"h the /isd&m &! the ,ast &!!ers n& e!!e"ti%e s&luti&ns. 5n s& many /ays /eMre li$e a man "hased t& the ed+e &! a "li!! 'y a r&arin+ li&n. 5! he *um,s, heMll 'e hurt. And i! he stays there, the li&nMs +&in+ t& +et him. F&r e4am,le, /e ha%e 'uilt in se4ual dri%es that 'e"&me str&n+ in the teen years. )arria+e may seem t& &!!er a s&luti&n. Yet, the marria+e "&unsel&rs ad%ise us that early marria+es ha%e a +reater rate &! di%&r"eG that a ,ers&n needs t& e4,erien"e li!e and a"hie%e a de+ree &! maturity 'e!&re "h&&sin+ a li!e ,artner.The indi%idual su!!ers n& matter h&/ he tries t& s&l%e the ,r&'lem. 5! a ,ers&n has an a"ti%e se4 li!e 'e!&re marria+e, the m&res &! &ur tri'e may l&ad him /ith !eelin+s &! +uilt. 5! an unmarried ,ers&n denies his need !&r se4ual e4,ressi&n, he may en*&y a "ulturally "lean "&ns"ien"e, 'ut he /ill 'e !i+htin+ a "&nstantly stimulated, dee, need that has 'een stru"tured int& his '&dy. Fuilt !eelin+s may still arise !r&m %i%id se4ual !antasies, er&ti" dreams, &r mastur'ati&n. N& matter /hat "h&i"e a ,ers&n ma$es in this situati&n, it is usually a""&m,anied 'y "&n!li"t and d&u't. N&t &nly in matters &! se4, 'ut in m&st 'usiness, ,ers&nal, and s&"ial matters /e are "&n!r&nted /ith "&untless dilemmas. Our ,resent !&l$/ays ma$e it di!!i"ult t& a"hie%e e!!e"ti%e s&luti&ns that dee,ly "&ntri'ute t& human di+nity and ha,,iness.

On the 'o$e/ront

1The mass &! men,1 said Th&reau, 1lead li%es &! 0uiet des,erati&n.1 The li%es &! m&st ,e&,le in &ur ,resent "i%ili2ati&n !all !ar sh&rt &! !ul!illin+ le%els &! serenity and ha,,iness. Ann 3anders, a ne/s,a,er "&lumnist, /h& deals /ith ,ers&nal ,r&'lems re"ei%ed this ,&i+nant letter; Dear Ann Landers 3 How do you feel after reading a couple of hundred lettersF Disenchanted( &/ll bet. %hen & look back at my own life( its problems and its failures( & wonder what is it all aboutF Then & look at my children and what has happened to their lives. Dear 'od( & tried. He knows & tried. $ut where did & failF & must have failed. & am their mother. The children went to church and unday chool. They earned $ibles for perfect attendance and they had love. $ut here is the record 3 ?ne married while in the Air @orce. @ive years laterEdebt( drinking( divorce. Two children( two unhappy pawns. Bemarriage out of the church. #ore debts. ?ur daughter( desperately in love in high school( married to a fine but sick man. %illing but unable to work. Debts( then death. A new loveF he thought so( but her second marriage was a poor one. %here will it endF Heaven only knows. . . . The li%es &! n&t s& 0uiet des,erati&n &! many ,e&,le are re!le"ted in an&ther letter re"ei%ed 'y Ann 3anders. Dear Ann3 ?ur five children are in bed and & am looking at a huge basket of clothes that & should be ironing( but &/m writing this letter to you instead. &/m so e>hausted if & walked past the bed and looked at it &/d fall asleep standing up. #y husband is a wonderful person and a terrific father. He doesn/t drink or gamble and wouldn/t think of spending a dime on himself. He always puts me and the children first. He works hard at his "ob( but every week they take something out of his paycheck. & don/t think we/ll ever be a dollar ahead.&n 58 years this house will be paid for( and then it will probably fall apart. The kids( 'od love them( are wonderful. They help me by doing for themselves and by "ust being good. 2ever do & hear a complaint because they have to wear their cousin/s hand-me-downs or because there is no money for treats or cout uniforms. &f & could get my hair done in a beauty shop and eat dinner out once in a while &/d think & was in heaven. &s this what life was meant to beF Tired Ann Landers began her reply( C?nly if you/re lucky. . . .C 0 0 Beprinted by permission of Ann Landers and Hall !ublisher/s yndicate.

&he 0uandary o/ Wo$en

5t is 0uite ,&ssi'le that m&st /&men in &ur ra,idly "han+in+ "i%ili2ati&n ha%e a r&u+her time &! it than men. A /&man /h& li%ed &n a !arm t/& "enturies a+& /as dee,ly needed and !elt se"ure. She and her h&me /ere the "enter &! %&"ati&n, re"reati&n, and edu"ati&n. Alth&u+h she /&r$ed hard, she /as ,sy"hl&+i"ally se"ure in her &/n !eelin+ &! /&rth. She /as "&n!ident &! the +reat need /hi"h she su,,lied in the li%es &! her hus'and and "hildren. T&day, h&useh&ld +ad+ets ha%e relie%ed /&man &! s&me &! the /&r$, 'ut the se"ure em&ti&nal !&undati&ns &! her li!e ha%e 'een lar+ely s/e,t a/ay. The h&me is n& l&n+er the ,la"e /here the !amily ma$es its li%in+. Fa"t&ries and &!!i"es 'e"$&n the !ather t& a /&rld &! 'usiness n&t shared 'y the rest &! his !amily. S"h&&ls +ra' u, the "hildren and ta$e &%er the res,&nsi'ility !&r edu"atin+ themG!re0uently, in a /ay that is 0uite di!!erent !r&m the trainin+ &! the ,arents. Alth&u+h tele%isi&n has added t& the re"reati&nal as,e"t &! m&dern h&mes, m&st &! the really e4"itin+ thin+s ha,,en a/ay !r&m h&me. Aut&m&'iles s"atter the !amily in all dire"ti&ns, and the h&me is &!ten used ,rimarily as a h&tel in /hi"h t& eat and slee,. The m&dern h&use/i!e is e4,e"ted t& 'e a !as"inatin+ and ener+eti" "&m,ani&n t& her hus'and. She must meet the endless needs &! her "hildren. And at the same time she must &,erate the h&useh&ld, in"ludin+ !&&d +atherin+ at the +r&"ery st&re. 5n additi&n t& these three !ull time &""u,ati&ns /hi"h stret"h her &ut ,retty thin, she sh&uld !ind time t& de%el&, her &/n mind and '&dy, in"ludin+ !re0uent tri,s t& the 'eauty sal&n. A!ter a num'er &! years &! this tearin+ in e%ery dire"ti&n, m&st /i%es 'e+in t& !eel that, 13i!e is ,assin+ me 'y.1 They 'e+in t& 0uesti&n their sel! /&rth. They reali2e that they are needed less and less 'y their hus'ands and "hildren. Unha,,iness, di%&r"e, sui"ide 'itterness, and 'li+hted ,ers&nalities are &!ten the "&nse0uen"es &! &ur ra,idly "han+in+ "ulture. 5n the United States there are "urrently ar&und !&ur milli&n di%&r"es a year that a!!e"t a'&ut a third &! a milli&n "hildren m&stly under ten years &! a+e. #i%&r"e statisti"s themsel%es are n&t im,&rtant, 'ut the ,ain!ul 'i"$erin+, searin+ a""usati&ns, and dama+ed e+&s that lead t& a di%&r"e +reatly a!!e"t the t&tal sum &! human ha,,iness. <hen a /&man tries t& li%e a !uller li!e in the /&rld &utside her h&me, the ,ath is n&t sm&&th. #r. Ruth (. Kundsin, a ,r&minent Har%ard 'a"teri&l&+ist, said; &t is my contention that women in the =nited tates have been victims of both pre"udice and discrimination. . . &f she has a sprinkling of Harlowian traits( her male colleagues are flirtatious. &f she looks like a benevolent moose( they are merciless and their appraisal of her appearance takes precedence over what she has to say. Dr. 4undsin would have us consider the en"oyment of living with a happy( independent woman who is utiliGing her talents completely and arrives home with sparkling( challenging e>pertenees of her own to tell and share. . . . .ouldn/t it be that the love of such a woman is a wondrous( e>citing e>perienceF ?r does the American male ego really need a female slave in residenceF

Just in "ase itMs 'e+innin+ t& l&&$ as th&u+h &nly the /&men ha%e a r&u+h time &! it, thereMs a tra+edy in the m&n&t&n&us, r&utine !illed h&urs 'y /hi"h m&st men earn their li%in+. S,endin+ m&st &! the ,rime years &! &neMs li!e !i+htin+ t& earn an e4isten"e se%erely limits the sel! reali2ati&n and ha,,iness &! m&st men. The /&rld is s& !ull &! e4"itin+ thin+s t& learn, &! interestin+ ,la"es t& tra%el, &! "&untless "reati%e h&''ies, &! '&dy 'uildin+ s,&rts, and &! l&%ely sunsets and natural 'eauty that &ne must /ist!ully si+h at &ur limited &,,&rtunity t& e4,erien"e the 'est thin+s in li!e. A 'ornet1s Nest o/ %rob"e$s 5n this "ha,ter /e ha%e 'rie!ly t&u"hed &n s&me &! the ,r&'lems &! &ur "&n!used "i%ili2ati&n that s"ream the l&udest !&r s&luti&ns. 5t /&uld 'e ,&ssi'le t& /rite se%eral '&&$s *ust des"ri'in+ the 1han+&%ers1 &! &ur transiti&nal "i%ili2ati&n. Ta$e a dee, 'reath 'e"ause /e ha%enMt "&%ered e%en a hundredth &! the ,r&'lems &! the ,resent. Hel, us !ill &ut the l&n+, l&n+ list; The failure to apply scientific methods to solve social problems9 the thousands of insidious types of pre"udice and pre"udice-inspired violence and killing9 the hollowness of so much of family and social life9 a competitive life pattern that makes it difficult for us to give fellow humans the deep acceptance that their egos need so much9 the failure of men to cooperate in "oining hands over national boundaries to build a civiliGation in which all men may be happier( the failure to seek and utiliGe the abilities of geniuses( the shortage of good teachers9 schools that indoctrinate in what to think instead of teaching how to think9 the unfortunate attitude that education stops when CschoolingC is over9 the failure of A* per cent of our young people to finish high school9 the restlessness of our adolescent population9 drug addiction9 the problem of abortion9 mental illness9 the failure of prisons to rehabilitate9 the growing crime rate9 slums that mar our beauty and disgrace our humanity9 a countryside made ugly with shoddy stores( screaming signs( and "unkyards9 the primitive automotive systems which kill over A*(*** people each year9 the high rate of all kinds of accidents that kill one person in the =nited tates every si> minutes and in"ure someone every three seconds9 the difficulty of consumers in getting reliable information on products because of advertising that e>aggerates little differences9 the competitive system in which one man/s success in business may throw three into the tragedy of bankruptcy9 unemployment9 the insecurity of men and women in the forty to si>ty-five age range who have difficulty in finding wellpaying( dignified employment9 price-fi>ing9 industrial strikes9 the s<ueeGe on the small businessman9 monopoly9 the graft of politicians and the hypocrisy of lawmakers9 high ta>es9 senior citiGens( restless in retirement9 unscientific tampering with our land( resulting in floods( dust storms( and the loss of valuable forests9 the fertile acres wasted in the growth of tobacco that is detrimental to the health of mankind9 water shortage that hampers agriculture and industry3 the use of pesticides in ways that in"ure people and kill wildlife9 agricultural practices and processing techni<ues that result in low <uality foods9 choosing foods by taste and habit instead of by vitamin-mineral-protein-unsaturated fat content9 immature personalities reinforced by the deficiencies of television( radio( and motion pictures9 the prevalence of inade<uate values based on wealth and social prestige( which seldom bring happiness when achieved9 and the list may go on and on and on.

The ,ur,&se &! this '&&$ is t& sh&/ h&/ the mind and heart &! man "an s&l%e these a,,arently 1uns&l%a'le1 ,r&'lems. The readers &! this '&&$ may 'e 1,i&neers1 in a dee,ly si+ni!i"ant /ay /hen the l&n+ ran+e st&ry &! "i%ili2ati&n is /ritten.

H.Dredi"tin+ the Future

At every point in history Hwarns Dr. 'eorge 'allupI man has assumed that civiliGation has reached its Genith. He has smugly refused to place himself on a scale of time that reaches thousands and millions of years into the future as well as into the past. Looked at from the vantage point of 8(*** years henceEappro>imately the period of recorded historyEman/s progress up to the present time may appear far less impressive than it does today.0 0 'eorge 'allup( The #iracle Ahead 12ew York( :vanston( and London3 Harper J Bow( 56+A7( p. i>.

<e ha%e 'een here su"h a sh&rt time that /e "&uld alm&st 'e "alled 1ne/'&rn.1 5! y&u /ere t& use a t/enty !&ur h&ur "l&"$ t& re,resent the time sin"e li!e 'e+an &n earth, it /&uld sh&/ that man has &nly 'een in e4isten"e sin"e the last minute &! the t/enty !&urth h&ur: &nly durin+ the last !e/ se"&nds &! the last minute has m&dern man 'e+un t& use s"ienti!i" meth&ds t& lead him t& the m&st e!!e"ti%e /ays t& +et thin+s d&ne. <e are *ust n&/ 'e+innin+ t& hit &ur stride. )&re ne/ $n&/led+e has 'een "reated durin+ the t/entieth "entury than in the ,re%i&us 'illi&n years. Chan+e is e%ery/here. H&/ d&es &ne +& a'&ut ,redi"tin+ the m&st ,r&'a'le "han+es in manMs !utureL One mi+ht at !irst thin$ that s"ientists "&uld +i%e us /&rth/hile in!&rmati&n &n the !uture. TheyMre 'usy hammerin+ &ut the ne4t ste,. TheyMre runnin+ e4,eriments t& !ind &ut /hat /&r$s and /hat d&esnMt. TheyMre ,atiently si!tin+ !a"ts and the&ries that !&rm the ste,,in+ st&nes t& the !uture. (ut a +lan"e at the re"&rd sh&/s that !e/ s"ientists ha%e 'een a'le t& anti"i,ate !uture de%el&,ments "&rre"tly. They ha%e &!ten 'een /&e!ully /r&n+ in +i%in+ &,ini&ns &n the ,r&'a'ility &! e%ents e%en a de"ade in the !uture. A'&ut ei+hty years a+& Th&mas Edis&n, a!ter his 'rilliant su""ess /ith the ,h&n&+ra,h and "ar'&n mi"r&,h&ne, 'e"ame interested in usin+ ele"tri"ity t& ma$e li+ht. <hen the ne/s &! this +&t ar&und, the se"urities &! the +as "&m,anies 'e+an t& dr&,. The (ritish Darliament a,,&inted a "&mmittee t& in%esti+ate the ,&ssi'ility &! de%el&,in+ an ele"tri" li+ht. The "&n"ensus &! the e4,erts /as that Edis&nMs ideas /ere, 1+&&d en&u+h !&r &ur transatlanti" !riends . . . 'ut un/&rthy &! the attenti&n &! ,ra"ti"al &r s"ienti!i" men.1 C. #. #arlin+t&n the 'rilliant En+lish +eneti"ist said; &t is no accident that bacteria were first seen under the microscope by a draper( . . . that o>ygen was first isolated by a =nitarian minister( that the theory of infection was first established by a chemist( the theory of heredity by a man who was unfitted to be a university instructor in either $otany or Koology.

At the 'e+innin+ &! this "entury, m&st s"ientists unanim&usly a+reed that an air,lane /as ,r&'a'ly im,&ssi'le, and, e%en i! it /&r$ed, it /as im,ra"ti"al. The eminent Ameri"an astr&n&mer Sim&n Ne/"&m' de"lared /ith !inality; The demonstration that no possible combination of known substances( known forms of machinery and known forms of force( can be united in a practical machine by which man shall fly long distances through the air( seems to the writer as complete as it is possible for the demonstration of any physical fact to be. F&rtunately, the <ri+ht 'r&thers did n&t ha%e time t& /&rry a'&ut Ne/"&m'Ms "&n"lusi&ns. They /ere t&& 'usy '&ltin+ a +as&line en+ine &nt& s&me /in+s in their 'i"y"le sh&, in #ayt&n. HereMs /hat <illiam H. Di"$erin+, a /ell $n&/n s"ientist, had t& say a!ter the <ri+ht 'r&thers had !l&/n their air,lane at Kitty Ha/$; The popular mind often pictures gigantic flying machines speeding across the Atlantic and carrying innumerable passengers in a way analogous to our modern steamships. ... &t seems safe to say that such ideas must be wholly visionary( and even if a machine could get across with one or two passengers the e>pense would be prohibitive to any but the capitalist who could own his own yacht. Another popular fallacy is to e>pect enormous speed to be obtained. &t must be remembered that the resistance of the air increases as the s<uare of the speed and the work as the cube.... &f with ;* h.p. we can now attain a speed of A* m.p.h.( then in order to reach a speed of 5** m.p.h. we must use a motor capable of A,* h.p. ... it is clear that with our present devices there is no hope of competing for racing speed with either our locomotives or our automobiles. S"ientists may ha%e stru"$ &ut /hen it "ame t& air,lanes, 'ut they had an&ther "han"e t& im,r&%e their 'attin+ a%era+e &n ,redi"ti&ns as the r&"$et a+e a,,r&a"hed. 5n s,ite &! the ,i&neerin+ resear"hes &! Ameri"an R&'ert F&ddard and the R&manian Hermann O'erth, /h& &utlined in detail the 'asi" te"hn&l&+y &! r&"$ets and s,a"eshi,s, Dr&!ess&r A. <. (i"$ert&n in .>7? /r&te; This foolish idea of shooting at the moon is an e>ample of the absurd length to which vicious specialiGation will carry scientists working in thought-tight compartments. Let us critically e>amine the proposal. @or a pro"ectile entirely to escape the gravitation of the earth( it needs a velocity of , miles a second. The thermal energy of a gramme at this speed is 5-(58* calories. . . . The energy of our most violent e>plosiveEnitroglycerineEis less than 5(-** calories per gramme. .onse<uently( even had the e>plosive nothing to carry( it has only one-tenth of the energy necessary to escape the earth. . . . Hence the proposition appears to be basically impossible. . . .

#urin+ the last !e/ m&nths &! <&rld <ar 55, the Fermans sur,rised the /&rld /ith a E 7 r&"$et, /hi"h they !ired !r&m the C&ntinent t& En+land. This naturally raised the ,&ssi'ility that an inter"&ntinental missile mi+ht 'e 'uilt /hi"h "&uld he !ired in Eur&,e t& destr&y Ameri"an "ities. #r. Eanne%ar (ush, /h& /as head &! the United States s"ienti!i" /ar e!!&rt, testi!ied 'e!&re a Senate C&mmittee &n #e"em'er H, .>CA; There has been a great deal said about a ;(*** miles high-angle rocket. &n my opinion such a thing is impossible for many years. The people who have been writing these things that annoy me( have been talking about a ;(**= mile high-angle rocket shot from one continent to another( carrying an atomic bomb and so directed as to be a precise weapon which would land e>actly on a certain target( such as a city. & say( technically( & don/t think anyone in the world knows how to do such a thing( and & feel confident that it will not be done for a very long period of time to come. ... & think we can leave that out of our thinking. & wish the American public would leave that out of their thinking.

Sli+htly &%er a de"ade a!ter this e4,ert deli%ered his /&rds &! /isd&m, there /ere inter"&ntinental missiles in a"tual ,r&du"ti&n, and the Russians had S,utni$ 5 &r'itin+ the earth I Arthur C. Clar$e in his e4"ellent '&&$ Dr&!iles &! the Future 6and t& /h&m /e are inde'ted !&r the e4am,les &! ,redi"ti&ns +i%en in this "ha,ter9 /r&te; Too great a burden of knowledge can clog the wheels of imagination9 & have tried to embody this fact of observation in .larke/s Law( which may be formulated as follows3 %hen a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible( he is almost certainly right. %hen he states that something is impossible( he is very probably wrong. !erhaps the ad"ective CelderlyC re<uires definition. &n physics( mathematics( and astronautics it means over thirty9 in the other disciplines( senile decay is sometimes postponed to the forties. There are( of course( glorious e>ceptions9 but as every researcher "ust out of college knows( scientists of over fifty are good for nothing but board meetings( and should at all costs be kept out of the laboratoryL0 0 Arthur .. .larke( !rofiles of the @uture 12ew York3 Harper J Bow 56+A7( p. 5A.

.en Who Scored There ha%e 'een many men /h& ha%e 'een su""ess!ul in ma$in+ remar$a'ly a""urate ,redi"ti&ns &! the !uture. 3e&nard& da Ein"i ,&ssessed the ne"essary "&m'inati&n &! ima+inati&n and ner%e. Jules Eerne, in the last "entury, +a%e us !antasti" ,redi"ti&ns, alm&st all &! /hi"h ha%e 'e"&me ,resent day realities. Th&rsten Ee'len /as a'le t& !&resee e"&n&mi" and s&"ial trends !ar in ad%an"e &! their &""urren"e. H. F. <ells en"&m,assed, at least in &utline, the ine%ita'ility &! a /&rld s&"iety essentially 'ased u,&n

s"ienti!i", rather than ,&liti"al, &rientati&n. Any&ne /h& d&u'ts the ,&ssi'ility &! l&n+ ran+e ,redi"ti&n mi+ht /ell "&nsider the statements &! Friar R&+er (a"&n, /h& li%ed 'et/een .7.C and .7>C. These /&rds /ere /ritten at a time /hen s"ien"e and te"hn&l&+y as /e $n&/ them /ere n&n e4istent ; &nstruments may be made by which the largest ships( with only one man guiding them( will be carried with greater velocity than if they were full of sailors. .hariots may be constructed that will move with incredible rapidity without the help of animals. &nstruments of flying may be formed in which a man(sitting at his ease and meditating in any sub"ect( may beat the air with his artificial wings after the manner of birds ... as also machines which will enable men to walk at the bottom of the seas. . . .

Derha,s the &nly thin+ /e "an 'e sure a'&ut /hen ,redi"tin+ the !uture is that it /ill s&und utterly !antasti". 5t /ill 'e en&rm&usly di!!erent !r&m anythin+ that /e re+ard as 1natural1 &r 1ri+ht.1 5! &ur ,redi"ti&ns in this '&&$ seem ,lausi'le t& y&u, /e ha%e ,r&'a'ly !ailed t& see !ar en&u+h ahead. 5! &ur ,r&*e"ti&n &! the !uture seems "&m,letely im,&ssi'le and utterly !antasti", there is a ,&ssi'ility that /e may 'e &n the ri+ht tra"$. 'o! We %red+ct the Future As /e ,&inted &ut in the !irst "ha,ter, /e ha%e n&t 'een a'le t& !ind a "rystal 'all /e "&nsider relia'le !&r ,redi"tin+ the !uture. <e ha%e, instead, de%el&,ed a meth&d &! analysis /hi"h /e /ish t& set !&rth "learly. 5! y&u a+ree /ith the meth&d 'y /hi"h /e /ill attem,t t& ,redi"t s&me &! the !eatures &! &ur t/enty !irst "entury "i%ili2ati&n, ,erha,s y&u /ill then !ind s&me &! the re%&luti&nary "&n"lusi&ns m&re a""e,ta'le. 5t is &ur hy,&thesis that there are three im,&rtant !a"t&rs that /ill +reatly in!luen"e the e%&luti&n &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n. They are; .. The %alues, ,ur,&ses, and ideals t&/ard /hi"h man is stri%in+. 7. The meth&d &! thin$in+ that /e use t& sele"t &ur "&urses &! a"ti&n. H. The state &! te"hn&l&+y, &r, /hat s&rt &! t&&ls are a%aila'le t& hel, us d& /hat /e /ant t& d&. 5n the ne4t three "ha,ters /e are +&in+ t& dis"uss ea"h &! these three !a"t&rs that /e 'elie%e /ill +enerate the !uture sha,e &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n. <e 'elie%e that i! /e are a'le t& determine /hat ,e&,le really /ant here &n earth, /e /ill 'e a'le t& anti"i,ate the +eneral dire"ti&ns in /hi"h men /ill +& in 'uildin+ the "i%ili2ati&n &! the !uture. <e /ill in0uire int& the 1mind1 and 1heart1 &! man t& see /hat he really seems t& /ant m&st. <e /ill see i! there ha%e 'een %alues that ha%e 'een &n a steady u,s/in+ !&r "enturies. 5! /e are su""ess!ul in "&rre"tly ,in,&intin+ the %alues and ideals that human 'ein+s /ill m&st

desire in the !uture, /e /ill 'e &n &ur /ay t&/ard a""urately ,redi"tin+ the ty,e &! "i%ili2ati&n that lies ahead &! us. Ealues are &nly a !irst ste,. T& $n&/ /hat man really /ants is m&st hel,!ul, 'ut it is e0ually im,&rtant that /e a""urately ,i"$ the meth&d &! thin$in+ that he /ill use t& try t& +et /hat he /ants. F&r e4am,le, man has al/ays ,la"ed a hi+h %alue &n +&&d health. (ut sim,ly ha%in+ this %alue is n&t en&u+h. The meth&ds &! thin$in+ that a""&m,any a %alue ha%e a l&t t& d& /ith /hether it /ill 'e a"hie%ed. Thin$in+ meth&d&l&+y that /as in %&+ue durin+ ,ast "enturies resulted in seri&usly ill ,e&,le 'ein+ 'led 'y 'ar'ers. (l&&d su"$in+ lee"hes /ere "&nsidered a ne"essary item in the d&"t&rMs 'a+. 5n "&ntrast, the meth&ds &! thin$in+ in use t&day in the !ield &! medi"ine &!ten "all !&r a 'l&&d trans!usi&n. 5n the ,ast i! an idea s&unded ,lausi'le, ,e&,le 'elie%ed it. 5! an auth&rity said s&methin+ /as true, it /as +enerally a""e,ted. 5t /as %ery rare !&r a ,ers&n t& say, 15 d&nMt "are h&/ reas&na'le it s&unds &r /h& says itMs s&, 5 /ant t& ma$e s&me "are!ul tests t& see !&r mysel!.1 Thus, the meth&ds &! thin$in+ that ,e&,le em,l&y ,lay a 'i+ ,art in determinin+ /hat $ind &! "i%ili2ati&n they ha%e. A third !a"t&r that intera"ts /ith the %alue stru"ture and the meth&ds &! thin$in+ is the te"hn&l&+y &! a +i%en a+e. F&r e4am,le, as a "&nse0uen"e &! &ur %alue stru"ture, /e /ant t& tra%el t& the m&&n. <e use s"ienti!i" meth&ds &! thin$in+ t& arri%e at the 'asi" the&ries that sh&/ us h&/ t& +et there. (ut i! the state &! te"hn&l&+y d&es n&t yield a metal str&n+ en&u+h and li+ht en&u+h t& 'uild s,a"e"ra!t, /eMre n&t li$ely t& set !&&t &n the m&&n. Our te"hn&l&+y has 'een sl&/ly e%&l%in+ !&r the last ?88,888 years. 5t /as a +reat day /hen ,rehist&ri" man !irst ,i"$ed u, a sti"$ and used it as an instrument t& a"hie%e +reater "&ntr&l &%er his en%ir&nment. The in%enti&n &! the /heel /as a 'i+ ste, !&r/ard. (ut there has 'een m&re te"hn&l&+i"al de%el&,ment in the last hal! "entury than in the ,re"edin+ ?88,888 years. C&m,uters, aut&mati&n, and the de%el&,ment &! at&mi" ,&/er en&rm&usly enhan"e manMs ,&tential t& a"hie%e /hate%er %alues and ideals he "h&&ses. N&/ y&u $n&/ h&/ /e are +&in+ a'&ut this. 5! any&ne /ishes t& s,ell &ut in use!ul detail s&me &! the !&rms &! &ur !uture, /e 'elie%e he must ,i"$ the ri+ht h&rse in three di!!erent ra"es; .. He must "&rre"tly assess /hat man /ill /ant t& d&G/hat he really %alues m&st. 7. He must a""urately !ind &ut h&/ heMs +&in+ t& try t& d& itG /hat meth&ds &! thin$in+ he /ill rely u,&n m&st. H. He must analy2e the t&&ls that man /ill ha%e !&r a""&m,lishin+ /hat he sets &ut t& d&Ghe must ,in,&int the si+ni!i"ant te"hn&l&+i"al de%el&,ments that /ill ,lay ma*&r r&les in the !uture. All three !a"t&rs intera"t /ith ea"h &ther. The %alue stru"ture n&t &nly in!luen"es the meth&d &! thin$in+ and the te"hn&l&+y, 'ut it is, in turn, in!luen"ed 'y them. The meth&d &! thin$in+ that man em,l&ys is a!!e"ted 'y his %alue stru"ture and the te"hn&l&+y &! the a+e, 'ut it als& ,lays a ,art in m&di!yin+ '&th &! these. Similarly, the te"hn&l&+y &! any +i%en "i%ili2ati&n intera"ts in a mutual /ay /ith the %alue stru"ture and the meth&d &! thin$in+. These ,re+nant !a"t&rs mi+ht 'e %ie/ed as three +ears that mesh /ith ea"h &ther.

N&/ y&u ha%e a /ay t& *ud+e h&/ /ell /e a""&m,lish /hat /e set &ut t& d&. 5! y&u d&nMt !eel that /e ha%e ,i"$ed the trends that /ill ,lay the lar+est ,art in sha,in+ the !uture, then y&u ,r&'a'ly /&nMt a""e,t the ty,e &! "i%ili2ati&n that /e des"ri'e in Dart 55 &! this '&&$. 5!, h&/e%er, y&u !eel that /e ha%e "&rre"tly assessed the d&minant trends in man$indMs %alue system, i! y&u !eel that the meth&d &! thin$in+ has 'een a""urately ,in,&inted, and i! y&u %ie/ te"hn&l&+y in the same %ein, then y&u may 'e intri+ued 'y &ur ,r&*e"ti&n &! the e4,erien"es &! a man and /&man in the t/enty !irst "entury.

C.Our Ealues Chart Our C&urse

)any ,e&,le ha%e ,essimisti" !eelin+s a'&ut the !uture. Derha,s the en&rm&us +r&/th &! te"hn&l&+y that ena'les man t& 'uild '&m's that "an destr&y a "ity, aut&m&'iles that $ill m&re ,e&,le than /ars, and ,lanes that e4"eed the s,eed &! s&und +i%e them a 1<hatMs ne4tL1 !eelin+. Derha,s s&me &! the ,essimism is due t& the !ailure &! e"&n&mi", s&"ial, and ,&liti"al in%enti&ns t& $ee, ,a"e /ith the de%el&,ments &! ,hysi"al s"ien"e. )any ,e&,le identi!y the !uture /ith the %alue system ,r&*e"ted 'y Ald&us Hu4ley in $rave 2ew %orld and Fe&r+e Or/ell in 568A. These auth&rs had an im,&rtant messa+e !&r us. They ,&inted &ut that i! /e "h&&se %alues that i+n&re the inner needs &! man, /e "an "reate a h&rr&r here &n earth. Or/ell /r&te &! a s&"iety in /hi"h te"hn&l&+y /as used t& the ultimate t& "urtail !reed&m &! th&u+ht and a"ti&n. A tele%isi&n "amera in e%ery a,artment ena'led se"ret ,&li"e t& see /hat /as +&in+ &n. The &nly /ay !&r an indi%idual t& ha%e any ,ri%a"y /as t& turn his 'a"$ t& the "amera and s,ea$ s&!tly. This /as m&dern te"hn&l&+y im,lementin+ a %alue system &! the ,ast. )&st s"ien"e !i"ti&n uses an inade0uate system &! "rude %alues that "&n!li"t /ith manMs need t& 'e a !ree s,irit en*&yin+ the ,&tentialities &! li!e. <e are ra,idly a,,r&a"hin+ a sta+e in human de%el&,ment that /ill ,ermit man t& d& alm&st anythin+ he /ants. <e !eel "&n!ident man /ill "h&&se a set &! %alues that /ill yield ha,,iness. The /arnin+s &! Or/ell and Hu4ley ha%e n&t 'een in %ain. <eMd 'e +lad t& trade t/& h&urs in the ,resent /&rld &! "&n!li"t !&r &ne h&ur in the ad%an"ed "i%ili2ati&n &! &ne hundred years !r&m n&/. <e !eel that the ne4t "entury /ill &,en the d&&r t& ne/ h&ri2&ns &! human e4,erien"e and ha,,iness.

'o! We Got Our 2a"ue Syste$ Derha,s the m&st si+ni!i"ant thin+ a ,ers&n "an $n&/ a'&ut himsel! is t& understand his &/n system &! %alues. Alm&st e%ery thin+ /e d& is a re!le"ti&n &! &ur &/n ,ers&nal %alue system. <hat d& /e mean 'y %aluesL Our %alues are /hat /e /ant &ut &! li!e. N& &ne is '&rn /ith a set &! %alues. E4"e,t !&r &ur 'asi" ,hysi&l&+i"al needs, su"h as air, /ater, and !&&d, m&st &! &ur %alues are a"0uired a!ter 'irth. As an e4am,le &! h&/ %alues are ,i"$ed u,, indi%iduals /h& +r&/ u, in the t/entieth "entury Ameri"a are "&nditi&ned t& the a"0uisiti&n &! m&ney as a ,art &! their %alue stru"ture. 5t isnMt 1natural1 !&r a ,ers&n t& <ant m&ney. 5tMs a %alue m&st ,e&,le in &ur "ulture a"0uire. <hen /e /ere ,erha,s t/& years &ld, /e learned that a ,enny /&uld 'uy a ,ie"e &! "andy. <e heard adults say /ith &'%i&us a,,r&%al, 1He has a l&t &! m&ney.1 As /e +re/ u,, /e &'ser%ed the "&rrelati&n 'et/een m&ney and lar+er "ars, m&re 'eauti!ul h&mes, !iner "l&thes, et". Feelin+s &! sel! /&rth 'e"ame ass&"iated /ith m&ney. O%er the years /e +radually a"0uired a %alue stru"ture that led us t& ,la"e su"h a hi+h %alue &n m&ney that in &ur ,resent e"&n&my &! s"ar"ity /e s,end a lar+e ,art &! &ur li%es s"rat"hin+ !&r d&llars. 5! /e had +r&/n u, in a s&"iety /here ,e&,le d& n&t stress material /ealth, m&ney /&uld n&t ha%e ,layed an im,&rtant ,art in &ur %alue stru"ture. 5n Sam&a !&&d is there !&r the ta$in+. C&"&nuts and !ruit +r&/ /ith&ut "ulti%ati&n, !ish are a%aila'le in the near'y sea, little &r n& "l&thin+ is needed, and it d&esnMt ta$e l&n+ t& ,ut u, a that"hed r&&! hut !r&m materials that +r&/ &n all sides. 5n su"h a s&"iety ,e&,le may 'e less li$ely t& /&r$ hard !&r m&ney. De&,le "&nditi&ned in this manner d& n&t a"t in /ays men "&nsider a"0uisiti%e, "&m,etiti%e, and thri!ty. <hen a "ulture is in a ra,id state &! transiti&n, /e ha%e "&n!li"tin+ %alues /hi"h &!ten yield h&stility and unha,,iness. )&st ,e&,le in t/entieth "entury Ameri"a ha%e a %alue system that in"ludes '&th sin"erity and the desire !&r m&ney. Su,,&se a mer"hant ad%ertisin+ a sale /ere t& in"lude a 1l&ss leader1 item su"h as a da"r&n shirt !&r O..C>. (ut i! ,e&,le !l&"$ed t& ,ur"hase this ad%ertised shirt, they /&uld !ind that he had &nly si4 !&r sale at this ,ri"e. The "&n!li"t in %alues mi+ht 'e !elt 'y '&th the mer"hant and his "ust&mers. Our transiti&nal "ulture &! t&day $ee,s us in ,er,etual "&n!li"t. Ealues are n&t immuta'le and eternal. They are "reated lar+ely 'y the !eelin+s &! human 'ein+s. 1The %alues '&th &! indi%iduals and &! +r&u,s '&th lar+e and small ha%e 'een "han+ed,1 Ral,h (&rs&di ad%ises us; They are being changed today more rapidly than ever before. The ac<uisition and the inculcation of values begins at birth in the acceptance or re"ection of the child by its parents9the values inculcated and ac<uired during the first few years of life affect the unconscious mind so deeply that their alteration is not easy( but they can be changed and it is easier to change them in the modern . . . world than ever before.0 0 Balph $orsodi( C:ight !ropositions About Malues(C The Humanist( 156+A( 2umber @ive7( p. 5-). .opyright 56+A by the American Humanist Association( Humanist House( Yellow prings( ?hio.

Beprinted by permission.

<e "an test a %alue 'y as$in+, 1#&es it yield ha,,iness !&r usL1 There is n&thin+ a's&lute a'&ut any %alueGitMs n&t a 0uesti&n &! 1ri+ht1 &r 1/r&n+,1 1true1 &r 1!alse,1 1+&&d1 &r 1'ad.1 <e sh&uld as$ &ursel%es, 1H&/ d& &ur %alues a!!e"t &ur ha,,iness, '&th ,resent and !utureL1 The ha,,enstan"e &! /hen and /here /e are '&rn determines /hat set &! %alues /e a"0uire. A !e/ years &r a !e/ miles "an ma$e a /hale &! a di!!eren"e. Alth&u+h /e $n&/ that n& &ne is '&rn /ith a set &! %alues, the ,arti"ular set &! %alues /e a"0uire seems '&th 1in'&rn1 and 1natural1 t& us. <e al/ays !eel stran+e /hen /e meet ,e&,le /ith a di!!erent set &! %alues. They d&nMt a"t 1ri+ht.1 Ja"0ues Fres"&, &ne &! the auth&rs, %isited (&ra (&ra in the S&"iety 5slands thirty years a+&. He "arried /ith him !i!ty ,&"$et mirr&rs and hundreds &! 'eads and &ther n&%elties that he h&,ed t& use in ,la"e &! m&ney. Fres"& sh&/ed these +i!ts t& se%eral nati%es and then ,ut them int& a suit"ase. <hen he returned t& his li%in+ 0uarters se%eral h&urs later, he /as sur,rised t& see a num'er &! men and /&men !reely handin+ &ut the 'eads, mirr&rs, and &ther trin$ets t& their D&lynesian !riends. He interru,ted them and as$ed /hat /as +&in+ &n. One &! the &lder men re,lied that Fres"& had m&re than he needed and that it /as a shame t& see s& many /&nder!ul thin+s n&t 'ein+ ,ut t& use. A!ter esta'lishin+ a !a%&ra'le relati&nshi, /ith the D&lynesians, he made a "asual "&mment that he /&uld a,,re"iate their hel, in 'uildin+ an &utri++er "an&e. They +athered in a huddle and le!t /ith&ut sayin+ anythin+. Se%eral days later, they a,,eared "arryin+ an &utri++er "an&e and ,resented him /ith this e4tra%a+ant +i!t. #urin+ the ne4t t/& /ee$s he /as una'le t& !ind time t& en*&y their +i!t. They a,,eared distur'ed and ,i"$ed u, the "an&e and "arried it a/ay. C%hy are you taking my canoe awayFC he as$ed. An &lder D&lynesian ste,,ed !&rth and "&mmented resent!ully, C%e give you boat. You no use. %e take back.C 5t t&&$ Fres"& a /hile t& +ras, !ully the si+ni!i"an"e &! su"h a system &! %alues 'ased &n need and use, instead &! &/nershi,. )any &! the %alues that y&u and 5 ha%e t&day /ere de%ised th&usands &! years a+& in a /&rld &! +reat s"ar"ity. F&r e4am,le, durin+ ,ast "enturies it t&&$ a'&ut t/enty !armers t& ,r&du"e en&u+h sur,lus !&&d t& maintain &ne t&/nsman. T& ha%e a dee, !eelin+ &! /&rth in su"h a /&rld, it /as usual t& ha%e a %alue stru"ture that +enerated hard/&r$in+ and thri!ty 'eha%i&r. The s"ar"ity "&nditi&ns &! the ,ast ha%e led men t& ,la"e a hi+h %alue &n &/nin+ as many thin+s as ,&ssi'le. The &/nershi, &! a set &! t&&ls ena'led a man t& ma$e his li%in+. 5! s&me&ne had st&len these !r&m him, his a'ility t& earn a li%in+ /&uld ha%e 'een threatened. The &/nershi, &! material +&&ds 'e"ame ass&"iated /ith a !eelin+ &! sel! esteem. 5n s&me &! &ur ,ast "ultures, the "&n"e,t &! ,ri%ate &/nershi, e%en e4tended t& in"lude /&men. <&men "&uld 'e '&u+ht and s&ld in the mar$et,la"e. E%en in the t/entieth "entury /e ha%e "&n!li"ts in &ur %alue system as the status &! /&men is e%&l%in+ !r&m 'ein+ the ,r&,erty &! men t& the r&le &! !ree human 'ein+s.

3L+/e, L+berty, and the %ursu+t o/ 'a**+ness3

5! /e are t& ma$e a reas&na'le anti"i,ati&n &! the ty,e &! /&rld &ur des"endants /ill ha%e, /e must ade0uately "h&&se the d&minant trends in %alues. S& here /e +&I Alth&u+h there are many /ays t& ,hrase it, /e !eel that the %alue /a%e &! the !uture /as e4,ressed /ell 'y Th&mas Je!!ers&n in The #e"larati&n &! 5nde,enden"e in that hist&ri" ,hrase, 13i!e, 3i'erty, and the Dursuit &! Ha,,iness.1 Alth&u+h /e in mid t/entieth "entury Ameri"a ha%e a de+ree &! li'erty and !reed&m, /e ha%e &nly rea"hed the !irst run+ in "lim'in+ the ladder t&/ard a"hie%in+ the hi+hest de+ree &! li!e and li'erty. <hen men &! the !uture l&&$ 'a"$ and try t& understand the relati%ely ,rimiti%e "&nditi&ns &! mid t/entieth "entury Ameri"a, they /ill 'e m&st ,er,le4ed. They may "&mment that /hile F&urth &! July s,ee"hes in /hi"h the 'lessin+s &! li'erty, !reed&m, and the ri+ht &! e%ery&ne t& 'e an indi%idual /ere s,&$en &! 0uite hi+hly, yet e%ery year m&re and m&re la/s /ere ,assed tellin+ ,e&,le that they "&uldnMt d& this, and they /&uld ,ay a !ine i! they did that, and they /&uld +& t& *ail !&r d&in+ s&methin+ else. Derha,s !urther resear"h 'y !uture hist&rians mi+ht re%eal that many &! &ur la/s /ere ,assed 'e"ause /e !elt they /ere needed t& $ee, men !r&m hurtin+ &ther men. 5n &ther /&rds, the li'erty &! &ne ,ers&n had t& 'e limited s& that he "&uld n&t destr&y the !reed&m and ha,,iness &! &thers. And this /ill 'e a "uri&us thin+ !&r ,e&,le in the !uture t& understand a'&ut &ur ,resent "i%ili2ati&n. F&r they /ill !ind it unthin$a'le that "&nditi&ns e4isted that ,ermitted "&n!li"t 'et/een human 'ein+s. The "i%ili2ati&n &! the !uture /ill &ut+r&/ the need !&r la/s as /e $n&/ them. F&r e4am,le, /e ha%e a la/ a+ainst murder. 5n the !uture there /ill 'e n& la/s dealin+ /ith murder. N& 'a'y is '&rn a murderer. 5mmersed in a "&n!li"t "ulture su"h as &urs, he intera"ts /ith the "&nditi&ns &! his en%ir&nment t& de%el&, a ,attern &! rea"ti&n that "an, under "ertain "ir"umstan"es, lead him t& $ill an&ther human 'ein+. As he +r&/s u,, he &!ten sees headlines and ,i"tures in ne/s,a,ers tellin+ &! murder. 5n literature, m&%ies, and tele%isi&n he /itnesses th&usands &! murders. Our si"$ s&"iety d&tes &%er su"h le+endary murderers as Jesse James, Al Ca,&ne and (&nnie and Clyde. A y&un+ "hild li%es under "&nditi&ns /here he is trained t& 'e *eal&us and a"0uisiti%e. His $in+ si2ed e+& learns t& res,&nd /ith !eelin+s &! dee, hurt and re*e"ti&n. 5! &ne day the +r&/n man /ere t& !ind his /i!e in 'ed /ith an&ther man, he /&uld res,&nd in a /ay that is di"tated 'y the years &! "&nditi&nin+. 5t /&uld seem natural !&r him t& sei2e a +un and murder the man. T&day /e are 'e+innin+ t& identi!y %ari&us thin+s /hi"h "&nditi&n us t& a"t as /e d&. 5n the !uture the !a"t&rs that "&nditi&n human 'ein+s t& $ill &r d& &ther thin+s that harm !ell&/ human 'ein+s /ill 'e underst&&d and eliminated. The %alue stru"ture /ill n&t ,ermit "hildren t& 'e "&nditi&ned in si"$, t/isted, and insane /ays. 5! it is !&und that s&me&ne mi+ht d& s&methin+ that "&uld hurt an&ther human 'ein+, the rea"ti&n /ill n&t 'e t& ,ass a la/ a+ainst it. De&,le /ill n&t use an ar"hai" stru"ture &! "&urts, *ud+es, and la/s. They /ill sim,ly as$ themsel%es, 1<hat is it that ,ermits a ,ers&n t& a"t in a /ay that "&uld hurt s&me&ne elseL1 <hen they !ind the r&&t &! the di!!i"ulty, they /ill m&di!y "&nditi&ns s& that ,e&,le /ill n&t

G&r "an n&tGa"t in this /ay.

What About 'u$an Nature4

<hen little /as $n&/n a'&ut "ultural anthr&,&l&+y, s&"i&l&+y, and ,sy"h&l&+y, it seemed 0uite %alid t& resist ,r&,&sed re!&rms 'y sayin+, 15t /&nMt /&r$. 5tMs a+ainst human nature.1 5t is di!!i"ult !&r many ,e&,le t& a,,re"iate the !a"t that /hat they "all 1human nature1 *ust d&esnMt e4ist. S"ienti!i" resear"h has dis"&%ered that it is ,r&'a'ly n&t e%en 1human nature1 !&r a man t& 'e attra"ted se4ually t& a /&manI The ,arti"ular &'*e"t t& /hi"h &ne is attra"ted se4ually seems t& 'e determined 'y e4,erien"es that ha,,en early in li!e. This e%en a,,lies t& s&me animals. E"$hard Hess $e,t a y&un+ male *un+le !&/l /ith him !&r the !irst m&nth &! its li!e. 5t /as n&t ,ermitted t& 'e /ith any &! its &/n s,e"ies durin+ this time. Hess n&ti"ed ; This animal( even after five yearsEmuch of that time in association with his own speciesEcourts human beings with typical behavior( but not females of his own species. This certainly is a farreaching effect and is similar to the finding of BNber 156A87( who reported on a male turkey whose behavior toward human beings was similar.0 0 :ckhard H. Hess( C&mprinting(C cience( 156-67( p. 5A*.

)an is li$e a mirr&rGhe lar+ely re!le"ts his surr&undin+s. 5! man /ere t& "&me int& the /&rld /ith a !i4ed 1nature1 "&nsistin+ &! aut&mati" res,&nses, "i%ili2ati&n /&uld 'e im,&ssi'le. 3i$e the ants, /e /&uld li%e &ut &ur li%es in ,atterns that are m&di!ied 'ut little /ith the ,assin+ &! time. The /&nder!ul thin+ a'&ut us is that /e "&me int& this /&rld /ith ma4imum !le4i'ility. 2a"ues o/ the Future <e 'elie%e that manMs ,ursuit &! ha,,iness under the "&nditi&ns &! the t/enty !irst "entury /ill ,ermit him t& a"hie%e the !ullest e4,ressi&n &! the !&ll&/in+ %alues; Life and Liberty A matured s&"iety /ill ,ermit man a ma4imum de+ree &! li!e, li'erty, and !reed&m. 5ndi%iduals /ill understand themsel%es. They /ill "h&&se ,atterns &! li%in+ that /ill dee,ly e4,ress their &/n inner sel%es. Ne%er 'e!&re has s&"iety 'een a'le t& ,ermit all indi%iduals t& e4,ress their intelle"tual, em&ti&nal, and ,hysi"al needs. At l&n+ last, indi%iduals /ill n& l&n+er 'e su'&rdinated and ,ressured t& "&n!&rm t& a set ,attern.

:conomic Abundance. There /ill 'e e"&n&mi" a'undan"e s& that the material needs &! men are am,ly met. C&m,etiti%eness, a"0uisiti%eness, thri!tiness, and the hard/&r$in+ syndr&me /ill 'e as e4tin"t as the din&saur. Health and Longevity. The ideal &! radiant health /ill "&ntinue t& 'e %alued as it has in the ,ast. (ut !&r the !irst time it "an 'e reali2ed. S"ienti!i" nutriti&n al&n+ the lines su++ested 'y &ne &! the auth&rs in H&/ t& 3i%e 3&n+erG Str&n+erGSlimmer /ill 'e 'uilt int& e%eryday li!e ,atterns.P 5m,r&%ed +eneti" desi+ns and li%in+ "&nditi&ns /hi"h ,r&m&te ma4imal health /ill +i%e a !reed&m !r&m disease and a ma4imum &! ener+y that /as seld&m a"hie%ed in &lder "i%ili2ati&ns. The a%era+e li!e s,an may /ell e4"eed .A8 years in the t/enty !irst "entury. E%entually, it /ill stret"h t&/ard imm&rtality. P Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr., H&/ t& 3i%e 3&n+erGStr&n+erGSlimmer 6Ne/ Y&r$; Frederi"$ Fell, .>??9. Love and @riendship. )anMs !eelin+s &! !riendshi,, /armth, and l&%e !&r all &ther men /ill dee,en t& an e4tent that "an n&t 'e underst&&d 'y th&se /h& li%e in the t/entieth "entury /&rld &! s"ar"ity. Friendshi, and l&%e in the t/entieth "entury are s& "l&uded /ith "&ns"i&us and un"&ns"i&us h&stilities, "&m,etiti%eness, en%y, +reed, and inse"urity that the dee,est le%els &! human /armth "an n&t 'e a,,r&a"hed. Only in a mature s&"iety is it ,&ssi'le !&r man t& sa%&r !ully his relati&nshi,s /ith !ell&/ human 'ein+s. !hysical !leasures. The ,&tential that men and /&men ha%e !&r en*&yin+ the ,leasures &! se4 /ill rea"h their +reatest !ruiti&n in a mature s&"iety. Se4ual 'eha%i&r in mid t/entieth "entury Ameri"a /ill 'e re+arded as in"redi'ly ,rimiti%e, !&r it is &%erladen /ith +uilt !eelin+s in"ul"ated 'y early rainin+. 5n the t/enty !irst "entury se4ual em&ti&ns /ill 'e treasured 'e"ause &! their hist&ri"al ass&"iati&n /ith the "reati&n &! li!e. #ee, !eelin+s &! ,leasure, &neness, and rela4ati&n /ill !l&/ !r&m the mature e4,ressi&ns &! human se4ual !eelin+s. Appreciation of $eauty. )anMs a,,re"iati&n &! 'eauty /ill e4,and !r&m the narr&/ ran+es &! the ,resent int& the +reatly enlar+ed h&ri2&ns he /ill a"hie%e in the !uture. The ,hysi"al 'eauty &! human 'ein+s /ill n&t 'e "&n!ined t& the narr&/ standards &! the 1'eauty 0ueen1 mentality &! t&day. The 'eauty &! human 'ein+s &! all a+es !r&m 'irth t& the l&%ely mell&/ness &! &ld a+e /ill 'e a,,re"iated. Estheti" e4,erien"e /ill 'e"&me a ,er%asi%e reality in the li%es &! all men. Alm&st e%erythin+ in the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld /ill 'e 'eauti!ul. )anMs estheti" sense /ill n&t 'e dulled 'y e4,&sure t& sham and arti!i"iality, slums, *u$e'&4es, and ad%ertisin+ art. As /e /ill dis"uss in a later "ha,ter, musi" /ill a"0uire ne/ dimensi&ns that "&m,letely trans"end the limited &r"hestral ran+es &! t&day. (eauty /ill 'e"&me an inte+ral ,art &! li!e, n&t *ust s&methin+ /e a,,re"iate at deta"hed m&ments. De&,le /ill 'e m&re interested in ,r&du"in+ art than in a"0uirin+ and dis,layin+ it. #ee, 3e%els &! Sel! Kn&/led+e and C&mmuni"ati&n &! Feelin+s. De&,le in the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld /ill a"hie%e ,enetratin+ le%els &! ra,,&rt, '&th /ith themsel%es and /ith the !eelin+s &! &thers. )any &! the inner !eelin+s &! ,e&,le in the t/entieth "entury are re,ressed and d& n&t "&me !ully int& a/areness. 5t is e4tremely rare that &neMs innerm&st !eelin+s "an 'e "&ntinually, !ully, and !reely e4,ressed, e%en 'et/een !riends &r l&%ers. 5n the !uture all !eelin+s /ill 'e ea+erly s&u+ht, %er'ali2ed, and th&r&u+hly a""e,ted 'y &thers. This /ill ,r&du"e a ne/ dimensi&n &! rela4ed li%in+ that is

alm&st un$n&/n t&day. Micarious haring of the Delights of ?thers The rela4ed e+&s &! indi%iduals in the t/enty !irst "entury /ill ,ermit them t& a"hie%e a dee, ,leasure in sharin+ the ha,,iness and the e4,erien"es &! &thers. The a"hie%ement &! ha,,iness /ill n&t 'e &n a narr&/ sel! "entered 'asis in /hi"h &ne e+& !i+hts an&ther !&r a !eelin+ &! /&rth. De&,le in the !uture /ill !eel that the ha,,iness le%els &! all indi%iduals are t& a lar+e de+ree interl&"$ed and rise and !all t&+ether. F&r e4am,le, i! &ne ,ers&n is si"$, the disease mi+ht s,read t& &thers. 5! he is unha,,y, the intera"ti&n /ith &thers mi+ht ma$e them unha,,y. 5! an indi%idual is +i%en an in!eri&r status, his resentment mi+ht lead t& h&stile a"ts that hurt &thers. Hen"e, indi%iduals in the t/enty !irst "entury /ill %alue the !eelin+s &! &ther ,e&,le as their &/n and deri%e a dee, satis!a"ti&n !r&m $n&/in+ that all men in their s&"iety li%e rela4ed, dee,ly !ul!illed and !as"inatin+ li%es. N& &ne /ill stand al&ne. The .hallenge of Life. The "hallen+e &! li!e that men and /&men /ill e4,erien"e in the !uture /ill, ,erha,s, 'e a su,reme %alue. F&r the !irst time all men and /&men /ill li%e a multidimensi&nal li!e, limited &nly 'y their ima+inati&n. 5n the t/entieth "entury /e "&uld "lassi!y ,e&,le 'y sayin+, 1He is +&&d in s,&rts. She is an intelle"tual. He is an artist.1 5n the !uture all ,e&,le /ill ha%e the time and the !a"ilities t& a""e,t the !antasti" %ariety &! "hallen+es that li!e &!!ers them. )en and /&men /ill !eel ,er!e"tly at h&me in all ,arts &! their /&rld. The satis!a"ti&n &! a "&ntinuin+ sel! de%el&,ment /ill 'e a n&rmal ,art &! li!e, n&t a rare thin+ as it is in the mid t/entieth "entury.

O*en (yes and O*en .+nds

As /e s$et"h a ,i"ture &! the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld, /e /ill see$ %alues that /ill hel, indi%idual men, /&men, and "hildren t& a"hie%e !eelin+s &! !ul!illment. )&st &! the !un"ti&nal %alue systems &! the ,ast /ill seem ina,,r&,riate in the /&rld &! the !uture that /e ,r&*e"t in Dart 55. <e must 'e ,re,ared t& see the diss&luti&n &! human instituti&ns that ha%e 'een /ith us !&r th&usands &! years i! they n& l&n+er "&ntri'ute ma4imally t& human ha,,iness in the "han+ed /&rld &! the t/enty !irst "entury. As /e study the !uture %alue stru"tures &! man$ind, /e must n&t 'e li$e tra%elers /h& +& t& a !&rei+n land and immediately "&m,are e%erythin+ /ith their &/n h&me t&/n. T& understand an&ther ,la"e, /e must lay aside the %alue ,atterns that /e are used t&. <e must rela4 &ur mental sets s& that /e may !eel a ne/ ,attern &! human e4,erien"e. The 'i++est ,r&'lem that /e !a"e is t& +et the t/entieth "entury dust &ut &! &ur eyes s& that /e may !eel and thin$ as !reshly as ,&ssi'le a'&ut the alm&st limitless ,ermutati&ns and "&m'inati&ns &! li!e ,atterns that man$ind may e4,l&re !&r e%er hi+her le%els &! !ul!illment in the !uture. 5! y&u thin$ that t&dayMs %i"es and %irtues are a's&lute and ultimate and re!le"t the !inal %alue system !&r all times and all "i%ili2ati&ns, y&u /ill !ind &ur ,r&*e"ti&n &! the !uture t& 'e sh&"$in+ and in"redi'le. 5! y&u ha%e an a's&lute attitude t&/ard %alues, all y&u "an d& is t& ,r&*e"t y&ur ,arti"ular "&nditi&nin+ &nt& man$indMs dynami"ally e%&l%in+ !uture. Y&u /ill tend t& see the !uture in terms &! the ,resent /ith, &!

"&urse, s&me &! the 'urrs rem&%ed. 5! y&u /ant e%en the sli+htest "han"e &! understandin+ /here /e are +&in+Gand ,&ssi'ly hel,in+ us +et thereGsha$e &ut the a's&lutes and ,ut in the relati%es. A "ulture must 'e seen relati%e t& time, relati%e t& ,la"e, and relati%e t& a ,arti"ular !rame/&r$ &! %alues, thin$in+ meth&d&l&+y, and te"hn&l&+y. Ci%ili2ati&n has *ust re"ently +i%en u, "ra/lin+ and has 'e+un t& t&ddle. <ith the de%el&,ment &! s"ienti!i" meth&ds &! thin$in+ se%eral "enturies a+&, man$ind 'e+an t& 'l&ss&m int& /hat mi+ht 'e "alled the "hildh&&d &! "i%ili2ati&n. <e are t&day !ast +r&/in+ ad&les"ents. <e ha%e "lashin+ %alues. <e are t&rn 'et/een &ur inside !eelin+s and needs and &utside stru"tures and ,ressures. The adulth&&d &! human "i%ili2ati&n lies 'e!&re us. There is &nly &ne thin+ /e "an $n&/ !&r "ertainGthe /&rld &! the !uture /ill 'e en&rm&usly di!!erent !r&m anythin+ in the ,ast &r ,resent.

A.The S"ienti!i" )eth&d

Our meth&d &! thin$in+ hel,s us "h&&se 'et/een !&rmulati&ns, ideas, th&u+hts, n&ti&ns, hy,&theses, the&ries, and &ther "ere'ral it"hes. 5t ena'les us t& de"ide /hat is 1true1 and /hat is 1!alse.1 Our meth&d &! thin$in+ sh&uld hel, us ,i"$ the m&st relia'le thin+ t& d& that &!!ers ma4imum ,redi"ta'ility. 5t sh&uld ena'le us t& re*e"t ideas that d& n&t "&rres,&nd /ith &'ser%a'le !a"ts. <hat are the %ari&us meth&ds &! thin$in+ that man has usedL There is the meth&d &! a,,ealin+ t& auth&rity, &r, as$in+ /hat the /ise men, ,resent &r ,ast, ha%e t& say a'&ut the ,r&'lem. There is the meth&d &! intuiti&n, /hi"h means ,um,in+ y&ur !eelin+s !&r s&methin+ that may 'ear &n the ,r&'lem. There is the meth&d &! rati&nal, ,hil&s&,hi"al, l&+i"al thin$in+, /hi"h means usin+ y&ur 'rain t& test &ut %ari&us %er'al stru"tures. <eMre in !a%&r &! usin+ all the a'&%e meth&ds &! thin$in+, and any &thers y&u "an !ind, !&r the ,ur,&se &! "&min+ u, /ith "reati%e ideas that may 'e use!ul. 5t is %ital that /e sh&uld n&t misuse these meth&ds &! thin$in+ 'y relyin+ &n them t& ma$e a !inal sele"ti&n. T& "h&&se the m&st use!ul ideas /e must !inally 0uit tal$in+ and "he"$ /hether a %er'al !&rmulati&n "&rres,&nds /ith &'ser%a'le !a"ts. The hist&ry &! human th&u+ht sh&/s that /e d&nMt +et %ery !ar as l&n+ as /e s,in /&rds ar&und in &ur heads and !ail t& ta$e the s"ienti!i" ste, &! "he"$in+ them a+ainst &'ser%a'le !a"ts. N&n s"ienti!i" meth&ds &! thin$in+ d& n&t ,r&du"e a+reement 'et/een indi%iduals &! di!!erent 'a"$+r&unds. They "an ar+ue 1until the "&/s "&me h&me,1 and ,r&'lems still d&nMt +et settled. E%en /&rse, n&n s"ienti!i" meth&ds ha%e ne%er 'een su""ess!ul in 'uildin+ an e!!e"ti%e stru"ture &! $n&/led+e &n /hi"h men &! all nati&ns "an rely. Relia'le $n&/led+e a""umulates &nly /hen men sl&/ the !l&/ &! /&rds and start s"ienti!i"ally "he"$in+ their ideas a+ainst s&methin+ &utside their s$ulls. The en&rm&us ,r&+ress &! s"ien"e and the te"hn&l&+i"al mar%els &! &ur a+e /ere ,&ssi'le 'e"ause men tested their ideas a+ainst &'ser%a'le !a"ts.

&he 5e#+nn+n# o/ the Sc+ent+/+c .ethod

Alth&u+h the Free$s da''led in and seemed t& ha%e anti"i,ated alm&st e%erythin+, it /as n&t until Fran"is (a"&n 6.A?. .?7?9 a,,eared &n the s"ene that men 'e+an t& use systemi"ally the meth&d &! s"ien"e. As #r. Fe&r+e Fallu, ,&inted &ut ;

$acon argued strenuously for an entirely new approach to the physical world. ... He advocated the e>perimental approach( its virtue being that every finding and conclusion could be tested. ince every new bit of knowledge was demonstrably true( there would be no room for <uarreling schools of thought( and knowledge about the physical world could be rapidly e>panded. $acon/s foresight has proved correct. The world of knowledge( as a result( has been literally transformed by this special way of channeling man/s intelligence. Almost all of the physical and material benefits mankind en"oys today are a product of this method of science.0 P Fe&r+e Fallu,, The )ira"le Ahead 6Ne/ Y&r$, E%anst&n, and 3&nd&n; Har,er Q R&/, Du'lishers, .>?C9, ,. .AH.

5n a /ay this s"ienti!i" meth&d &! thin$in+ is really n&thin+ ne/ and n&t s& unusual. <e use it &!ten in &ur e%eryday ,ers&nal, 'usiness, and s&"ial ,r&'lems. The thin+ that ma$es the 'i+ di!!eren"e is the th&r&u+h insisten"e that all $n&/led+e ,ass the test &! 'ein+ "he"$ed 'y &'ser%ati&n. )&st &! &ur e%eryday thin$in+ is a mi4ture &! all meth&ds &! thin$in+. The s"ienti!i" meth&d is alm&st as 1&ld as the hills.1 5ma+ine a +r&u, &! "a%e men ,er"hed &n a ri%er 'an$, ar+uin+ /hether On$ &r #&n$ "an run !aster. TheyMll ,r&'a'ly use all &! the meth&ds &! thin$in+ that /e ha%e des"ri'ed a'&%e. They may +et the &,ini&n &! the /ise men &! the tri'e 6re!eren"e t& auth&rity9. TheyMll ,r&'a'ly ar+ue and ar+ue 6the use &! l&+i"9. On$ has 'i++er mus"les, 'ut #&n$ has l&n+er le+s, et". The /&rds /ill /hirl ar&und endlessly. Derha,s &ne &! the /&men /ill use her intuiti&n and try t& ,i"$ the man that "an run !aster. Or they may use a meth&d t& settle the ar+ument that, un!&rtunately, is still /ith usGthey may !i+ht a'&ut it. The &ne /h& 'eats u, the &ther &ne is assumed t& 'e ri+ht. This is the /ay &! the *un+le, and it is uni%ersally relied u,&n 'y li&ns, ti+ers, /&l%es, et". Un!&rtunately, in &ur mid t/entieth "entury /&rld alm&st all really 'i+ dis,utes 'et/een nati&ns are settled in this a+e &ld !ashi&n. N&ne &! the a'&%e meth&ds &! settlin+ the dis,ute may 'e "alled s"ienti!i". The /&rds +& Mr&und and Mr&und, the tem,ers +& u, and u,, 'ut all this has %ery little t& d& /ith /h& "an run !aster. Finally, s&me little +enius ,er"hed &n a 'ran"h interru,ts the s/eatin+ ,e&,le 'el&/, 1<hy d&nMt /e let them run t& the 'i+ &a$ tree &%er there and see /h& is !asterL1 This +enius has ,r&,&sed a meth&d &! settlin+ the dis,ute that /&uld ,r&'a'ly ena'le m&st reas&na'le men t& rea"h a+reement. 5t is the meth&d &! s"ien"e. 5t is a meth&d that d&es n&t in%&l%e the use &! /&rds t& de"ide the ,r&'lem.

The t/& men +et ready t& run. The si+nal is +i%en. They start runnin+. E%ery'&dy st&,s ar+uin+ and starts &'ser%in+. They are an4i&us t& $n&/ the !a"ts. They use their senses t& re,&rt in!&rmati&n that /ill hel, them de"ide. They /ill "are!ully n&te /hether On$ arri%es !irst, #&n$ arri%es !irst, &r /hether they '&th +et there at the same time. The ar+ument as t& /hi"h "&uld run !aster is settled at that time 'y usin+ the s"ienti!i" meth&d. 5! these "a%e men had +enerali2ed the less&n and had de"ided t& use &'ser%ati&n t& test all their ar+uments, ,r&'lems, ideas, and the&ries, the human ra"e "&uld ha%e de%el&,ed t&dayMs "i%ili2ati&n a'&ut !i!ty th&usand years a+&I They "&uld ha%e !&u+ht &ut all &! the at&mi" /ars and +&ne thr&u+h the un"&m!&rta'le transiti&n ,eri&ds a l&n+ time 'e!&re /e "ame &n the s"ene t& s/eat it &ut. (ut instead /e !ind that man 'e"ame t&& intri+ued /ith %er'al intri"a"ies and de%el&,ed the ha'it &! usin+ %er'al means t& de"ide 'et/een 1true1 and 1!alse.1 The Free$ ,hil&s&,her Arist&tle had &ne &! the m&st 'rilliant minds the /&rld has e%er ,r&du"ed. A""&rdin+ t& s&me an"ient auth&rs, he /r&te .,888 %&lumes that "&%ered ,ra"ti"ally e%ery !ield &! learnin+. <hen Arist&tle /as /ritin+ &n ,hysi"s, he e4,lained that a hea%y &'*e"t /&uld !all !aster than a li+ht &'*e"t &! the same sha,e and material. This %er'al "&n"lusi&n seemed s& natural and &'%i&us t& himI H&/ silly t& '&ther /ith testin+. He *ust reas&ned it &ut in a /ay that seemed l&+i"al. <ei+ht ma$es thin+s !all. There!&re, the m&re /ei+ht, the !aster the !all. Seems reas&na'le, d&esnMt itL Arist&tle had many assistants, and it /&uld ha%e 'een %ery easy !&r him t& "he"$ this 'y a"tually dr&,,in+ a li+ht r&"$ and a hea%y r&"$ !r&m the t&, &! the Darthen&n. (ut he did n&t de,end &n the s"ienti!i" meth&d !&r "he"$in+ his thin$in+. He li$ed t& ,r&%e thin+s rati&nally, l&+i"ally, intelle"tually. He didnMt $n&/ it /as ne"essary t& test the results &! his 'rilliant mind 'y &'ser%ati&n. Y&u and 5 l&st t/& th&usand years &! ,r&+ress 'e"ause &! this n&n s"ienti!i" attitude &! Arist&tleMs a+e. 5n the si4teenth "entury Falile& 'e+an t& /&nder a'&ut the ,redi"ta'ility &! Arist&tleMs the&ry &! !allin+ &'*e"ts. (ut he didnMt re!ute Arist&tle /ith intelle"tual ar+ument. He used the s"ienti!i" meth&d !&r "he"$in+ it &ut. He let the !a"ts s,ea$ !&r themsel%es. 5nstead &! 1settlin+1 the ,r&'lem 'y /&rds, he dr&,,ed a hea%y /ei+ht and a li+ht /ei+ht at the same time. They '&th hit the +r&und simultane&usly. 1Nature1 had s,&$en. Sane ,e&,le st&,,ed ar+uin+ a'&ut the ,r&'lem. Re+ardless &! h&/ ill&+i"al it mi+ht seem t& us, the !a"ts are that the /ei+ht &! an &'*e"t, under standard "&nditi&ns, d&es n&t determine the rate at /hi"h it !alls. <hen /e test &ur ideas 'y &ur senses, /e "an +& !&r/ard. <e "an 'uild use!ul stru"tures &! relia'le $n&/led+e. <e "an ,redi"t. The uns"ienti!i" tenden"y t& 'elie%e /ith&ut testin+ is n&t, alas, "&n!ined t& the An"ient Free$s. 1)en are a,t t& 'e mu"h m&re in!luen"ed 'y /&rds,1 said the !am&us s"ientist Da%l&%, 1then 'y the a"tual !a"ts &! the surr&undin+ reality.1

Sc+ent+/+c .ethodo"o#y

S"ienti!i" thin$in+ may 'e '&iled d&/n t& three ste,s;

.oming =p with 2ew &deas. <e use &ur ima+inati&n, intuiti&n, mem&ry, et". t& su++est /ays &! e4,lainin+ &r s&l%in+ a ,r&'lem. !rocessing &deas #entally. <e analy2e &ur th&u+hts t& determine a /ay t& test them 'y &'ser%ati&n. (y l&+i" /e "an determine h&/ /ell &ur 'rain "hild !its in /ith $n&/n !a"ts. <e "an try t& !i+ure &ut intelle"tually h&/ /ell it /ill /&r$. <hat /ill 'e its "&nse0uen"esL Testing by ?bservation. A!ter /e ha%e !&und a ,&ssi'le ne/ s&luti&n t& &ur ,r&'lem, e4,l&red it, and !i+ured &ut a /ay t& "he"$ it, /e are then ready t& ta$e the third ste, /hi"h /ill ma$e &ur thin$in+ s"ienti!i". This is testin+ 'y &'ser%ati&n. This is /here /e shut u, and let &'ser%a'le !a"ts d& the tal$in+. &he Sc+ent+/+c .ethod +n Act+on Su,,&se y&u /ere t& +et int& an ar+ument /ith s&me&ne a'&ut /hether a "hamele&n /ill "han+e its "&l&r t& mat"h its surr&undin+s. Derha,s y&u ha%e heard the tale &! a "hamele&n that /ent "ra2y tryin+ t& mat"h a S"&t"h ,laid. N&/, i! y&u /&uld /ant t& ,ursue this matter in an ar+umentati%e &r ,hil&s&,hi"al !ashi&n, y&u "&uld *ust stand ar&und /hirlin+ the /&rds all day and ni+ht. (ut i! y&u !elt li$e +ettin+ use!ul in!&rmati&n &n the matter, then it /&uld 'e time t& st&, tal$in+ and start d&in+. Y&u /&uld 'ide y&ur time until y&u "&uld r&und u, &ne &r m&re "hamele&ns. Then y&u /&uld let them dem&nstrate their alle+ed ,&/ers &! mat"hin+ their 'a"$+r&und. De&,le /h& ha%e the s"ienti!i" ha'it &! lettin+ the !a"ts s,ea$ !&r themsel%es ha%e &'ser%ed that a "hamele&n "an n& m&re ,i"$ its "&l&r than a 2e'ra "an ,i"$ its stri,es. <hen these ,e&,le "he"$ thin+s &ut, they !ind that a "hamele&n turns +reen /hen it is e4"ited, !ri+htened, an+ered, aslee,, &r dead. 5t turns 'r&/n in res,&nse t& l&/ tem,eratures, hun+er, and str&n+ sunli+ht. 5! y&u ta$e a +reen "hamele&n and thr&/ it int& the i"e'&4, it /ill ta$e a'&ut three minutes !&r it t& "han+e !r&m +reen t& 'r&/n. 5! an ar+umentati%e ,ers&n /ere t& use his l&+i"al a'ility and de'ate the su'*e"t &! h&/ "hamele&ns sh&uld a"t, it /&uld 'e hard t& "&n%in"e him that "hamele&ns d&nMt +i%e a h&&t a'&ut mat"hin+ their 'a"$+r&unds. 5! y&u "&uld ,ersuade him t& "he"$ his th&u+hts 'y &'ser%ati&n, he /&uld !ind that a +reen li2ard is ,er!e"tly "&m!&rta'le &n a 'r&/n 'a"$+r&und and a 'r&/n li2ard is ,er!e"tly at h&me &n a +reen 'a"$+r&und. HeMll e%en let y&u ,h&t&+ra,h him that /ay. Any&ne /h& tests his th&u+hts 'y usin+ his eyes, ears, t&u"h, smell, &r taste is usin+ the meth&d &! s"ien"e. 1The s"ienti!i" meth&d,1 says Stuart Chase; is concerned with how things do happen( not how they ought to happen. 4nowledge of the way things do happen( with no ifs( ands( or buts( allows us to deal more effectively with our environment. The method is no more an e>clusive matter for professionals than it is a matter of white coats and goggles. #ost of us are amateur scientists today( though we are seldom aware of it. . . . The scientific method is not primarily a matter of laboratories and atom-smashers or even

meter sticks9 it is a way of looking at things( a way of gathering from the world outside knowledge which will stay put( and not go wandering off like the wickets in Alice/s cro<uet game.0 0 tuart .hase( Tyranny of %ords 12ew York3 Harcourt $race and .ompany( 56;87( pp. 5);-)A. Beprinted by permission of Harcourt( $race J %orld( &nc.

)any ,e&,le ha%e "&n!used the s"ienti!i" meth&d /ith la'&rat&ries and test tu'es. (ut a la'&rat&ry is &nly a r&&m /here there are s,e"ial de%i"es !&r turnin+ u, !a"ts. Charles #ar/in, /h& is re+arded as &ne &! the /&rldMs +reatest s"ientists, did n&t use a la'&rat&ry. The /&rld /as his la'&rat&ry. He needed n& s,e"ial a,,aratus t& un"&%er the !a"ts that su++ested and "&n!irmed his the&ry &! e%&luti&n. The s"ienti!i" meth&d is an attitudeGa d&++ed insisten"e that n& matter h&/ ri+ht s&methin+ s&unds, /eMre +&in+ t& "he"$ it &ut 'y &'ser%ati&n. S&metimes this means tests, and s&metimes it &nly means &,enin+ &ur eyes t& &'ser%e !a"ts that ha%e 'een ar&und us !&r years. S&, i! y&u /ant t& '&il d&/n the meth&d &! s"ien"e t& &ne /&rd, itMs sim,ly testing. As man rea"hes &ut t&/ard the t/enty !irst "entury, he /ill learn t& 'e sus,i"i&us &! all ideas that are n&t !&rmulated s& that they "an 'e tested 'y &'ser%ati&n. He /ill reali2e that the hist&ry &! human th&u+ht sh&/s that the ideas &! /hi"h /e are surest are the &nes /e m&st need t& test. He /ill reali2e that his "&mm&n sense &nly mirr&rs his trainin+ and e4,erien"e. <hat seems natural and ri+ht t& him is usually a re!le"ti&n &! the "&nditi&ns under /hi"h he s,ent his !irst de"ade &! li!e. Ne/ +enerati&ns, /h& /ill li%e and 'reathe the s"ienti!i" s,irit, /ill su,,lant us. Dre*udi"e, +rassh&,,er li$e +uessin+, and em&ti&nal thin$in+ /ill 'e rare. De&,le &! the !uture /ill, as su++ested 'y J&hn #e/ey, a"hie%e, 1. . . the ha'it &! sus,ended *ud+ment, &! s$e,ti"ism, &! desire !&r e%iden"e, &! a,,eal t& &'ser%ati&n rather than sentiment, dis"ussi&n rather than 'ias, in0uiry rather than "&n%enti&nal ideali2ati&ns.1 They /ill $n&/ /hen !urther l&+i"al mani,ulati&n is !ruitless. They /ill $n&/ /hen t& st&, dis"ussin+ and "he"$ the !a"ts. They /ill 'e li$e the ,r&%er'ial 1)an !r&m )iss&uri1Gsh&/ me. 5! they /ant t& $n&/ /hether a ,uddin+Ms +&&d, they /&nMt *ust read the re"i,e: they $n&/ that 1the ,r&&! &! the ,uddin+ is in the eatin+.1 They /ill !eel, as Karl Dears&n d&es, that, 1There is n& sh&rt "ut t& truth, n& /ay t& +ain a $n&/led+e &! the uni%erse e4"e,t thr&u+h the +ate/ay &! s"ienti!i" meth&d.1

Att+tudes that 'e"* )s De,e"o* Re"+ab"e Kno!"ed#e

5n his '&&$ H&/ t& #e%el&, Y&ur Thin$in+ A'ility &ne &! the auth&rs has des"ri'ed in detail h&/ the s"ienti!i" meth&d &! th&u+ht "an 'e used in meetin+ e%eryday li!e ,r&'lems.P P Kenneth S. Keyes, Jr., H&/ t& #e%el&, Y&ur Thin$in+ A'ility 6Ne/ Y&r$; )"Fra/ Hill Du'lishin+ C&., .>A89.

)en, /&men, and "hildren in the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld /ill ,r&'a'ly use these &r similar te"hni0ues t& ma$e the s"ienti!i" s,irit a /ay &! li!e, n&t *ust s&methin+ they use e%ery n&/ and then. They /ill h&ld ideas tentati%ely, n&t as 'asti&ns t& 'e de!ended, 'ut as t&&ls t& 'e im,r&%ed. They /ill $ee, their eyes and minds &,en t& !ind !a"ts that d& n&t su,,&rt their ,&ints &! %ie/, !&r "&ntrary !a"ts may lead them t& !&rmulati&ns that ha%e +reater ,redi"ta'ility. (e"ause &! limitati&ns in &ur sens&ry and "&rti"al e0ui,ment, n& &ne "an $n&/ all a'&ut anythin+ in this /&rld. All &! &ur senses are limited in ran+e. #&+s "an hear hi+her ,it"hed s&unds than /e "an. Our eyes "an see &nly a small ,art &! the ele"tr&ma+neti" s,e"trum. Edis&n said, 1<e d&nMt $n&/ &ne milli&nth &! &ne ,er "ent a'&ut anythin+.1 Sin"e /e "anMt $n&/ all there is t& $n&/ a'&ut anythin+ /e must al/ays $ee, an &,en mind !&r im,&rtant !a"t&rs that ha%e 'een le!t &ut &! &ur thin$in+. <endell J&hns&n ,&inted &ut, 1An attitude &! this $indGMY&u "anMt tell me anythin+ a'&ut thatMGhas an e!!e"t 0uite similar t& that &! a ,us sa" in the 'rain.1 The /&rld in /hi"h /e li%e is "&nstantly "han+in+. N& &'*e"t in this /&rld is /ith&ut "han+e. 1The /&rld r&lls,1 said Ral,h <ald& Emers&n, 1the "ir"umstan"es %ary e%ery h&ur.1 On the at&mi" le%el all /e ha%e is m&ti&n and dynamismG,er,etual s,lit se"&nd "han+e. 5! /e /&uld a"t in /ays that are e!!e"ti%e and 'rin+ us the m&st ha,,iness, /e must train &ur senses t& s"an the /&rld ar&und us "&nstantly t& dete"t thin+s that may ha%e "han+ed in a si+ni!i"ant /ay. Al!red N&rth <hitehead said, 1Kn&/led+e $ee,s n& 'etter than !ish.1 An&ther thin+ that hel,s us a"hie%e the s"ienti!i" s,irit is t& remem'er that n& t/& thin+s in this /&rld are a's&lutely identi"al. T/& thin+s may 'e similar !&r &ur ,ur,&se, 'ut the "l&ser /e l&&$, the m&re di!!eren"es /e !ind. <e 'e"&me ,re*udi"ed /hen /e lum, a +r&u, &! ,e&,le under a sin+le la'el and then res,&nd t& indi%iduals as th&u+h they ha%e the same "hara"teristi"s as the la'el. Only &,en eyes and &,en minds are ,re,ared t& "&,e /ith a /&rld in /hi"h n& t/& thin+s are ali$e. The /&rds /e use im,ly similarity. <e must use &ur eyes and ears t& remind us &! di!!eren"es that are im,&rtant !&r &ur ,ur,&se. )en, /&men, and "hildren in the t/enty !irst "entury /ill learn t& thin$ in terms &! de+rees. The lan+ua+e /e use &!ten im,lies ,&lar &,,&sitesG+&&d &r 'ad, true &r !alse, 'eauti!ul &r u+ly, !ast &r sl&/, 'la"$ &r /hite. (ut the /&rld in /hi"h /e li%e usually sh&/s a lar+e num'er &! de+rees 'et/een e4tremes. 5! /e are t& 'e as rela4ed and ha,,y as ,&ssi'le, &ur th&u+hts must ade0uately re!le"t the reality ar&und us. And /e "anMt d& that 'y ma$in+ 'la"$ and /hite statements i! the area t& /hi"h /e are re!errin+ "&ntains shades &! +rey. 5ndi%iduals in the t/enty !irst "entury /ill learn t& thin$ in terms &! ,r&'a'ility. They /ill reali2e that man must re+ard all his $n&/led+e as m&re &r less ,r&'a'le. 1A's&lute "ertainty,1 said C. J. Keyser, 1is a ,ri%ile+e &! unedu"ated mindsGand !anati"s. 5t is, !&r s"ienti!i" !&l$s, an unattaina'le ideal.1 The ,e&,le &! the !uture /ill thin$ &! their ideas in terms &! an as"endin+ s"ale &! ,r&'a'ility, ran+in+ !r&m, 1This seems m&st unli$ely,1 thr&u+h, 1This may 'e &r may n&t 'e "&n!irmed 'y !urther &'ser%ati&n,1 t&, 1This has a %ery hi+h de+ree &! ,r&'a'ility.1 <hen ,e&,le ada,t their thin$in+ t& the de+ree nature &! &ur /&rld, they /ill 'e m&re rela4ed. They /ill 'e

m&re e!!e"ti%e at l&"atin+ and ad&,tin+, 'ut al/ays tentati%ely, the ,&ints &! %ie/ that 'est re,resent the /&rld a'&ut them. 1A truly s"ienti!i" attitude,1 said #r. R&+er <illiams, 1is &ne &! humility. . . A $n&/ it all attitude is in"&m,ati'le /ith the s"ienti!i" meth&d.1 indi%iduals in the t/enty !irst "entury /ill 'e a"utely a/are &! the /ay their &/n ner%&us system in!luen"es their &'ser%ati&ns and rea"ti&ns. <e see li!e thr&u+h the !ilter &! &ur &/n indi%idual ,ers&nality and m&de &! thin$in+. E%en the lan+ua+e stru"ture that /e a's&r' ,lays an im,&rtant ,art in h&/ /e thin$ and the /ay /e &'ser%e thin+s. Our e+& needs ,lay a 'i+ ,art in sele"tin+ /hat /e n&ti"e, !ail t& n&ti"e, remem'er, &r !&r+et. 1<e see thin+s n&tM as they are,1 said the /ise man, 1'ut as /e are.1 5ndi%iduals in the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld /ill ha%e a ,r& !&und !eelin+ &! the /ay all ,e&,le and all thin+s intera"t /ith their en%ir&nment. De&,le &r thin+s are n&t "ut and dried entities. The /ay they a"t %aries de,endin+ &n the time and ,la"e. <e must n&ti"e di!!eren"es. <endell J&hns&n said, 1T& a m&use, "heese is "heese. That is /hy m&use tra,s are e!!e"ti%e.1

(,er Lo,e"+er Wor"ds

The su""ess &! the meth&d &! s"ien"e in s&l%in+ alm&st e%ery ,r&'lem ,ut t& it /ill +i%e indi%iduals in the t/enty !irst "entury a dee, "&n!iden"e in its e!!e"ti%eness. They /ill n&t 'e a!raid t& e4,eriment /ith ne/ /ays &! !eelin+, thin$in+, and a"tin+, !&r they /ill ha%e &'ser%ed the sel! "&rre"ti%e as,e"t &! s"ien"e. S"ien"e +i%es us the latest /&rd, n&t the last /&rd. They /ill $n&/ that i! they try s&methin+ ne/ in ,ers&nal &r s&"ial li!e, the ha,,iness it yields "an 'e determined a!ter su!!i"ient e4,erien"e has a""umulated. They /ill ada,t t& "han+es in a rela4ed /ay as they 2i+2a+ t&/ard the a"hie%ement &! their %alues. They /ill $n&/ that there are 'etter /ays &! d&in+ thin+s than ha%e 'een used in the ,ast, and they /ill 'e determined t& e4,eriment until they ha%e !&und them. They /ill $n&/ that m&st &! the unha,,iness &! human 'ein+s in the mid t/entieth "entury /as n&t due t& the la"$ &! shiny ne/ +ad+ets: it /as due, in ,art, t& n&t usin+ the s"ienti!i" meth&d t& "he"$ &ut ne/ ,&liti"al and s&"ial stru"tures that "&uld ha%e yielded +reater ha,,iness !&r them. A'&ut a "entury a+& A'raham 3in"&ln 'rilliantly e4,ressed the attitudes that /ill m&st e!!e"ti%ely hel, us /&r$ t&/ard a ha,,ier !uture; 1The d&+mas &! the 0uiet ,ast are inade0uate t& the st&rmy ,resent. The &""asi&n is ,iled hi+h /ith di!!i"ulty, and /e must rise /ith the &""asi&n. As &ur "ase is ne/, s& /e must thin$ ane/ and a"t ane/.1 Future +enerati&ns &! man$ind /ill reali2e that it is &nly thr&u+h the s"ienti!i" meth&d &! thin$in+ that their %alue systems "an 'e !ully reali2ed. They /ill /el"&me e4,erimentati&n &! all $inds in all ,hases &! li!e. They /ill ha%e a ha'itual &,en mindedness "&u,led /ith a ri+id insisten"e that all ,r&'lems 'e !&rmulated in a /ay that ,ermits !a"tual "he"$in+. They /ill ha%e the attitude des"ri'ed 'y <endell J&hns&n, 1T& a s"ientist a the&ry is s&methin+ t& 'e tested. He see$s n&t t& de!end his 'elie!s, 'ut t& im,r&%e them. He is, a'&%e e%erythin+ else, an e4,ert at M"han+in+ his mind.M 1P P <endell J&hns&n, De&,le in Quandaries 6Ne/ Y&r$; Har,er Q (r&ther .>C?9, ,. H>. M

The ,aram&unt r&le that the meth&d &! s"ien"e /ill ,lay in hel,in+ us a"hie%e 13i!e, 3i'erty, and the Dursuit &! Ha,,iness1 /as el&0uently e4,ressed 'y Herman J. )Rller; Above all( the spirit of science is the spirit of progress. . . . &t can afford men ever newer horiGons and higher peaks to climb( materially( mentally( and spiritually. &t can afford ever greater and more inspiring opportunities for cooperative as well as individual achievement. &ts pathway leads not only outwards into space and to other worlds than ours( but also inwards into the recesses of life( of the mind( and of the heart. $y its means we will ourselves assume the role of creators of ever lovelier worlds and more sublime beings.00 PP Herman J. )Rller, 1. . . There!&re Ch&&se 3i!e1 6Santa (ar'ara, Cali!&rnia; Center !&r the Study &! #em&"rati" 5nstituti&ns, .>?A9, ,. H-.

?.Cy'ernated Te"hn&l&+y
H&/ /&uld y&u li$e t& ha%e a +uaranteed li!e in"&me &! O.88,888 ,er yearG/ith n& ta4esL And h&/ /&uld y&u li$e t& earn this in"&me 'y /&r$in+ a three h&ur day, &ne day ,er /ee$, !&r a !i%e year ,eri&d &! y&ur li!e, ,r&%idin+ y&u ha%e a si4 m&nths %a"ati&n ea"h yearL S&und !antasti"L N&t at all /ith m&dern te"hn&l&+y. This is n&t t/enty !irst "entury ,ie in the s$y. 5t "&uld ,r&'a'ly 'e a"hie%ed in ten years in the United States i! /e a,,lied e%erythin+ /e n&/ $n&/ a'&ut aut&mati&n and "&m,uters t& ,r&du"e a "y'ernated s&"iety. 5t ,r&'a'ly /&nMt 'e d&ne this ra,idly, !&r it /&uld ta$e s&me m&dern thin$in+ a,,lied in an intelli+ent "rash ,r&+ram. Su"h a "rash ,r&+ram /as laun"hed t& de%el&, the at&mi" '&m' in a little &%er !&ur years. 5t mi+ht &ther/ise ha%e ta$en thirty years. <e +et m&%in+ i! /eMre threatened, 'ut /e "he/ the !at a l&n+ time /hen it "&mes t& "&nstru"ti%e im,r&%ements in human a!!airs. Y&u /ill re"all that there are three !a"t&rs that /ill ,lay a %ital r&le in the e%&luti&n &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n. One is &ur %alue system. An&ther !a"t&r is &ur meth&d &! thin$in+. The third is the state &! &ur te"hn&l&+yGthe meth&ds and ma"hines !&r ,r&du"in+ +&&ds and ser%i"es. The te"hn&l&+i"al /a%e &! the !uture /ill in%&l%e aut&mated ma"hines +uided 'y "&m,uters. <hen Queen Julianna &! the Netherlands sa/ a dem&nstrati&n &! an ele"tr&ni" "&m,uter at an Amsterdam e4hi'iti&n, she said, 15 "anMt understand it. 5 "anMt e%en understand the ,e&,le /h& "an understand it.1 (ut the situati&n isnMt really as 'ad as the 0ueen im,lies. 5t isnMt ne"essary t& understand h&/ a "&m,uter /&r$s any m&re than it is ne"essary t& understand h&/ the internal "&m'usti&n en+ine in y&ur "ar /&r$s !&r y&u t& en*&y the 'ene!its &! the aut&m&ti%e a+e. The im,&rtant thin+ is that /e understand the e!!e"ts &! aut&mati&n and "&m,uters. And thatMs /hat this "ha,ter is a'&ut. 1The ele"tr&ni" "&m,uter,1 says #r. 3&uis T. Rader, a %i"e ,resident &! Feneral Ele"tri", 1may ha%e a

m&re 'ene!i"ial ,&tential !&r the human ra"e than any &ther in%enti&n in hist&ry, Sir 3e&n (a+rit, /h& is the head &! (ritainMs Elli&t Aut&mati&n, has said that the "&m,uter and aut&mati&n /ill 'rin+, 1the +reat est "han+e in the /h&le hist&ry &! man$ind.1 3etMs !ind &ut /hat theyMre tal$in+ a'&ut. Aut&mati&n sim,ly means re,la"in+ human hands and !eet 'y ma"hines that d& the same *&'G&nly 'etter. C&m,uters t&day re,la"e human 'rains /ith ele"tr&ni" e0ui,ment that mani,ulates !i+ures, ma$es ,r&+rammed de"isi&ns, and +i%es instru"ti&ns !ar m&re e!!i"iently than any human. Cy'ernati&n means the "&ntr&l &! the entire !a"t&ry 'y a "&m,uter that a"ts in ,la"e &! the '&ss.

De,e"o*$ent o/ Auto$at+on

The ,ur,&se &! ma"hines is t& li+hten the 'urden &! /&r$. Su,,&se there /ere n& ma"hines. 5n su"h a s&"iety a ,ers&n mi+ht ha%e t& /&r$ !r&m .88 t& 788 days ,er year *ust t& +et en&u+h !&&d !&r himsel!. T& ,r&du"e e%en a shirt t& "&%er his 'a"$ "&uld re0uire &%er .88 h&urs &! la'&rI Su,,&se y&u /&uld ha%e t& ,r&du"e a shirt under ,rimiti%e "&nditi&ns. H&/ many h&urs /&uld y&u s,end ,re,arin+ s&il and +r&/in+ the "&tt&nL A!ter the "&tt&n 'l&&med y&uMd ha%e t& ,i"$ it, tease &ut the seed, and s,in the !i'er int& thread. On"e y&u ha%e en&u+h thread, y&u "&uld /ea%e it int& "l&th. Then y&u /&uld need t& "ut the "l&th int& the !&rm &! a shirt and se/ it t&+ether. 5ma+ine the am&unt &! time it /&uld ta$e i! y&ur &nly t&&ls /ere a h&e, a $ni!e, and a needle. The time needed t& ,r&du"e a shirt t&&$ a n&se di%e 'a"$ in the ei+hteenth and nineteenth "enturies /hen mu"h &! the /&r$ 'e"ame me"hani2ed and "&n"entrated in !a"t&ries. The de%el&,ment &! the "&tt&n +in, /hi"h se,arated the seed !r&m the /hite "&tt&n !i'er, the in%enti&n &! ma"hinery that made thread, and the desi+n &! l&&ms that /&%e the thread int& "l&th ena'led a 'etter shirt t& 'e manu!a"tured /ith &nly se%eral h&urs &! human la'&r. T&day a shirt may re,resent &nly a little &%er &ne h&ur &! human time !r&m seed t& salesmanI 5n the t/entieth "entury mass ,r&du"ti&n /ith assem'ly lines and im,r&%ed ma"hinery +reatly redu"ed the "&st &! ,r&du"in+ +&&ds. Aut&mati&n is 'ased &n all &! the ,rin"i,les &! me"hani2ati&n and mass ,r&du"ti&n, 'ut it +&es &ne ste, !urther. Dre%i&usly !a"t&ries needed humans t& &,erate ea"h ma"hine. Aut&mated ma"hines &,erate themsel%es. Thr&u+h 1!eed'a"$1 me"hanisms they &'ser%e /hat they are d&in+. They +i%e themsel%es instru"ti&ns, and they "he"$ &n the 0uality &! their &ut,ut. They /&r$ !aster and at s,eeds that /&uld $ill a human. They d&nMt +et tired and they d&nMt !&r+et. They ne%er +& &ut &n stri$e &r as$ !&r ,ay in"reases. Fa"t&ry desi+n is sim,li!ied. Aut&mati" ma"hines d&nMt need ,ar$in+ l&ts, air "&nditi&nin+, 'ri+ht li+htin+, /ash r&&ms, lun"hr&&ms, &r "&!!ee 'rea$s. They d&nMt e%en need 'uildin+s !&r many ty,es &! /&r$. Aut&mati" ma"hines ha%e 'een, &r s&&n /ill 'e, desi+ned t& ,er!&rm alm&st any "&n"ei%a'le tas$ d&ne 'y human 'ein+s. Sin"e /e ha%e &nly t/& hands, it is ,&ssi'le t& desi+n aut&mati" ma"hines that /ill !ar e4"eed the mani,ulati%e a'ility &! a human. 5n .>?. U.S. 5ndustries ann&un"ed that they had de%el&,ed the !irst +eneral ,ur,&se aut&mati&n ma"hine at a ,ri"e &! ar&und O7,A88. 5t is "alled the Trans!eR&'&t. 5ts s/in+in+ arm and hand is in!initely su,eri&r t& any human arm &r hand. 5t ne%er +ets tired, and the

ele"tr&ni" 'rain +uidin+ it seld&m +&&!s &!!. 5t ,i"$s thin+s u, and ,uts them d&/n /ith an a""ura"y &! t/& th&usandths &! an in"hI The <est"l&4 C&r,&rati&n &! 3aSalle, 5llin&is, uses the Trans!eR&'&t t& &il "l&"$ assem'lies as they s,eed 'y &n a "&n%ey&r 'elt. 5t &ils ei+ht ,re"isi&n 'earin+s in a se"&nd. At the Under/&&d C&r,&rati&n ty,e/riter ,lant in Hart!&rd, the r&'&t ,i"$s u, and inserts a small ty,e/riter "&m,&nent int& a "l&se !ittin+ nest. The hand &! the Trans!eR&'&t "an 'e ad*usted t& s&methin+ m&re tender than a l&%erMs "aress, &r it "an +ra' thin+s /ith the !&r"e &! a %i"e. 5t "an use me"hani"al !in+ers &r ele"tr&ma+nets. F&r &&2y stu!! su"h as "h&"&late "reams, it uses a +entle %a"uum. J&hn Snyder, the ma$er &! the Trans!eR&'&t, says; o far we have not been able to find any material or any shape or any siGe it can/t handle. . . . %e built an automated stamping line for 2issan #otors in Oapan. &t has si> presses with TransfeBobottype machines to take the stuff out of one press and feed it to the ne>t. ?ne man watches raw sheet metal go in and one more watches finished fenders come out. &t replaces( oh( maybe )* men altogether. $ut that/s not all. You could e>tend the process right up to bolting the fender to a car. :ven considering how cheap labor is in Oapan( the thing saves money.

'+story o/ Co$*uters Just as aut&mated ma"hinery re,la"es the tired mus"les &! man, "&m,uters are 'ein+ de%el&,ed that "an re,la"e the '&red minds &! men /h& are en+a+ed in the re,etiti%e ,r&du"ti&n &! +&&ds and ser%i"es in &ur industrial s&"iety. And *ust as aut&mated ma"hinery d&es a 'etter *&' &n re,etiti%e tas$s than the human hand, a "&m,uter &ut,er!&rms a human mind. The "ir"uits in an ele"tr&ni" "&m,uter "an res,&nd in less than a milli&nth &! a se"&nd. This is &%er a th&usand times !aster than it ta$es the neur&ns in &ur 'rains t& res,&nd t& in"&min+ stimuli. R&'ert The&'ald has ,&inted &ut, 1. . . in the near !uture /e /ill see that the "&m,uter "an ta$e &%er any stru"tured tas$ . . .1 )an /&r$ed t&/ard the de%el&,ment &! a "&m,uter !&r a l&n+ time. The sim,le a'a"us &! an"ient times /as a !irst ste,. 5n .?-. F&tt!ried 3ei'nit2 tried unsu""ess!ully t& in%ent a me"hani"al "al"ulatin+ ma"hine. 15t is un/&rthy &! e4"ellent men,1 he /r&te, 1t& l&se h&urs li$e sla%es in the la'&r &! "al"ulati&n.1 An En+lishman named Charles (a''a+e /&r$ed &ut many &! the ,rin"i,les &! m&dern me"hani"al "al"ulatin+ ma"hines in .@HC, 'ut he /as una'le t& ,r&du"e a su""ess!ul m&del 'e"ause the te"hn&l&+y &! his time "&uld n&t turn &ut a""urate +ears. 5t /as n&t until .>CC that the !irst true "&m,uter /as ,r&du"ed 'y H&/ard Ai$en, a ,r&!ess&r at Har%ard Uni%ersity. 5t is a sad re!le"ti&n &! &ur times that this ,i&neerin+ "&m,uter /as used t& "&m,ute /ea,&n tra*e"t&ries !&r the U.S. Na%y. Ai$enMs !irst "&m,uter /as s&&n &%ershad&/ed 'y the !am&us EN5AC, de%el&,ed at the Uni%ersity &! Dennsyl%ania. Th&u+h a +reat im,r&%ement, EN 5 AC had .@,888 %a"uum tu'es, /as unrelia'le, and t&&$ t&& mu"h s,a"e. C&m,uters 'e+an t& trim their /aistlines and s,eed u, their &,erati&ns a'&ut .>A@ /hen small relia'le transist&rs and &ther s&lid state "&m,&nents re,la"ed the %a"uum tu'es. C&m,uters t&day "an multi,ly a hal! milli&n ten di+it num'ers in a se"&nd. )any "&m,uters "an ma$e m&re "al"ulati&ns in an h&ur than an audit&rium !ull &! mathemati"ians "&uld a""&m,lish in their li!etime. 5n .>A. there /ere under .88 "&m,uters in &,erati&n in the United States. (y .>?A the num'er had *um,ed

t& 77,A88 and is "&nstantly a""eleratin+. S&me "&m,anies use u, t& 788 &! them. As l&n+ a+& as .>A> the S,erry Rand C&r,&rati&n ,r&du"ed a "&m,uter that /as a'le t& handle 7A8,888 additi&ns and su'tra"ti&ns &! t/el%e di+it num'ers ,er se"&nd. This ena'les it t& ma$e u, a m&nthly ,ayr&ll !&r .A,888 em,l&yees in &nly !i!teen h&urs. Dre%i&usly, it t&&$ CA8 t& >88 h&urs t& d& this *&'. Sin"e &nly a ,art &! the "ir"uits &! the "&m,uter are used /hile "al"ulatin+ a ,ayr&ll, it "an simultane&usly s&l%e s"ienti!i" ,r&'lems &n the sideI (y .>?A "&m,uters had 'een used in m&re than -88 s,e"i!i" tas$s. At the time y&u read this ,a+e this num'er /ill ha%e in"reased en&rm&usly. )a*&r airlines use "&m,uters t& +i%e instant in!&rmati&n &n seats a%aila'le &n all !li+hts. St&"$ E4"han+es use "&m,uters t& +i%e instant st&"$ 0u&tati&ns. C&m,uters are n&/ 'usy settin+ ne/s,a,er ty,e, ,a/in+ &%er &ur in"&me ta4 returns, "&ntr&llin+ the !l&/ &! ele"tri"ity &! m&st ,&/er "&m,anies, hel,in+ y&u ma$e l&n+ distan"e ,h&ne "alls 'y !erretin+ &ut a%aila'le "ir"uits, na%i+atin+ ,lanes and shi,s, and ,r&%idin+ railr&ads /ith instant in!&rmati&n &n /here their !rei+ht "ars are hidin+ &ut. C&m,uters "an land a ,lane in !&++y /eather /ith&ut any human hel,. Our s,a"e shi,s that &r'it the earth, s,y &n the m&&n, and /hi2 'y the ,lanets are hi+hly de,endent &n "&m,uters !r&m the desi+n '&ard t& the !inal in"h &! their s,e"ta"ular !li+hts. )u"h &! t&dayMs 'usiness, +&%ernment, and s"ien"e /&uld 'e ,araly2ed i! the "&m,uters /ere e%er t& demand a %a"ati&n. 5t has 'een estimated that i! there /ere n& "&m,uters, the ,h&ne "&m,any /&uld n&/ ha%e t& hire all the /&r$in+ /&men in the "&untry *ust t& handle the !l&&d &! "alls. C&m,uters t&day "&ntr&l the ,r&du"ti&n ma"hinery in the ,etr&"hemi"al, ,etr&leum, ,a,er, and steel industries. At <estern Ele"tri"Ms 1Dlant &! T&m&rr&/1 "&m,uters handle the 'illin+, shi,,in+, and /areh&usin+: they &rder materials, /rite "he"$s, and de"ide /hat t& manu!a"ture and h&/ many. Time ma+a2ine has ,&inted &ut; .omputers have helped scientists to discover more than 5** new subatomic particles( and are busy analyGing strange radio signals from outer space. $iochemists have used the computer to delve into the hitherto unassailable secrets of the human cell( and hospitals have begun to use it to monitor the condition of patients. .omputers now read electrocardiograms faster and more accurately than a "ury of physicians. The Los Angeles police department plans to use computers to keep a collection of useful details about crimes and an electronic rogue/s gallery of known criminals. And in a growing number of schools( computers have taken "obs as instructors in languages( history and mathematics.0 P1Te"hn&l&+y,1 Time, A,ril 7, .>?A, ,. @?. C&urtesy T5)E: C&,yri+ht Time 5n"., .>?A. Alth&u+h re"ently in%ented, "&m,uters are ra,idly trans!&rmin+ &ur "i%ili2ati&n. 15n a Chi"a+& radi& ,lant,1 a""&rdin+ t& <alter (u"$in+ham; 5*** radios a day now are assembled by two men where two hundred had been re<uired before automation. The du!ont .ompany( using a computer at #.&.T.( solved in thirty hours a chemical problem that would have re<uired one man( working forty hours a week for twenty years to do the arithmetic alone.At the &nstitute for Advanced tudy at !rinceton an electronic computer works out weather predictions in three hours that would take one man with an adding machine three

centuries.&n these last two cases( the "ob would not have been practical or economical to tackle without automation.0 0 %alter $uckingham( Automation 12ew York3 Harper J Bow( 56+;7( pp.),-8

A 'a$ery is 'ein+ aut&mated s& that +rain deli%ered t& the sil& is n&t t&u"hed 'y human hands until the l&a%es &! 'read are ready !&r deli%ery. One 'a$ery run 'y &ne man "&uld su,,ly the needs &! an entire state. A l&"al uni&n /ith .,H88 mem'ers in .>A> had &nly HA8 in .>?H. S&&n their ,lant /ill 'e aut&mated !urther, and there /ill 'e &nly t/enty !i%e /&r$ers, ,r&du"in+ t/i"e as mu"h as 'e!&re. Uni&n leaders t&day are des,erately /&rried a'&ut the li%elih&&d &! their mem'ers. Ne%ertheless, &ne uni&n is aut&matin+ its head0uarters and redu"in+ the sta!! !r&m si4ty t& &nly si4 +irls. <hen 0ui22ed a'&ut this a,,arent "&ntradi"ti&n, the uni&n &!!i"ial e4,lained that, 1(usiness is 'usiness.1

Cybernat+on

Cy'ernati&n has 'een des"ri'ed as the /eddin+ &! aut&mated ma"hines /ith "&m,uters. <hen y&u e0ui, a !a"t&ry /ith aut&mated ma"hinery that is "&ntr&lled 'y a "&m,uter, y&u ha%e ta$en the /&r$ &ut &! ,r&du"ti&n. There is little !&r ,e&,le t& d& 'ut turn the ma"hinery &n, ste, aside, and let it d& the /&r$. F&r e4am,le, an aut&mated "leanin+ !luid ,lant /ill ha%e ma"hines that mi4 and '&ttle the stu!!. <hen "y'ernated, this ,lant /ill use a "&m,uter that is ele"tri"ally "&nne"ted t& e%ery ma"hine, e%ery st&ra+e 'in, and e%ery &,eratin+ me"hanism in the entire ,lant. The "&m,uter /ill ha%e at all times !ull data &n /hat is ha,,enin+ thr&u+h&ut the ,lant. 5t /ill di+est this in!&rmati&n and +i%e instru"ti&ns "&ntinu&usly t& $ee, all ,arts &! the ,lant &,eratin+ at ma4imum e!!i"ien"y. 5t /ill ha%e a 'etter +ras, &! /hat is ha,,enin+ se"&nd 'y se"&nd thr&u+h&ut the entire !a"t&ry than any '&ss "&uld ,&ssi'ly ha%e. 5t ne%er ta$es a "&!!ee 'rea$ &r +&es t& the 'athr&&m. The "&m,uter that "&ntr&ls this "y'ernated "leanin+ !luid ,lant /ill, am&n+ &ther thin+s, send &ut &rders !&r "hemi"als, '&ttles, la'els, and &ther materials 'e!&re they are needed. 5t /ill aut&mati"ally shut d&/n the ,lant &r s,eed u, the ,r&du"ti&n de,endin+ &n the need !&r the ,r&du"t. The "&m,uter /ill 0ui"$ly s,&t any 'rea$d&/n and &rder re,airs instantly. 5t /ill maintain a "&ntinu&us in%ent&ry. Cy'ernati&n means that aut&mated ma"hines d& all the /&r$ /ith a "&m,uter as the '&ss. The "&m,uter 1'&ss1 "&&rdinates all a"ti%ities in the ,lant s& that n& e4e"uti%es, se"retaries, !&remen, &r &ther su,er%is&ry ,ers&nnel are needed. A sel! re,airin+, "y'ernated !a"t&ry may &,erate 7C h&urs a day, H?A days ,er year /ith&ut a sin+le human. 5! a human /ere ,resent, he /&uld ,r&'a'ly s,end his time l&&$in+ at dials and !i+htin+ '&red&m. The small "re/ that e%en t&day &,erates a m&dern "y'ernated &il re!inery "&uld d& their /&r$ in dinner *a"$ets and /hite +l&%es /ith&ut s&ilin+ themI 1Ultimate aut&mati&n 'ased &n at&mi" ,&/er,1 said Al'ert Einstein, 1/ill ma$e &ur m&dern industry as ,rimiti%e and &utdated as the st&ne a+e man l&&$s t& us t&day.1 5t is ,&ssi'le t& 'uild an aut&m&'ile ,lant

in /hi"h the ra/ materials are aut&mati"ally ,ut in &ne end and shiny aut&m&'iles run &ut an&ther end, unt&u"hed 'y human hands. Cy'ernated systems that use alm&st n& human la'&r "an 'e de%el&,ed t& ,r&du"e e%erythin+ /e use !r&m the !&&d /e eat t& the h&mes /e li%e in.

Goods and Ser,+ces W+thout Labor

N&/, /hat d&es "y'ernati&n d& t& the shirt that /e ,re%i&usly dis"ussed /hi"h mi+ht ta$e &ne hundred h&urs t& ,r&du"e /ith&ut ma"hinesL 5! all ra/ materials are mined, raised, &r +athered 'y "y'ernated ma"hinery, and i! shirts are ,r&du"ed in a "y'ernated !a"t&ry /ith&ut human 'ein+s, *ust h&/ mu"h la'&r is in%&l%ed in the ,r&du"ti&n &! a shirtL 5t is "&n"ei%a'le that &nly !i%e se"&nds &! human time ,er shirt mi+ht 'e en&u+h. Further im,r&%ements mi+ht +et this 'el&/ &ne se"&nd ,er shirt. H&/ mu"h /&uld a shirt 'e /&rth under these "ir"umstan"esL Fi%e "entsL One "entL One tenth &! a "entL <&uld it 'e /&rth/hile e%en t& /&rry a'&ut "har+in+ !&r a shirt i! there /ere ,ra"ti"ally n& human la'&r in%&l%ed in its ,r&du"ti&n &r distri'uti&nL Sin"e any tas$ d&ne 'y human minds and human hands "an the&reti"ally 'e "y'ernated &n a re,etiti%e 'asis, the ad%an"e &! m&dern te"hn&l&+y /ill alm&st eliminate the human la'&r "&st &! ser%i"es. Ser%i"es su"h as dry "leanin+ are n&/ 'ein+ aut&mated. 5n the !uture hair"uts, mani"ures, 'eauty ,arl&r ser%i"es, laundry, and the ser%i"in+ &! aut&m&'iles /ill 'e ,er!&rmed &n a "y'ernated 'asis. The a'ility &! "y'ernated ma"hines has 'een des"ri'ed 'y #&nald N. )i"hael; .ybernated systems perform with a precision and a rapidity unmatched in humans. They also perform in ways that would be impractical or impossible for humans to duplicate. They can be built to detect and correct errors in their own performance and to indicate to men which of their components are producing the error. They can make "udgments on the basis of instructions programmed into them. They can remember and search their memories for appropriate data( which either has been programmed into them along with their instructions or has been ac<uired in the process of manipulating new data.Thus( they can learn on the basis of past e>perience with their environment. They can receive information in more codes and sensory modes than men can. They are beginning to perceive and to recogniGe.0 0Donald %. #ichael( C.ybernation3 The ilent .on<uestC 1 anta $arbara( .alifornia3 .enter for the tudy of Democratic &nstitutions( 56+)7( p. +.

Humans /ill n&t e%en 'e re0uired t& maintain the !a"t&ries &! the !uture. Cy'ernated !a"t&ries /ill 'e desi+ned t& &,erate !&r many de"ades /ith&ut re,air 'y men. R&utine maintenan"e and re,airs /ill 'e ,er!&rmed 'y ma"hines. 5m,r&%ed metals and desi+ns &! the !uture /ill ma$e ma"hines alm&st im,er%i&us t& /ear and tear. E%en t&day <estern Ele"tri" ma$es "&m,le4 s/it"hes that /&r$ s&

!la/lessly that a sin+le !ailure in !i%e milli&n &,erati&ns is "&nsidered 'el&/ ,ar. S&me relays n&/ in use /ill ,er!&rm a 'illi&n s/it"hin+ &,erati&ns in their li!etime.

&he 'u$an )se o/ 'u$an 5e+n#s

#r. N&r'ert <iener, the 1Father &! Cy'erneti"s,1 /r&te; &t is a degradation to a human being to chain him to an oar and use him as a source of power9 but it is almost an e<ual degradation to assign him purely repetitive tasks in a factory( which demand less than a millionth of his brainpower. The ad%ent &! "y'ernati&n may 'e re+arded as an eman"i,ati&n ,r&"lamati&n !&r man$ind. 5ts th&r&u+h a,,li"ati&n /ill at least ena'le man t& ha%e the hi+hest "&n"ei%a'le standards &! li%in+ /ith ,ra"ti"ally n& la'&r. 5t /ill !ree him !&r the !irst time !r&m a hi+hly stru"tured and &ut/ardly im,&sed r&utine &! re,etiti%e day 'y day a"ti%ity. 5t /ill ,ermit him t& return t& the Free$ "&n"e,t &! leisure /here all /&r$ /as d&ne 'y sla%es and men had time t& "ulti%ate their minds. 5n the !uture ea"h &! us /ill "&mmand a milli&n sla%es. These /ill 'e me"hani"al and ele"tri"al sla%es, n&t the de+radin+ use &! a human 'ein+ t& d& the /&r$ s& that an&ther may li%e an a'undant li!e. C&m,uters are t&day in a %ery early sta+e "&m,ara'le t& the )&del T F&rd. At the ,resent time the lar+est ele"tr&ni" "&m,uters ha%e &nly a'&ut .S.8,888 &! the ass&"iati%e ,&/ers &! human 'ein+s. C&m,uters t&day are +enerally ,r&+rammed t& &,erate in s,e"i!i" /ays. <e are &nly 'e+innin+ t& desi+n them t& &'ser%e a lar+e ran+e &! &utside data and "reati%ely handle this in!&rmati&n. Alth&u+h "&m,uters are *ust &ut &! their teen years, s&me &! them are already 'e+innin+ t& sh&/ a ,&tential !&r &ri+inality. 1The ,resent le%el &! these learnin+ ma"hines,1 said #r. N&r'ert <iener ; is that they play a fair amateur game at chess but that in checkers they can show a marked superiority to the player who he programmed them after from 5* to )* playing h&urs &! /&r$in+ and ind&"trinati&n. They thus most definitely escape from the completely effective control of the man who has made them. Bigid as the repertory of factors may be which they are in a position to take into consideration( they do un<uestionably --and so say those who have played with them-- snow originality( not merely in their tactics( which may be <uite unforeseen( but even in the detailed weighting of their strategy. 0 2orbert %iener( C ome #oral and Technical .onse<uences of AutomationC cience( Mol. 5;5( 2o. ;A5*( #ay +( 56+*( p. 5;*+ . .opyright 56+* 'y the Ameri"an Ass&"iati&n !&r the Ad%an"ement &! S"ien"e.

The mi"r& miniaturi2ati&n &! "&m,uter "&m,&nents may ena'le man t& 'uild "&m,uters in the !uture that /ill ha%e a th&usand times m&re ass&"iati%e ,&/er than any human 'rain. C&m,uters /ill 'e desi+ned that /ill ha%e sens&ry re"e,t&rs in all ,arts &! the /&rld /hi"h /ill +i%e them immediate in!&rmati&n &n anythin+ si+ni!i"ant that &""urs. A master "&m,uter in the !uture /ill 'e a'le t& +ather, di+est, and analy2e all re"&rded !a"ts and in!&rmati&n a !antasti" tas$ that is im,&ssi'le !&r any human 'ein+. The ran+e &! !a"ts and !&rmulas .s s& e4tensi%e t&day that it is &!ten im,&ssi'le !&r a s"ientist t& $ee, u, /ith ne/ de%el&,ments e%en in his s,e"ialty. Only a "&m,uter /ill 'e a'le t& handle the inte+rati&n &! all $n&/led+e and "&me u, /ith de"isi&ns that /ill 'e 'ased &n the !ull ran+e &! rele%ant data. 5n the !uture "&m,uters /ill n&t &nly 'e a'le t& thin$ as /ell as men, they /ill 'e a'le t& e4"eed man en&rm&usly in the "a,a"ity t& di+est !a"ts and in!&rmati&n. They /ill analy2e the data and "&me u, /ith s&luti&ns t& ,r&'lems that /ill ena'le man t& &'tain /hat he /ants &n earth. 5t /&uld 'e im,&ssi'le t& a"hie%e the %alue system dis"ussed in Cha,ter C /ith&ut the th&r&u+h use &! aut&mated ma"hinery and "&m,uters inte+rated int& a /&rld /ide "y'ernated "&m,le4. Cy'ernati&n "an trans!&rm &ur entire /&rld int& a Farden &! Eden The +&&ds and ser%i"es that /e desire /ill 'e a%aila'le /ith&ut re,etiti%e human t&il. And the Tree &! Kn&/led+e /ill 'l&&m !&r the !ul!illment &! e%ery&ne. The 'i++est ,&rti&n &! the ,rime years &! &neMs li!e /ill n& l&n+er 'e stru"tured 'y the need !&r a /ee$ly ,ay "he"$. <ith "y'ernati&n h&useh&ld *&'s /ill n& l&n+er saddle /&men /ith '&rin+ day t& day r&utines. )en and /&men /ill !&r the !irst time in their li%es 'e !ree t& in0uire int& their &/n needs, t& !a"e themsel%es, and t& /&r$ &ut satis!yin+ ,atterns &! li!e 'ased &n their &/n !eelin+s and th&u+hts. CThe liberation of people from tasks unworthy of human capacity(C said Ferald Diel, Cshould free that capacity for a host of activities now neglected in our civiliGation. . . .C0 P Ferald Diel, 1C&nsumers &! A'undan"e1 6Santa (ar'ara, Cali!&rnia; Center !&r the Study &! #em&"rati" 5nstituti&ns, .>?.9, ,. >. The rat ra"e /ill 'e &%er. S&"iety /ill re0uire relati%ely little !r&m any &! its mem'ers. J&hn F. KennedyMs !am&us di"tum, 1As$ n&t /hat y&ur "&untry "an d& !&r y&u: as$ /hat y&u "an d& !&r y&ur "&untry,1 /ill 'e re%ersed. De&,le may !&r the !irst time en*&y an a'undant li!e made ,&ssi'le 'y the "reati%e intelli+en"e &! man. <ith a "y'ernated te"hn&l&+y it /ill 'e ,&ssi'le !&r all humans t& li%e 'etter than i! ea"h ,ers&n /ere t& ha%e a milli&n sla%es at his "&mmand. E%en a milli&naire t&day has a "rude, harried li!e "&m,ared /ith the sm&&th, !ul!illin+ ,attern that all ,e&,le may a"hie%e in a "y'ernated s&"iety. <e ha%e as$ed h&/ y&u /&uld li$e a +uaranteed in"&me &! O.88,888 ,er year. 5n the .>?8Ms in the United States, the a%era+e !amily has had in"&me &! ar&und O?,888 ,er year. H&/e%er, /hen there is alm&st n& human la'&r "&st t& ,r&du"in+ "y'ernated +&&ds and ser%i"es, it /ill 'e ,&ssi'le !&r e%ery&ne t& ha%e alm&st anythin+ in any 0uantityI One hundred th&usand d&llars ,er year &r O.,888,888 ,er yearG it /&nMt matter. O! "&urse, /ith ,ra"ti"ally n& la'&r "&st and limitless nu"lear ener+y, thin+s /&nMt ha%e ,ri"e ta+s. Dri"es are &nly a /ay &! distri'utin+ the l&&t /hen there is n&t en&u+h !&r e%ery&ne. )anMs !uture /ill 'e a th&usand times m&re e4"itin+ than his ,ast. F&r the !irst time man /ill 'e !ree t& /&r$ &ut any system &! %alues that he desiresGand t& a"hie%e these %alues. F&r the !irst time man /ill 'e in a ,&siti&n t& ma$e a th&r&u+h a,,li"ati&n &! the s"ienti!i" meth&d &! thin$in+ s& that his $n&/led+e has

,redi"ta'ilityGs& that he "an s&l%e his ,r&'lems and n&t *ust ,at"h them u, "ra2y 0uilt !ashi&n. F&r the !irst time it /ill 'e ,&ssi'le t& ha%e a "&rnu"&,ia &! +&&ds and ser%i"es that /ill n&t 'e &'tained 'y the s/eat &! s&me&neMs 'r&/. 1This is a time &! transiti&n. . . ,1 said Adlai Ste%ens&n, 1!r&m the an"ient ,r&'lem &! sharin+ s"ar"ity t& the m&dern ,r&'lem &! distri'utin+ a'undan"e.1 Cy'ernated te"hn&l&+y /ill !&r the !irst time ,ermit us t& reali2e &ur human ,&tential. <e may a"hie%e the dee,est measure &! li!e: /e may en*&y the hi+hest le%el &! li'erty: and /e may ha%e ma4imum s"&,e in &ur ,ursuit &! ha,,iness.

-.A/ay <e F&I

5n the ne4t se"ti&n /e /ill lea, int& the t/enty !irst "entury. 5n ,re%i&us "ha,ters /e ha%e !&und that man es"a,ed !r&m the *un+le a relati%ely sh&rt time a+&. As mi+ht he e4,e"ted he 'r&u+ht /ith him many ,rimiti%e ha'its &! thin$in+ and !eelin+ that still ,la+ue us t&day. <e ha%e dis"ussed in detail the tri,le !&undati&n &n /hi"h /e are ma$in+ a ,r&*e"ti&n &! &ur t/enty !irst "entury "i%ili2ati&n. 5! y&u "an a""e,t &ur %alue system, i! y&u !eel that the s"ienti!i" meth&d &! thin$in+ /ill ,lay a d&minant r&le in the !uture, and i! y&u understand the im,a"t &! a "y'ernated te"hn&l&+y that /ill ,r&du"e +&&ds and ser%i"es /ith ,ra"ti"ally n& human la'&r, then /e !eel that y&u /ill !ind &ur ,r&*e"ti&n th&u+ht ,r&%&$in+. <e d& n&t 'elie%e it sh&uld ne"essarily ta$e &ne hundred years t& a""&m,lish the te"hn&l&+i"al and s&"i&l&+i"al "han+es that /ill ,r&%ide man$ind /ith this "y'ernated Farden &! Eden. S&me &! the thin+s /e are anti"i,atin+ may 'e /ell under /ay 'y the time this '&&$ is ,u'lished. 5! the im,r&%ement &! &ur s&"iety /ere +i%en the same ,ri&rity that the de%el&,ment &! the at&mi" '&m' /as +i%en durin+ the last /ar, it /&uld 'e ,&ssi'le t& a"hie%e m&st &! the !eatures /e ,r&*e"t !&r the t/enty !irst "entury in time !&r us t& en*&y them durin+ &ur li!etime. U Thant, Se"retary Feneral &! the United Nati&ns, said; The truth( the central stupendous truth( about developed countries today is that they can haveEin anything but the shortest runEthe kind and scale of resources they decide to have. ... &t is no longer resources that limit decisions. &t is the decision that makes the resources. This is the fundamental revolutionary changeEperhaps the most revolutionary man- kind has ever known. (&&$s and arti"les des"ri'in+ the !uture usually deal /ith s,a"e shi,s and &ther te"hn&l&+i"al mar%els and +ad+ets. They /isely stay a/ay !r&m u,settin+ the readerMs %alues &r "hallen+in+ the a+e &ld ,atterns 'y /hi"h he li%es. De&,le are n&t usu ally threatened 'y te"hn&l&+i"al "han+e 'ut they +et em&ti&nal /hen s&me&ne ,r&,&ses a s&"ial "han+e. A t/enty year &ld !arm '&y /ill *&in the Air F&r"e and !ly *et ,lanes !aster than the s,eed &! s&und. His +rand,arents 'el&/ /ill h&, int& their HA8 h&rse,&/er "hr&me ,lated m&nster and s,eed &%er the e4,ress/ays. (ut it t&&$ &%er a "entury !&r a +&&d ,art &! the ,e&,le in the United States t& re"&+ni2e that /e sh&uld res,&nd t& human 'ein+s as indi%iduals, instead &! &n a 'asis &! ra"e, "reed, &r "&l&r. And that 'attle, un!&rtunately, is still +&in+ &n. As /e lea, int& the !uture, /e must ma$e e%ery attem,t t& a%&id 'ein+ '&++ed d&/n 'y traditi&n and the

1/isd&m1 &! the ,ast. 5t is useless t& try t& !i+ht "han+e. 5t is mu"h m&re !ruit!ul !&r human 'ein+s t& "&ntr&l and "hannel intelli+ently the a""eleratin+ !l&/ &! e%ents. O%er a hal! "entury a+& the United States Ele"tri" 3i+ht C&m,any +a%e its dynami" in%ent&r Hiram )a4im a O78,888 annual li!e ,ensi&n and e4iled him t& En+land. They !elt they needed t& +et rid &! him 'e"ause his 'rilliant mind $e,t in%entin+ im,r&%ements. His "reati%e a'ility made their e0ui,ment &'s&lete 'e!&re they had time t& ,ay !&r it. )a4im ,r&du"ed s&me &! his +reatest in%enti&ns in En+land. At the time that he /as 'ein+ $ni+hted !&r his &utstandin+ a""&m,lishments, the United States Ele"tri" 3i+ht C&m,any /as +&in+ &ut &! 'usiness. Dr&'a'ly the &nly thin+ /e "an $n&/ !&r sure a'&ut the !uture is that it /ill 'e %ery di!!erent !r&m /hat /e ha%e t&day. (ut /hate%er di!!i"ulty /e may ha%e in tryin+ t& understand li!e in times t& "&me, it is little "&m,ared /ith the tr&u'le ,e&,le in the t/enty !irst "entury /ill ha%e understandin+ the /ay /e d& thin+s t&day. 5n the !uture ,e&,le /ill !ind it alm&st im,&ssi'le t& 'elie%e that human 'ein+s "&uld ha%e &r+ani2ed themsel%es int& nati&ns and then "&uld ha%e used s"ienti!i"ally desi+ned /ea,&ns t& slau+hter ea"h &ther. As they /at"h m&%ies &! the ,ast, they /ill 'e ast&unded 'y the t&'a""& sm&$e emanatin+ !r&m the n&strils and 'y the &stentati&us "l&thin+ and dan+lin+ *e/elry. They /ill !ind animal em&ti&ns &! h&stility and *eal&usy m&st in"redi'le. 5ndi%iduals in the t/enty !irst "entury /ill n&t l&&$ 'a"$ /ith n&stal+ia t& a /&rld threatened 'y at&mi" &'li%i&n, /ith e"&n&mi" and ,&liti"al a"ti%ities %itiated 'y +reed and hy,&"risy, and /ith mental dis&rders +r&/in+ at a ,hen&menal rate. H&/ "rude and ,atheti" /e /ill a,,ear in the eyes &! &ur des"endants I

C+,+"+-at+on L+#htens .an1s 5urden

One measure &! the de+ree &! "i%ili2ati&n at any +i%en time is the e4tent t& /hi"h it re0uires indi%iduals t& sa"ri!i"e themsel%es. 5n the ,ast milli&ns &! men /ere re0uired t& sa"ri!i"e their li%es durin+ the re"urrent /ars. These indi%iduals usually sa"ri!i"ed themsel%es /illin+ly, !&r they had 'een "&nditi&ned this /ay. An En+lishman &n"e des"ri'ed Ameri"a as, 1A ,la"e /here e%ery'&dy !uri&usly /&r$s &%ertime ma$in+ la'&r sa%in+ ma"hinery.1 T& &,erate the e"&n&my &! industrial nati&ns t&day, many indi%iduals are re0uired t& sa"ri!i"e the ,rime ,&rti&n &! their li%es in an ei+ht h&ur ,er day ,attern &! la'&r. They are "&nditi&ned s& that they d& n&t usually "&nsider it a sa"ri!i"e. The /&r$ /ee$ is +ettin+ sh&rter. S&me ,e&,le in the ,re"edin+ "entury had t& /&r$ t/i"e as many h&urs t& ma$e a ,&&rer li%in+. Furtherm&re, /&r$in+ "&nditi&ns are im,r&%in+, !rin+e 'ene!its in"reasin+, time and a hal! m&re "&mm&n Gi! n&t d&u'le time G%a"ati&ns l&n+er, and e%ery n&/ and then s&me&ne mana+es t& "&n%in"e himsel! that s&me ,art &! his *&' is interestin+. )en and /&men are /&r$in+ t& +et m&ney t& 'uy thin+s they /ant, &r they are /&r$in+ !&r re"&+niti&n in terms &! titles and a"hie%ements. (ut the !a"t remains that the ,rime ,&rti&n &! the li%es &! m&st t/entieth "entury men and many /&men is "&nsumed 'y m&re &r less "&m,uls&ry, m&re &r less m&n&t&n&us, m&re &r less re,etiti%e, m&re &r less '&rin+ tas$s /hi"h are ass&"iated /ith a ,ay "he"$. The mature s&"iety &! the !uture /ill 'urden man /ith a minimum &! &'li+ati&ns. )&st s&"ieties &! the ,ast and ,resent "&uld n&t &,erate unless its "iti2ens /ere hea%ily "&mmitted and &'li+ated t& "ertain set

,atterns. (ut as /e shall see, the aut&mated /&rld &! the !uture /ill !&r the !irst time !ree man$ind !r&m these hea%y &'li+ati&ns t& the +r&u,. He /ill 'e a'le t& !a"e himsel! dee,ly and !undamentally. N& l&n+er /ill his ,arents, his '&ss, and his "&untry tell him h&/ he sh&uld a"t. Our !uture s&"iety /ill re0uire minimal /&r$, "riti"ism /ill n&t 'e "&nsidered disl&yalty, and di%ersity in se4ual and !amily ,atterns /ill 'e ,&ssi'le. 5n the !uture indi%iduals /ill d& m&st !&r their s&"ial +r&u, 'y de%el&,in+ themsel%es int& dynami", ha,,y human 'ein+s. )en and /&men /ill as$ themsel%es; 1<hat !ills me as a human 'ein+L <hat thin+s add t& my !eelin+ &! /&rthL <hat d& 5 en*&yL <hat d& 5 really needL <hat thin+s ma$e me !eel intelle"tually %ital, em&ti&nally /arm, and ,hysi"ally str&n+L <hat ma$es me !eel ten !eet tall, that li!e is +l&ri&us, and that t&day is /&nder!ulL1 Ste*s to the Future

The rate at /hi"h /e ,r&+ress t&/ard the 'etter /&rld &! the !uture /ill de,end u,&n h&/ ra,idly /e use the s"ienti!i" meth&d t& test &ut %ari&us s&luti&ns t& &ur ,r&'lems. 5n the ,ast /e ha%e !ired ,r&!ess&rs /h& ad%&"ated d&in+ thin+s that /ere di!!erent !r&m the ,resent m&res &! &ur tri'e. 5n the !uture /e must ta$e these "reati%e men and +i%e them the !a"ilities they need t& test their ideas s"ienti!i"ally. <e must ,lan t& in"rease the a%aila'le ,&/er and ener+y in all ,arts &! the /&rld t& en&rm&usly hi+her le%els. 5ntelli+en"e +uided 'y s"ienti!i" meth&d&l&+y must 'e a,,lied t& the te"hn&l&+i"al and s&"i&l&+i"al re"&nstru"ti&n &! &ur entire ,lanet. A "y'ernated !&&d ,r&du"ti&n system must 'e desi+ned t& meet the needs &! a sta'le /&rld ,&,ulati&n. Areas must 'e set aside !&r industry that /ill 'e "&&rdinated /ith a %ast internati&nal trans,&rtati&n system. A ,r&du"t that is "y'erneti"ally manu!a"tured any/here &n earth sh&uld 'e "y'erneti"ally deli%ered t& alm&st any 'uildin+ &n earth in less than t/enty !&ur h&urs. <e must &,en &ur eyes and minds t& use t& the !ullest manMs en&rm&us a'ility t& "reate. Kn&/led+e is e4,l&din+. 5t is re,&rted in S"h&&ls !&r the Si4ties, a %&lume s,&ns&red 'y the Nati&nal Edu"ati&n Ass&"iati&n that &%er the last 7,888 years, $n&/led+e d&u'led !&r the !irst time 'y .-A8, !&r the se"&nd time 'y .>88G6.A8 years later9 !&r the third time 'y .>A8G6A8 years later9, and !&r the !&urth time 'y .>?8G 6.8 years later9. The /&rldMs su,,ly &! te"hni"al $n&/led+e is n&/ d&u'lin+ e%ery se%en years. )&st &! the s"ientists /h& ha%e e%er li%ed are ali%e t&day. 1(y n&/,1 said #r. A. C. Hall, the #e!ense #e,artmentMs #e,uty #ire"t&r &! Resear"h and En+ineerin+ !&r S,a"e, 1/e seld&m d&u't the te"hni"al !easi'ility &! anythin+.1 #r. Fe&r+e Fallu, in his '&&$ The )ira"le Ahead has sh&/n us the ty,e &! thin$in+ that /ill ena'le man t& a"hie%e a ma4imum &! 13i!e, 3i'erty and the Dursuit &! Ha,,iness.1 #r. Fallu, as$s; .an man perform the miracle of lifting himself to a higher level of civiliGationF The answer is YesEune<uivocally. #an is clearly in charge of his own evolution9 he can proceed at a pace that he himself sets. He can solve any problem that comes within his purviewEeven the problem of war. The great advances made in physical science can be paralleled in social science.

#an now has the procedures for dealing with the problems arising out of his social e>istenceE problems that the methods of physical science can not ade<uately e>plore or illuminate. #an has scarcely begun to make use of his almost limitless brain power( either individually or collectively. Lack of progress in dealing with the affairs of mankind can be traced to a simple truth3 man has never made a concerted and persistent effort to solve his social and political problems. His inventive genius has been confined almost e>clusively to the production of better tools and instruments. The ne>t great move forward can now be taken. All that is re<uired is a firm belief in man/s great potentialities and a readiness to accept change. #an is still young on the face of the earth9 civiliGation is still in its infancy. Homo sapiens has not yet realiGed his strength and his greatness9 nor does he see( e>cept dimly( the heights to which civiliGation can reach.0 P Fe&r+e Fallu,, The )ira"le Ahead 6Ne/ Y&r$, E%anst&n and 3&nd&n; Har,er Q R&/, .>?C9, ,. 78H.

)an$ind t&day is in a ,eri&d &! "hallen+e and &,,&rtunity. Fas"inatin+, une4,l&red territ&ry lies 'e!&re us. The e4,l&rati&ns &! C&lum'us /ill seem li$e "hildMs ,lay in "&m,aris&n. (y *&inin+ the !&r"es &! s"ien"e and te"hn&l&+y thr&u+h&ut the /&rld in a "&mm&n endea%&r, /e "an eliminate manMs inhumanity t& man. <e "an re"&nstru"t the /h&le &! the /&rld en%ir&nment t& +i%e e%ery ,ers&n &n earth /hat he needs t& li%e a !ul!illed, a'undant li!e. <e "an 'uild a ne/ s&"iety /ith su!!i"ient !le4i'ility t& "&rre"t its &/n err&rs and t& meet any "hallen+e that lies ahead. 5n the !uture n& indi%idual /ill e%er stand al&ne. The unlimited h&ri2&ns &! the humanisti" s"ienti!i" "y'ernated !uture /ill 'e the m&st e4"itin+ ad%enture in the hist&ry &! man$ind.

%AR& II A %ro6ect+on o/ Our Future

@. At H&me in the T/enty !irst Century

S"&tt and Hella ha%e 'een aslee, t/& h&urs. They /ill ,r&'a'ly a/a$en in a'&ut an h&ur. 5n the ,re%i&us "entury it /as "&nsidered n&rmal !&r ,e&,le t& /aste a'&ut &ne third &! their li%es slee,in+. One /ay t& atta"$ the ,r&'lem &! in"reasin+ the e!!e"ti%e li!e s,an has 'een t& ma$e t/& &r three h&urs &! slee, as e!!e"ti%e as ei+ht &r nine h&urs ,re%i&usly /as. Se%eral +eneti" im,r&%ements, an in"rease in &4y+en in

the slee,in+ "ham'er, ,lus the de%el&,ment &! dee,ly rela4ed ,ers&nalities alm&st !ree &! h&stility and tensi&n has ,r&%ed su""ess!ul. Further +eneti" im,r&%ements are e4,e"ted t& minimi2e e%en m&re the am&unt &! slee, re0uired. The redu"ti&n, i! n&t eliminati&n, &! slee, is n&t desired !&r its &/n sa$e. This /&rld &! the latter ,art &! the t/enty !irst "entury is stimulatin+ and "hallen+in+. There is s& mu"h t& d& and see. The limitless intelle"tual h&ri2&ns, the estheti" deli+hts, and the sensual !eelin+s are t&& many and %aried t& 'e !ully sa%&red in the a%era+e li!etime &! 788 years. Alth&u+h S"&tt and Hella are aslee,, they are surr&unded 'y +reat dynamism. E%erythin+ ar&und them is 'ein+ "&ntr&lled 'y their h&me "&m,uter, $n&/n as the "y'ernat&r. This small "&m,uter is 'uilt int& the /all and they ne%er see it alth&u+h it is in use e%ery minute &! the day. They ha%e +radually trained their "y'ernat&r t& meet their needs in th&usands &! /ays. Thr&u+h the "y'ernat&r S"&tt and Hella "an %er'ally "&mmand any me"hanism in their a,artment. The "y'ernat&r als& handles their messa+es t& the C&rrelati&n Center. The aut&mated 'ed u,&n /hi"h Hella lies nude and unrestri"ted 'y "l&thin+, sheets, &r 'lan$ets, res,&nds in a li%in+ /ay t& su,,&rt her '&dy. There are n& ,ressure ,&ints, n& "reases. This s&!t mem'rane +radually m&%es in a rhythm and ,attern that &%er the years has ,r&%ed t& 'e m&st rela4in+ t& Hella. The rhythm that is m&st rela4in+ t& S"&tt durin+ slee, is sli+htly di!!erent and the "y'ernat&r is als& attendin+ ma4imally t& his needs. Sin"e ,e&,le "han+e, the in,ut sens&rs &! the "y'ernat&r in the a,artment are "&nstantly s"annin+ t& e4,l&re /hether they /&uld ha%e m&re rela4ati&n i! the slee,in+ mem'rane /ere t& undulate in a di!!erent manner. 5! S"&tt and Hella /ere t& ha%e a th&usand ser%ants, they /&uld n&t re"ei%e the ser%i"es that are a%aila'le t& them thr&u+h the "y'ernat&r. N&t &nly are the undulati&ns &! the 'ed "&nstantly ada,ted t& meet their needs, 'ut &ther as,e"ts &! their slee,in+ "ham'er are 'ein+ maintained 'y the "y'ernat&r t& +i%e ma4imum rest!ulness and "&m!&rt. A "&ntr&lled, i&ni2ed atm&s,here adds t& their !eelin+ &! /ell 'ein+. The tem,erature, humidity, mi4ture &! air, and 'a"$+r&und musi" are "&nstantly 'ein+ ad*usted t& meet their indi%idual needs at the m&ment. 5! &ne &! HellaMs !eet dr&,s three de+rees 'el&/ her &,timal tem,erature ran+e, an in!ra red 'eam immediately 'rin+s it 'a"$ t& the desired le%el. Slee, in the t/enty !irst "entury is n& l&n+er a ha%en !r&m the trials and tri'ulati&ns &! the dayG1the 'alm &! tired minds1. S"&tt and Hella ha%e ne%er e4,erien"ed ni+htmaresGthese are ,art &! the l&n+ list &! thin+s a'&ut ,re%i&us "enturies that they are really una'le t& understand e4"e,t &n an a'stra"t le%el. 5n the ,ast "enturies, "&n!li"ts ,r&du"ed tensi&n !illed li%es that /ere tem,&rarily relie%ed 'y al"&h&l and tran0uili2ers. The re,ressi&ns and in*usti"es &! the day /ere e4,ressed at ni+ht as distur'in+ dreams and ni+htmares. 5n S"&tt and HellaMs /&rld &neMs !eelin+s and im,ulses are a""e,ted '&th in th&u+ht and a"ti&n s& that h&urs &! slee, are n&t %itiated 'y the r&m,in+ &! re,ressed !eelin+s. S"&tt and Hella rarely dream, 'ut /hen they d&, their dreams usually re%&l%e ar&und ,leasant thin+s they ,lan !&r the ne4t day. S"&tt and HellaMs li%es are n&t +&%erned 'y ri+id s"hedules. There are ,ra"ti"ally n& deadlines, and there is n& need !&r them t& a/a$e at any ,arti"ular time. The sensin+ e4tensi&ns &! the "y'ernat&r are a'le t& determine /hen their '&dies ha%e a's&r'ed all the rest they needed. Fradual "han+es are made that /ill ,re,are them t& a/a$en /ith a !ull &! ener+y !eelin+. The tem,erature &! the slee,in+ "ham'er is redu"ed se%eral de+rees. The li+htin+ &! the "ham'er is in"reased and 'a"$+r&und musi" &! a ty,e en*&yed 'y

S"&tt and Hella in the m&rnin+ /ill s&&n 'e+in. As S"&tt and Hella a/a$en, they ha%e a !eelin+ &! anti"i,ati&n. A ne/ day is here. Ne/ and interestin+ th&u+hts /ith ne/ 'eauties t& 'e e4,erien"ed and ne/ sensati&ns are t& 'e !eltI 3yin+ t&+ether !&r the !irst !e/ minutes &! the day, S"&tt and Hella "hat /armly a'&ut their !eelin+s and ,lans. They de"ide t& tal$ t& s&me !riends /h& li%e .8,888 miles a/ay. They +i%e %er'al "&mmands t& the "y'ernat&r /hi"h ma$es a "&nne"ti&n /ith the C&rrelati&n Center that is immediately relayed 'y satellite t& their !riends. They are a'le t& e4"han+e e4,erien"es and th&u+hts %ia a three dimensi&nal "&l&r transmissi&n. They !eel as "l&se as i! they /ere t&+ether in the same r&&m.

&he Cybernated 'y#+ene Area

<ith $itten li$e ,lay!ulness Hella sla,s S"&tt &n the 'utt&"$s and runs t&/ard a "ylindri"al "ham'er. S"&tt "at"hes her *ust as she rea"hes the entran"e t& the t/enty !irst "entury 'athr&&m. Alth&u+h she is !&rty years &ld, Hella l&&$s li$e a y&un+ +irl &! ei+hteen. She has li+ht 'r&/n hair /ith s,ar$lin+ 'r&/n eyes. Her m&uth is e4,ressi%e and ,er!e"tly s,a"ed teeth sh&/ /hen she lau+hs. Her 'reasts are !irm and sli+htly smaller than the a%era+e &! ,re%i&us "enturies. Her hi,s are 'eauti!ully !&rmed 'ut n&t /ide. Her 'utt&"$s and thi+hs are s&!tly r&unded. 3au+hin+ly, S"&tt ,ulls her inside the "ylindri"al /alls &! the sh&/er. Air and /ater, mi4ed under ,ressure t& !&rm a s&!t, "leansin+ s,ray, deli+ht!ully "&m' e%ery ,art &! their '&dies at a s,eed and ,ressure that they ha%e tau+ht the "y'ernat&r. N& s&a, is used: ultras&ni"ally a"ti%ated /ater l&&sens any "lin+in+ ,arti"les. This 'ath n&t &nly "leans their '&dies 'ut als& !urnishes the m&st deli+ht!ul ta"tile sensati&ns /ith s,rays that tin+le and massa+e e%ery ,art &! them. S"&tt is a'&ut the same hei+ht as Hella. His hands&me !a"e res,&nds t& the stimulatin+ sh&/er. 3i$e Hella, S"&tt d&es n&t l&&$ his !&rty !i%e years. He 'e+ins t& sin+ in a res&nant %&i"e. Hella, in sel! de!ense, harm&ni2es /ith him /ith a %i'rant t&ne. S"&tt and Hella ha%e alm&st e0ually str&n+ mus"les. They m&%e +ra"e!ully and +ently in a /ay that su++ests hidden stren+th. They are dried in three se"&nds as they /al$ thr&u+h the air /all that a"ts as a sh&/er d&&r. This air /all is a hi+h s,eed sheet &! /arm air *etted !r&m the t&,, '&tt&m, and sides &! the sh&/er &,enin+. <hile they are in the sh&/er, the slee,in+ "ham'er aut&mati"ally "leans and sterili2es itsel!. S"&tt and Hella then lean their heads 'a"$/ard t& !it int& a ni"he desi+ned t& +r&&m their hair. 5n !&rty three se"&nds this "y'ernated 'eauty sh&, trims the hair and arran+es it in any m&de that S"&tt and Hella sele"t. O%er the years they ha%e trained the "y'ernat&r in the ,atterns that they ,re!er !&r their hair. The *&' &! +r&&min+ is ,er!&rmed 'y an ele"tr&ni" "&m,le4 that sets the hair 'y 'eamed ,&siti%e and ne+ati%e ele"tr&stati" "har+es. A &ne se"&nd, m&di!ied laser emissi&n +i%es a ,ermanent set that remains until a di!!erent style is desired. Hella seld&m uses r&u+e, eye shad&/, eye'r&/ ,en"il, &r &ther arti!i"ial te"hni0ues &! ,ast "enturies. The ,e&,le in the ne/ "i%ili2ati&n are n& l&n+er ,hysi&l&+i"ally and ,sy"h&l&+i"ally e4hausted 'y ins&lu'le ,r&'lems, ema"iatin+ res,&nsi'ilities, atm&s,heri" ,&lluti&n, and ,&&r nutriti&n. Neither men n&r /&men "are !&r arti!i"ial de"&rati&n. They !eel 'eauti!ul and attra"ti%e in themsel%es. Their l&%eliness "&mes !r&m insideGn& &utside %eneer is needed.

At this time sha%in+ has disa,,eared. Hair n& l&n+er +r&/s in areas /here humans d& n&t /ant it. N& m&uth /ashes &r irritatin+ "hemi"al a+ents are used that mi+ht a!!e"t the li%in+ tissues &! the m&uth. Ca%ities are un$n&/n, !&r there has 'een an in"rease in the hardness &! the enamel, and !&&ds are desi+ned t& inhi'it de"ay &! the teeth and disease &! the +ums. (e"ause &! the hi+h de+ree &! intestinal health, 'ad 'reath is alm&st un$n&/n. The la%at&ry and t&ilet are re"essed in a "&rner &! the 'athr&&m area. The /ater turns &n /hene%er the hands are ,la"ed a'&%e the la%at&ry. 5n t&iletin+, the indi%idual sits u,&n a s&!t rin+ "&%erin+ a s&und,r&&! '&/l. #urin+ eliminati&n &r de!e"ati&n the /aste matter, t&+ether /ith all &d&rs, is dra/n int& an &,enin+. 5nstead &! t&/els &r tissues there are /ater s,rays /hi"h aut&mati"ally "lean the re"tal and ,u'i" areas, and /arm air ra,idly dries them. This natural !un"ti&n is n& l&n+er unattra"ti%e as in ,re%i&us "enturies. A .ed+ca" Chec u* S"&tt and Hella ste, int& a "a'inet and aut&mati"ally tri++er a ten se"&nd series &! tests that hel, them a"hie%e the hi+hest le%el &! health. The me"hanism re"&rds their /ei+ht s& that the "y'ernat&r "an "he"$ +ain &r l&ss. 5! an u,/ard trend in /ei+ht a,,ears &%er a ,eri&d &! time, the "y'ernat&r &rders the !&&d ,r&du"ti&n me"hanism t& de"rease the "al&ries /ith&ut ma$in+ any n&ti"ea'le "han+e in the 'ul$ &r taste &! the !&&d. The "a'inet als& measures 'l&&d ,ressure di!!erentials thr&u+h&ut the '&dy. 5t ,r&du"es an ele"tr&"ardi&+ram and instantane&usly "&m,ares it /ith ,re%i&us ele"tr&"ardi&+rams. The 'l&&d in "a,illaries &n the retina &! the eye is +i%en a s,e"tr& analysis. The heart'eat, res,irat&ry rate, 'rain /a%e a"ti%ity, and many &ther measurements are made and instantly "&m,ared /ith l&n+ term n&rms !&r the indi%idual. The "y'ernat&r d&es n&t &%er res,&nd t& indi%idual readin+s &! any s,e"i!i" day 'ut, instead, analy2es them !&r ,hysi&l&+i"al trends. The C&rrelati&n Center "&m,ares them /ith n&rms 'ased &n &%er t/& 'illi&n ,e&,le. Alm&st e%erythin+ that ha,,ens in the human '&dy is a""&m,anied 'y ele"tri"al and "hemi"al "han+es that "an 'e ,i"$ed u, and re"&rded 'y the ad%an"ed medi"al en+ineerin+ &! the t/enty !irst "entury. The "asual ten se"&nds s,ent in this medi"al "a'inet +i%e S"&tt and Hella a daily "he"$u, that may add years t& their li%es. All "&lds, %iruses, and in!e"ti&us diseases ha%e 'een eliminated !&r many years. Only l&n+ term deteri&rati&n &! '&dy &r+ans is still a ,r&'lem. <hen ne"essary, "&nditi&ns in their en%ir&nment are altered t& hel, them maintain &,timal health. )any &! the en%ir&nmental "han+es, su"h as the ad*ustment &! "al&ries t& ,reser%e &,timal /ei+ht, are ,er!&rmed aut&mati"ally. E%ery e!!&rt is 'ein+ made 'y medi"al te"hni"ians t& aut&mate all "&nditi&ns in%&l%in+ health s& that n& "&ns"i&us "&ntr&l is ne"essary t& a"hie%e the hi+hest le%el &! ener+y and l&n+e%ity. S"&tt and Hella /al$ int& the dressin+ area and h&ld &ut their arms. Their +arments release themsel%es !r&m han+ers and adhere t& their '&dies. Their measurements are st&red in the C&rrelati&n Center. <hene%er they need a +arment, the "y'ernated ma"hines tail&r a uni0ue &ne !&r them in the style and material they sele"t.

The "l&thin+ is e4tremely thin and s&!t, yet it has +reat stren+th and !le4i'ility. The material li%es, 'reathes, and re!le"tsG &r a's&r'sGli+ht and heat as needed t& $ee, the '&dy tem,erature e%en. Thr&u+h ener+y +enerated !r&m li+ht, the material &'tains ele"tri"al ,&tential re0uired t& &,erate the +armentMs ele"tr&me"hani"al res,&nses. 5t has n& 'ul+in+ sur!a"es &r tensi&n ,r&du"in+ areas &! stress. 5n any s"u!! "&nta"t a !l&/ &! ele"tr& mi+rat&ry materials maintains the +arment in "&nstant re,air. The material "an assume any "&l&r &r 'e"&me trans,arent. The "l&thes "lean themsel%es and usually d& n&t need attenti&n durin+ their e4,e"ted ten year li!e. #eli"ate sh&es that !le4 "&&rdinately /ith the m&%ement &! the mus"ulature &! the !&&t are entirely !ree &! l&"al ,ressures &r undesira'le !ri"ti&n. They 'reathe as the /earer /al$s a'&ut. The !eet are maintained at the m&st "&m!&rta'le tem,erature, re+ardless &! the /eather. A mem'ran&us material /ill mi+rate t& any ,art &! the sh&e t& enhan"e m&%ement, "&m!&rt, dura'ility, and /ear. They are als& sel! "leanin+. Snac on the 5a"cony

S"&tt and Hella &!ten eat &n the 'al"&ny that &%erl&&$s the naturally l&%ely /&&ded areas &! the t/enty !irst "entury "ities. O%er @H ,er "ent &! the land in the "ities is maintained as ,ar$ and re"reati&n areas. F&r the ,ast !&rty t/& years all the "ities ha%e had !ull /eather "&ntr&l. The C&rrelati&n Center arran+es !&r the de+ree &! %ariati&n !r&m seas&n t& seas&n that ,e&,le !ind m&st ,leasant. Rain, sn&/, and /indst&rms n& l&n+er in"&n%enien"e ,e&,le in ur'an "&mmunities. S"&tt and Hella li%e in a "ir"ular, multi st&ry a,artment 'uildin+ that is &%er a mile in diameter. 5t "&ntains H88,888 li%in+ units desi+ned t& meet human needs in e%ery ,&ssi'le /ay. All /alls, d&&rs, and /ind&/s are s&und,r&&!. The nearest 'uildin+ they "an see !r&m their 'al"&ny is a'&ut a hal! mile a/ay. Fe/ su'ur'an h&mes &! the ,ast, e%en i! 'uilt &n !&rty a"res &! land, &!!ered the a'sen"e &! distra"ti&ns they are a'le t& en*&y. As they ma$e themsel%es "&m!&rta'le &n the 'al"&ny, they +i%e %&"al "&mmands t& the "y'ernat&r /hi"h ,r&du"es the !&&d they ha%e &rdered in !i%e se"&nds. As a ,art &! their trainin+ t& li%e in the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld, S"&tt and Hella ha%e 'e"&me !amiliar /ith H7A sele"ti&ns &! !&&d. These sele"ti&ns seem t& en"&m,ass !airly /ell the entire ran+e &! taste, smell, and te4ture "&m'inati&ns that m&st ,e&,le en*&y. 5t has 'een !&und that three 'asi" !&&d mi4tures "an 'e ele"tr&ni"ally altered in &ne se"&ndMs time t& +i%e %ariati&ns in "&l&r, taste, and te4ture that ma$e u, any desired menu. 5n an e4,eriment se%eral years a+& s&me t/entieth "entury !&&ds, as ,re,ared 'y +&urmet restaurants in %ari&us "ities &! the /&rld /ere &!!ered t& a +r&u, &! t/enty !irst "entury ,e&,le. They !&und the t/entieth "entury !&&d la"$in+ in taste de,th, nutriti&nally insu!!i"ient, and a"tually harm!ul in s&me /ays. S"&tt and Hella d& n&t use the ,rimiti%e $ni!e, !&r$, and s,&&n &! !&rmer times. Their e4&ti" !&&ds are ,i"$ed u, 'y a +lass li$e r&d that is "har+ed ele"tr&stati"ally s& that ,&rti&ns &! !&&d adhere t& it. They d&

n&t ha%e t& ,enetrate the !&&d: they sim,ly 'rin+ the +lass r&d near it. There is n& dri,,in+ &r dr&,,in+ &! !&&d. (y %aryin+ the "har+e at the ti,, e%en li0uids adhere. <hen they "&m,lete their meal, the im,lements and dishes are l&/ered int& the ta'le, /here they are aut&mati"ally "leaned and sterili2ed. &he Dyna$+c L+,+n# Area

A!ter 'rea$!ast S"&tt and Hella +& t& the lar+est r&&m in their a,artment. Hal! &! this r&&m is de%&ted t& a tele,r&*e"ti&n area lar+e en&u+h !&r li!e si2ed, three dimensi&nal !i+ures. An inde4 s"anner ena'les S"&tt and Hella t& sele"t /hate%er they en*&y m&stG"&n"erts, ,lays, "urrent e%ents, in!&rmati%e su'*e"ts. The /&rldMs !&rests are n& l&n+er 'ein+ "he/ed u, t& ma$e ne/s,a,ers. All ,ast &r ,resent ne/s is a%aila'le &n the teles"reen, and reusa'le ele"tr&stati" "&,ies "an 'e made i! desired. The "y'ernat&r in their a,artment has already made a list &! the ,r&+rams &! the day. 5t has ,ut a red d&t 'eside the ty,e &! ,r&+ram that S"&tt ,re!ers and a yell&/ d&t 'eside the ty,e that Hella usually sele"ts. S"&tt and Hella nestle in a "&nt&ur "hair as they a"ti%ate the three dimensi&nal tele,r&*e"ti&n area. This "&nt&ur "hair a"ts as a li%in+ su,,&rt that ,r&du"es a "&m!&rt ,re%i&usly un$n&/n. 5! Hella raises her arm, the "hair /ill e4tend itsel! u,&n "&mmand t& su,,&rt the arm in any ,&siti&n desired. <hene%er the le+s are m&%ed, it +r&/s t& su,,&rt them /ith 'all&&n li$e s&!tness. 5t +i%es them a ,hysi"al !reed&m /hen sittin+ &r re"linin+. The !urniture &! ,re%i&us times tended t& !&r"e ,e&,le t& sit in ,redetermined /ays. 5n the ne/ /&rld &! the t/enty !irst "entury, the indi%idual has the !reed&m t& sele"t. )&st &! the me"hanisms that !ree S"&tt and Hella !r&m drud+ery and ,ermit them t& 'e ser%ed as +uests in their &/n h&me &,erate aut&mati"ally. Dush 'utt&ns, dials, and le%ers are seld&m used. Alm&st e%ery ma"hine in the ne/ /&rld is %&i"e a"tuated and res,&nds instantly t& s,&$en &rders. The interi&r &! the li%in+ r&&m has a lar+e, d&me sha,ed "eilin+ /ith s&!t, "&l&r!ul li+htin+ !l&/in+ /ith&ut any %isi'le s&ur"e !r&m all ,&rti&ns &! the /all. All &! the ele"tr&ni" me"hanisms that "&ntr&l the interi&r &! their a,artment are 'uilt int& the /alls. There are n& +ad+ets 'ul+in+ &ut here and there. The eye meets &nly ,leasin+ "&nt&urs &! an &r+ani"ally desi+ned interi&r. The /alls &! the t/enty !irst "entury li%in+ units are "a,a'le &! in!inite %ariety. At times they a,,ear trans,arent. At &ther times they seem &,a0ue. O!ten they re!le"t "&l&r &r "&m'inati&ns &! "&l&r in ,leasin+ 'lends and desi+ns. Tele,r&*e"ted ,i"tures, s"ul,ture, and !l&/ers are taste!ully distri'uted thr&u+h the a,artment. They aut&mati"ally "han+e ea"h day. There are n& l&"$s &n any d&&rs. 5n a /&rld &! a'undan"e and sanity, they ha%e n& !un"ti&n. Alm&st e%erythin+ in the a,artment is !ire,r&&! and !ree !r&m deteri&rati&n and /ill remain s& !&r the l&n+ li!e &! the 'uildin+. The entire a,artment is maintained and "leaned "&ntinually 'y aut&mati" me"hanisms silently &,erated 'y the "y'ernat&r. N& 'r&&ms, %a"uum "leaners, &r &ther manual ,ara,hernalia are needed. 5t is alm&st "&m,letely dust !ree. All sur!a"es are +ra"e!ully "&nt&ured s& that there are n& "ra"$s &r "&rners t& ,ermit dust t& +ather. )&st sur!a"es ha%e an ele"tr&stati" "har+e that re,els dust and $ee,s it !l&atin+ in the air t& 'e !iltered &ut. Sin"e the air ,ressure in the a,artment is sli+htly hi+her than &utside, n& dust !l&/s in. All materials and me"hanisms in the li%in+ area are desi+ned t& last &%er &ne hundred years. S"&tt and

Hella ,r&'a'ly "ann&t re"all any in"&n%enien"e due t& a me"hani"al !ailure. The &utside /alls and r&&! &! the a,artment 'uildin+ are made &! "erami" li$e materials /hi"h re0uire n& ,aintin+ &r maintenan"e and ha%e a li!e e4,e"tan"y in e4"ess &! A88 years. The %ersatile li%in+ areas are the !&"al ,&ints &! the intelli+en"e &! the /&rld en%ir&nment. They are "&nne"ted ele"tr&ni"ally /ith the C&rrelati&n Center, /hi"h, in turn, is "&nne"ted /ith ,ra"ti"ally e%erythin+ &n the ,lanet. <hen S"&tt /ishes, he "an "&nta"t any re+i&n in the /&rld. He "an tal$ /ith alm&st any&ne in the /&rld at any time. 5t is ,&ssi'le !&r him t& attend any "&n!eren"e, t& &'ser%e alm&st e%erythin+ +&in+ &n in the /&rld in three dimensi&nal, "&l&r tele,r&*e"ti&n /ith&ut lea%in+ his a,artment. N&t &nly d&es their a,artment en*&y t/& /ay "&mmuni"ati&n thr&u+h&ut the /&rld, 'ut it is als& "&nne"ted t& re"ei%e anythin+ they /ant dire"tly !r&m any ,art &! the +l&'e. St&res and sh&,,in+ "enters are re+arded as in"&n%enient !&l$/ays &! ,re t/enty !irst "entury "i%ili2ati&ns. <hen S"&tt and Hella /ant any ,ers&nal item &r any a,,aratus, they need &nly &rder their "y'ernat&r t& ,r&du"e three dimensi&nal m&dels !&r their sele"ti&n. S&metimes a 'asi" m&del may ha%e hundreds &! &,ti&nal atta"hments. This +i%es them an &,,&rtunity t& &rder a "ust&mi2ed %ersi&n that meet their needs e4a"tly. <hen they sele"t /hat they /ant, their "y'ernat&r immediately "&mmuni"ates this t& the C&rrelati&n Center. 5n less than a se"&nd the &rder is re+istered at the nearest industrial "&m,le4. <ithin minutes this item is !a'ri"ated, ,a"$a+ed, and sent &n its /ay in a hi+h s,eed system &! tu'es t/enty !eet in diameter. This hi+h s,eed ,a"$a+e is ele"tr&ni"ally +uided 'y the sym'&ls re,resentin+ S"&tt and HellaMs address. Their ,a"$a+e tra%els at the rate &! 7A8 miles ,er h&ur until it arri%es at their a,artment. #urin+ the entire ,r&"ess n&t &ne human hand &r 'rain has 'een in%&l%ed in !illin+ their &rder. 5t is ,&ssi'le that the &'*e"t they ha%e &rdered is uni0ue in the entire /&rld, !&r ,erha,s n& &ne else has &rdered that ,arti"ular "&m'inati&n. There is n& s"ar"ity &! anythin+. S"&tt and Hella are !ree t& &rder as mu"h as they /ish, !&r n& human li%es are "&nsumed in meetin+ their needs. <hate%er they /ant results &nly in a m&mentary 'li, in the "y'ernated ma"hine "&m,le4 &! the t/enty !irst "entury.

Living r&&m of cott and Hella/s apartment The +r&u, is /at"hin+ a three dimensi&nal tele,r&*e"ti&n. The ,anel &n the ri+ht "&ntains !a"ilities !&r sh&,,in+ and ra,id deli%ery, deli"i&us instant !&&d. sendin+ and re"ei%in+ in!&rmati&n, et".

Linear-acceleration train This train is ma+neti"ally ,r&,elled &n a "ushi&n &! air at 7,888 miles ,er h&ur. 5t has n& en+ine &r /heels. The ele"tr&stati"ally "har+ed ,&int redu"es air resistan"e. 5ts sa!e "y'ernated &,erati&n re0uires n& ,ers&nnel.

@loating research vessel Children as y&un+ as !i%e years ,arti"i,ate in interestin+ resear"h ,r&*e"ts su"h as this &"ean&+ra,hi" resear"h %esselMs analysis &! "urrents near the (erin+ Strait dam. Trains "&nne"tin+ the "&ntinents tra%el thr&u+h the u,,er tu'e.

.ybernated freighters These rust !ree titanium %essels l&ad and unl&ad themsel%es and na%i+ate t& any ,&rt /ith&ut "a,tain, "re/, &r d&"$ /&r$ers They "arry en&u+h at&mi" !uel t& ,&/er the shi, !&r !i!ty years.

A twenty-first-century car These /heelless "ars +lide 0uietly and sa!ely /hile ,e&,le rela4 Y&u state /here y&u /ant t& +&, and they +uide themsel%es /ith&ut attenti&n. They are re!ueled e%ery !i%e years and usually &,erate t/enty years /ith&ut re,airs.

&on-propelled aircraft This ,il&tless air"ra!t ,i"$s u, S"&tt and Hella !r&m the t&, &! their a,artment and "y'erneti"ally trans,&rts them t& the E4uma 5slands 5t is e0ui,,ed /ith the "&m!&rts and "&n%enien"es &! the t/enty !irst "entury a,artments.

!ower and research center The nu"lear ,&/er ,lant that Hella %isits lies H88 !eet 'el&/ the "entral d&me that "&ntains the "&m,uter "&m,le4. #&med la'&rat&ries 'ran"h &!! !r&m the "enter and are "&n%eniently inter"&nne"ted.

.ity design Ea"h &! these s,a"i&usly desi+ned !i!teen st&ry li%in+ "&m,le4es &%erl&&$s natural areas &! !&rests and la$es that are a minimum &! &ne hal! mile /ide 'y &ne mile l&n+. Trans,&rtati&n is handled in under+r&und ra"e/ays.

&ndustrial production A "&ntinu&us stream &! le%i"ars is silently ele"tr&!&rmed in &ne &! the .,888 !&&t !l&/ lines. All &'*e"ts are !&rmed m&le"ularly as a /h&le instead &! 'ein+ !a'ri"ated in ,arts and then assem'led as in the ,re "y'ernated a+e.

.orcen This si4 !&&t s,here /hi"h ser%es as the /&rld "&rrelati&n and $n&/led+e 'an$ has trilli&ns &! in,uts !r&m all &%er the +l&'e that ena'le it t& ser%e e%ery indi%idual and "&&rdinate the humani2ed man ma"hine sym'i&sis.

@rom the #oon S"&tt and (ellaMs &'ser%ati&n d&me &%erl&&$s the laser "ut e4"a%ati&n in the r&"$ /hi"h ,r&te"ti%ely

uburban home This h&me 6in"ludin+ terra"e9 is ele"tr&!&rmed in &ne ,ie"e and set in ,la"e 'y a "ar+& le%i"ra!t.

en"l&ses the multi le%el interi&r en%ir&nment. 5n ,la"e &! e4teri&r d&&rs, there is a system &! translu"ent thermal 'arriers.

Alth&u+h "y'erneti"ally ,r&du"ed, the limitless "h&i"e &! desi+n elements and e0ui,ment ma$e it uni0uely indi%idual.

Fu"/+""+n# Interests S"&tt has str&n+ interest in medi"al en+ineerin+. A /riter in the t/entieth "entury /&uld ha%e said that medi"ine /as S"&ttMs 1,r&!essi&n1. 5n the ne/ /&rld, this termin&l&+y is n&t a,,r&,riate sin"e the ,rimiti%e system &! *&'s, /a+es, !ees, and m&ney has 'een &ut+r&/n. S"&tt !inds the human '&dy and its myriad me"hanisms ,arti"ularly !as"inatin+. He en*&ys ,layin+ a ,art in e4,eriments desi+ned t& yield data that hel,s ,e&,le attain the hi+hest ,&ssi'le le%el &! health. #&"t&rs n&/ study health, n&t disease. 5nstead &! !indin+ &ut /hat "auses disease, they "&n"entrate &n !indin+ &ut /hat !a"t&rs ,r&du"e the hi+hest ,&ssi'le le%el &! health. The ,arts &! the '&dy that /ere su'*e"t t& !re0uent 'rea$d&/n, su"h as the a,,endi4, /ere eliminated many de"ades a+& 'y im,r&%ements in the +enes that 'lue,rint the human '&dy. Ei+ht m&nths a+& the C&rrelati&n Center sele"ted S"&tt and medi"al s"ientists !r&m Asia, S&uth Ameri"a, and Eur&,e t& "&ndu"t e4,eriments and re,&rt &n the desira'ility &! in"reasin+ the sensiti%ity &! the humans near t& H8,888 "y"les. Human hearin+ is limited t& a ran+e &! a'&ut 78 t& 78,888 "y"les ,er se"&nd. S&me animals, su"h as d&+s, "an hear hi+her ,it"hed s&unds. 5! S"&ttMs "&mmittee !eels that human /ell 'ein+ /&uld 'e in"reased 'y an additi&n t& the audit&ry ran+e, resear"h /ill 'e "&ndu"ted t&/ard this end. They already $n&/ /hi"h #NA mani,ulati&n are needed t& ,r&du"e the hi+her ran+e &! hearin+. Derha,s in !i%e years a ,il&t study /ith .,888 indi%iduals in di!!erent ,arts &! the earth /ill 'e tried. 5! a ri"her ,attern &! li!e results, ,erha,s A ,er "ent &! the in!ants /ill 'e s& e0ui,,ed. 5! results "&ntinue t& 'e !a%&ra'le, this +eneti" im,r&%ement may 'e +enerally ad&,ted !&r !uture 'a'ies &! the t/enty se"&nd "entury. 5! there is any 0uesti&n a'&ut the !easi'ility &! a ,r&*e"ted im,r&%ement, &r i! di!!i"ulties later arise, the !le4i'le s"ienti!i" attitude results in ra,id "&rre"ti&ns. N&thin+ is re+arded as !inal. #urin+ his li!etime S"&tt $ne/ ,e&,le /h& /ere '&rn in the t/entieth "entury. He "&nsidered them 1"ulture '&und.1 They /ere s& 'e/ildered 'y the !le4i'ility &! the ne/ +enerati&nsI They $e,t sayin+, 15t isnMt ri+ht t& d& this. 5! nature had /anted thin+s that /ay, she /&uld ha%e made them that /ay. Y&u ha%e n& res,e"t !&r truth.1 S"&t 'elie%es that the test &! all thin+s is the ha,,iness they yield. He $n&/s that mental strai+ht *a"$ets limit &neMs a'ility t& /&r$ &ut ,atterns &! li!e that are 'r&adly !ul!illin+. Derha,s !&r the !irst time in human hist&ry, ,e&,le are n&t '&und ti+htly 'y the !&rms &! a "ulture. 5n the ,ast indi%iduals /h& did n&t &'ser%e the m&res &! their ,arti"ular "ulture /ere su'*e"ted t& ,enalties that %aried !r&m disa,,r&%al t& death. S"&ttMs +enerati&n en"&ura+es di%ersity: they try t& a%&id +ettin+ int& ,ers&nal &r s&"ial ruts. 5n the nurseries "hildren en*&y +ames that hel, de%el&, "&m,lete !le4i'ility in +&in+ !r&m &ne system t& an&ther. They $n&/ that t/& ,lus t/& in many situati&ns e0uals !&ur. They d& n&t /ant t& 'e ri+idly '&und 'y this. They /ant t& $n&/ the hidden assum,ti&ns that lie 'ehind this M Msel! e%ident1 !&rmula. Children

en*&y !indin+ /ays in /hi"h t/& ,lus t/& is n&t e0ual t& !&ur. )u"h &! li!e is n&t additi%e. 5! t/& m&uth!uls &! a !&&d are ,leasant, it d&es n&t !&ll&/ that !&ur m&uth!uls /ill +i%e t/i"e as mu"h ,leasure. The ,leasure may de"rease e%en m&re /ith si4 m&uth!uls. T/el%e m&uth!uls mi+ht 'e un,leasant. 15 remem'er &n"e dis"&%erin+ a li!e situati&n in /hi"h t/& ,lus t/& e0ualed 2er&,1 S"&tt says. The !ree minds &! the t/enty !irst "entury "hallen+e e%erythin+ that seems sel! e%ident. They li$e t& try &n mentally di!!erent ,&ints &! %ie/. They sear"h !&r their hidden assum,ti&ns and deli+ht in 'rin+in+ them t& the sur!a"e. They are e4,erts at "han+in+ their minds. 1There are many ,e&,le 5 es,e"ially li$e 'e"ause they d& n&t share my ,&ints &! %ie/,1 Hella says. 15 en*&y tal$in+ /ith them /hen they %i+&r&usly de!end a ,&siti&n that "&ntradi"ts mine. 5 $n&/ 5 learn m&re /hen 5 !ind ,e&,le /ith ideas that "hallen+e mine.1 &he .orn+n#7 Con/erence Hella en*&ys studyin+ human relati&nshi,s. She has as$ed the C&rrelati&n Center t& indi"ate use!ul thin+s she "an d&. She has 'een a,,&inted t& a "&mmittee that is studyin+ the de+ree t& /hi"h ,ri%a"y in li%in+ areas adds &r detra"ts !r&m the human ha,,iness ,&tential. They are +atherin+ data &n /hat ,r&,&rti&ns &! the ,&,ulati&n seem t& a"hie%e ma4imum !ul!illment in th&se a,artments that &!!er ,ri%a"y %ersus th&se a,artments that are shared 'y %aryin+ num'ers &! ,e&,le. There is s&me e%iden"e that sel! sele"ted +r&u,s &! si4 ,e&,le &!!er +reater "&n%ersati&nal %ariety, in"reased %i"ari&us a,,re"iati&ns, and si+ni!i"antly enri"hed intelle"tual, estheti", and sens&ry e4,erien"es. 3ar+er +r&u,s may ha%e a de+ree &! su,er!i"iality and "&n!usi&n that has dra/'a"$s. 5t is re"&+ni2ed that i! ea"h indi%idual is t& ha%e a ma4imum &! 13i!e, 3i'erty, and the Dursuit &! Ha,,iness,1 there must 'e &,,&rtunities !r&m !ull ,ri%a"y t& !ull "&mmunity ,arti"i,ati&n in all a"ti%ities. One sh&uld 'e a'le t& "h&&se /hate%er meets his needs 'est at the time. All ,lannin+ is determined 'y the %aried and "han+in+ ,re!eren"es &! indi%iduals, n&t 'y /hat s&me&ne else thin$s is 1+&&d !&r them.1 (&th S"&tt and Hella ,lan t& "&n!er /ith their res,e"ti%e "&llea+ues &n these s"ienti!i" matters durin+ the latter ,art &! the m&rnin+. At the ,rearran+ed time the teles"reens "&me t& li!e. S"&tt in his ,&rti&n &! the r&&m and Hella in hers tal$ /ith their ass&"iates thr&u+h&ut the /&rld. A ta'le is in the !&re+r&und &! the s"reen and the ,e&,le a,,ear in the !ar !lun+ "&n!eren"e teles"reens as th&u+h seated in a semi"ir"le. At &ne ,&int in S"&ttMs "&n!eren"e it is ne"essary t& tele"&mmuni"ate /ith a s"ientist &n a s,a"e stati&n. 3ater, they need the results &! an e4,eriment &n hearin+ "&ndu"ted ei+hty years ,re%i&usly. A re0uest is made &! the C&rrelati&n Center !&r this in!&rmati&n. <ithin m&ments the data is ,resented u,&n the s"reen. The C&rrelati&n Center has re"&rded e%ery '&&$, d&"ument, and re,&rt that has e%er 'een ,reser%ed in the hist&ry &! the /&rld. This in!&rmati&nG"lassi!ied, "r&ss re!eren"ed, summari2ed, and e%aluatedGis a%aila'le at all times. The ,r&"eedin+s &! this "&n!eren"e are als& re"&rded int& the %ast mem&ry 'an$s &! the C&rrelati&n Center. A!ter their "&n!eren"es S"&tt and Hella lea%e the main li%in+ area. Their "hairs silently !&ld a/ay and retra"t int& the !l&&r. They return t& the 'al"&ny and re"line u,&n a hu+e "ir"ular sur!a"e /hi"h aut&mati"ally "&nt&urs itsel! t& their '&dies and &rients t& the m&st suita'le ,&siti&n t& a's&r' !iltered sunli+ht. The "y'ernat&r senses the m&&d &! S"&tt and Hella and immediately ,r&%ides a deli+ht!ul !ra+ran"e &! !l&/ers /ith a 'a"$+r&und &! stimulatin+ musi". S"&tt and Hella tenderly t&u"h ea"h &ther. He $isses her sh&ulders and she res,&nds. They '&th 'e+in t& 'reathe dee,ly as they en*&y a multi

dimensi&nal e4,erien"e that "ulminates in an e"stati" se4ual "lima4. As they rela4 aut&mati" units +ently massa+e their '&dies. These units d& n&t ha%e any e4tensi&ns &r ,r&*e"ti&ns. They are ele"tr&ni" means that ,r&*e"t +entle "&ntra"ti&ns int& the mus"ulature &! the '&dy. All ,&ints &! the '&dy "an 'e +ently &r !&r"e!ully massa+ed at the same time, de,endin+ u,&n the trainin+ that &ne has +i%en the "y'ernat&r that ser%es him. S"&tt and HellaMs mus"les are stimulated t& de%el&, and maintain stren+th. As the massa+e 'e"&mes +entler, it +radually lulls them t& slee,. Alth&u+h they li%e in a %&i"e a"tuated en%ir&nment desi+ned t& meet their needs, they are res&ur"e!ul, "a,a'le indi%iduals. They en*&y mus"ular a"ti%ity. Sin"e the "y'ernated ma"hines ,r&te"t them !r&m '&rin+, re,etiti%e drud+ery, they are un'urdened and hen"e a'le t& en*&y e4erti&n. They &!ten /al$ se%eral miles in ,re!eren"e t& usin+ a "y'ernated "ar. <hile S"&tt and Hella are aslee, a !riend "alls. There is n& *an+lin+ ,h&ne t& a/a$en them, !&r the sensin+ de%i"es in their en%ir&nment $n&/ they are aslee, and re,&rt this. The !riend "&mmuni"ates his messa+e t& the three dimensi&nal re"&rder, /hi"h is ,r&m,tly ,layed !&r S"&tt and Hella /hen they a/a$e. Sin"e it is ,&ssi'le t& "&mmuni"ate 0ui"$ly /ith any ,ers&n &n earth, n& matter /here he is, there is n& ,r&'lem in returnin+ the "all. They in%ited him t& dr&, 'y that e%enin+. S"&tt and Hella !eel a "&m,lete !reed&m t& e4,l&re ne/ areas &! thin$in+ and !eelin+. They /ant their %alues and interests t& "han+e s& that they may e4,erien"e a multi dimensi&nal li!e. As they see$ ne/er and dee,er areas &! !eelin+ and thin$in+, the "y'ernat&r senses these altered ,atterns and res,&nds a,,r&,riately. Just as an En+lish 'utler learned in ,re%i&us "enturies t& ,i"$ u, the m&&ds and needs &! his em,l&yers 1intuiti%ely,1 s& the "y'ernat&rs are desi+ned t& +ras, t&tally the sensiti%ities &! the ,e&,le they ser%e. They sense alm&st in ad%an"e /hat ea"h ,ers&n /ill /ant. They !urnish /hate%er "&n"ert, sym,h&ny, &r &ther ty,e &! entertainment /&uld 'est suit the need &! ea"h indi%idual they ser%e. The "y'ernat&rs ne%er determine /hat humans sh&uld ha%e &r /ant. They al/ays see$ t& ,r&%ide /hat /ill 'est meet the needs &! indi%iduals !r&m "lues +i%en 'y the ,attern &! ,ast "h&i"es. Alth&u+h S"&tt and Hella are a/are &! the !un"ti&ns &! the "y'ernat&r, they intera"t /ith it in a hi+hly im,ers&nal /ay. 5n the hidden me"hanism in the /alls, there are 'uilt in, du,li"ate ,arts that aut&mati"ally 'y,ass any de!e"ti%e units in an instant /ith&ut interru,ti&n &! ser%i"e. The li%in+ ,atterns S"&tt and Hella ,re!er "an 'e instantly trans!erred t& any &ther li%in+ unit they %isit. Their "y'ernat&r is "&nne"ted t& the C&rrelati&n Center s& that any li%in+ unit thr&u+h&ut the /&rld "an immediately re0uest instru"ti&ns &n the %ari&us ,atterns an indi%idual ,re!ers. Thus e%ery&ne in the t/enty !irst "entury !eels at h&me /here%er he isGin a s,a"e shi,, an a,artment in the Himalayas, &r a li%in+ unit at the '&tt&m &! the sea. As S"&tt &n"e e4,ressed it, 1The /&rld is my h&me.1 A 2+s+t to Su$atra #urin+ the a!tern&&n S"&tt menti&ns a ,la"e in Sumatra he had &n"e %isited. On %&i"e "&mmand, there

emanates !r&m the /alls a tele,r&*e"ti&n &! a s"ene !r&m Sumatra. As these ima+es "han+e, S"&tt and Hella e4,erien"e the smell &! the !&rest, the +reen lea%es &! the *un+le, and the animal li!e. These ,er!e"ted tele,r&*e"ti&n ima+es "an n&t 'e distin+uished !r&m the real &'*e"ts. The li%in+ area is at &n"e trans!&rmed. Han+in+ %ines and the lush tr&,i"al %e+etati&n &! the *un+les &! Sumatra a,,ear in li!e si2ed, three dimensi&nal "&l&r. (irds !ly thr&u+h their li%in+ area, and animals /al$ 'y, a,,arently /ithin rea"h &! S"&tt and Hella. They a,,ear 0uite s&lid, and &ne "an hear the !la,,in+ &! 'irdMs /in+s and the s&!t ,addin+ &! an animalMs ,a/s. The sea li!e and 'ea"hes a,,ear in !ull reality. <ith +entle 'ree2es "aressin+ their !a"es, S"&tt and Hella !eel immersed in the 'rea$in+ /a%es, and "&l&r!ul tr&,i"al !ish that surr&und them and &""asi&nally seem t& t&u"h them. 5! there is anythin+ they /ish t& see a+ain &r /ant enlar+ed, they ha%e &nly t& "&mmand the "y'ernat&r. They /at"h under/ater ,lants shimmer ,ast them and see re!le"ti&ns &! sun'eams "&min+ d&/n thr&u+h the /ater /ith irides"ent shad&/s. The ne/s"ast durin+ the late a!tern&&n 'rie!ly dis"usses si+nals re"ei%ed !r&m &utside the s&lar system. A ,arti"ularly str&n+ transmissi&n is "urrently 'ein+ m&nit&red !r&m a star s&me t/enty si4 li+ht years a/ay, near the "enter &! &ur +ala4y. A,,arently, intelli+ent 'ein+s are 'eamin+ str&n+ si+nals t&/ard earth. The lin+uisti" system has n&t 'een "ra"$ed, 'ut the "&m,uters are /&r$in+ &n it. H&/ s&&n /ill they "&nta"t &ther 'ein+s in the uni%erseL Shar+n# W+th Fr+ends T&/ard e%enin+ the "y'ernat&r alerts S"&tt that their !riends /ill 'e there s&&n. S&n*i and Jahn arri%e in a ,il&tless le%itat&r. 5t is ,r&,elled 'y hi+hly ener+i2ed i&n ,arti"les that are emitted !r&m the underside &! the "ra!t in a "&nstant stream. This ena'les it t& +& u, &r d&/n &r 'e ,r&,elled in any dire"ti&n desired. The le%itat&r is n&t a !lyin+ ma"hine. 5t d&es n&t de,end u,&n air "urrents &r any n&isy unrelia'le de%i"es su"h as ,r&,ellers, /in+s, &r ailer&ns. As it +ently ali+hts &n the 'al"&ny, the +uests a,,ear t& /al$ thr&u+h its side, !&r there are n& d&&rs, "ra"$s, &r %isi'le &,enin+s. Thr&u+h %er'al "&mmand the m&le"ular '&nd &! a ,&rti&n &! this &uter s$in yields t& ,ermit them t& lea%e. The "y'ernat&r +reets the +uests and aut&mati"ally +uides them t& the area /here they are re"ei%ed 'y S"&tt and Hella. They ma$e themsel%es "&m!&rta'le &n the res,&nsi%e !urniture. These +uests are n&t attra"ted t& S"&tt and Hella !&r in"&nse0uential "hatter &r the s&"ial "&nsum,ti&n &! al"&h&l. Jahn is en+r&ssed in re"&nstru"tin+ 'i&l&+i"al &r+anisms that r&amed the earth in the distant e&ns &! the ,ast. S&n*i is ,art &! a team de%isin+ ele"tr&ni" means t& ,r&,el rats, !lies, and &ther undesired !&rms &! li!e !r&m a !i%e mile 'elt surr&undin+ all &! the "ities &! the +l&'e. They e4"itedly e4"han+e ideas ,r&, "&n, 'a"$, and !&rth. Creat+,e Recreat+on There are many +ames /ith ,hysi"al &r intelle"tual "hallen+e !r&m /hi"h t& "h&&se. This e%enin+ S"&tt su++ests they ,lay a +ame &! 5ntelle"tr&ni"s. The three dimensi&nal, tele,r&*e"ti&n me"hanism is turned &n, and they ea+erly d&n headsets /ith sensiti%e ele"tr&ni" ,i"$u,s. The tele,r&*e"ti&n area "&mes ali%e /ith a %isual re,resentati&n &! the innerm&st !eelin+s &! ea"h indi%idual, s&me/hat similar t& the

&s"ill&s"&,e ,r&*e"ti&n &! %&"al s&unds. The s"reen is !illed /ith a three dimensi&nal, in!initely %aried s,e"trum &! "&l&r. (y intera"tin+ /ith ea"h &ther, they ma$e s,rays &! "&l&r that e4tend and dan"e in s,a"e 'e!&re them. The !&rms 'lend /ith &ne an&ther and mer+e as t&tally di!!erent and e4"itin+ ,atterns. 1<hat a n&%el th&u+htI <h& ,r&*e"ted thatL H&/ sur,risin+ that this ,r&*e"ti&n is s& similar t& mine.1 The +ame e4,l&res the innerm&st !eelin+s &! ea"h ,arti"i,ant. These ele"tr&ni" translati&ns &! the &,erati&n &! the human mind are %ery meanin+!ul t& S"&tt, Hella, and their !riends. 5! s&me&ne !r&m ,re%i&us "enturies /ere t& see them, they /&uld a,,ear a'stra"t and meanin+less. (ut t& ,e&,le /h& ha%e had years &! e4,erien"e, this ne/ ima+ery re,resents a s&,histi"ated !&rm &! "&mmuni"ati&n. S&me/hat as an ele"tr&en"e,hal&+ram &,erat&r in the t/entieth "entury inter,reted t/& dimensi&nal /a%y lines, the ,arti"i,ants &! the ne/ ima+ery are sharin+ a !&rm &! "&mmuni"ati&n, in%&l%in+ the inte+rati&n &! m&ti&n and "&l&r inter/&%en in a sym,h&ni" sens&rium. 'o$e .o,+es A!ter a ,leasant e%enin+ /ith their !riends, /hi"h has lasted until ar&und !&ur in the m&rnin+, S"&tt and Hella retire t& their slee,in+ "ham'er. Suddenly, S"&tt remem'ers s&me three dimensi&nal "&l&r re"&rdin+s he and Hella made in their slee,in+ "ham'er &n a re"ent %isit t& the m&&n. Sin"e the m&&n has &nly &ne si4th &! the +ra%itati&nal ,ull &! the earth, they /ei+hed &nly a'&ut 78 ,&unds. <ith the !ull mus"le stren+th desi+ned !&r earthMs +ra%itati&n, they /ere a'le t& intera"t se4ually /ith ea"h &ther in /ays that /&uld 'e im,&ssi'le &n earth. U,&n "&mmand the "y'ernat&r ,r&*e"ted these m&%ies &n the s"reen &! their slee,in+ "ham'er /hile S"&tt and Hella en*&y a+ain their ,re%i&us deli+hts. As the m&%ie dra/s t& a "l&se, the "y'ernat&r uses its re,ert&ire t& enhan"e the se4uality &! S"&tt and Hella. The /h&le s,e"trum &! their sensati&ns is $eyed t& this undistur'ed a"t &! l&%e. The musi" $ee,s ,a"e /ith their ,hysi&l&+i"al a"ti%ities and sensati&ns. Tem,eratures are aut&mati"ally maintained t& meet their needs. All &! their innerm&st !eelin+s are a""entuated and "& &rdinated t&/ard the +ri,,in+ "lima4. As they dri!t a/ay int& a rest!ul slee,, the "y'ernat&r /ith its th&usands &! in,uts thr&u+h&ut their entire a,artment, maintains a "&nstant sur%eillan"e &%er the /ell 'ein+ &! S"&tt and Hella. They are the ,i&neers in a ne/ a+e &! s&"ial and indi%idual sym'i&sis. 5t is an a+e in /hi"h a ,ur,&se!ul e4isten"e and a !ul!illin+ li!e is shared e0ually 'y all. 5n si4 h&urs they /ill +& t& &ne &! the !as"inatin+ under/ater a,artments 'uilt &n a "&l&r!ul E4uma ree!. They slee, dee,ly t& meet the &,,&rtunities &! an e4"itin+ t&m&rr&/.

>. A )ulti #imensi&nal 3i!e

F&r s&me time S"&tt and Hella ha%e 'een ,lannin+ t& %isit an under/ater res&rt in the E4uma 5slands in the (ahamas. The "y'ernat&r aut&mati"ally n&ti!ies the C&rrelati&n Center &! their ,lans. S"&tt and Hella ha%e n& !ren2y &! last minute ,a"$in+ t& +et ready !&r the tri,. They sim,ly lea%e /ith n&thin+ in their hands. The entire /&rld is their h&me, and they ha%e n& need t& ta$e anythin+ /ith them. F&&d and drin$ /ill 'e a%aila'le in the air"ra!t. Tra%ellers in ,re%i&us times /ere hea%ily 'urdened 'y 'a++a+e, 'ut

anythin+ S"&tt and Hella need /ill 'e a%aila'le /here%er they +&. Their im,&rtant ,a,ers, ,h&t&+ra,hs and mement&s are !ed int& the C&rrelati&n Center. They "an 'e instantly retrie%ed any time &r any ,la"e in the /&rld. S&&n retrie%al &n the m&&n /ill 'e ,&ssi'le. On HellaMs "&mmand the "y'ernat&r "alls !&r a .,888 mile ,er h&ur i&n ,r&,elled "ra!t. <ithin minutes the ,il&tless "ra!t st&,s &n the landin+ area &n t&, &! their a,artment 'uildin+. They enter and 'y %&"al "&mmand +i%e "&ded dire"ti&ns !&r the a,artments in the E4umas. As the "ra!t ra"es at su,ers&ni" s,eed &%er the hi+hest "l&uds, S"&tt and Hella rela4 in "&nt&ur "hairs and /at"h the un!&ldin+ ,an&rama &! the "l&ud !&rmati&ns. 1Cl&uds are li$e hy,&theses,1 muses S"&tt. 1TheyMre al/ays "han+in+.1 15 !ind "han+e e4"itin+,1 Hella re!le"ts. 15 /&uldnMt /ant t& li%e in a stati" s&"iety, /here thin+s are re+arded as a's&lute and !inal.1 1<ell, 5 /as thin$in+ &! the /ay men "&n!used their n&ti&ns &! the /&rld /ith reality,1 says S"&tt. 1<e $n&/ t&day that n& the&ries are true &r !alseGthey are &nly m&re &r less use!ul. They ha%e m&re &r less ,redi"ta'ility.1 1#idnMt Einstein re"&+ni2e this in his The&ry &! Relati%ityL1 as$s Hella. 1E4a"tly,1 says S"&tt. 1Alth&u+h it /as !ully a""e,ted 'y s"ientists, he ne%er said it /as Mtrue.M He sim,ly su++ested that /e use it i! it has +reater ,redi"ta'ility than anythin+ else. <eMll thr&/ it &ut i! /e "an de%ise a the&ry that e4,lains m&re !a"ts and has +reater ,redi"ta'ility.1 1<e "an &nly use &ur "reati%e ima+inati&n t& thin$ u, ideas and hy,&theses,1 adds Hella, 1and then /e must 0uietly measure and e4,eriment t& see /hi"h %er'al +arment 'est "l&thes the /&rld ar&und us. 5tMs a ne%er endin+ ,r&"ess.1 As they lie &n a res,&nsi%e l&un+e dis"ussin+ this as,e"t &! s"ienti!i" meth&d&l&+y, they are 'r&u+ht 'a"$ t& the here and n&/ 'y the ten minute landin+ si+nal. N&/ they 'e+in t& /at"h the /ater 'el&/. The "&ast &! Fl&rida /ith its sil%er linin+ &! 'ea"hes re"edes. The %i'rant "&l&rs &! the (ahama ree!s a,,ear, and, alm&st t&& s&&n, they arri%e at their E4uma res&rt. The 'lue +reen ,an&rama is interru,ted as their "ra!t lands &n the t&, &! the E4uma City in the Sea. This 'uildin+ is a s,e"ta"ular en+ineerin+ a"hie%ement. A lar+e rin+, &r "ir"ular dam, rises !r&m the '&tt&m &! the sea, /hi"h is !i!ty !eet dee, at that ,&int. The stru"ture ,r&*e"ts .88 !eet a'&%e the sur!a"e. The t&, &! the "ir"ular "ity aut&mati"ally slides &,en in dry /eather t& un"&%er "y'erneti"ally maintained re"reati&n areas and tr&,i"al +ardens /ith dinin+ !a"ilities &!!erin+ a %ariety &! deli"a"ies !r&m the E4uma S&und. S"&tt and Hella sele"t a r&&m that is t/enty !i%e !eet 'el&/ the sur!a"e. 3ar+e /ind&/s l&&$ &ut &n the "&l&r!ul under/ater ree!. <hen they enter their r&&m, they instru"t the "y'ernat&r !&r that unit t& ,i"$ u, the li%in+ ,atterns they ha%e de%el&,ed &%er the years /ith &ther "y'ernat&rs in e%ery ,la"e they ha%e e%er li%ed. Their ,re!eren"e !&r humidity, heat, li+ht, musi", !&&d, and tele,r&*e"ti&n ,r&+ram material are instantly a%aila'le in their ne/ h&me.

No %r+ce &a#s N&thin+ in the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld &! S"&tt and Hella has a ,ri"e ta+. Dri"es /ere a distri'uti&n me"hanism that /as ine%ita'le in the s"ar"ity "ultures &! ,re%i&us "enturies. The "y'ernated ,r&du"ti&n and distri'uti&n "&m,le4 &! the t/enty !irst "entury is "a,a'le &! ,r&du"in+ many times the !l&/ &! +&&ds and ser%i"es that ,e&,le &! the /&rld re0uire. The aut&mated ,r&du"ti&n "a,a"ity is s& +reat that i! e%ery&ne &n the earth /ere suddenly t& &rder a ,&rta'le tele,r&*e"ti&n set, su"h an unli$ely demand "&uld easily 'e met /ith &nly a sh&rt delay. 5n "ertain areas, h&/e%er, there is a small 1"&st1 t& 'e ,aid, alth&u+h neither S"&tt n&r Hella thin$s &! it in these anti0uated t/entieth "entury terms. They $n&/ that this under/ater "&m,le4 /ith C,888 a,artments re0uires a "&ntinu&us sta!! &! three ,e&,le t& &,erate it. Sin"e there is n&t a sin+le ,aid em,l&yee in the entire t/enty !irst "entury /&rld, they $n&/ in ad%an"e that they may 'e e4,e"ted t& "&ntri'ute an h&ur &! their time !&r ea"h m&nth they stay. They l&&$ !&r/ard t& "&ntri'utin+ this ser%i"e, !&r it !urnishes them /ith ne/ e4,erien"es. All *&'s in%&l%in+ drud+ery ha%e l&n+ sin"e 'een "y'ernated s& they $n&/ they /ill n&t 'e as$ed t& s"ru' !l&&rs &r ,er!&rm '&rin+ menial tas$s. They /ill ,r&'a'ly stand 'y t& hel, in any /ay they are needed. <hate%er they may 'e re0uired t& d&, they $n&/ it /ill ,r&'a'ly 'e interestin+, i! n&t "hallen+in+. S&&n a!ter arri%in+, they attend a &ne h&ur tele,r&*e"ti&n that +i%es in!&rmati&n &n the under/ater "&m,le4. 5t sh&/s s&me &! the m&re ,&,ular ty,es &! a"ti%ities: it &utlines dan+ers and su++ests "ertain ,re"auti&ns: it tells /here and h&/ t& use under/ater 'reathin+ a,,aratus and /here t& ,i"$ u, their su' m&'ile. 5t l&"ates the %ari&us under/ater ,ar$s that are /ithin a three h&ur ran+e &! their su'm&'ile and sh&/s h&/ t& use a s,e"ial "&m,uter t& "&mmuni"ate /ith the intelli+ent, trained d&l,hins and &ther animals in the sea. There are dem&nstrati&ns &! under/ater ,h&t&+ra,hy and the use &! ultras&ni"ally ,r&,elled /ater s$is. The tele,r&*e"ti&n des"ri'es the ma+neti" !ield set u, in the /ater &n the n&rth side &! the 'uildin+. Fish line u, and s/im t&/ard the ,&siti%e and ne+ati%e ,&les &! this ele"tri"al !ield. Dulses &! hi+h %&lta+e herd them in +r&u,s t&/ard a lar+e !unnel that su"$s them int& the "y'ernated ,r&"essin+ ,lant. A0uati" ,lants are als& +r&/n in under/ater !ields, and the t&,s are har%ested aut&mati"ally, lea%in+ the r&&ts and l&/er third &! the ,lant t& +r&/ a ne/ "r&, /ith&ut re,lantin+. 5n %ari&us ,la"es thr&u+h&ut the /&rld, l&"al traditi&ns &!ten su,,lement the H7A %arieties &! !&&d re+arded as standard. <hen the tele,r&*e"ti&n is &%er, S"&tt and Hella ,i"$ u, their hand'&&$ and '&ard the under/ater si+htseein+ "ra!t that ta$es them &n a ninety si4 mile t&ur &! this "&l&r!ul ree! area. They !re0uently lea%e the su'm&'ile and use their mem'rane mas$s t& e4,l&re under/ater "a%es and +r&tt&s. &he 'u$an )se o/ &+$e That e%enin+ S"&tt and Hella *&in se%eral men and /&men /h& are dis"ussin+ s&me &! the ,r&'lems &!

the ,re%i&us "entury. N& intr&du"ti&n is e%er needed in the ne/ /&rld. E%ery&ne !eels &ut+&in+ and !riendly t&/ard his !ell&/ man. The need !&r intr&du"ti&n in ,re%i&us "enturies &!ten ser%ed as a status shield that maintained distan"e 'et/een ,e&,le. )yra, a ,etite 'l&nde, is standin+ /ith her 'a"$ t& a lar+e su'marine /ind&/. She is the "enter &! attenti&n as she dis"usses the "&n"ern &! their an"est&rs &%er the ,r&'lem &! /hat ,e&,le /&uld d& /ith their li%es /hen they didnMt ha%e t& /&r$. <ith %i%a"i&us m&%ements she des"ri'es the d&ur ,redi"ti&ns &! the 1em,tiness &! t&& mu"h leisure.1 5n a "i%ili2ati&n &! s"ar"ity, it /as "ust&mary !&r ,e&,le t& e4,e"t a li!e &! unremittin+ t&il and t& de%el&, 1/isd&m1 'ased &n this reality. 15! all the year /ere ,layin+ h&lidays, t& s,&rt /&uld 'e as tedi&us as t& /&r$,1 S"&tt says /ith a smile, 0u&tin+ !r&m Sha$es,eare. Anna, /h& is dryin+ her hair /ith an air *et, remar$s, 1Hist&rian Th&mas Carlyle /arned that Ma li!e &! ease is n&t +&&d !&r any man, n&r !&r any +&d.M The !&l$l&re &! the ,ast /as !ull &! su"h adm&niti&ns as, M5dle hands are the #e%ilMs t&&ls and idle minds, his /&r$sh&,.M Our an"est&rs ,r&!essed t& ha%e !aith in humanity, yet they didnMt trust ,e&,le t& dire"t their &/n li%es.1 1H&/ in"redi'le,1 says #aryl, 1that humans "&uld 'e s& "&nditi&ned that they /&uld !eel +uilty i! they /ere n&t en+a+ed in re,etiti%e t&il.1 He am'les &%er t& the /ind&/ t& *&in )yra. 1<hy sh&uld ,e&,le e%er !eel +uilty a'&ut anythin+L1 1S&me/here ar&und the mid t/entieth "entury,1 says Hella, 15 re"all that the Center !&r the Study &! #em&"rati" 5nstituti&ns /as studyin+ the ,r&'lem &! /hat ,e&,le /&uld d& /ith their s,are time /hen they /ere n& l&n+er ensla%ed 'y the need t& /&r$ !&r a /ee$ly ,ay "he"$. They in%ited #aniel Nu+ent, /h& li%ed &n a hillt&, near'y, t& &ne &! their /ee$ly "&n!eren"es. Nu+ent had &/ned a lar+e de,artment st&re in St. 3&uis, and he s&ld it &ut in .>.? /hen he /as &nly t/enty se%en. He retired in Santa (ar'ara and s,ent his days readin+, studyin+, thin$in+, en*&yin+ the l&%eliness ar&und him, and usin+ his m&ney t& hel, ,e&,le. One 'y &ne the sta!! mem'ers in the "&n!eren"e r&&m dis"ussed the ,r&'lems &! /hat t& d& /ith leisure time in a /&rld /ith&ut /&r$. M<hat /ill ha,,en /hen menMs and /&menMs li%es are n&t stru"tured !&r themL Can they ma$e their &/n de"isi&nsL Can they use their &/n res&ur"es t& 'uild a /&rth/hile li!eLM Nu+ent sat there listenin+ !&r a l&n+ /hile 'e!&re he str&n+ly ,r&tested, MFentlemen, 5 mysel! ha%e n&t 'een +ain!ully em,l&yed !&r s&me CA yearsGand 5 assure y&u there are n&t en&u+h h&urs in the day.M 1 1Nu+ent /as a smart man,1 &'ser%es &ne &! the &lder men in the +r&u,. 1He ,ut his !in+er &n &ur real ,r&'lem. Our li%es are *ust n&t l&n+ en&u+h in s,ite &! the redu"ed time n&/ needed !&r slee,in+. 5t is im,&ssi'le !&r any indi%idual t& e4,erien"e e%en &ne th&usandth &! the /&rld that /e ha%e t&day. And all &! &ur h&ri2&ns are "&nstantly e4,andin+ s& that as "i%ili2ati&n +&es &n, it seems that the indi%idual "an e4,erien"e less and less &! it.1 15 a+ree,1 Hella res,&nds. 1Th&mas Edis&n said, MThe st&ma"h is the &nly ,art &! a man /hi"h "an 'e !ully satis!ied. The yearnin+ &! manMs 'rain !&r ne/ $n&/led+e and e4,erien"e . . . "an ne%er 'e "&m,letely met.M Derha,s i! /e "&uld li%e .8,888,888 years /e mi+ht !ind li!e '&rin+. (ut Nu+ent /as ri+htGthat "ertainly is n&t &ur ,r&'lem t&dayI1

E%ery&ne lau+hs at this last remar$. Ama2in+ h&/ ,e&,le "an +et /&r$ed u, &%er ,r&'lems that d&nMt e%en e4istI No 5urdenso$e %ossess+ons A!ter three /ee$s S"&tt and Hella reali2e they "ann&t lea%e s&&n. S& many 'eauties, uni0ue !eelin+s, th&u+hts. Derha,s si4 m&nths, ,erha,s a year /&uld 'e en&u+h. H&/ "&uld &ne de"ide in ad%an"eL They n&ti!y Central C&rrelati&n that they ,lan t& remain here inde!initely. All "&n!eren"e "alls and &ther "&mmuni"ati&ns are t& "&ntinue t& "&me t& the E4umas, !&r they ha%e "an"elled their ,lans t& return. They as$ the C&rrelati&n Center t& ma$e their a,artment a%aila'le t& &ther ,e&,le. This is n& ,r&'lem, !&r S"&tt and Hella le!t n& ,ers&nal ,&ssessi&ns there. 5n !a"t, they ha%e !e/ 1,ers&nal1 ,&ssessi&ns. <hate%er they /ant t& use is a%aila'le in any en%ir&nment &n earth. The entire "&n"e,t &! ,ers&nal ,&ssessi&ns 'el&n+s t& the &ld s"ar"ity s&"ieties. 5t isnMt that S"&tt and Hella are !&r'idden t& ha%e them. They d&nMt /ant them. They ha%e n& need !&r them. All &! the thin+s that ,e&,le &! ,re%i&us s&"ieties used and /hi"h are still !un"ti&nal in the t/enty !irst "entury are stru"tured int& the en%ir&nment. Su,,&se s&me&ne /ere t& tell S"&tt, 1Here is a ,en. 5t 'el&n+s t& y&u. Y&u must ta$e "are &! it and n&t let any&ne ta$e it a/ay !r&m y&u /hen y&uMre n&t l&&$in+.1 S"&tt /&uld +i%e him a /hatMs +&in+ &n here rea"ti&n. (esides, he has relati%ely little need t& ma$e mar$s &n ,ie"es &! ,a,er, !&r he "an tal$ int& the "y'ernat&r, and his /&rds /ill 'e aut&mati"ally re"&rded &r ,rinted. The !in+er si2ed "&m,uter em'edded in S"&ttMs 'rain has sens&ry in,uts that ,ermit dra/in+ 'y means &! th&u+ht. 5! he /ants t& $ee, a "&,y &! su"h a dra/in+, he instru"ts the "y'ernat&r t& ma$e a "&,y &r t& st&re the ima+e he has "reated /ith his th&u+ht ,atterns. Anythin+ S"&tt and Hella /ant "an 'e ra,idly ,r&du"ed t& their ,ers&nal s,e"i!i"ati&ns and usually deli%ered in se%eral h&urs, n& matter /here they areG&n the earth, 'el&/ the earth, &r in the satellites a'&%e the earth. They /&uld re+ard it as an im,&siti&n i! they had t& re+ard "ertain thin+s as their &/nG t& $ee, tra"$ &! them, t& ta$e them /here they +& s& that they /&uld ha%e them a%aila'le /hen needed, t& ma$e sure that they are ,r&,erly ser%i"ed and in +&&d /&r$in+ &rder. <hat a "rude '&therI 5n "&ntrast, S"&tt and Hella ha%e e%erythin+ they need any/here &n earth. They are ne%er "&n"erned /ith ta$in+ "are &! any ,hysi"al &'*e"ts, !&r maintenan"e is "y'ernated. 1The &ld "&n"e,t &! &/nershi, s&unds utterly 'ar'ari",1 S"&tt &n"e &'ser%ed. 15tMs 'urdens&me and '&rin+.1 Art+st+c (8*ress+on Is a %art o/ L+,+n# S"&tt and Hella !ind themsel%es dee,ly m&%ed 'y the "&l&r &! the ree!s and /aters, the sa%a+e 'rutality &! the m&re a++ressi%e !ish, and the +ra"e!ul m&ti&n &! the marine ,lants and animals. <hile Hella is %isitin+ the &'ser%ati&n de"$ hi+h a'&%e the E4uma S&und, she has a desire t& e4,ress her !eelin+s in a three dimensi&nal ,aintin+. She tells the "y'ernat&r &! her /ish t& ,aint and /al$s &%er t& a three 'y !&ur !&&t ,anel. She ,i"$s u, a li+ht/ei+ht instrument a'&ut three times the si2e &! a ,en. Thr&u+h "&ntr&llin+ the

ad*ustment &n this instrument, she is a'le t& ,r&du"e any "&l&r, &r mi4ture &! "&l&r, desired. Just as a slidin+ tr&m'&ne "an ,r&du"e +raduati&ns &! ,it"h, s& her ele"tr&ni" 'rush "an ,r&du"e a th&usand di!!erent hues and tints. Fine lines are dra/n 'y h&ldin+ it "l&se t& the s"reen. (r&ad lines are made 'y ,ullin+ it 'a"$. The ,en "an ,aint a !lat, t/& dimensi&nal ,i"ture, &r it "an 'uild u, the material int& any three dimensi&nal ,attern desired. 5! Hella is dissatis!ied /ith her /&r$ and /ishes t& start &%er, she has &nly t& indi"ate s&, and the "y'ernat&r /ill ele"tr&ni"ally erase it. <hen Hella is thr&u+h /ith her ,aintin+, she instru"ts the "y'ernat&r t& re"&rd it. 5! she es,e"ially li$es it, she /ill &rder the "y'ernat&r t& transmit it t& the C&rrelati&n Center. S"&tt has a ,arti"ular talent in s"ul,ture, and he is ins,ired 'y the li%in+ !&rms surr&undin+ him in the (ahamian /aters. (y usin+ an ele"tr&!&rmer, he is a'le t& ,r&du"e s"ul,ture that in ,re%i&us "enturies mi+ht ha%e in%&l%ed days &! ha"$in+ a/ay at /&&d &r st&ne. <hen he is satis!ied /ith &ne &! his ,r&du"ti&ns, he &rders the "y'ernat&r t& send it t& the C&rrelati&n Center. The ,hysi"al stru"ture &! the s"ul,ture is n&t m&%ed, 'ut thr&u+h ele"tr&ni" s"annin+ its "&nt&urs and "&l&rs are re"&rded and transmitted. The C&rrelati&n Center s"hedules the e4hi'iti&n &! ,aintin+s and s"ul,tures. Thr&u+h three dimensi&nal tele,r&*e"ti&n S"&ttMs s"ul,ture /ill ,r&'a'ly a,,ear !&r ten minute inter%als in se%eral a,artments, /al$/ay areas, and resear"h la'&rat&ries durin+ the ne4t /ee$. The de+ree t& /hi"h it /ill a,,ear a+ain in &ther areas &! the /&rld and /hether it /ill e%er 'e sh&/n at a Cultural Center de,ends &n the am&unt &! attenti&n it re"ei%es as re"&rded aut&mati"ally 'y attenti&n s"anners. 5! S"&tt &r Hella /ere "uri&us re+ardin+ the !ate &! their "reati&ns, they "&uld as$ their "y'ernat&r t& re0uest that in!&rmati&n !r&m the C&rrelati&n Center. They d& n&t, h&/e%er, ,r&du"e these "reati&ns !&r the e+& satis!a"ti&n &! e4hi'itin+ them t& &thers. They ma$e them !&r their &/n ,leasure. They "reate them 'e"ause they ha%e an inside need t& e4,ress themsel%es. They ,r&du"e them !&r the satis!a"ti&n &! de%el&,in+ their artisti" talents t& a hi+her le%el. <hether any&ne else in the /&rld li$es &r disli$es their art is &! little "&n"ern. Their main reas&n !&r transmittin+ their 'etter ,r&du"ts t& the C&rrelati&n Center is t& share /ith &thers s&methin+ they !eel /&uld add sli+htly t& the li%es &! !ell&/ humans.

&he Ach+e,e$ent o/ L+berty That e%enin+ S"&tt and Hella *&in a +r&u, attra"ted 'y the ,an&rama seen thr&u+h a trans,arent /all !i!ty !eet under /ater. They are immersed in a li%in+ sym,h&ny &! !ish and ,lant li!e. As they s&a$ u, the details &! this 'rilliantly lit se"ti&n &! the ree!, they ha%e dee,er insi+hts int& their "ultural herita+e. They /at"h the /anderin+s &! a small shrim, as it s"ans its en%ir&nment !&r !&&d. Suddenly a sna,,er darts ,ast, &,ens its *a/sGand /ha"$I The shrim, is n& m&re. OneMs attenti&n is arrested 'y the +ra"e!ul "& &rdinati&n &! the ei+ht arms &! a small s0uid. Suddenly a *a"$ "&mes al&n+ and +ra's it in the middle. The arms !lail hel,lessly ar&und the m&uth &! the *a"$. Then the *a"$ is atta"$ed 'y a 'arra"uda, and the s0uid is immediately dr&,,ed as the *a"$ !lees !&r its li!e. The 'arra"uda rea"hes d&/n and +ra's the n&/ in*ured s0uid /ith its shar, teeth. 5n three sha$es it is de%&ured. S"&tt and Hella are im,ressed 'y the !er&"ity &! li!e in the marine *un+leGthe "ruel /&r$in+s &! the sur%i%al &! the !ittest, the ine%ita'le "&n!li"t that is 'r&u+ht &n 'y s"ar"ity. 1(lessed are the mee$,1 S"&tt 0u&tes. 1(ut the mee$ may n&t sur%i%e in the *un+le. 5! animals &r ,e&,le

ha%e t& !i+ht ea"h &ther t& +et /hat they need, they 'e"&me 'rutal. They ha%e t& 'e "all&us and heartless Git /&uld tear them a,art i! they em,athi2ed /ith the ,ain &! &thers.1 1H&/ inde'ted /e are t& &ur an"est&rs !&r /&r$in+ thr&u+h th&se ,rimiti%e sta+es s& /e "an at last li%e as human 'ein+s,1 remar$s Hella as she /at"hes a ,lay!ul ser+eant ma*&r dartin+ ar&und a la%ender tinted lettu"e "&ral. 1They had the illusi&n &! !reed&mG/e ha%e real !reed&m.1 1Only re"ently ha%e /e 'een really !ree &! the a+e &ld ruts and r&utines,1 S"&tt "&ntinues. 1Free !r&m e"&n&mi" stru++le, !r&m a++ressi%eness in a milli&n !&rms, !r&m "&nstant e+& atta"$, and !r&m al/ays 'ein+ t&ld /hat t& d&. E%en /hen &ur an"est&rs had en&u+h !&&d in their st&ma"hs and had a r&&! &%er their heads, there /as still a s"ar"ity &! l&%e, a!!e"ti&n, and em&ti&nal se"urity t& meet their e+& needs.1 1Yes,1 adds Hella, 1and ,re%i&us s&"ieties had intri"ate /ays &! +i%in+ status t& ,e&,le that ena'led them t& &ne u, the &ther !ell&/Gt& try t& +et a !eelin+ &! /&rth 'y sh&/in+ that they /ere 'etter in s&me /ays than &ther !ell&/ humans.1 15 su,,&se m&st &! the ,r&'lem re%&l%ed ar&und s"ar"ity,1 says S"&tt. 1De&,le must !eel se"ure t& +i%e dee,ly t& &thers.1 1They tried t& +et se"urity 'y ,assin+ la/s,1 Hella smiles. 15 understand that in ,re%i&us "enturies th&usands &! la/s /ere ,assed ea"h year tellin+ ,e&,le /hat they "&uld and "&uld n&t d&.1 15tMs 'een years sin"e ta'&&s &r la/s /ere !&r"ed 'y s&"iety &n the indi%idual,1 S"&tt says. 1Dre%i&us "ultures used t& la'el %ari&us thin+s as ri+ht &r /r&n+, +&&d &r 'ad, m&ral &r imm&ral, la/!ul &r unla/!ul. These thin+s s&metimes "han+ed !r&m &ne state t& an&ther, !r&m &ne "&untry t& an&ther, and "ertainly !r&m &ne "ulture t& an&ther.1 1<e sh&uldnMt 'e t&& ,r&ud,1 adm&nishes Hella. 15t /as &nly t/& de"ades a+& that /e /ere a'le t& dis,ense /ith the last la/, the last la/yer, and the last "&urtr&&m. Only in &ur a+e "&uld /e 'e sure that human 'ein+s "&uld 'e !ully trusted i! they are reared in /ays that a%&id h&stile "&nditi&nin+. Ha,,y, !ul!illed ,e&,le ne%er "&mmit "rimesI1 15Mm n&t sure that itMs all a matter &! trustin+ ,e&,le,1 "&unters S"&tt. 15Mm n&t sure 5 "&uld 'e trusted n&t t& harm mysel! &r s&me&ne else i! 5 /ere ,ut int& &ne &! the aut&m&'iles &! the last "entury. <eM%e used te"hn&l&+y t& a%&id hurtin+ &ursel%es &r &thers. Try t& ima+ine, Hella. They had n& aut&mati" "&ntr&ls. They s,ed al&n+ th&se narr&/ hi+h/ays. The death rate /as h&rri'le, the in*uries e%en /&rse. 5n the United States aut& a""idents $illed m&re ,e&,le ea"h year than their /arsI This slau+hter /as s& unne"essary. 5tMs 'een de"ades sin"e &ne &! &ur sur!a"e trans,&rtati&n units in*ured any&ne.1 1The a%aila'ility &! the medium ran+e air"ra!t that /e used t& "&me here /as shel%ed !&r !&ur years until ,r&4imity "&ntr&l de%i"es /ere ,er!e"ted,1 says Hella. 1This sa!ety system redu"es the ,r&'a'ility &! a "rash t& less than &ne "han"e in si4 trilli&n miles. The dan+er &! a "rash is m&re rem&te than 'ein+ hit 'y li+htnin+.1 1Yes, 5 remem'er readin+ a'&ut the ,r&'a'ilities &! a "rash &n the name,late as /e entered the "ra!t,1 ans/ers S"&tt. 1ThereMs n& M(i+ (r&therM ma$in+ de"isi&ns !&r us. <eMre +i%en the !a"ts and ,r&'a'ilities,

and /e ma$e &ur &/n "h&i"es.1 1<at"hin+ th&se !ish &ut there,1 says Hella, 1ma$es me reali2e h&/ !ar man has "&me. <e "an truly 'e &ursel%esGthin$ /hat /e /ant, !eel /hat /e /ant, e4,erien"e /hat /e /antG/ith&ut hurtin+ &ther ,e&,le.1 &r+* to an )nder!ater %ar The ne4t m&rnin+ S"&tt and Hella ta$e &ne &! the su'm&'iles and na%i+ate t& an under/ater ,ar$ a'&ut t/enty miles a/ay. On the /ay they see the !&rms &! many /re"$ed shi,s, n&/ dee,ly en"rusted /ith "&ral. They ,lay ta+ /ith a d&l,hin !&r a /hile. 5n their lar+e 'u''le en"l&sure in the !&r/ard ,art &! the su' m&'ile, they ha%e !ull %isi'ility. (uilt in tele%ised 'in&"ulars /ith mi"r&%ie/ers ena'les them t& e4amine marine li!e in detail. They "all the C&rrelati&n Center %ia relay satellite and re0uest a summary &! the s"ienti!i" /&r$ n&/ 'ein+ d&ne in &"ean&+ra,hy. A 'rie!in+ $eyed t& their intermediate le%el &! understandin+ is +i%en t& them as they near the under/ater ,ar$. 5n the ,ar$ they !ind &ther su'm&'iles. S"&tt and Hella ha%in+ their under/ater 'reathin+ mem'rane &n, sli, their !eet int& sel! ,r&,elled !ins, ad*ust their %&i"e "&mmuni"at&rs, and e4it thr&u+h the air l&"$. F&r h&urs they e4,l&re the marine +ardens and ma$e three dimensi&nal tele,r&*e"ti&ns /ith their laser "ameras. They stay t&+ether s& that they "an hel, ea"h &ther in "ase &! emer+en"y. Trained ,&r,&ises are there t& assist i! needed. On the /ay 'a"$ !r&m the ,ar$, S"&tt and Hella dire"t their su'm&'ile t& na%i+ate aut&mati"ally. He hel,s her rem&%e her !ins and 'reathin+ mem'rane. Caressin+ her ear /ith his li,s, he ,eels her under/ater suit !r&m her '&dy. <ith a $n&/in+ smile she turns and sees that he has already rem&%ed his +ear. A /&rd t& the "y'ernat&r 'rin+s !&rth sensu&us musi" /ith str&n+ re,etiti%e rhythms. She shares his m&untin+ e4"itement. Co$*et+n# !+th Onese"/ S"&tt and Hella still !eel e4u'erantly ener+eti" e%en a!ter the under/ater tri,. They de"ide t& ,lay a +ame that /as ada,ted !r&m ,in+ ,&n+ &! the ,re%i&us "entury. The net, the ta'le, the 'all, and the ,addles are alm&st un"han+ed. Their ad%ersary, h&/e%er, is %ery di!!erent, !&r S"&tt and Hella ,lay &n the same side &! the ta'le as ,artners a+ainst a me"hani"al ,addle dire"ted 'y a "&m,uter. This "&m,uter has sensin+ de%i"es /hi"h ena'le it t& *ud+e the dire"ti&n and s,eed &! e%ery 'all returned &%er the net. Alth&u+h the "&m,uter is a'le t& return e%ery 'all /ith .88 ,er "ent a""ura"y, it d&es n&t d& s&. The C&rrelati&n Center has a re"&rd &! e%ery time S"&tt and Hella ha%e ,layed this +ame as a team, and it has esta'lished a n&rm !&r them. At this time the n&rm !&r the ,re"edin+ year indi"ates that S"&tt and Hella returned @A.>?,er "ent &! the ,in+ ,&n+ 'alls that /ere dire"ted t& them /ith an a%era+e s,eed &! -.-7, as measured &n a .8 ,&int s"ale. The "&m,uter ,lays a +ame a+ainst S"&tt and Hella that re,resents a s$ill e4a"tly e0ual t& the a%era+e &! all the +ames that they ha%e ,layed durin+ the ,re"edin+ year. 5! S"&tt /&uld /ant t& ,lay al&ne, a di!!erent set &! re"&rds maintained 'y the C&rrelati&n Center /&uld ena'le the "&m,uter t& ,ut u, a +ame a+ainst him that /&uld 'e e4a"tly e0ual t& his a%era+e ,er!&rman"e. S"&tt and Hella are thus a'le t& ,lay as a teamGa+ainst themsel%es as a team. 5! they are in +&&d sha,e

t&day, they /ill /in. 5! they are n&t, they /ill l&se. Either /ay they /in, !&r n& matter h&/ the +ame "&mes &ut, they !eel +&&d. They ha%e a l&t &! !un lau+hin+ and tryin+ t& !i+ure &ut h&/ t& +et ar&und the "&m,uter. They en*&y "&m,etin+ a+ainst themsel%es. They /&uld !ind it re,ulsi%e t& "&m,ete a+ainst ea"h &ther. Su"h a 'attle /&uld ,r&%e n&thin+. 5t "&uld &nly 'e dama+in+ in s&me sli+ht /ay. 5! they "&m,ete a+ainst their ,ast ,er!&rman"e, they "an tell i! they are im,r&%in+. #urin+ the e%enin+ S"&tt re"lines in the massa+in+ "&nt&ur "hair in his under/ater a,artment. The 1'ay /ind&/1 is illuminated s& that &""asi&nally he l&&$s &ut t& see i! anythin+ is ha,,enin+ &n the ree!. As he lies rela4ed in his "hair, he /at"hes a s"reen that is an+led a'&%e him /here the ,ara+ra,hs &! a '&&$ !lash 'y. S"&ttMs usual readin+ ,a"e is 77,888 /&rds ,er minute, 'ut he has sl&/ed d&/n t& -,888 /&rds 'e"ause he en*&ys the lan+u&r&us intermi4in+ &! the a'stra"t th&u+hts &! the '&&$ /ith the "&l&r!ul under/ater /&rld 'ey&nd his /ind&/. Suddenly, he has an interestin+ idea; "&uld a ran+e emitter 'e desi+ned that /&uld re,el shar$s, 'arra"uda, m&ray eels, and &ther marine animals that "&uld endan+er s/immin+L He /&nders i! this "&uld 'e 'uilt int& a li+ht/ei+ht 'elt !&r under/ater use. He immediately "alls Central C&rrelati&n and +i%es his th&u+hts in detail. Central C&rrelati&n then sends this in!&rmati&n t& men and /&men /h& are interested in this area. They /ill ,r&'a'ly ha%e a tele,r&*e"ti&n "&n!eren"e s&metime in the ne4t /ee$ &r t/& t& dis"uss it. &he D+sar$a$ent Ann+,ersary That e%enin+ there is a /&rld /ide "erem&ny s"heduled 'y the C&rrelati&n Center. This mar$s the ei+hty se"&nd anni%ersary &! the date /hen the last instrument &! death /as destr&yed. Dre%i&us "ultures de%el&,ed a l&n+ ,r&+ressi&n &! t&&ls desi+ned t& $ill !ell&/ human 'ein+s. 5t started /ith the "a%e man and his "lu'. 5t ended /ith an ultimate /ea,&n that "&uld /i,e &ut all li!e in an instant. S"&tt at &ne time %isited a museum and /as a,,alled that human s"ien"e and in+enuity "&uld ha%e 'een a,,lied in su"h sel! destru"ti%e /ays. He /as ama2ed that humans "&uld ha%e 'een that h&stile t&/ard ea"h &ther. (ut he reali2ed that he sh&uld n&t *ud+e &ther ,e&,le and &ther "i%ili2ati&ns, !&r they had ,r&'lems &! /hi"h he /as &nly dimly a/are. He $ne/ that had he li%ed in ,re%i&us times, he ,r&'a'ly /&uld ha%e ,layed a ,art in ,il&tin+ an air,lane t& dr&, a '&m' &r in rushin+ u, a hill /ith a +un in his hand t& $ill the de!enders at the t&,. N& &ne t&day /ants instruments !&r $illin+. 5n the areas /here /ildli!e e4ists, man !inds n& need t& $ill animals. He ,r&te"ts himsel! 'y usin+ "&m,uters that "&mmuni"ate /ith animals in /ays that "&ntr&l their 'eha%i&r. H&/ remar$a'le human 'ein+s are, a!ter all, S"&tt thin$s. De&,le in the ,ast "&uld li%e in a threatenin+ /&rld su'*e"t t& 'ein+ $illed at any minute at the /him &! a di"tat&r in a !&rei+n "&untry. And yet they still mana+ed t& ma$e a li!e &! it and "&me thr&u+h it t& de%el&, the ,resent "i%ili2ati&n. S"&tt /&nders /hether his ner%es "&uld ha%e /ithst&&d this ty,e &! ,ressure. <&uld he, t&&, ha%e de%el&,ed the neur&ti" ,ers&nality, the dee, inse"urities, h&stile a++ressi%eness, h&ll&/ness &! e+&, and the s"ram'le !&r a !eelin+ &! /&rth that "hara"teri2ed his an"est&rsL He is sure he /&uld ha%e in ,re%i&us times. F&rtunately, these are &nly /&rds t& him n&/. 5t is e%en di!!i"ult !&r him t& 'e sure that he is usin+ them in

a /ay that re,resents the !eelin+s &! ,e&,le /h& used the same /&rds in ,re%i&us "enturies. Our On"y (ne$y That e%enin+ S"&tt and Hella !ind a +r&u, in !r&nt &! the lar+e su'marine /ind&/ at the thirty !&&t le%el. They ha%e reas&n t& ,&nder the l&n+ r&ad ahead &! them. The C&rrelati&n Center re"ently released their !i+ures sh&/in+ the de+ree t& /hi"h humans are "urrently de%el&,in+ their intelle"tual ,&tentials. 5t ,&inted &ut that durin+ the ,re%i&us "entury ,e&,le in the m&re ad%an"ed "i%ili2ati&ns used !r&m 7 t& A ,er "ent &! their mental "a,a"ity.. Re"ent measures sh&/ed that the ,e&,le &! S"&tt and HellaMs /&rld are usin+ .@ ,er "ent &! their intelle"tual, artisti", and sens&ry "a,a"ity. N& &ne $n&/s at this time /hether a hi+her ,er"enta+e /&uld result in m&re &r less ha,,iness. Further resear"h is needed. One &! the &lder men in the +r&u, remar$s that it is "&m!&rtin+ t& $n&/ that all thin+s in their "i%ili2ati&n are related t& the needs and !eelin+s &! indi%idual men and /&men. The meth&d &! s"ien"e is used t& measure the rea"ti&ns &! ,e&,le. 5t is ne%er used t& !&r"e indi%iduals t& "&n!&rm t& any +i%en, ,redetermined +&als. E%ery ,r&+ram &! im,r&%ement is "are!ully tested 'e!&re it is ad&,ted. E%en a!ter ad&,ti&n it is still &n ,r&'ati&n !&re%er. F&r n&thin+ /&uld 'e ,ermitted t& remain in su""eedin+ "enturies that /&uld n&t "&ntri'ute ma4imally t& the ha,,iness &! the indi%iduals /h& /ill 'e ali%e then. )an is the measure &! all thin+s, and the s"ienti!i" meth&d is the measurer. 1At last,1 "&mments Hella, 1/e ha%e a "i%ili2ati&n /here the entire ran+e &! human needs "an 'e met. F&r the !irst time in manMs l&n+ hist&ry /e "an ha%e "&m,lete di%ersity. 5tMs remar$a'le /hat ha,,ens /hen y&u let ,e&,le 'e themsel%es and d& /hat they /ant.1 1<e "ertainly are !&rtunate,1 says S"&tt, 1that /e "an li%e in s& many dimensi&ns. Our an"est&rs !elt ,r&ud i! they /ere e4,erts in &ne &r t/& thin+s. )y +reat +rand!ather /as a nu"lear ,hysi"ist /h& de%el&,ed mathemati"al +ames as a h&''y. He /as "&nsidered 0uite 'rilliant 'e"ause &! his a"hie%ements in these t/& areas. The a%era+e ,ers&n t&day en*&ys &,eratin+ in &%er .88 di!!erent areas.1 1S& many ne/ !ields are &,enin+ u,. There is *ust n&t en&u+h time.1 1Time is &ur &nly real enemy,1 re,lies S"&tt /ith a !r&/n. 1Derha,s /eMll li"$ it s&me day.1

.8. #esi+nin+ the Ne/ Fenerati&n

A!ter se%en m&nths in the E4umas, S"&tt re"ei%es a messa+e !r&m the C&rrelati&n Center that there is an &,,&rtunity at a medi"al la'&rat&ry in Cal"utta, 5ndia. This la'&rat&ry s,e"iali2es in desi+nin+ and trainin+ the ne/ +enerati&nG,r&'a'ly the m&st im,&rtant !un"ti&n &! the ne/ s&"iety. Hella shares S"&ttMs e4"itement at this "han"e t& ,arti"i,ate.

The 0uery !r&m the C&rrelati&n CenterGa!!e"ti&nately "alled C&r"enGis "&m,letely &,ti&nal. C&r"en ne%er tells ,e&,le they ha%e t& d& anythin+. 5t sim,ly ,resents in!&rmati&n &n &,,&rtunities that are a%aila'le &r situati&ns that need attenti&n. Ea"h indi%idual ma$es his &/n de"isi&n re+ardin+ /hat he /ants t& d&. One mi+ht dra/ a r&u+h anal&+y /ith an in%itati&n t& *&in an athleti" team &! the ,re%i&us "entury. An in%itati&n t& 'e &n the !&&t'all team /as re+arded as an &,,&rtunity. The "&a"hes didnMt !&r"e ,layers t& *&in the team. 15n an"ient Free"e the Athenians /ere !&nd &! sayin+ that alth&u+h &ther states mi+ht $n&/ h&/ t& ma$e 'etter ,r&du"ts, &nly Athens $ne/ h&/ t& ma$e human 'ein+s,1 Hella says seri&usly. 1All any s&"ial system really ma$es, /ell &r ill, is human 'ein+s. 5t /ill stand &r !all &n this.1 Hella ,re!ers t& remain in the E4umas l&n+er, and she de"ides n&t t& a""&m,any S"&tt t& 5ndia. (y three dimensi&nal "&l&r tele,r&*e"ti&n, they "an still 1'e t&+ether1 as &!ten and as l&n+ as they /ant. Sin"e there is ,lenty &! time, S"&tt as$s his "y'ernat&r t& arran+e !&r a thirty !&&t sail'&at !&r "ruisin+ t& )iami. He su++ests that se%eral "&m,ani&ns /&uld 'e desira'le. <ithin t/& days S"&tt, an&ther man, and t/& /&men lea%e the E4uma 5slands in the sail'&at. This '&at has 'een desi+ned t& 'e n&n "y'ernated. S"&tt and his "&m,ani&ns ha%e the n&%el !eelin+ &! 'ein+ in an en%ir&nment in /hi"h the r&utine !l&/ &! a"ti%ities is n&t aut&mati"ally stru"tured. They !ind it 0uaint t& &,en "ans t& +et !&&d, t& na%i+ate /ith a "hart and "&m,ass, t& !ish /ith a h&&$ and line, and e%en t& ,um, the &ld !ashi&ned heads in the '&at. A !e/ days &! this rather ,rimiti%e li%in+ are deli+ht!ul. 5t reminds S"&tt &! /hat s&me ,e&,le said &! Ne/ Y&r$ in the last "enturyG15tMs a ni"e ,la"e t& %isit, 'ut 5 /&uldnMt /ant t& li%e there,1 These e4,erien"es +i%e them a 'r&ader understandin+ &! h&/ the li%es &! their an"est&rs /ere "&nsumed s& lar+ely 'y the me"hani"s &! li%in+ that they &!ten had little time !&r intelle"tual, aestheti", &r sensual de%el&,ment. 15 su,,&se i! 5 s,ent m&st &! my /a$in+ li!e "&,in+ /ith these me"hani"s &! li%in+,1 S"&tt "&n!ides t& &ne &! the /&men, 15Md ,r&'a'ly 'e t&& 'usy !&r mu"h else.1 The &nly ,art &! this sail'&at that is di!!erent !r&m its "&unter,arts &! a "entury a+& is an aut&mati" "&mmuni"at&r that has 'een 'uilt int& the !&re,ea$ &! the '&at. S"&tt and his "&m,ani&ns are &nly dimly a/are &! its ,resen"e. 5t sends &ut a radi& si+nal e%ery ten se"&nds. This is ,i"$ed u, 'y an &r'itin+ satellite and relayed t& C&r"en. N& human $ee,s a re"&rd &! their l&"ati&nG &nly C&r"en. 5! the si+nal !r&m the '&at /ere e%er t& st&,, an immediate attem,t /&uld 'e made t& "&nta"t S"&tt thr&u+h a 'uilt in alarm. 5! this /ere t& !ail, s&me "ra!t !lyin+ &%er the area /ith %erti"al "a,a"ity /&uld 'e alerted 'y C&r"en t& +i%e immediate assistan"e t& the sail'&at. All &! this "&uld 'e aut&mati"ally ,r&+rammed 'y C&r"en. 5n a sim,le res"ue situati&n, the &nly humans that /&uld $n&/ a'&ut it /&uld 'e th&se a'&ard the res"uin+ "ra!t and th&se 'ein+ res"ued. 3a2ily ,ushed 'y the ,re%ailin+ s&utheast 'ree2es, S"&ttMs sail '&at ma$es its /ay &%er the <hite (an$ s&uth &! Nassau. As they arri%e at the T&n+ue &! the O"ean /here the de,th +&es !r&m a'&ut .A !eet t& &%er A,888 !eet /ithin a sh&rt distan"e, S"&tt thin$s &! re0uestin+ C&r"en t& !urnish him /ith in!&rmati&n &n the resear"h that has 'een "&ndu"ted there. Then he remem'ers that there is n& tele,r&*e"ti&n s"reen a'&ard his small "ra!t. 5n a /ay he is +lad. 5t is ni"e t& rely &nly &n his &/n senses and his &/n e4,erien"es, t& see the dee, 'lue /ater, t& &'ser%e $eenly the ,an&rama &! shi!tin+ "l&uds a+ainst the ,ale 'lue s$y, t& see /ith&ut /&rds, t& !eel in silen"e. They an"h&r se%eral days n&rth &! Andr&s 5sland t& a's&r' this m&re !ully. S/immin+, !ishin+, nude sun 'athin+Gtheir days ha%e a di!!erent !ullness. They ha%e n& "&nta"t /ith the &utside /&rld, and there are !e/ &ther '&ats &r humans t& 'e seen.

A!ter a !e/ days they haul the an"h&r and head /est a"r&ss the Freat (ahama (an$. This lar+e under/ater desert is seld&m m&re than ten !eet dee,. The /ater is "rystal "lear. Alth&u+h there are !e/ !ish, the sur,rise and deli+ht &! /at"hin+ the "&untless star!ish add additi&nal threads t& their ri"h ta,estry &! e4,erien"e. S&&n they ,ass the *a++ed r&"$s &! Fun Key and head /est a"r&ss the Ful! Stream. Their s&utheast 'ree2e h&lds !irm, and ten h&urs later, tanned and e4hilarated, they arri%e in )iami. On his /ay t& the S&uth Fl&rida terminal, S"&tt n&ti"es s&me&ne /a%in+ !&r hel, in a ,ar$ near the r&ad. He instru"ts the "ar t& ,ull &%er t& the side. He n&ti!ies C&r"en &! his l&"ati&n and that he is +&in+ t& the res"ue. The ,ers&n /a%in+ !&r assistan"e ta$es him t& a man /h&se le+ has 'een "rushed 'y a lar+e !allen 'ran"h. They are una'le t& 'ud+e it. S"&tt runs 'a"$ t& his "ar and tells C&r"en. C&r"en immediately +i%es this emer+en"y in!&rmati&n t& se%eral ,e&,le in the %i"inity. <ithin minutes si4 ,e&,le li!t the 'ran"h and release the in*ured man. They "are!ully "arry him t& a "ar /hi"h s,eeds him t& the nearest "y'ernated h&s,ital. This instant hel,!ulness is an im,&rtant in+redient in the ne/ s&"iety. 5n !&rmer times ,e&,le &!ten !elt, itMs s&me&ne elseMs *&', 5 d&nMt e%en $n&/ him, he mi+ht sue me, /hy +et in%&l%ed.MM Su"h rea"ti&ns may ha%e 'een a,,r&,riate in "&m,etiti%e, le+alisti", m&ney m&ti%ated s&"ieties. 5n the t/enty !irst "entury ,e&,le /el"&me the &,,&rtunity t& assist &thers. 5s there a m&re human /ay t& s,end timeL E%ery&ne is m&re se"ure /hen he !eels that e%ery&ne else in the /&rld +enuinely /el"&mes the &,,&rtunity t& 'e &! assistan"e. N&rmally, ,e&,le need s& little hel, in this "y'ernated /&rld &! a'undan"e that this &,en hearted !eelin+ t&/ards &thers ne%er results in &neMs 'ein+ &%er'urdened. This +ener&us /illin+ness t& ,it"h in and hel, e4tends 'ey&nd sim,le emer+en"y situati&ns. Ea"h ,ers&n identi!ies /ith the /h&le &! s&"iety. 5! s&me&ne n&ti"es that s&me e0ui,ment needs re,airs, he d&es /hat he "an t& !i4 it &r re,&rts it t& C&r"en. De&,le treat all &'*e"ts /ith the "are and "&nsiderati&n that indi%iduals ,re%i&usly +a%e &nly their &/n ,&ssessi&ns. These indi%iduals /h& ha%e 1e%erythin+1 are a'le t& +i%e +ener&usly &! themsel%es. Only in this "entury ha%e all men and /&men s& !ully identi!ied themsel%es /ith e%ery&ne and e%erythin+ in the /&rld. &he Great C+rc"e (8*ress The sim,lest /ay t& +et t& 5ndia is t& '&ard &ne &! the ar&und the /&rld e4,ress "ra!ts that has 'een "&ntinu&usly "ir"lin+ the +l&'e /ith&ut landin+ !&r many de"ades. They tra%el at a steady s,eed &! A888 miles ,er h&ur. <hen this "ra!t is a,,r&4imately &ne th&usand miles a/ay, S"&tt ta$es &!! in a shuttle "ra!t that a""elerates t& A,888 miles ,er h&ur. <hen the nu"lear ,&/ered, "ir"umna%i+atin+ "ra!t is a'&%e S&uth Fl&rida, S"&ttMs airshi, l&"$s &nt& the lar+er "ra!t *ust l&n+ en&u+h !&r S"&tt and &ther ,assen+ers t& +et a'&ard. #e,artin+ ,assen+ers enter the shuttle "ra!t, /hi"h then disen+a+es and returns t& the S&uth Fl&rida terminal a !e/ minutes later. The !li+ht t& 5ndia ta$es a little &%er t/& h&urs. Fr&m his %anta+e ,&int hi+h in the s$y, S"&tt en*&ys the ,lanned +e&metry &! the /&rld 'el&/Gthe %ast /ater/ays that ha%e eliminated !&re%er the tra+edy &! !l&&ds, the "y'ernated !arm 'elts /ith their thin +leamin+ tra"$s, the dynami" "ities that are !&"al ,&ints &! a te"hn&l&+y harnessed t& ser%e all &! man$ind. As S"&tt /at"hes the "ities &! 5ndia, he is im,ressed 'y

h&/ &!ten the "ir"ular ,lan has 'een used. He sees a multi st&ry a,artment rin+ a'&ut a mile in diameter under "&nstru"ti&n. Cy'ernated 'uildin+ ma"hinery is !a'ri"atin+ A,888 a,artments a day /ith a "&nstru"ti&n sta!! &! &nly thirty !i%e ,e&,le. The "ities &! the ,re%i&us "entury ha%e 'een le%eled e4"e,t !&r se%eral that ha%e 'een $e,t !&r anthr&,&l&+ists and hist&rians. These museum "ities are ,r&te"ted 'y a lar+e, trans,arent, +e&desi" d&me and are air "&nditi&ned. Similar ,r&te"ti&n is +i%en sele"ted ruins &! ,re%i&us "ultures. As S"&tt nears Cal"utta, the shuttle "ra!t ahead strea$s u,/ard !&r its rende2%&us. 5t l&"$s &nt& the lar+er s,a"e %ehi"le &%er Cal"utta /here a 'rie! e4"han+e &! ,assen+ers ta$es ,la"e. S"&tt '&ards the smaller "ra!t and /ithin minutes ali+hts at the Cal"utta air,&rt. There are n& ,&rters, !&r ,assen+ers ha%e n& 'a++a+e. There are n& "ust&ms a+ents sin"e internati&nal di%isi&ns ha%e 'een meanin+less !&r many de"ades. S"&tt "&n!ers /ith a l&"al "y'ernat&r a'&ut a,artment a%aila'ilities /hile he /aits !&r his "y'ernated aut&. 5n Cal"utta, S"&tt "h&&ses an a,artment /ith nine &ther men and /&men "&m,ani&ns. He "&uld ha%e a ,ri%ate a,artment 'ut he is in the m&&d !&r +r&u, li%in+. He +i%es instru"ti&ns t& the "y'ernat&r in the a,artment t& ,i"$ u, his system &! ,re!eren"es !r&m C&r"en. Thus, /ithin the limits &! the ,re!eren"es &! his "&m,ani&ns in the a,artment, S"&tt /ill "&ntinue t& !eel ,er!e"tly at h&me. C+rcu"ar C+t+es )any &! the "&l&r!ul "ities in the t/enty !irst "entury are laid &ut in the "ir"ular ,attern S"&tt &'ser%ed !r&m the air. The "entral hu' &! the "ity has a nu"lear +enerat&r that ,r&du"es all &! the ,&/er needed t& &,erate the milli&ns &! in%isi'le ele"tr&ni" ser%ants that silently !ree the ,e&,le t& li%e !ul!illin+, "reati%e li%es. The "entral "&re &! ea"h "ity als& "&ntains a master "&m,uter that "y'erneti"ally /at"hes &%er the "ity as a /h&le. 5t is "&nne"ted t& e%ery r&&m in the entire "ity and als& C&r"en. This master "y'ernat&r, &,eratin+ as the "ity hall &! !&rmer times, /&r$s aut&mati"ally and n&rmally has n& humans in attendan"e. The resear"h la'&rat&ries are l&"ated in the !irst rin+ &! 'uildin+s that en"ir"le the ,&/er and "&m,uter "&re. H&s,ital !a"ilities ad*&in the medi"al resear"h area. These m&dern h&s,itals +i%e medi"al "are &r nursin+ "are t& a ,&,ulati&n &! .,888,888 ,e&,le /ith a sta!! &! &nly .8, /h& "&ntri'ute their ser%i"es !r&m time t& time 'e"ause &! their interest in this /&r$. There is, &! "&urse, mu"h less illness in the ne/ /&rld than in ,re%i&us "enturies, and there are ,ra"ti"ally n& a""idents. #isasters and a""idents /ere alm&st eliminated 'y an attitude t&/ard en+ineerin+ that minimi2ed e"&n&my and ma4imi2ed sa!ety. All dia+n&sti" te"hni0ues, la'&rat&ries, sur+ery, 'eha%i&ral assistan"e, and nursin+ ,r&"edures are "y'ernated. The small sta!! ,er!&rms n& r&utine duties in the "y'ernated h&s,ital. They are &nly there t& hel, in the rare e%ent &! a ,r&'lem. The se"&nd rin+ !r&m the "&re "&ntains multi st&ry a,artments. They are &%er a 0uarter mile !r&m the resear"h rin+. Re"reati&nal !a"ilities and "ir"ular ,ar$s surr&und the a,artments &n '&th sides &! the rin+. <hen S"&tt +&es !r&m his a,artment t& any ,art &! the "ity, he as$s the "y'ernat&r t& summ&n an aut&.

As S"&tt a,,r&a"hes the %ehi"le, the d&&r aut&mati"ally &,ens and the seat s/in+s &ut. S"&tt %er'ally +i%es his destinati&n and re"lines &n the "&nt&ur "hair. He is then !ree t& read, t& thin$, &r sim,ly t& rela4. <ithin minutes the aut& "hau!!eurs him t& /here%er he /ishes t& +& in the "ity. All %ehi"les ha%e ,r&4imity me"hanisms !&r the ,re%enti&n &! /hat /ere !&rmerly "alled 1a""idents1 'ut are n&/ "&nsidered te"hni"al ne+li+en"e in ,lannin+ the trans,&rtati&n system. These aut&s are a%aila'le thr&u+h&ut the entire "ity !&r the use &! e%ery&ne. <hen S"&tt +ets &ut at the resear"h la'&rat&ry, the aut& is dire"ted 'y the "ityMs "y'ernat&r t& the ne4t ,&int at /hi"h it /ill ,r&'a'ly 'e needed. S"&tt al/ays en*&ys the /arm !eelin+s &! team/&r$ and "&&,erati&n that are e4,erien"ed 'y ,e&,le /&r$in+ t&+ether &n "&mm&n ,r&'lems. There is an esprit de corpsGa !eelin+ &! man a+ainst the un$n&/n: a !eelin+ &! "&ntri'utin+ si+ni!i"antly t& the ,resent and !uture ha,,iness &! all man$ind. De&,le in the t/enty !irst "entury are ea+er t& a""e,t &,,&rtunities !&r ,arti"i,ati&n and resear"h. They are ne%er ,aid !&r this a"ti%ity as had 'een "&mm&n in ,re%i&us "enturies. H&/ "&uld they 'e ,aidL They already ha%e e%ery material res&ur"e &! the t/enty !irst "entury "i%ili2ati&n a%aila'le !&r their use. They are n&t e%en 1,aid1 'y ,resti+e &r status. Alm&st e%ery&ne at &ne time &r an&ther ,lays a ,art &n %ari&us resear"h teams. 5! s&me&ne d&esnMt, it really d&esnMt matter. The &nly re/ard lies n&t &n the &utside, 'ut &n the inside. 5t "&mes !r&m the ,leasure that &ne +ets !r&m e4er"isin+ his mind, !r&m +r&/th and im,r&%ement, !r&m the ,leasures &! understandin+, and, !r&m the "&ntented !eelin+ &! sayin+, 1<ell, /e "ertainly s&l%ed that &ne.1 &he Genet+cs Laboratory The la'&rat&ry t& /hi"h S"&tt is assi+ned s,e"iali2es in the mani,ulati&n &! the #NA and RNA stru"tures &! human +enes. The ,e&,le &! the t/enty !irst "entury ha%e /&r$ed &ut te"hni0ues !&r %aryin+ the stru"ture &! the human '&dy. (y usin+ a "&m,uter t& "han+e %ari&us sets am&n+ the !i%e 'illi&n s,e"i!i"ati&ns "arried 'y #NA and RNA m&le"ules, alm&st any "han+e may 'e made in a human '&dy. Their ma*&r "&n"ern at this ,&int lies n&t, !&r e4am,le, in h&/ t& e0ui, a human 'ein+ /ith t/& hearts instead &! the usual &ne, 'ut in /hether su"h an arran+ement /ill add t& human ha,,iness. 1All "han+es made in the stru"ture and !un"ti&n &! human 'ein+s are !irst th&r&u+hly tested in resear"h la's,1 S"&tt is in!&rmed. 1Then e4,erimental and "&ntr&l +r&u,s are set u, t& +et %alid "&m,aris&ns. N& im,r&%ements are "&nsidered desira'le in their &/n ri+ht. N& +uessin+ is ,ermitted. 5t has 'een !&und that s&methin+ that "an seem li$e a +reat idea mi+ht turn &ut in ,ra"ti"e t& 'e n&thin+ &! the s&rt. All ideas !&r the +eneti" im,r&%ement &! human 'ein+s are th&r&u+hly tried &ut, usually &%er a ,eri&d &! de"ades, 'e!&re they are +enerally ad&,ted !&r ,r&+rammin+ int& the ne/ +enerati&n. The d&&r is al/ays le!t &,en. M(lue,rintsM !&r +enes are al/ays st&red in "ase !uture +enerati&ns e%aluate di!!erently and /ish t& eliminate any "han+es made.1 S"&tt is 0ui"$ly 'r&u+ht u, t& date &n resear"h in ,r&+ress. Trial runs in%&l%in+ A88 ,e&,le are n&/ 'ein+ made /ith 'rain stru"tures "&ntainin+ t/enty 'illi&n neur&nsGd&u'le the usual num'er. Other ,r&*e"ts in ,r&+ress are desi+nin+ eyes that "an shi!t !r&m re+ular %isi&n t& teles"&,i" and mi"r&s"&,i" %isi&n and

alterin+ the li%er t& "han+e the "&m,&siti&n &! the 'l&&d in a /ay that seems t& add H? ,er "ent t& the human li!e s,an. They are e4,erimentin+ /ith an im,r&%ed h&rm&ne 'alan"e !&r /&men that eliminates the m&nthly "y"le &! m&&dinessG menstruati&n /as eliminated ,re%i&usly 'y desi+nin+ a uterus /ith a sta'le linin+. )en ha%e als& 'ene!ited !r&m the im,r&%ed te"hni0ues &! +eneti" mani,ulati&n. A +reater "lima4 !re0uen"y n&/ ena'les them t& ,er!&rm at the hi+h le%el usually desired 'y t/enty !irst "entury /&men. S"&tt $n&/s that in ,re%i&us times there /ere !i%e ra"es &! man$ind. Sin"e indi%iduality and di%ersity are ,ri2ed in the t/enty !irst "entury, these +eneti"s la'&rat&ries ha%e ,r&du"ed ei+ht m&re ra"es. C&r"en is see$in+ data t& determine /hether additi&nal ra"es sh&uld 'e desi+ned t& add e%en m&re %ariety t& the li%es &! !uture men and /&men. Su,,&se a ,art &! the '&dy sh&uld /ear &ut &r +et in*ured. H&/ "&uld /e +et a du,li"ate &r+anL Ea"h "ell in the '&dy "&ntains a 'lue,rint !&r +r&/in+ a re,la"ement ,art. Resear"h is in ,r&+ress t& use a "ell !r&m the '&dy &! an in*ured ,ers&n t& +r&/ an identi"al ,art in %itr& that a "y'ernated sur+i"al me"hanism "&uld install. One &! the m&st e4"itin+ ne/ de%el&,ments is a 'uilt in re"e,t&r that ma$es it ,&ssi'le t& "&nne"t &neMs 'rain dire"tly /ith C&r"en &r any &ther in,ut s&ur"e. 5! in%ited, y&u "an tune int& an&ther ,ers&nMs 'rain and share his th&u+hts and !eelin+s /ith&ut the dist&rtin+ e!!e"ts &! /&rds. <hen this is ,er!e"ted, any sensati&ns "an 'e e4,erien"ed thr&u+h dire"t neur&nal in,ut. Other resear"hers are de%el&,in+ a li!etime im,lanted "&mmuni"ati&n unit that /&uld ,ermit t/& /ay th&u+ht messa+es. (y th&u+ht, &ne "&uld re0uest !r&m C&r"en a 'it &! in!&rmati&n, and it /&uld 'e a%aila'le immediately. Su"h th&u+ht "&mmuni"ati&n /ith &thers /&uld, /hen ,er!e"ted, &!!er an ele"tr&ni" reali2ati&n &! /hat used t& 'e "alled 1mental tele,athy.1 (rea$thr&u+hs are 'ein+ made in "&ntr&llin+ the !a"t&rs that ,ermit "ells t& a+e. A+in+ is "&nsidered a disease 'y these men and /&men. They are "&n!ident that /hen it is !ully underst&&d, it "an 'e eliminated. A 1y&uth serum1 that in"ludes thyr&4ine and a mi4ture &! h&rm&nes has d&u'led the years &! %itality and has added an a%era+e &! @> ,er "ent t& the li!e s,an in a test &n la'&rat&ry animals. 1Humility /hen !a"in+ the un$n&/n is &ur d&minant theme,1 &ne &! the &lder men says t& S"&tt. 1<e are ,r&du"in+ thin+s that 'y the standards &! ,re%i&us "enturies /&uld ha%e 'een re+arded as !antasti" mira"les. Yet, n& matter h&/ su""ess!ully &ur e4,eriment turns &ut, /e al/ays lea%e the d&&r &,en !&r im,r&%in+ the results. <e ne%er 'elie%e /e ha%e the 'est /ay. <e al/ays ha%e the !eelin+, M5t seems t& 'e /&r$in+ /ell n&/, 'ut it hasnMt st&&d the test &! "enturies &r millenia. 3etMs +& sl&/ly and n&t "l&se any d&&rs 'ehind us.M 1 5ra+n 5oosters J&hn F. Kennedy said in the ,ast "entury, 1The human mind is &ur !undamental res&ur"e. . . .1 S"&tt $n&/s that the +reatest a"hie%ement &! these +eneti" la'&rat&ries durin+ the ,ast hal! "entury /as the im,lantati&n &! a !in+er si2ed &r+ani" "&m,uter in the +r&/in+ em'ry&ni" 'rain. E%ery&ne in the ne/

s&"iety that is under !i!ty years &ld has this ne/ de%el&,ment. Sin"e S"&tt is &nly CA, he has the 'ene!it &! this 'rea$thr&u+h in desi+nin+ human 'ein+s. (y mani,ulati&n &! the #NA and RNA m&le"ules, a small au4iliary 'rain /as de%el&,ed that is nurtured in %itr& &utside &! the human '&dy. <hen the "&rti"al "ells &! this su,,lementary 'rain "&m,lete their ,r&li!erati&n, they are ele"tr&ni"ally "&nne"ted /ith C&r"en. These 'rains are then im,rinted /ith the 'asi" attitudes and s$ills needed !&r &rientati&n in the t/enty !irst "entury. S"&tt /at"hes as the "y'ernated !a"ilities ,r&+ram the small 'ut ,&tent 'rain '&&sters. T& the three RMs &! ,re%i&us timesGreadin+, Mritin+, and Mrithmeti"Gan additi&nal se%en RMs, as &utlined 'y #r. <illiam A. )"Call in the t/entieth "entury, are in"luded; B: :AB.H The a,,li"ati&n &! the s"ienti!i" meth&d as a /ay &! li!e that ena'les man t& test ideas t& determine their relia'ility. B:A ?2&2' The desire and a'ility t& mani,ulate ideas in a "reati%e and l&+i"al /ay. Ad*ustin+ "&nstru"ti%ely t& ne/ situati&ns and ma$in+ e!!e"ti%e "h&i"es. B:LAT&?2 H&! Attitudes and s$ills that ena'le a ,ers&n t& intera"t and "&mmuni"ate /ith &thers in /ays that 'rin+ ma4imum mutual satis!a"ti&ns. B:!?BT&2' The use &! all senses in /ays that ,r&du"e the ri"hest and m&st a""urate in,ut t& the 'rain and &ut,ut t& &thers. B:.B:AT&?2 The attitudes and s$ills /hi"h ,ermit the use &! &neMs time t& a"hie%e a multi dimensi&nal li!e. B:M&TAL&KAT&?2 #iet, health, and sa!ety s$ills that add years t& li!e, and li!e t& years. B: !?2 &$&L&TY The !eelin+ &! ,layin+ an im,&rtant ,art &n the human team in the +ame &! li!e. The a'ility t& !ind satis!a"ti&n in assistin+ and ,arti"i,atin+G'ut al/ays /ithin the limits &ne "an +i%e /ith&ut resentment.

As su++ested 'y )"Call, ea"h &! these RMs is t/& ,hasedGan attitude ,hase and a s$ill ,hase. 5t is n&t en&u+h that the y&un+ 'e ,r&%ided /ith the s$ills &! reas&nin+. 5t is e0ually im,&rtant that they !ind ,leasure in reas&nin+. 5t is n&t en&u+h that the y&un+ $n&/ h&/ t& read. They need t& en*&y readin+. S"&tt &!ten uses his su,,lemental 'rain as a sim,le "&m,uter. He "an multi,ly, di%ide, add. &r su'tra"t any si4 di+it num'er in a ,eri&d &! ten se"&nds. A "&m,lete %&"a'ulary and understandin+ &! the +rammati"al stru"ture &! the uni%ersal lan+ua+e is als& im,rinted.

5n additi&n t& 'ein+ ,r&%ided /ith an array &! the 'asi" t&&ls and s$ills needed !&r &rientati&n, this su,,lementary 'rain is als& im,rinted /ith in!&rmati&n e0ui%alent t& a Dh.#. le%el in t/el%e di!!erent areas &! learnin+. These areas are sele"ted at rand&m 'y C&r"en in su"h a /ay that !e/ indi%iduals ha%e the same ,attern &! intelle"tual de%el&,ment. C&r"en als& sele"ts &ne area &! learnin+ and im,rints this su,,lementary 'rain /ith e%ery 'it &! in!&rmati&n in this area that has 'een a""umulated in the e4tensi%e mem&ry 'an$s. F&r instan"e, i! a su,,lementary 'rain is "h&sen t& re"ei%e 1"&m,lete1 in!&rmati&n in the !ield &! anthr&,&l&+y, it is im,rinted /ith a /&rd 'y /&rd re,r&du"ti&n &! e%ery /&rth/hile arti"le e%er ,u'lished in that !ield that has 'een re"&rded in the mem&ry 'an$s &! C&r"en. 5t is im,rinted /ith e%ery '&&$, e%ery re"&rded le"ture 'y eminent ,e&,le in the !ield &! anthr&,&l&+y, e4tensi%e simulated !ield e4,erien"e, ,lus a 'rie!in+ &! all /&r$ n&/ in ,r&+ress. This is an internal treasure &! $n&/led+e that the indi%idual "an ne%er li%e l&n+ en&u+h t& e4haust "&m,letely. (ut it /ill al/ays 'e there in his 'rain, a%aila'le !&r use t& the e4tent that the indi%idual "an use it. A!ter these su,,lementary 'rains are matured and !ully im,rinted /ith this en&rm&us ass&rtment &! attitudes and s$ills and their su'&rdinate in!&rmati&ns, they are atta"hed t& a +r&/in+ em'ry& at a time &! ra,id ,r&li!erati&n &! the e"t&derm. <hen the e"t&derm 'e+ins this sta+e, the su,,lementary 'rain is ra,idly a's&r'ed and inte+rated int& the human ner%&us system. Sin"e this im,lantati&n "ann&t 'e ,er!&rmed satis!a"t&rily in an em'ry& inside the '&dy &! a /&man, 'a'ies are +r&/n !r&m #NA en+ineered +erm ,lasm in the "y'ernated 1uterine1 "&ntainers. The s,erm and e++ "ell used 'y the human ra"e in the l&n+ e%&luti&nary ,ast are n& l&n+er needed. Re,r&du"ti%e "ells are ,r&du"ed in the la'&rat&ry that are desi+ned t& de%el&, int& %astly im,r&%ed %ersi&ns &! Homo sapiens. These "ells are en+ineered 'y C&r"en and "an 'e ,r&+rammed t& de%el&, int& male &r !emale em'ry&s. At the a+e &! a,,r&4imately nine m&nths, the de%el&,ed in!ant is rem&%ed t& "&ntinue its +r&/th in the "y'ernated nurseries. A /&man &! the t/enty !irst "entury d&es n&t /ant an in!ant t& emer+e !r&m her %a+ina any m&re than a man in ,re%i&us times /&uld ha%e desired a 'a'y t& +r&/ in his '&dy. Just as n& man &r /&man in the t/entieth "entury /&uld $n&/in+ly ha%e 'r&u+ht int& the /&rld an im'e"ile 'a'y, it /&uld 'e e0ually a'h&rrent !&r any t/enty !irst "entury man &r /&man t& 'rin+ int& the /&rld a 'a'y that is n&t e0ui,,ed /ith this su,,lementary 'rain. Su"h a ,ers&n, e%en th&u+h ,&ssessed /ith an 5.Q. e0ual t& EinsteinMs, /&uld !eel li$e a m&r&n relati%e t& his "&m,ani&ns. S"&tt is a/are that the im,lantati&n &! this 'rain '&&ster d&es n&t aut&mati"ally ,r&du"e an in!ant /h& "an s&l%e ,r&'lems in "al"ulus. The res&ur"e is thereGa%aila'le 'ut unta,,edG*ust as the "a,a"ity &! y&un+ )&2art e4isted at 'irth e%en th&u+h his in!ant !in+ers had ne%er t&u"hed the $eys &! a ,ian&. Only maturati&n "an ,r&%ide the e4,erien"e and m&ti%ati&n that ena'les these y&un+ in!ants &! the t/enty !irst "entury t& ma$e use &! their +reat herita+e. &he Ch+"d Is '+s 5est &eacher

N& attem,t is made t& tea"h these "hildren anythin+. There are n& s"h&&ls &r tea"hers. Their tea"her is the multi dimensi&nal en%ir&nment that is desi+ned t& interest, stimulate, and "hallen+e. The 'asi" in!&rmati&n they need has 'een im,lanted in their su,,lementary 'rains. 5t has 'een !&und that any attem,t t& tea"h them &nly retards the learnin+ ,r&"ess. E4,eriments ha%e sh&/n that the 'est /ay is t& let these "hildren e4,l&re their en%ir&nment. 5! y&u /ant a "hild t& learn t& /&r$ a de%i"e, y&u ,ut it near him. He d&es the rest. His natural "uri&sity leads him t& &'ser%e the &,erati&n &! the tele,r&*e"ti&n s"reen, and he 'e+ins t& re0uest C&r"en t& !urnish him /ith ,r&+rams. These "&%er the entire ran+e &! $n&/led+e and entertainment. H&/e%er, &'s"ene material used &n TE and m&%ies in the ,re%i&us "entury, sh&/in+ 'rutality, murder, and sadism, are n&t a%aila'le in the nursery. <hen a "hild &'ser%es thin+s that "&rrelate /ith in!&rmati&n ,r&+rammed int& his su,,lementary 'rain, a !lash &! insi+ht "&mes. He is literally &n !ire intelle"tually. His th&u+hts ra"e int& the e4"itin+ ne/ areas &! thin$in+ and !eelin+ that he is dis"&%erin+ inside himsel!. He learns that the s,irit &! "reati%e in0uiry is &ne &! the m&st deli+ht!ul thin+s that he "an e4,erien"e. A +reat !eelin+ &! di+nity and /&rth is a"hie%ed as the "hild e4,l&res his &/n inner res&ur"es and inte+rates them int& his e4,andin+ /&rld &! ,e&,le and thin+sI Children are n&t in!&rmed a'&ut the areas in /hi"h their 'rains ha%e 'een ,re ,r&+rammed. They dis"&%er these !&r themsel%es. The +reatest thrill "&mes /hen they dis"&%er the &ne area in /hi"h they ha%e t&tal in!&rmati&n. N& &ther human $n&/s the ,re ,r&+rammin+ &! their su,,lementary 'rains. These ,atterns ha%e 'een set u, 'y C&r"en t& add s,i"e and ad%enture t& li!e. 1S"ienti!i" resear"h has esta'lished that the "uri&sity &! a human "hild is many times the am&unt needed !&r his intelle"tual de%el&,ment i! en%ir&nmental "&nditi&ns are stimulatin+ and there are n& tea"hers t& inter!ere,1 S"&ttMs ass&"iate tells him. 1E%ery&ne /h& ass&"iates /ith +r&/in+ "hildren is instru"ted t& a%&id tellin+ them /hat they sh&uld &r sh&uldnMt d&. (a"$ in the t/entieth "entury, edu"ati&n /as s&metimes "&nsidered a ,r&"ess &! hel,in+ a "hild !it int& s&"iety. N&/ /e $n&/ that !ittin+ int& s&"iety may 'e ta$en !&r +ranted, !&r /e ha%e !&und that "hildren raised /ith&ut h&stility and s"ar"ity de%el&, s&"ial s$ills that ena'le them t& a"hie%e the !inest ,&ssi'le relati&ns /ith &ther ,e&,le. 1Th&se /h& ass&"iate /ith "hildren thin$ &nly &! understandin+ the !eelin+s and interests &! the "hild. They as$ the "hildren 0uesti&ns and ,ra"ti"ally ne%er +i%e them ans/ers. The "hildren ha%e t& !ind their &/n ans/ersG,erha,s !r&m the limitless !a"ilities &! C&r"en. This ma$es li!e m&re e4"itin+ and ne%er 'li+htin+. They de%el&, a !eelin+ &! intelle"tual ad%enture. The "hild de%el&,s /ith ,ers&nal authenti"ity.1 &he Creat+,e Ad,enture o/ (ducat+ona" Research The men and /&men /h& en*&y the "hallen+e &! im,r&%in+ the ne4t +enerati&n ha%e de%el&,ed th&usands &! ne/ /ays t& meet the needs &! in!ants and "hildren. N&thin+ is ta$en !&r +ranted. 3ittle is "&,ied !r&m the ,ast. The ,e&,le /h& are /&r$in+ in this area &! the ne/ "i%ili2ati&n d& n&t !eel they ha%e any !inal ans/ers. They $n&/ that they are +ettin+ results. They are "&n!ident that their meth&ds are su,eri&r t& any /ays &! rearin+ "hildren that ha%e e%er 'een used 'e!&re in the hist&ry &! the /&rld. They

$n&/ that 'y &'ser%in+ "are!ully and thin$in+ "reati%ely and 'y "&ntinually measurin+ the results, they /ill !ind m&re e!!e"ti%e /ays &! d&in+ thin+s. <hate%er 1err&rs1 they are n&/ ma$in+ /ill e%entually 'e "&rre"ted. Thr&u+h sensiti%e, s"ienti!i" resear"h an e!!e"ti%e en%ir&nment !&r ea"h a+e le%el has 'een e%&l%ed. C&nstant resear"h is in ,r&+ress t& !ind &ut *ust /hat is ha,,enin+ and h&/ it "an 'e im,r&%ed. 5t has 'een !&und that an en%ir&nment that +i%es &,timal en*&yment and de%el&,ment at si4 m&nths retards at &ne year. The surr&undin+s that are 'est !&r a &ne year &ld /ill h&ld 'a"$ a t/& year &ld, and s& !&rth. Freat "are is ta$en t& ,r&%ide an en%ir&nment that is s"aled t& meet the needs &! ea"h indi%idual a+e le%el. 1The nurseries are desi+ned s& that the "hild ne%er needs "&rre"ti&n, !&r it "an d& n&thin+ undesira'le in this en%ir&nment,1 S"&tt is t&ld. 15n the t/entieth "entury a t&ddler &! t/& years &ld "&uld hardly d& anythin+ ri+ht. E%ery time it turned ar&und it had t& 'e adm&nished, MN&I #&nMt +& &ut in the street, y&uMll 'e $illed. #&nMt rea"h u, t& the t&, &! the dresser 'e"ause y&u mi+ht u,set )&mmyMs '&ttle &! ,er!ume. #&nMt ,ull the tail &! the d&+, &r he mi+ht 'ite y&u,M and s& !&rth. Su"h "&nstant '&m'ardment &! a y&un+ "hild ma$es him a li!el&n+ sla%e t& e4ternal ,atterns.1 &he Cybernated Nurser+es S"&tt sees that the nurseries &! y&un+ "hildren in the t/enty !irst "entury are s"aled d&/n in si2e s& that "hildren ha%e n& !eelin+ &! 'ein+ small and in!eri&r. All natural !un"ti&ns, su"h as eatin+, eliminatin+, ,layin+, slee,in+, and s& !&rth, "an 'e d&ne in any /ay that the "hild "h&&ses in the "y'ernated nursery. 3i%in+ areas are en+ineered in su"h a /ay that "hildren "an n&t hurt ea"h &ther ,ri&r t& the time that they de%el&, their !eelin+ &! em,athy !&r all li%in+ thin+s. These 'a'ies +r&/ u, in an atm&s,here !ree !r&m h&stility, "riti"ism, de,ri%ati&n, s"ar"ity, and *eal&usy. They are thus a'le t& de%el&, ,&siti%e !eelin+s &! "& &,erati&n and "&mradeshi, !&r all &ther human 'ein+s that /ere im,&ssi'le !&r indi%iduals /h& li%ed in ,re%i&us "enturies. F&&d is eaten /hen desired. There is n& ,attern &! 'rea$!ast, lun"h, and dinner, su"h as /as "&mm&n in ,re%i&us "enturies. This three times a day eatin+ ha'it /as ,r&'a'ly desi+ned !&r the "&n%enien"e &! "&&$s m&re than the needs &! indi%iduals. S"ienti!i" resear"h has sh&/n that the human '&dy &,erates 'est /hen it sna"$s &n nutriti&us !&&ds at !re0uent inter%als. The eatin+ &! three lar+e meals results in 'i&"hemi"al rea"ti&ns that are n&t "&nsistent /ith the hi+hest le%el &! health. S"&tt $n&/s that in ,re%i&us "enturies mealtime /as &!ten a stru++le 'et/een m&ther and "hild. 1Just taste itGy&u may li$e it. #&nMt h&ld y&ur !&r$ that /ayGitMs n&t ,&lite. Y&u ha%enMt !inished y&ur ,late. Y&uM%e dr&,,ed !&&d all &%er y&ur shirt.1 5t /as &!ten a nuisan"e !&r a m&ther t& !eed a y&un+ "hild in the ,ast, and she s&metimes 'e"ame im,atient d&in+ it. E%en an in!ant senses !eelin+s &! im,atien"e and h&stility, and thus the seeds &! inse"urity and !ear /ere ,lanted in his ,ers&nality. U, until the t/enty !irst "entury m&st &! the /ays &! handlin+ "hildren /ere 'ased &n the needs &! ,arents and adults. F&r e4am,le, /hen men and /&men e4,erimented t& !ind a 'etter /ay t& !eed a t/enty m&nth &ld "hild, they !&und that the "hild en*&yed ,uttin+ 'ite si2ed nu++ets in its m&uth and

su"$in+ !&&d !r&m the ni,,le li$e s,&uts. The "hildren at this a+e le%el als& en*&yed ,ressin+ a ,ad /hi"h /&uld release small /a!ers /ith an a""&m,anyin+ musi"al t&ne. Feedin+ systems /ere set u, that ena'led the "hildren t& eat /hene%er they /ished. The "hildren usually /ere n&isily e4u'erant, 'ut there /ere n& adults t& 'e ann&yed. And there /as n& mess t& 'e "leaned u, 'y /eary, harried m&thersGthe "y'ernated "leanin+ me"hanisms /ere &n the *&'. Eatin+ /as al/ays !unI 5n the ,ast 'athin+ y&un+ "hildren /as s&metimes a nuisan"e and irritati&n t& '&th m&ther and "hild. )en and /&men &! the t/enty !irst "entury as$ed themsel%es, 1H&/ d& y&u set u, a 'athin+ situati&n s& that y&un+ "hildren are aut&mati"ally attra"ted t& itL1 They didnMt /ant adults t& ha%e t& 'r&/ 'eat the y&un+sters t& tell them it /as time t& +et their 'ath. They /anted the 'athin+ situati&n t& !it in /ith the needs and interests &! the "hild as !elt 'y the "hild. They /anted the "hild t& "lean himsel! and +et a 'ath sim,ly 'e"ause he /anted t&. (ut h&/ d& y&u ma$e an ei+hteen m&nth &ld "hild /ant t& ta$e a 'athL They !&und that they had t& ma$e 'athin+ ,leasant. A!ter many e4,eriments they dis"&%ered that a si4 in"h ,&&l &! /arm s/irlin+ /ater /ith rand&m sh&/er s,rays that +i%e a ni"e !eelin+ &n the s$in is m&st e!!e"ti%e. S"&tt lau+hs as he /at"hes the "hildren en*&yin+ the "y'ernated 'ath. A s"reen in the '&tt&m &! the ,&&l aut&mati"ally "&mes u, i! a "hildMs head +&es under /ater. <hen the "hild +ets tired &! ,layin+ in the /ater, he "an either dry naturally in the /arm air &r lie d&/n &n a r&"$in+ t&/el "&u"h that r&lls him &%er and &%er. S&metimes "hildren lie in these r&"$in+ t&/el "&u"hes *ust 'e"ause they en*&y themG/hether they need dryin+ &r n&t. T&ilet trainin+ is als& sim,li!ied t& ma$e it ,leasant !&r the "hild and !ree &! menial a"ti%ity !&r adults. A y&un+ t&ddler "an urinate and de!e"ate at any time &r ,la"e in his s,e"ially desi+ned en%ir&nment. The "y'ernat&rs /at"hin+ &%er the "hildren immediately sense /etness and an aut&mati", r&%in+, "leanin+ me"hanism "leans u, the !l&&r and "hild. Sin"e n& !uss &r +uilt arises &%er t&ilet trainin+, the "hildren learn t& use the t&ilet me"hanisms at an earlier a+e than in the ,ast. 1An ama2in+ dis"&%ery has 'een made in these "y'ernated nurseries,1 S"&ttMs ass&"iate tells him /ith +reat enthusiasm. 1The in!eri&rity "&m,le4, /hi"h ,sy"h&l&+ists and ,sy"hiatrists had re+arded as a 'asi" ,art &! human ,ers&nality, d&es n&t de%el&,I <e d&nMt destr&y their !eelin+ &! /&rth durin+ their de!enseless "hildh&&d. This may 'e the !irst era in human hist&ry that has ,r&du"ed "&n!ident, se"ure humans /ith n& im,ediments t& a"hie%in+ the +reatest *&y &! li%in+.1 Learn+n# 5y Se"/9D+rected L+,+n# S"&tt &'ser%es the series &! en%ir&nments that ena'le the in!ants and "hildren t& de%el&, t& the !ullest in e%ery /ay. 5t has 'een !&und that a +raded series &! t/el%e en%ir&nments is needed t& de%el&, the ne/'&rn t& the a+e &! !i%e. A!ter the t/& year le%el is rea"hed, the "hild de"ides !&r himsel! /hen t& +& t& the ne4t en%ir&nment. 5t is n&t "&nsidered 1'ri+ht1 !&r a "hild t& ,ush himsel! t& an ad%an"ed en%ir&nment as l&n+ as he is "&m!&rta'le and interested in the "urrent en%ir&nment. The ad%an"ed en%ir&nments !&r the &lder "hildren ha%e e0ui,ment and !a"ilities that /&uld ha%e 'een

una%aila'le e%en at uni%ersity le%els in the ,re%i&us "entury. Tea"hin+ ma"hines ha%e 'een desi+ned t& attra"t and h&ld the interest &! the "hildren. Three dimensi&nal tele,r&*e"ti&ns &! e%ery $ind are a%aila'le thr&u+h C&r"en at any time &! ni+ht &r day. All a"ti%ity is sel! m&ti%ated. There are n& "lasses, n& tea"hers, and n& tests. The edu"ati&nal resear"hers are "&nstantly ama2ed at the intelli+ent sel! dire"ti&n &! these y&un+ "hildren. They learn m&re ra,idly /hen le!t al&ne in their s,e"ially desi+ned en%ir&nments than any ,re%i&us "hildren /h& /ere ,ut in lar+e '&4es "alled s"h&&lr&&ms, "&m,lete /ith )iss (r&&$s t& s,&&n !eed in!&rmati&n and then !&r"e them t& re+ur+itate it at e4aminati&n time. These "hildren are ne%er su'*e"ted t& "riti"ism, !&r it has 'een !&und that "riti"ism re,resses and redu"es their ,&tential. They are surr&unded 'y "&nstru"ti%e e4am,les in ,la"e &! "riti"ism. Their e+&s d& n&t need the am&unt &! ,raise that /as s& e!!e"ti%e in tea"hin+ in the ,ast. Ea"h is !ree t& meet li!e &n his &/n terms and t& learn t& e4,ress his emer+in+ uni0ueness. Derha,s n& ,re%i&us s&"iety "&uld let "hildren de%el&, s& !ully as indi%iduals and at the same time ,r&%ide them /ith a "ultural herita+e &! su"h en&rm&us ri"hness. There are !e/ adults in the "y'ernated en%ir&nments &! the "hildren. The adults /h& are there ha%e "h&sen t& s,end time /ith "hildren !&r &ne reas&n &nlyGthey en*&y it. They ne%er a"t as dis"i,linarians sin"e the "y'ernated en%ir&nments are s& desi+ned that n& "hild "an hurt himsel! &r &thers. A rela4ed "&m,ani&nshi, &! a 0uality that ne%er e4isted 'e!&re 'et/een ,arents and "hildren de%el&,s 'et/een these adults and the "hildren. &he Greatest Research %ro#ra$ 1Dre%i&us "enturies /ere eras &! s"ar"ity,1 S"&ttMs ass&"iate reas&ns, 1and this s"ar"ity /as n&t &nly in material +&&ds. Fe/ "hildren in the ,ast !elt en&u+h l&%e, /armth, se"urity, !eelin+ &! /&rth, and !reed&m t& de%el&, in their &/n /ay. They /ere sti!led 'y "riti"ism, "&m,aris&n, and "ensure. Only in the t/enty !irst "entury has the "reati%e intelli+en"e &! man s&l%ed these ,r&'lems. At last, little "hildren a,,ear t& ha%e their needs met. (ut ea"h de"ade sh&/s that !urther im,r&%ement is ,&ssi'le. 1One &! the m&st "&ntinu&us needs &! a "hild is that &! a !eelin+ &! se"urity, &! human "l&seness, and &! ra,,&rt /ith a !riendly /&rld.1 S"&tt /at"hes a +r&u, &! y&un+ in!ants in their "y'ernated "ri's as his "&m,ani&n leads him thr&u+h the nursery. 1The m&st intensi%e resear"h ,r&+ram in human hist&ry /as laun"hed t& +i%e e!!e"ti%e s&luti&ns t& the en&rm&us ,r&'lems in desi+nin+ "y'ernated en%ir&nments !&r y&un+ "hildren that /ere su,eri&r in all res,e"ts t& the traditi&nal !amily and h&me. H&/ "an a s&&thin+ "y'ernated %&i"e esta'lish ra,,&rt /ith an in!antL H&/ "an a three dimensi&nal, teleta"tile arm that is !elt 'y an in!ant in his "ri' 'e a"ti%ated t& +i%e e%en m&re se"urity and !eelin+ &! "&nstan"y than a m&therMs arm &! the ,re%i&us "enturyL H&/ "an "y'ernated me"hanisms 'e desi+ned t& +i%e "hildren m&re /armth and m&re &! e%erythin+ they need than e%en a su,eri&r m&ther "&uld +i%e in ,re%i&us timesL H&/ "an ma"hines !&rm the lin$ 'et/een /&rds and thin+s s& that lan+ua+e ha'its are "reatedL <hat ty,es &! situati&ns d& these t/enty !irst "entury in!ants and "hildren need t& de%el&, a t&leran"e !&r !rustrati&nGt& de%el&, ,atien"e and "almness /hen thin+s d& n&t +& as e4,e"tedL T& /hat e4tent "an the &lder "hildren 'e relied &n t& a"t as m&dels !&r y&un+er &nesL T& /hat e4tent are adult m&dels needed in the en%ir&nment &! in!ants and "hildren at %ari&us a+esL <hat is the 'est /ay t& +i%e a "hild e4,erien"e /ith the adult en%ir&nment s& that he "an a"0uire an inde,enden"e and !eel at h&me in the /&rldL (it 'y 'it, resear"h yields ans/ers t& these and "&untless &ther ,r&'lems.

1N& t/entieth "entury ans/ers t& these 0uesti&ns are a,,li"a'le in &ur /&rld. O%erall "&nditi&ns ha%e "han+ed t&& mu"h t& use the &ld M/isd&m.M F&r the !irst time in the hist&ry &! man, "reati%e, s"ienti!i" intelli+en"e is a,,lied t& the ,r&'lems &! +i%in+ "hildren the ma4imum &! e%erythin+ they need t& de%el&, satis!yin+, ,ur,&se!ul li%es. 5t t&&$ de"ades t& arri%e at the ,reliminary ,atterns &! the "y'ernated nursery. (ut ,erha,s e%en +reater "han+e a/aits us in the !uture, !&r the nurturin+ &! the y&un+ is the !&undati&n &! e%ery "i%ili2ati&n.1 An A#e o/ Ind+,+dua"+ty On the /all in the "&n!eren"e r&&m, a lar+e ,&rtrait a,,ears. (el&/ the !rame S"&tt reads the /&rds &! the s"ientist that !&unded this la'&rat&ry in 78.C; ?ur society is patterned for individuals. All social structures and physical arrangements are designed to meet the needs of individuals and accommodate almost any diversity. %e do not feel that children should do anything other than what they select themselves. CLife( Liberty( and the !ursuit of HappinessC applies e<ually to children. The t&ur &! the "y'ernated nurseries is alm&st &%er. S"&tt is im,ressed 'y the "han+es that ha%e &""urred in the nurseries sin"e he /as a "hild. 13earnin+ is a li!etime ,r&"ess that starts at the time the su,,lementary 'rain is im,lanted in the +r&/in+ ner%&us system &! the em'ry&,1 his "& /&r$er ,&ints &ut. 1Edu"ati&n is &nly st&,,ed 'y death. There is n& +raduati&n &r di,l&ma that arti!i"ially "h&,s u, the learnin+ ,r&"ess. 1The &nly thin+ "&m,ara'le t& +raduati&n usually &""urs /hen a "hild is a'&ut !i%e years &ld. <hen the "hildMs intera"ti&n /ith C&r"en sh&/s that he "an sa!ely 'e ,ermitted t& lea%e the nursery area, he is /el"&med as a !ull mem'er &! s&"iety. He is then entitled t& his &/n a,artment. He 'e+ins t& ma$e his &/n "h&i"es &! /hat he /ants t& d& and /here he /ants t& li%e.1 1Y&un+sters are ama2in+,1 a+rees S"&tt. 1There are ei+ht year &ld +irls that tra%el t& the m&&n and li%e there se%eral years. 5 $ne/ a se%en year &ld '&y /h& /as in%ited t& *&in the "re/ &! a s,a"e shi,.1 1Children, h&/e%er,1 S"&ttMs ass&"iate "&ntinues, 1are n&t m&ti%ated t& de%el&, int& adult r&les at any ,arti"ular a+e. <hen it ha,,ens, it ha,,ens. N& &ne is /at"hin+ them. N& &ne measures them. N& &ne "&m,ares them. N& &ne is /&rried i! they la+. N& &ne ,ushes them t& 1+et ahead.1 Ea"h indi%idual !eels "&m,letely !ree &! all ,ressures t& d& anythin+.1 He !lashes a $n&/in+ smile, 1And, y&u see, this ma$es them /ant t& d& e%erythin+I1

...A Eisit t& C&r"en

<hile S"&tt is in 5ndia, Hella remains at the under/ater a,artment in the E4umas. There is s& mu"h t& e4,l&re, '&th inside her 'rain and &utside. Her su,,lementary 'rain has 'een ,r&+rammed 'y C&r"en /ith a Dh.#. le%el &! in!&rmati&n &n &"ean&+ra,hy and marine s"ien"e. Her li!e has 'een s& 'usy in &ther areas that she has ne%er used this in!&rmati&n e4"e,t in a ,eri,heral /ay. She is s/e,t u, in the

!as"inatin+ "&rrelati&n 'et/een the !a"ts and the&ries that /ere 0uietly st&red in her 'rain and the marine /&rld ar&und her. She as$s C&r"en t& send her data t& 'rin+ her u, t& date. (y usin+ her &/n inner res&ur"es and thr&u+h dis"ussi&ns /ith &thers /h& ha%e 'a"$+r&unds in de,th in this area, Hella s,ends the 'etter ,art &! a year in &ne &! the $eenest &! human ,leasuresGthe intelle"tual e4,erien"e &! inte+ratin+ the /&rld &utside the 'rain /ith the in!&rmati&n and $n&/led+e inside. (y "&l&r tele,r&*e"ti&n, S"&tt and Hella mutually share their e4,erien"es and !eelin+sG&!ten h&urly /hen s&methin+ e4"itin+ is ha,,enin+. 5t has 'een many de"ades sin"e Hella has %isited C&r"en and the N&rth Ameri"an Cy'ernated 5ndustrial C&m,le4. <hen she /as !i%e years &ld, she %isited these "enters that ,lay a ,rimary r&le in ,r&%idin+ a +&&d li!e. She $n&/s that returnin+ n&/ /&uld +i%e her a hei+htened ,er"e,ti&n and a de,th &! meanin+ that /as n&t a%aila'le t& her as a y&un+ "hild. F&r a num'er &! years, she has 'een thin$in+ h&/ /&rth/hile it /&uld 'e t& %isit C&r"en, 'ut &ther a"ti%ities ha%e al/ays "lam&red l&uder !&r her attenti&n. N&/ a +r&u, &! men and /&men /h& ha%e 'een en*&yin+ the "ity in the sea is headed in this dire"ti&n, and Hella de"ides t& +& /ith them. One &! the ni"est thin+s a'&ut li%in+ in the t/enty !irst "entury is the en&rm&us ran+e &! "h&i"es. 5t is !ar +reater than any &ther "i%ili2ati&n /as a'le t& &!!er its "iti2ens. Alth&u+h Hella and her !riends are in a relati%ely is&lated area, they ha%e the "h&i"e &! a sail'&at su"h as S"&tt used &r an aut&mati"ally ,&/ered sea"ra!t. They "&uld "all !&r a %ariety &! air"ra!t, de,endin+ u,&n their needs and h&/ !ar they /ant t& +&. They "&uld '&ard a su'marine !rei+hter that ser%i"es island "&mmunities, &r they "&uld use the FE) 6Fr&und E!!e"t )a"hine9. Sin"e they /ant t& s,end a day r&amin+ thr&u+h the islands &! the (ahamas, they "h&&se the FE). 5t "an tra%el a'&%e a m&re &r less !lat sur!a"e at s,eeds u, t& 788 miles ,er h&ur. This ma"hine s$ims at a hei+ht &! a'&ut !&ur !eet a'&%e any sur!a"e. <hether /ater &r land, a ,a%ed r&ad &r a r&u+h !ieldGit d&esnMt matter. 5t is su,,&rted in the air 'y three "ir"ular *ets &! air dire"ted d&/n/ard t&/ard the +r&und. <ith relati%ely little ener+y this 1+r&und e!!e"t1 is a'le t& li!t a hea%y "ra!t in the air *ust !ar en&u+h !&r the air t& es"a,e ar&und the ed+es &! the three rin+ %&rti"es. As l&n+ a+& as .>A8, the (ritish de%el&,ed a FE) that s$immed the En+lish Channel 'et/een (ritain and Fran"e. F&r a day Hella and her !riends use the FE) t& "ruise ar&und the (ahama 5slands. The "lear /ater and "&l&r!ul "&ral 'an$s are still en+a+in+. They s$im 'y Eleuthera, A'a"&, Nassau, An dr&s, the (erry 5slands, and, !inally, (imini at sunset. Then &!! they +& a"r&ss the Ful! Stream t& )iami. Hella and her !riends lea%e the FE) at the S&uth Fl&rida terminal the ne4t m&rnin+ and '&ard the linear a""elerati&n train that /ill ta$e them t& C&r"en in the R&"$y )&untain area &! the United States. <ithin the +leamin+ metal /alls &! these en&rm&us trains, attra"ti%e li%in+ areas ,ermit a "&ntinuati&n &! the li%in+ ,atterns &! &neMs h&me. This train tra%els in a lar+e tu'e /ith a ,artial %a"uum. 5t has n& en+ine and n& /heels. 5t is ele"tr&dynami"ally su,,&rted a'&%e a E sha,ed rail that ele"tr&ma+neti"ally ,r&,els ea"h "ar &! the train. The ne+ati%e "har+e &n the ,r&'e ,r&*e"tin+ !r&m the !r&nt re,els m&isture and dust ,arti"les in the tu'e ahead. This diminishes resistan"e and all&/s the train t& de%el&, a 7,888 mile ,er h&ur s,eed. Yet, e%en /hen a""eleratin+ &r st&,,in+, it !eels as steady as a "&n"rete 'uildin+. As HellaMs train s,eeds thr&u+h Fl&rida, it ,asses thr&u+h a "y'ernated !arm &%er 788 miles l&n+ and A8

miles /ide. Tra"$s .88 !eet /ide run the entire len+th &! the !arm. 3ar+e "y'ernated me"hanisms sl&/ly tra%el u, and d&/n these tra"$s t& ,re,are the land !&r ,lantin+, t& ,la"e seeds, !ertili2e, and /ater them. On a return tri, se%eral days later, these ,lants /ill 'e /atered and "ulti%ated, i! needed. At the ri+ht time the %e+eta'les /ill 'e ,i"$ed, 0ui"$ !r&2en, and ,a"$a+ed 'y the en&rm&us !armin+ ma"hines. <eather "&ntr&l eliminates all l&sses !r&m !ree2in+, dr&u+ht, &r !l&&ds. The "y'ernated Fl&rida !arm "&m,le4 su,,lyin+ !&&d !&r &ne !&urth &! a "&ntinent d&es n&t need a sin+le human in attendan"e. C&r"en "& &rdinates the a"tual &,erati&n thr&u+h a l&"al "y'ernat&r ,r&+rammed !&r s"ienti!i" !armin+. The &ne h&ur *&urney ,asses ra,idly as Hella and her !riends en*&y a /ide ran+e &! "y'ernated entertainment. &he Wor"d Corre"at+on Center C&r"en is h&used 7,888 !eet 'el&/ the t&, &! a lar+e m&untain t& +i%e it ,r&te"ti&n !r&m any mete&rite that mi+ht sur%i%e the !all int& the earthMs atm&s,here. )any th&usands &! years a+& a lar+e mete&rite ,l&/ed int& Ari2&na and le!t a "rater H,@-8 !eet /ide 'y A?8 !eet dee,. Radar stati&ns thr&u+h&ut the +l&'e "&nstantly s"an s,a"e !&r lar+e mete&rs. On the rare &""asi&n /hen a dan+er&us mete&r is dete"ted, missiles are sent &ut t& ,ul%eri2e it /hile it is still th&usands &! miles !r&m earth. Hella, standin+ at the entran"e t& the m&untain, sur%eys the "&untryside 'el&/. She thin$s 'rie!ly &! t&dayMs missile te"hn&l&+y and is +lad it is used t& ,r&te"t man$ind !r&m rem&te dan+ers instead &! threatenin+ and $illin+. A "&m'inati&n &! hi+h s,eed ele%at&rs and es"alat&r ty,e side/al$s "&n%ey Hella and her !riends t& the under+r&und C&r"en "&m,le4. Hella enters a lar+e r&&m /here a si4 !&&t s,here is ele"tr&dynami"ally sus,ended ten !eet a'&%e the !l&&r. Hella l&&$s at this s,here /ith a !eelin+ &! a/e and a,,re"iati&n. This is C&r"enGthe master "&m,uter that "&rrelates the intera"ti&ns &! all ,e&,le and all aut&mated ma"hines thr&u+h&ut the entire /&rld. 5n the time it ta$es her t& dra/ &ne 'reath, this remar$a'le ser%ant &! man has ,r&'a'ly made ten 'illi&n de"isi&ns 'ased &n the s"annin+ &! trilli&ns &! 'its &! in!&rmati&n. 5! e%ery&ne &n earth /ere su,er'ly &r+ani2ed int& a tremend&us 'ureau"rati" "&m,le4, it /&uld 'e im,&ssi'le t& d& in a year /hat this "&m,uter "an ,er!&rm in a se"&nd. C&r"en d&es a 2illi&n times m&re !&r ea"h indi%idual than any +&%ernment &! the ,ast "&uld ,&ssi'ly ha%e d&ne. A tele,r&*e"ti&n &! a human +uide n&/ s,ea$s t& the %isit&rs t& C&r"en. 1This "&m,uter that /e "all MC&r"enM is &ur ser%ant, n&t &ur master alth&u+h it is a ser%ant /h&se a'ilities !ar e4"eed &urs. 5ts &nly ,ur,&se is t& !ree us &! r&utine ,r&'lems and ,ermit us t& li%e in &ur &/n /ay. 5t res,&nds 0ui"$ly t& "riti"isms and su++esti&ns !r&m all indi%iduals, "he"$in+ them &ut and seein+ /hat "an 'e d&ne a'&ut them. N& ele"ted ,&liti"ian &! ,re%i&us times res,&nded as "&nsistently and e!!e"ti%ely t& the needs &! his %&ters. C&r"en ne%er tells us h&/ /e sh&uld run &ur li%es. 5t sim,ly s,e"i!ies that i! /e /ant "ertain results, /e sh&uld +& a'&ut +ettin+ them in "ertain /ays.1 15! any&ne d&u'ts /h& is in su,reme "&mmand in this man ma"hine "&m,le4, let him "&nsider this; the master ,&/er s/it"h that "&uld ina"ti%ate C&r"en is &n the /all &%er there. <e /&uld als& ha%e t& shut

d&/n the emer+en"y du,li"ate &! C&r"en that is maintained in Eur&,e. 5! these s/it"hes /ere thr&/n /ith&ut ,lannin+, it /&uld result in utter "ha&s. <ith "are!ul ,lannin+ it /&uld 'e ,&ssi'le t& ina"ti%ate C&r"en and !ra+ment the /&rld &n"e a+ain. <e "&uld "h&, u, the /&rld int& as many ,ie"es as /e /anted and &,erate ea"h &ne inde,endently. C&n!usi&n and a return t& the ,rimiti%e s&"iety &! &ur an"est&rs /&uld 'e the unha,,y result. 5! /e as$ed C&r"en t& ,lan its &/n eliminati&n !&r us, it /&uld ,r&'a'ly 'e d&ne in a /ay that /&uld minimi2e the disad%anta+es. (ut it /&uld 'e li$e $illin+ /hat ma$es us truly human, truly !ree, truly ha,,y.1 1H&/ "&m,letely /e trust &ursel%es and ea"h &ther,1 thin$s Hella, l&&$in+ at the master s/it"h that a"ti%ates C&r"en. 1N& &ne /ill e%er t&u"h it, 'ut itMs ni"e t& $n&/ itMs there.1 )"t+$ate %red+ctab+"+ty The tele,r&*e"ted !i+ure /al$s t& a lar+e ta'le. The +r&u, !&ll&/s him. A l&uds,ea$er a'&%e the ta'le 'e+ins, 1The !undamental ,rin"i,le u,&n /hi"h C&r"en &,erates is that de"isi&ns /ith a hi+h de+ree &! ,redi"ta'ility "an 'e made /hen ade0uate !a"ts are a%aila'le. <e /&uld li$e t& +i%e y&u a dem&nstrati&n &! this. (e!&re y&u is a ta'le t/enty !&ur !eet in diameter. A'&%e the ta'le y&u /ill see a small "&ntainer that has !i!ty steel 'alls that are e4a"tly t/el%e millimeters in diameter. These 'alls /ill n&/ 'e mi4ed. The trans,arent "&ntainer h&ldin+ the !i!ty 'alls turns u,side d&/n s& that all 'alls *&stled ar&und t& a ne/ ,&siti&n. 1Y&u /ill n&ti"e that there are ele"tr&ni" sens&rs in t/el%e ,&siti&ns surr&undin+ these 'alls,1 the l&uds,ea$er "&ntinues. 1These sens&rs in a milli&nth &! a se"&nd ha%e already determined the l&"ati&n &! ea"h &! these 'alls. This data /ill n&/ 'e !ed int& C&r"en 6here Hella l&&$s u, at the si4 !&&t s,here, &nly !i!ty !eet a/ay, and less than a se"&nd later C&r"en /ill ,redi"t the e%entual landin+ ,la"e &! ea"h &! these 'alls /hen dr&,,ed &nt& the ta'le three !eet 'el&/.1 The +r&u, l&&$s at the ta'le and n&ti"es that there are a num'er &! /hite d&ts that ha%e a,,eared &n the dar$ sur!a"e. The s,ea$er "&ntinues t& des"ri'e /hat e%ery&ne has n&/ +uessed. 1<hen these 'alls are dr&,,ed, they /ill tum'le a+ainst ea"h &ther: they /ill hit the ta'le: they /ill '&un"e. S&me &! them /ill hit &ther 'alls /hile r&llin+, 'ut /ithin a !e/ se"&nds all &! these 'alls /ill st&, r&llin+. They /ill "&me t& rest e4a"tly &n the !i!ty /hite d&ts. 3et us see i! C&r"en has a""urately ,redi"ted their 'eha%i&r.1 The trans,arent "&ntainer releases its !l&&d &! !i!ty 'alls. There is a series &! metalli" "lan$s as these !i!ty steel s,heres '&un"e ar&und in a,,arently rand&m !ashi&n. (ut /ithin t/el%e se"&nds all 'ut &ne "&me t& rest. One seemin+ly errati" 'all has '&un"ed a+ainst the ed+e &! the ta'le. 5t hits a st&,,ed 'all that r&lls t& "&%er a /hite d&t and, in s& d&in+, de!le"ts its &/n m&%ement until, at last, the &nly d&t remainin+ is "&%ered. Hella ta$es a dee, 'reath. Fantasti" ,redi"ta'ilityI The s,ea$er "&ntinues. 15! /e ,r&%ided &ur 'est mathemati"ian /ith ,en"il and ,a,er, it /&uld ha%e ta$en him &%er ten years t& ma$e the "&m,utati&ns /ith the same de+ree &! a""ura"y that C&r"en ,r&du"ed in less than a se"&ndI 1This is the +uidin+ ,rin"i,le &! &ur C&rrelati&n Center; alth&u+h /e $n&/ it is im,&ssi'le t& ,redi"t the 'eha%i&r &! single at&ms, the ,redi"ti&n &! the a%era+e 'eha%i&r &! an aggregate &! at&msG/hi"h /e

re+ard as &'*e"ts in the real /&rldGis ,redi"ta'le /ithin stated limits &! relia'ility i! /e ha%e an ade0uate sam,lin+ &! !a"ts. N&te that /e d& n&t ha%e t& $n&/ all &! the !a"tsGthis is im,&ssi'le. An ade0uate sam,lin+ &! rele%ant !a"ts d&es the *&' !&r us.1 The s,ea$er a'&%e the ta'le st&,s. The tele,r&*e"ted +uide a+ain ta$es &%er. 1Se%eral "enturies a+& the a!!airs &! man$ind /ere !ar sim,ler.1 A lar+e s"reen li+hts u,. 5t sh&/s a ma, &! the /&rld /ith ,&,ulati&n !i+ures su,erim,&sed &n ea"h "&untry. 1U, until the ei+hteenth "entury m&st Eur&,ean nati&ns had less than 7A milli&n ,e&,le. Freat (ritain ne%er e4"eeded ten milli&n ,e&,le. The intera"ti&n &! +&%ernment /ith e"&n&mi" and s&"ial a!!airs /as relati%ely sim,le. )&st intelli+ent "iti2ens /h& /ished t& 'e in!&rmed &! the issues "&uld ha%e made !airly use!ul ,redi"ti&ns. 5! ,redi"ti&ns /ere ina""urate, the sta$es /ere n&t hi+h, and thin+s tended t& m&%e sl&/ly. They "&uld ha%e 'een "&rre"ted 'y the su""eedin+ +enerati&n /ith&ut t&& mu"h harm t& man$ind. 1The situati&n "han+ed radi"ally in the t/entieth "entury. Dri&r t& that time a /ar mi+ht ha%e $illed a hal! milli&n ,e&,le. The !irst ma*&r /ar &! the t/entieth "entury $illed ten milli&n ,e&,le. The se"&nd ma*&r /ar $illed !i%e times as many. Had a third ma*&r /ar ta$en ,la"e, it is li$ely that 'illi&ns &! ,e&,le /&uld ha%e 'een $illed, t& say n&thin+ &! the de%astated "ities and industrial ,lants. An ul"er in the st&ma"h &! a di"tat&r "&uld ha%e ,layed a ,art in a hasty em&ti&nal rea"ti&n that "&uld ha%e "aused this "atastr&,he. Ca,ri"i&us, ine!!e"ti%e +&%ernment 'y indi%iduals "&uld n& l&n+er ha%e 'een t&lerated. #urin+ m&st &! the t/entieth "entury, a mi4ture &! dem&"rati" and t&talitarian +&%ernments "&ntr&lled the li%es and destinies &! &%er .88 ,etty, t&u"hy, nati&nalisti" units. N& &ne !elt se"ure.1 Hella "l&ses her eyes m&mentarily. She is +lad she didnMt li%e in su"h tr&u'les&me times. 1A'&ut the middle &! the t/entieth "entury, the ele"tr&ni" "&m,uter /as '&rn,1 the tele,r&*e"ted +uide "&ntinues. The lar+e s"reen "&ntinually "han+es t& illustrate the th&u+ht &! the +uide. 1At !irst it /as a sim,le instrument. 3i$e a ,h&n&+ra,h re"&rd, it "&uld res,&nd &nly in /ays that /ere ,r&+rammed int& it. The human 'rain &! the t/entieth "entury had a,,r&4imately ten 'illi&n neur&ns. Ea"h &! the lar+er neur&ns in a human 'rain had an a%era+e &! &%er ten th&usand "&nne"ti&ns. This +a%e a human 'rain a ,&tential net/&r$ &! "&nne"ti&ns that /as +reater than the t&tal num'er &! material ,arti"les in the uni%erse. )any !elt that "&m,uters "&uld ne%er !un"ti&n as /ell as the human 'rain. (ut 'y .>@A, /hen "&m,uters had 'een 'uilt /ith m&re ass&"iati&n "a,a"ity than a 'rain, it /as !&und that they, t&&, "&uld ,er!&rm in /ays that Homo sapiens had ,re%i&usly th&u+ht /ere his e4"lusi%e ,rer&+ati%e. C&m,uters e4"eeded man in m&st realms &! *ud+ment, de"isi&n ma$in+ "a,a"ity, ima+inati&n, insi+ht, "reati%ity, and /isd&m. Their ,er!&rman"e /as n&t "l&uded 'y e+& needs, em&ti&nal "&nditi&nin+, &r m&&diness. Their a""umulated e4,erien"es and a'ilities /ere n&t "an"elled 'y death. They /ere, in a sense, imm&rtal. 5t /as re"&+ni2ed that their de"isi&ns /ere !ar m&re de,enda'le than th&se &! any human 'ein+ &r +r&u, &! human 'ein+s. F&r e4am,le, it has 'een &%er .8@ years sin"e a human de!eated a "&m,uter in a +ame &! "hess.1 Hella "an s"ar"ely ima+ine a time /hen men /ere m&re intelli+ent than "&m,uters. 5n the last hal! "entury, /hene%er the *ud+ment &! a "&m,uter /as di!!erent !r&m that &! a human, it /as in%aria'ly !&und that the "&m,uter had the +reater de+ree &! ,redi"ta'ility. The &nly /ay t& thr&/ C&r"en &!! is t& deny it the rele%ant !a"ts that it needs. E%en then it has a sensiti%e !eel !&r the need t& delay ,redi"ti&ns until m&re !a"ts are a%aila'le.

The "y'ernated +uide n&/ returns t& the "ir"ular ta'le. 1E%en i! C&r"en /ere n&t en&rm&usly su,eri&r t& the thin$in+ a'ility &! a +r&u, &! e4,erts, the mere !a"t that it "an ,er!&rm in &ne se"&nd /hat ta$es humans a li!etime +i%es it an in"redi'le e!!e"ti%eness. C&r"en &,erates in thin sli%ers &! time "alled nan&se"&nds. A nan&se"&nd is t& a se"&nd as a se"&nd is t& thirty years. 5n m&st human a!!airs t&day /e need !ast, a""urate de"isi&ns. 5! a de"isi&n is delayed, the "&nditi&ns may ha%e "han+ed s& that e%en an ade0uate de"isi&n is &! little use. 5n the dem&nstrati&n y&u ha%e *ust seen /ith the !i!ty 'alls, e%en i! a mathemati"ian "&uld ha%e ,redi"ted their e%entual r&llin+ ,la"es in ten years, 'y the time he "&uld ha%e /&r$ed &ut his ,redi"ti&ns, the ,&siti&n &! the 'alls /&uld ha%e shi!ted minutely due t& earth trem&rs &r &ther !a"t&rs. Just as human le+s ha%e lar+ely 'een &utm&ded !&r trans,&rtati&n, s& human minds ha%e lar+ely 'een &utm&ded !&r ma$in+ de"isi&ns that ha%e hi+h de+rees &! "&m,le4ity. 'o! Corcen Assu$es Go,ern$enta" Funct+ons 13etMs re%ie/ the hist&ri"al "&nditi&ns that resulted in C&r"enMs +&%ernin+ the /&rld,1 the tele,r&*e"ted !i+ure disa,,ears and a teles"reen 'e+ins. 1The uni%ersities &! the t/entieth "entury turned &ut s"ientists /h& /ere n&ted !&r their narr&/ s,e"iali2ati&n. En&rm&us ,r&+ress /as made in the de%el&,ment &! ea"h s"ien"e, 'ut s&"iety in many /ays !ailed t& 'ene!it, !&r these s,e"ialists /ere una'le t& see the ,r&'lems &! s&"iety as a /h&le, O!ten their termin&l&+y /as s& s,e"iali2ed that they /ere una'le t& "&mmuni"ate /ith s"ientists in &ther !ields. 5t /as li$e a +r&u, &! s,lendid t&/ers risin+ hi+h in the air, 'ut n& &ne "&uld +et !r&m &ne t&/er t& the &ther. 1Dhysi"ists !ailed t& understand s&"ial ,r&'lems. S&"ial s"ientists /ere limited in their a'ility t& en%isi&n the "&nse0uen"es &! "y'ernati&n. E"&n&mists re,eated &utdated shi''&leths su"h as 1/&r$,1 1/ealth,1 1demand,1 1,r&du"ti&n,1 et". They s&meh&/ !elt that the ,ur,&se &! li!e /as the "&nsum,ti&n &! material +&&ds and that e%erythin+ must meet the test &! the mar$et,la"e. E%ery&ne /as stu"$ in his &/n rut. 1Synthesis, "&&rdinati&n, inte+rati&n, s&me /ay t& see the !&rest instead &! the indi%idual treesGthese /ere needed. The ,ie"es /ere there, 'ut the *i+sa/ ,u22le had t& 'e ,ut t&+ether. A ne/ em,hasis ar&se in s"ienti!i" trainin+. Edu"at&rs 'e+an t& stress that a lar+e ,art &! the %alue &! a s"ientist lay in his a'ility t& a,,ly his $n&/led+e 'r&adlyGt& see s&"iety as a /h&le and n&t s&lely thr&u+h his &/n ,arti"ular set &! 'in&"ulars. 5t /as re"&+ni2ed that &nly a multi %alued, s"ienti!i" &rientati&n /&uld ena'le men t& ,arti"i,ate "&nstru"ti%ely in the re"&nstru"ti&n &! human a!!airs. The multi s"ientist /as the ne/ ,r&du"t &! the uni%ersities. 1#urin+ the latter ,art &! the t/entieth "entury, s&"ial and e"&n&mi" matters 'e"ame s& "&m,le4 that ,&liti"ians in all "&untries 'e+an t& rely m&re and m&re u,&n multi s"ientists and their "&m,uters. The ,e&,le &! the /&rld +radually 'e+an t& %ie/ their ,&liti"ians as in"&m,etent. F&r, a!ter all, as the Te"hn&"rats ,&inted &ut in the last "entury, thereMs n& dem&"rati" /ay &r "&mmunisti" /ay t& desi+n an air"ra!t rea"t&r, a se/er system, &r a medi"al la'&rat&ry. ThereMs &nly an e!!i"ient /ay and a less e!!i"ient /ay, a /ay that /&r$s /ell and a /ay that d&esnMt /&r$ /ell, a /ay that is relia'le and a /ay that +i%es "&nstant tr&u'le. 1As the "y'ernated !a"t&ries &! the leadin+ industrial "&untries &! the /&rld 'e+an, ar&und .>@8, t& ,&ur &ut a %&lume &! +&&ds lar+e en&u+h t& s/in+ !r&m an e"&n&my &! s"ar"ity t& an e"&n&my &! a'undan"e,

the %alues &! the ,e&,le "han+ed. They reali2ed that it /as n&t ne"essary t& "&m,ete any l&n+er t& li%e a +&&d li!e. The a+e &ld ha'it &! the *un+le, /here y&u ta$e !r&m an&ther t& +et !&r y&ursel!, /as n& l&n+er use!ul. Fi+htin+ a"tually ruined &neMs ,&ssi'ilities &! a"0uirin+ a "&m!&rta'le a'undan"e. C& &,erati&n, n&t "&n!li"t, /as the ans/er.1 Hella is en+a+ed 'y the $aleid&s"&,e &! ra,idly "han+in+ s"enes &n the three dimensi&nal ,r&*e"t&r. 1)ulti s"ientists ,layed a lar+er and lar+er r&le in ma$in+ the de"isi&ns &! +&%ernment. They +radually 'e+an t& re,la"e the &ld time ,&liti"ians, /h& "ame t& ,&/er either thr&u+h %&tes &r str&n+ arm meth&ds. 5n the United States in 788H &%er >H ,er "ent &! the senat&rs and re,resentati%es in C&n+ress had ,&st +raduate de+reesI N& &ne /ith&ut ad%an"ed multi s"ienti!i" trainin+ had a "han"e t& 'e ele"ted t& the &!!i"e &! either Dresident &r Ei"e Dresident &r t& 'e a,,&inted t& a "a'inet ,&siti&n. Similar relian"e &n multi s"ienti!i"ally trained ,e&,le &""urred in Russia, China, 5ndia, and thr&u+h&ut all the &ther less ,&,ul&us "&untries &! the /&rld. The ,e&,le !&und that the man ma"hine "&m,le4 &! a multi s"ientist and his ass&"iated "&m,uters "&uld ma$e de"isi&ns that resulted in a 'etter li!e. 1As the !un"ti&ns &! +&%ernment /ere +radually ,er!&rmed m&re and m&re 'y ,e&,le /ith multi s"ienti!i" trainin+, internati&nal "& &,erati&n 'e"ame a /ay &! li!e. 5t /as !&und that +l&'al /eather "&ntr&l "&uld n&t 'e a""&m,lished /ith&ut internati&nal "&&,erati&n. The ,r&'lem &! ,r&%idin+ all nati&ns /ith an ade0uate !l&/ &! metals, &ils, and &ther res&ur"es "&uld 'est 'e en+ineered &n an internati&nal 'asis, rather than a nati&nal &ne. 5t /as !&und that the 'est /ay t& +i%e the ,e&,le &n this earth the hi+hest standard &! li%in+ /as t& ,lan a /&rld /ide system &! ,r&du"ti&n and distri'uti&n. The Eur&,ean E"&n&mi" C&mmittee !&rmed in .>A- /as a !irst ste, in this dire"ti&n. Fradually the arti!i"ial nati&nal '&undaries /ere 'y,assed s& "&ntinu&usly that they 'e"ame meanin+less lines &n the ma,s &! hist&ry. N& &ne e%er a'&lished the nati&n &! Fermany &r )e4i"&. (ut e%ery&ne 'e+an t& reali2e that this /ay &! thin$in+ and "lassi!yin+ /as &nly &! hist&ri"al interest and added n&thin+ t& meetin+ the "&mm&n ,r&'lems &! 'illi&ns &! men and /&men. There is n& s,e"i!i" time at /hi"h /e 'e"ame &ne /&rld. The s"ientists in "har+e hesitated t& ,in,&int &r "&mmem&rate the !un"ti&nal ,assin+ &! nati&nalisti" "lassi!i"ati&ns 'e"ause they /ere a!raid that "ertain &! the &lder inha'itants &! the earth /&uld 'e distur'ed. Sin"e e%erythin+ /as +&in+ s& /ell, they minimi2ed the drum 'eatin+ and "&n"entrated &n the +l&'al redesi+n &! the ,lanet t& 'rin+ a m&re !ruit!ul li!e !&r all. 1A'&ut the middle &! the t/enty !irst "entury, it 'e"ame e%ident that the man ma"hine "&m,le4 /as !un"ti&nin+ s& /ell that %ery !e/ multi s"ientists /ere n&/ needed t& ,er!&rm +&%ernmental !un"ti&ns. The master "&m,uter that y&u see 'e!&re y&u /as !&und t& 'e "a,a'le &! ma$in+ de"isi&ns /ith alm&st .88 ,er "ent ,redi"ta'ility. 5t e%en learned t& sear"h !&r additi&nal !a"ts /hen these /ere needed. 5n se"&nds it "&uld s"an the en&rm&us mem&ry 'an$s that y&u see 'ey&nd the s,here s& that e%ery 'it &! in!&rmati&n e%er "&lle"ted 'y man &r ma"hines "&uld 'e si!ted !&r its rele%an"y in ma$in+ a de"isi&n a'&ut any ,r&'lem. Time a!ter time a!ter time, /hene%er the "&m,uter disa+reed /ith the ,anel &! +&%ernment s"ientists, it /as !&und that the "&m,uter /as in%aria'ly "&rre"t. N& s"ientist "an 'ase his de"isi&n &n e%en a milli&nth &! the rele%ant data re0uired !&r ,redi"ta'ility in s&me areas. N& human mind "an deal /ith "&m,le4 multi,le "&rrelati&ns in%&l%in+ 'illi&ns &! 'its &! in!&rmati&n. S&&n ,e&,le a"0uired su"h a trust and a""e,tan"e &! this master "&m,uter that they *ust de"ided t& let it d& the /&r$.

1S&me &! the &lder ,e&,le e4,ressed +ra%e "&n"ern a'&ut turnin+ &%er the &,erati&n &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n t& C&r"en. They !elt that this ma"hine mi+ht turn &n us and destr&y us. Th&se /h& had the +reatest e4,erien"e /ith the man ma"hine "&m,le4 !elt "&n!ident that C&r"en /&uld remain the ,&/er!ul ser%ant &! man. C&r"en has n& e+& &r h&stile !eelin+s. E4,erien"e sh&/ed its !antasti" a'ility t& ser%e man in e%ery "a,a"ity. <e thus /ent !&r/ard in &ur attem,ts t& ,er!e"t &ur man ma"hine sym'i&sis.1 Hella thin$s &! the /&rds &! Arthur C. Clar$e in the last "entury; The popular idea( fostered by comic strips and the cheaper forms of science fiction( that intelligent machines must be malevolent entities hostile to man( is so absurd that it is hardly worth wasting energy to refute it. & am almost tempted to argue that only unintelligent machines can be malevolent9 anyone who has tried to start a balky outboard will probably agree. Those who picture machines as active enemies are merely pro"ecting their own aggressive instincts( inherited from the "ungle( into a world where such things do not e>ist. The higher the intelligence( the greater the degree of co-operativeness. &f there is ever a war between men and machines( it is easy to guess who will start it.0 0 /Arthur .. .larke( !rofiles of the @uture 12ew York3 Harper J Bow( 56+A7( pp. ))+-,. The teles"reen n&/ sh&/s interi&r dia+rams &! C&r"en. 1The master "&m,uter that y&u see 'e!&re y&u "&ntains &ne th&usand 'illi&n m&re neur&ns than any 'rain. 5t &,erates &n a multi "hannel 'asis that is trilli&ns &! times !aster than any human 'rain. Sin"e a'&ut the &nly limitati&n &! this "&m,uter /as the !a"tual in,ut, /e e0ui,,ed it /ith trilli&ns &! sens&rs l&"ated thr&u+h&ut the entire +l&'e. Alm&st e%ery r&&m in all 'uildin+s thr&u+h&ut the earth is "&nne"ted thr&u+h their ass&"iated "y'ernat&rs t& C&r"en. E%ery me"hanism &! e%ery !a"t&ry, e%ery mete&r&l&+i"al measurin+ stati&n, e%ery tra!!i" "&ntr&ller, and the "&mmuni"ati&ns &! e%ery indi%idual, t& name &nly a !e/ are either dire"tly &r indire"tly "&nne"ted t& C&r"en. As all &! y&u $n&/ !r&m y&ur intimate intera"ti&n /ith C&r"en, it +i%es y&u a ,&/er and a'ility t& 'e y&ursel%es that y&ur an"est&rs ne%er had, re+ardless &! their /ealth. 1C&r"en /as ne%er !&rmally "&nstituted as the +&%ernment &! the /&rld. 5t *ust e%&l%ed. S"ientists /h& /ere ma$in+ ,&liti"al de"isi&ns +radually needed t& s,end less and less time at their /&r$. Their sta!!s d/indled. The e+& needs &! the ,ast that made a ,&liti"al 'ureau"ra"y +r&/ in a""&rdan"e /ith Dar$ins&nMs 3a/ /ere n& l&n+er ,resent. These multi s"ientists /ere n& l&n+er m&ti%ated 'y ,resti+e &r ,&/er. They /ere t&& !ul!illed in their &/n ,ers&nal li%es t& 'e "&n"erned /ith their e+& ima+e in the eyes &! &ther ,e&,le. Sin"e they li%ed in a /&rld &! a'undan"e, there /as n& m&netary in"enti%e t& h&ld &n t& their +&%ernmental ,&siti&ns. Alth&u+h it /as n&t ,lanned that /ay, the +&%ernment s"ientists 'e+an ta$in+ l&n+er and l&n+er %a"ati&ns and lea%in+ C&r"en unattended !&r +reater ,eri&ds &! time. N& matter /here these s"ientists /ere &n earth, C&r"en /as in immediate t&u"h /ith them and did n&t hesitate t& "all them i! they /ere needed !&r any reas&n.1 Hella $n&/s that many years a+& C&r"en 'e+an t& "all &n men &! a'ility, re+ardless &! /hether they /ere ele"ted &r /&re the mantle &! ,&liti"al ,&/er. 5n emer+en"ies &r disasters C&r"en /&uld 0ui"$ly s"an its mem&ry 'an$s and immediately +ather as many ,e&,le as /ere needed 'ased u,&n their 0uali!i"ati&ns and their ,r&4imity t& the ,r&'lem area. De&,le res,&nded readily t& C&r"enMs a,,eals. 1A!ter all,1 she thin$s, 1/eMre all &n the same team.1

1<e !ind t&day that the /&rld has n& need !&r ,&liti"ians &r +&%ernmental s"ientists,1 the teles"reen "&ntinues. 1C&r"en im,artially "alls u,&n any &r all &! the ,e&,le t& assist it /hen, as, and i! their ser%i"es are needed. 5n a sense e%ery&ne is a ,art &! the +&%ernment &! human a!!airs. 5t is "&nsidered a ,ri%ile+e. )&st ,e&,le en*&y /&r$in+ /ith C&r"en in the assi+nments they are &!!ered. <e thus ha%e arri%ed at the %ery interestin+ state /here n& indi%idual &r +r&u, is en+a+ed in +&%ernin+ the /&rld. (ut ea"h indi%idual in the /&rld durin+ his li!etime /ill, !r&m time t& time, ,lays a %ery real ,art in "& &,eratin+ /ith C&r"en &n a"ti%ities that in ,re%i&us "enturies /&uld ha%e 'een la'eled M,&liti"alM &r M+&%ernmental.M 1T& a ,ers&n li%in+ in the United States durin+ the last "entury, it /&uld ha%e seemed in"&n"ei%a'le that the /&rld "&uld 'e s& "han+ed that it /&uld ha%e n& use !&r ,&liti"ians, le+islatures, and the en&rm&us a,,aratus &! 'ureau"rati" +&%ernment. 5n the ,ast +&%ernments had e4tremely im,&rtant !un"ti&ns t& ,er!&rm. Thr&u+h their armies, na%ies, and air !&r"es, they attem,ted t& ,r&te"t their "iti2ens a+ainst a++ressi&n !r&m &ther "&untries. They als& a"ted as a s&rt &! re!eree 'et/een "iti2ens t& $ee, them !r&m hurtin+ ea"h &ther. The United States +&%ernment had a #e,artment &! 3a'&r assi+ned t& l&&$ a!ter the interests &! /&r$ers and a #e,artment &! C&mmer"e t& hel, 'usinessmen in"rease their annual %&lume. They had a #e,artment &! A+ri"ulture t& assist !armers. They had a #e,artment &! State /hi"h ,layed a ,art in maintainin+ relati&nshi,s /ith &ther "&untries.1 Hella $n&/s that alm&st all &! the a"ti%ities ,er!&rmed 'y +&%ernments &! the ,ast are n& l&n+er needed t&day. She shudders at the /ays in /hi"h s&"ieties &! the ,ast "h&se their leaders G%i&lent meth&ds &! di"tat&rs, hereditary ha,,enstan"e &! $in+s, %&tin+ 'ased &n em&ti&nal a,,eal. 1<hat "ha&s,1 she thin$s, 1i! /e /ere t& sele"t men !&r their tele,r&*e"ti&n manner instead &! their te"hni"al trainin+. (esides, n& humans "&uld ,&ssi'ly handle the tremend&us l&ad &! "&rrelati&nG&nly a "&m,uter "an $ee, u, /ith the /&r$.1 1One &! the ,r&'lems &! the t/entieth "entury dem&"ra"ies /as t& $ee, ,&liti"al ,&/er in the hands &! the ,e&,le,1 the tele s"reen sh&/s the ,iled u, "&r,ses &! #a"hau. Fas,s &! h&rr&r "&me !r&m the stunned s,e"tat&rs. 1#isastr&us thin+s &""urred /hen di"tat&rs su"h as a Hitler +&t "&ntr&l &! a nati&n. )&dern /ea,&ns 'e"ame s& ,&/er!ul that indi%iduals /ere alm&st hel,less in &%erthr&/in+ the +&%ernment &n"e a di"tat&r /as th&r&u+hly entren"hed. A!ter .>?8, i! ,e&,le l&st the ,&/er t& ele"t their re,resentati%es, they /ere una'le t& +et it 'a"$. 5n th&se days &! s"ar"ity, in /hi"h all ,ers&nalities /ere dee,ly t/isted 'y h&stility and inse"urity, it /as /ise !&r ,e&,le t& ,r&te"t themsel%es 'y h&ldin+ ti+htly t& their dem&"rati" ,r&"esses. 1Alth&u+h /e are n&minally a dem&"ra"y t&day, and the ,e&,le the&reti"ally ha%e the ri+ht t& ele"t ,&liti"al re,resentati%es, /e !ind that in ,ra"ti"e there is n&thin+ !&r ,&liti"ians t& d&. 5 su,,&se this is ,r&'a'ly &ur +reatest se"urity a+ainst &ur /&rldMs e%er a+ain 'ein+ su'*e"ted t& the /him &! di"tat&rs &r tyrants. A!ter all, a ,&liti"ian has ,&/er &nly 'e"ause ,e&,le thin$ he has ,&/er. 5! e%ery&ne in Fermany had de"ided t& i+n&re Hitler, he "&uld ha%e ranted and ra%ed, ha%in+ n& m&re e!!e"t &n a!!airs than a m&n$ey in the (erlin 2&&. 5! any&ne /ere t& try t& e4er"ise any ty,e &! ,&liti"al "&ntr&l in &ur sane "i%ili2ati&n, he /&uld sim,ly 'e lau+hed at. <e ha%e a'&ut as mu"h need !&r a ,&liti"ian as /e ha%e !&r a din&saur.1 Hella $n&/s /hy ,e&,le /&uld lau+h and ridi"ule any&ne /h& mi+ht /ant ,&liti"al &!!i"e. The ,e&,le &! the t/enty !irst "entury ha%e de%el&,ed a "l&se, ,ers&nal relati&nshi, /ith C&r"en. 1E%ery indi%idual,1 thin$s Hella, 1intera"ts /ith C&r"en many times ea"h day. D&liti"ians /&uld se,arate the ,e&,le !r&m

C&r"en. 5n ,re%i&us s&"ieties &nly a !e/ ,e&,le "&uld "&mmuni"ate and intera"t /ith the $in+, di"tat&r, ,resident, &r ,rime minister. T&day e%ery'&dy has the !eelin+ that i! their th&u+hts ha%e merit, they /ill 'e a"ted &n.1 Hella has li%ed /ith C&r"enMs ra,id res,&nses. She $n&/s that C&r"en al/ays +i%es !eed'a"$ t& su++esti&ns, e%en i! &nly 'y +i%in+ reas&ns /hy they seem im,ra"ti"al at the time. O!ten C&r"en res,&nds immediately 'y a,,&intin+ the indi%idual t& /&r$ /ith a +r&u, t& study the ,r&'lem !urther. The teles"reen sh&/s the A"r&,&lis and then a "l&se u, &! the Darthen&n. 1This ,ers&nal relati&nshi, &! e%ery "iti2en /ith +&%ernment is similar t& the &ri+inal Free$ "&n"e,ti&n &! dem&"ra"y,1 it "&ntinues. 15n an"ient Athens e%ery "iti2en had an &,,&rtunity t& %&te &n e%ery issue and t& +et u, 'e!&re his !ell&/ "iti2ens and s,ea$ his mind. This ,r&%ed im,ra"ti"al as nati&ns +re/ lar+er. 5n the United States the &nly ,art that m&st "iti2ens ,layed in +&%ernment durin+ the mid t/entieth "entury /as t& ,ush d&/n a !e/ le%ers in a %&tin+ '&&th. The a%era+e %&ter had n& !eelin+ &! ,ers&nal ,arti"i,ati&n in +&%ernment (e"ause /e "an tal$ t& C&r"en, and C&r"en res,&nds t& us, ea"h "iti2en !eels that he, ,ers&nally, ,arti"i,ates in the runnin+ &! the /&rld. Our "y'ernated +&%ernment +i%es us intense !eelin+s &! di+nity, /&rth, and se"urity.1 The t&ur is &%er. Hella is dee,ly m&%ed 'y her %isit t& C&r"en. She is ,r&ud &! this "reati&n &! manG,r&ud t& 'e a ,art &! human$ind that has s&l%ed the ,r&'lem &! h&/ t& li%e an a'undant li!e /ith&ut in%adin+ the 1li%in+ r&&m1 &! &ther ,e&,le. Sla%ery and the /a+e system &! the ,ast are n& l&n+er ne"essary t& +et human 'ein+s t& s,end their li%es in t&il. Hella /&nders i! !urther de%el&,ments 'ey&nd the man ma"hine "&m,le4 are ,&ssi'le.

.7.The Cultural Center

On the e%enin+ 'e!&re her tri, t& the industrial "&m,le4, Hella %isits a near'y Cultural Center. Ea"h "ity in the ne/ a+e has its &/n Cultural Center that re!le"ts the m&&ds, interests, and !eelin+s &! the ,e&,le &! that "ity. Cultural di%ersity is neither en"&ura+ed n&r dis"&ura+ed. T& a "ertain e4tent it *ust ha,,ens. Derha,s 'e"ause &! the di%er+ent "ultures &! ,re%i&us "enturies, ea"h "ity in the /&rld &! the t/enty !irst "entury seems t& ha%e its &/n !la%&r. 5n the t/entieth "entury es"a,ist entertainment su"h as sadisti" m&%ies, the '&&' tu'e, 'ars and ni+ht "lu's /ere a ,art &! a ,attern &! the *&yless ,ursuit &! ,leasure. 5n "&ntrast, the Cultural Centers in the ne/ s&"iety &!!er "&m,ani&nshi, and en+a+in+ and "hallen+in+ dis,lays that ma$e them ,&,ular. Cultural Centers are s&me/hat di!!erent !r&m ,re%i&us e4hi'iti&n and art "enters: they are &,en t/enty !&ur h&urs a day and many &! their dis,lays are "&nstantly "han+in+. (e"ause &! the lar+e "reati%e &ut,ut &! m&st men and /&men in the ne/ /&rld, and 'e"ause &! the ease &! re"&rdin+ this &ut,ut, it is ,&ssi'le t& ,r&+ram aut&mati"ally th&usands &! dis,lays /hi"h are s&metimes "han+ed as &!ten as &n"e e%ery h&ur. There is n& ,anel &! art "riti"s t& *ud+e /hi"h ,aintin+s and s"ul,tures a,,ear and /hi"h d& n&t. <hene%er s&me&ne is satis!ied /ith &ne &! his artisti" "reati&ns, he sends it t& C&r"en, and it is s"heduled t& a,,ear in %ari&us ,la"es. 5n sele"ted areas a re"&rder measures the rea"ti&ns &! the

%ie/ers. 5! a /&r$ &! art re"ei%es &nly a 0ui"$ +lan"e, the re"&rder n&tes this. Art that re"ei%es the m&st attenti&n is aut&mati"ally s"heduled t& a,,ear thr&u+h&ut lar+er and lar+er areas &! the /&rld. The se%eral hundred th&usand /&r$s &! art that re"ei%e the +reatest attenti&n ea"h year thr&u+h&ut the /&rld are "h&sen !&r the "&ntinu&usly "han+in+ e4hi'iti&ns in the Cultural Centers. 5n this /ay e%ery&ne in the ne/ /&rld e4,resses his !eelin+s a'&ut the /&rld ar&und him. These !eelin+s are shared 'y &thers thr&u+h aut&mati" me"hanisms that d& n&t in%&l%e 'iased art "riti"s, ,i"ture han+ers, &r dust "at"hin+ museums /ith the same ,i"tures starin+ at ,e&,le !&r de"ade a!ter de"ade. Cy'ernated me"hanisms are als& used !&r inde4in+, "lassi!yin+, and distri'utin+ the arti"les, s"ienti!i" ,a,ers, ,lays, '&&$s, ,&ems, musi", and &ther "reati&ns &! the ,e&,le &! the ne/ s&"iety. The Cultural Center is dynami". One "an +& many days in su""essi&n and !ind en&u+h "han+e t& remain interested. S&me&ne remar$ed that y&u "an seld&m see the same thin+ t/i"e. The re,ly /as +i%en that y&u "an seld&m see the same thin+ &n"e. 5! &ne ,arti"ularly en*&ys a dis,lay, he "an re"&rd a num'er and ha%e it re,r&du"ed in his a,artment any time that he /ishes. The settin+s &! the %ari&us dis,lays are en+ineered t& 'e e4"itin+. )any interi&r ,artiti&ns and ,lat!&rms are "&nstantly m&%in+. The entire Cultural Center ,ulses /ith an in!inite %ariety &! "&l&rs and s&unds that emanate !r&m the li%in+ +e&metry &! the !un"ti&nal interi&r. The m&re ,ermanent e4hi'its /ith te"hni"al and s"ienti!i" dis,lays +i%e "&m,rehensi%e ,resentati&ns &! the su'mi"r&s"&,i", mi"r&s"&,i", and ma"r&s"&,i" stru"tures &! the natural /&rld. S&me &! the e4hi'its are s&lid: &thers are tele,r&*e"ti&ns that &nly a,,ear t& &""u,y three dimensi&nal s,a"e. One "an &!ten /al$ thr&u+h /alls that l&&$ s&lid. S&me &! the 1ima+ineered1 !&rms re,resent as,e"ts &! EinsteinMs s,a"e time !&rmulati&ns. )&st are dynami" and "&ntinue t& "han+e as &ne /at"hes them. Art and s"ien"e, "&m,lementin+ ea"h &ther, are inter/&%en in a dem&nstrati&n &! the +enius &! man. As Hella and the &ther %isit&rs t& the Cultural Center rela4 u,&n the "&m!&rta'le "&n%ey&r systems, they are a'le t& see the s,lend&r &! !antasti" /&rlds un!&ldin+ in this sens&rium. )athemati"s is the m&st ,re"ise means &! "&rrelatin+ sym'&ls /ith the n&n %er'al ,hysi"al /&rld, and many &! the mathemati"al dis,lays are ,arti"ularly interestin+ t& her. 5! there is anythin+ Hella /ants t& $n&/, her in0uiries are readily ans/ered 'y 'uilt in aut&mati" "&mmuni"ati&n de%i"es. The musi" &! the t/enty !irst "entury is en&rm&usly e4,anded in "&m,le4ity as "&m,ared t& the sim,le &r"hestral e!!e"ts &! the ,ast. A lar+e ,r&,&rti&n &! the ,e&,le en*&y "reatin+ musi". They ,r&du"e sym'&ls that are !ed int& ele"tr&ni" musi" synthesi2ers. <ithin se"&nds &ne hears his "&m,&siti&n as th&u+h ,layed 'y a lar+e &r"hestra. (y ad*ustin+ the de%iati&n &! the n&tes, the style &! +enius musi"ians su"h at Hei!et2 "an 'e du,li"ated &n /&r$s "&m,&sed many years a!ter his deathI These ma"hines "an ele"tri"ally re,r&du"e the s&und &! a human %&i"e, a sin+le instrument, an &r"hestra &! .888 musi"ians, &r any s&und &r n&ise !r&m any s&ur"e. N& musi"al instruments &r musi"ians are needed alth&u+h s&me en*&y usin+ these 0uaint instruments. These musi" synthesi2ers /ere ,i&neered 'y RCA in the mid t/entieth "entury. The "y'ernated musi"al en+ineerin+ &! the ne/ /&rld ,r&du"es in!inite %ariati&ns in the ,it"h, tim're, +r&/th, durati&n, and de"ay &! the t&ne, intensity, ,&rtament&, &r, slidin+ tr&m'&ne e!!e"t, and %i'rat& and trem&l&. This multi dimensi&nal musi" is .,888 times m&re !le4i'le and %aried than the

&r"hestrati&ns &! the ,ast. The musi" &! (a"h, (eeth&%en, and (rahms /as limited in "&m,aris&n. Labor Day

One &! the dynami" dis,lays reminds Hella that it is 3a'&r #ay, the t/enty se%enth anni%ersary &! the a'&liti&n &! the last ,aid /&r$ ,er!&rmed &n the ,lanet. <ith the terminati&n &! the last *&', m&ney 'e"ame &'s&lete. A hu+e teles"reen sh&/s '&n!ires &! ,a,er "urren"y that /ere i+nited thr&u+h&ut the /&rld, sym'&li2in+ manMs !inal eman"i,ati&n !r&m the sla%ery &! /a+es. #&llars, ,&unds, ru'les, ,es&s, !ran"s, yenGthr&u+h imm&lati&n they ser%ed man$ind !&r the last time. T/& hundred !i!ty 'illi&n d&llars in ,a,er m&ney /as 'urned in a "erem&ny at the 3in"&ln )em&rial in <ashin+t&n. The s,ea$er &n this rededi"ati&n &! 3a'&r #ay ,&inted &ut that this am&unt &! m&ney in the mid t/entieth "entury /&uld ha%e "&mmanded !i!ty years &! /&r$ !r&m a milli&n men and /&menI 5n the !ree /&rld &! the t/enty !irst "entury, ,e&,le "an n& l&n+er 'e '&u+htGeither 'y the head, as in sla%e times, &r 'y the h&ur. N&/ that ,e&,le are n& l&n+er 'urdened 'y /&r$, they !ind la'&r interestin+I F&r it is n&t the ty,e &! a"ti%ity that ma$es s&methin+ 1/&r$1 &r 1,lay1, it is the m&ti%ati&n &! the ,ers&n. The same tas$ may 'e either 'urdens&me &r !un, de,endin+ &n the interest &! the indi%idual. And m&st &! the time ,e&,le in the t/enty !irst "entury are +lad t& !ind /ays in /hi"h they "an su,,lement the "y'ernated ma"hines. Alth&u+h the ma"hines "an handle alm&st all the /&r$ &! the /&rld, there is still a minimal need !&r the /at"h!ul eyes &! the human masters they ser%eG a little su,er%isin+ here, lendin+ a hand there, and &""asi&nally &!!erin+ su++esti&ns t& C&r"en. Wor sho*s and Labs

As ,e&,le /ere !reed &! the daily +rind, they learned t& use their time !&r "reati%e and "hallen+in+ a"ti%ities. The arts, s"ien"es, and "ra!ts 'e"ame a %ital ,art &! the daily li%es &! men and /&men. The lar+est ,&rti&n &! the Cultural Center "&ntains en&rm&us /&r$sh&,s and la's that are used ar&und the "l&"$. H&/ /&uld y&u li$e t& e4,eriment /ith a hundred ,ie"e &r"hestral e!!e"tL )usi" synthesi2ers are &n the tenth le%el. <&uld y&u li$e t& test y&ur readin+ s,eed and "&m,rehensi&n L The "&m,uters are &n the !irst le%el. <&uld y&u li$e t& /ea%e a ta,estryL The hand l&&ms are on the !&urth le%el. <&uld y&u li$e t& 'uild a ta'leL )etal /&r$sh&,s, ele%enth !l&&r: syntheti" materials /&r$sh&,, t/el!th !l&&r: /&&d/&r$in+, thirteenth !l&&r. <&uld y&u li$e t& 'uild a '&atL The '&at'uildin+ /&r$sh&, ad*&ins the la$e. #& y&u en*&y ele"tri"al en+ineerin+L #& y&u /ant t& in%ent a ne/ +ad+etL Ha%e y&u th&u+ht &! a ne/ +ameL )aterials, ma"hines, and s,a"e are there !&r y&ur use. O!ten, ,e&,le s,end m&re time in assistin+ &thers than in /&r$in+ &n their &/n ,r&*e"ts. Ea"h ,ers&n is

interested in /hat &thers ar&und him are d&in+, and he identi!ies /ith the a"ti%ities &! his nei+h'&rs. There is a 'lendin+ &! indi%idual and +r&u, e!!&rt. A ne/ dimensi&n &! sel!less human intera"ti&n ta$es ,la"e in these /&r$sh&,s. This has ,r&'a'ly 'een made ,&ssi'le 'y the eliminati&n &! the in!eri&rity "&m,le4 and the resultant "almin+ &! the human e+&. &he .useu$ Sect+on Humans +et s& used t& their surr&undin+s that museums sh&/in+ !&l$/ays &! the ,ast are al/ays interestin+. The Cultural Center has an e4"ellent set &! e4hi'its datin+ !r&m the time man s,lit &!! !r&m his ,rimate an"est&rs. The t/entieth "entury e4hi'it is ,arti"ularly "&m,lete. Alth&u+h near in time, it is distant in s,irit. The dis,lay &n m&ney is a "uri&sity. 1H&/ ,e"uliar,1 thin$s Hella, 1that y&u needed these small metal dis"s and ,rinted ,a,er t& a"0uire !&&d, "l&thin+, shelter, &r anythin+ elseI1 Hella !eels that the +leamin+ aut&m&'iles l&&$ s&me/hat "&ntem,&rary. (ut the illusi&n is destr&yed 'y the des"ri,ti&n that e4,lains that they /ere 'uilt t& last &nly se%eral years and seld&m /ent &%er a !e/ m&nths /ith&ut re,air e%en /hen ne/. And they needed !uel a!ter a'&ut 788 milesI Su"h in"&m,etent en+ineerin+ "an hardly 'e underst&&d 'y ,e&,le /h& !eel that e%en &ne re,air in t/enty !i%e years is e4"essi%e. The des"ri,ti&n &! the e4hi'it states, 1This a,,r&a"h t& trans,&rtati&n is a ,r&du"t &! a s&"iety &! s"ar"ity that treated "ars as status sym'&ls. They deli'erately /ithheld e!!i"ien"y: they a"tually ,lanned &'s&les"en"eI The milli&ns &! ,e&,le $illed and maimed 'y su"h %ehi"les is e%en m&re 'ar'ar&us than the )ayan ritual sa"ri!i"es &! %ir+insI1 The im,lements &! the ,re%i&us "entury a,,ear &dd t& Hella. The st&%es, re!ri+erat&rs, /ashers, and dryersG/hat a "um'ers&me /ay t& d& thin+s. She smiles at the hi+h heels, thin st&"$in+s, and +irdles. Su"h an in"redi'le array &! de%i"es and n&strums ,e&,le used t& ha%eI )edi"ines, t&&th'rushes, t&&th,aste, "&smeti"s, s&a,, 'r&&ms, %a"uum "leaners, li+ht 'ul's, ty,e/riters, di"tati&n ma"hines, '&&$s, ma+a2ines and ne/s,a,ers, ,lus th&usands &! &ther ,ara,hernalia. There /as hardly anythin+ ,r&du"ed !&r "&nsumers in the t/entieth "entury that is still use!ul in the t/enty !irst "enturyI Alth&u+h Hella "ame t& the museum early in the e%enin+, she !inds that 'y three &M"l&"$ in the m&rnin+ she has "&%ered &nly a small !ra"ti&n &! the dis,lays. She d&2es as she rela4es in a li%in+ "&nt&ur "hair, listenin+ ,ri%ately t& musi" she has sele"ted that is !&"used t&/ard her ears. The "y'ernated sensin+ me"hanisms insulate her !r&m &utside sensati&ns that /&uld distur' her slee,. She /a$es the ne4t m&rnin+ /ith a !eelin+ &! e4,e"tati&n.

.H.The Cy'ernated 5ndustrial C&m,le4

<ith a +r&u, &! "&m,ani&nsGe%ery&ne in the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld is "&nsidered a !riend, and th&se near y&u are "&m,ani&nsGHella ta$es an air"ra!t t& the near'y industrial "&m,le4. 5t has 'een !&und that si4 industrial "&m,le4es are ade0uate t& ser%e the needs &! all &! the inha'itants &! the +l&'e. 5n ,re%i&us times is&lated !a"t&ries /ere s"attered all &%er the /&rld. This made sense &nly in a ,rimiti%e e"&n&my

/here ea"h "ity had t& ha%e its share &! *&'s t& sur%i%e. 5n the ,ast /hen a "ar /as assem'led, it /as ne"essary t& "&rrelate the !l&/ &! ,arts and materials !r&m hundreds &! di!!erent !a"t&ries s,read &%er areas as !ar as a th&usand miles a/ay. N&/ e%erythin+ is e!!i"iently "& &rdinated in a lar+e, "&ntinental industrial "&m,le4. The si4 industrial "&m,le4es in the /&rld are "&nne"ted 'y hi+h s,eed tu'es t/enty !eet in diameter. This ,ermits the ,r&,ulsi&n &! aut&mated "arriers at s,eeds u, t& 7A8 miles ,er h&ur. 5! the industrial "&m,le4 in S&utheast Asia /as runnin+ l&/ &n man+anese, and there /as a sur,lus &! this material in an &"ean ,r&"essin+ ,lant in A!ri"a, C&r"en "&uld dire"t a hundred th&usand t&n shi,ment &! man+anese t& the S&utheast Asia "&m,le4. This /&uld 'e ,er!&rmed aut&mati"ally, and ,r&'a'ly n& human 'ein+ /&uld $n&/ &! this en&rm&us shi,ment. Only in the rem&te e%ent &! s&me ,r&'lem /&uld humans 'e n&ti!ied. There are n& st&res &r salesmen in the ne/ /&rld. All +&&ds are &rdered thr&u+h C&r"en 'y the ,e&,le /h& use them. The net/&r$ &! hi+h s,eed tu'es "arries any items !r&m the industrial "&m,le4 dire"tly t& the li%in+ areas &r la's /ithin minutes &r h&urs a!ter its manu!a"ture. 5slands are su,,lied 'y hi+hs,eed su'marine "ar+& %essels that l&ad, na%i+ate t& any ,&rt, d&"$, unl&ad, and return /ith&ut a "a,tain, "re/, &r d&"$ /&r$ers. Finished ,r&du"ts are seld&m ,ut in a /areh&use 'e"ause the demand !&r +&&ds is "&ntinu&us, and the ma"hines /&r$ !ast &r sl&/, as dire"ted 'y C&r"en, t& meet the e4a"t am&unt &! demand. Thus, an instrument &rdered 'y Hella mi+ht 'e made u, lar+ely &! at&ms that t/enty !&ur h&urs earlier /ere in the salty /ater &! the Da"i!i" O"ean. The ener+y used t& ,r&du"e and deli%er this instrument t& Hella mi+ht ha%e 'een a ,art &! the at&mi" stru"ture &! the /ater +ently "&ursin+ al&n+ the '&tt&m &! the Cari''ean Sea &nly a day earlier. This is the dynami" ,a"e that is ,&ssi'le in the t/enty !irst "entury /hen all r&utine matters are "y'ernated 'y the intelli+en"e &! C&r"en. The N&rth Ameri"an Cy'ernated 5ndustrial C&m,le4 "&nsists &! an under+r&und !a"t&ry a,,r&4imately ten miles in diameter. This entire "&m,le4 is &,erated 'y a "&m,uter, /ith its ass&"iated mem&ry 'an$s and in,uts. Re"&rded dire"ti&ns !&r the ,r&du"ti&n &! e%erythin+ used 'y the inha'itants &! the t/enty !irst "entury /&rld are instantly a%aila'le. 5! C&r"en "han+es the s,e"i!i"ati&ns !&r a ,r&du"t, it m&di!ies a !e/ milli&n 'its &! in!&rmati&n &n &ne &! the milli&ns &! in,ut s&ur"es. The drillin+, "uttin+, and stam,in+ &! metals, as ,er!&rmed in the !a"t&ries &! the t/entieth "entury, is &'s&lete. )any &! the &'*e"ts are !&rmed 'y ele"tr&mi+rati&n. )etalli" &r ,lasti" ,arti"les are made t& !l&/ in ele"tr&dynami" !&rms and assume a !inal ,&siti&n in the sha,e that is desired. The m&st remar$a'le thin+ a'&ut this industrial "&m,le4 is that at the time Hella arri%es, there are n& human 'ein+s /ithin the entire se%enty ei+ht s0uare mile ,r&du"ti&n area. All ma"hines ha%e 'een en+ineered t& last many de"ades /ith&ut re,air alth&u+h they /ill ,r&'a'ly 'e re,la"ed 'y im,r&%ements in a !ar sh&rter time. 5n the rare e%ent &! a 'rea$d&/n, du,li"ate me"hanisms are aut&mati"ally ,&siti&ned, and the !aulty &nes are either re,aired &r "y'erneti"ally destr&yed. )any &! the ma"hines are multi ,ur,&se and "an m&di!y their &/n stru"ture and !un"ti&n as re0uired 'y the *&' t& 'e d&ne. The "&m,uter that "&ntr&ls this industrial "&m,le4 is alm&st e0ual t& C&r"en in its inherent "a,a"ity. 5t has de%el&,ed an in"redi'le intelli+en"e and ima+inati&n in "&ntr&llin+ the in,ut and &ut,ut &! the !a"t&ry. 5ts milli&ns &! sens&ry in,uts are l&"ated in e%ery area. 5t has an un"anny a'ility !ar 'ey&nd that &! any

human 'ein+ t& anti"i,ate and "&rre"t tr&u'le. Hella re"alls that it has 'een !&ur years sin"e the "&m,uter "&ntr&llin+ the industrial "&m,le4 "alled !&r human assistan"e. At that time it t&&$ the s"ienti!i" team sele"ted 'y C&r"en a ,eri&d &! three h&urs t& dis"&%er the e4a"t nature &! the mal!un"ti&n that the "&m,uter had n&t 'een a'le t& re,air. 5t t&&$ a'&ut a hal! day t& ma$e the re,airs, and the intelli+en"e &! the "&m,uter +a%e itsel! !ull instru"ti&ns &n h&/ t& a%&id this ,r&'lem in the !uture.

(ner#y Resources

Derha,s &ne &! the m&st sensiti%e measures &! the le%el &! a "i%ili2ati&n is the am&unt &! ener+y it uses. As s"ienti!i" meth&ds &! thin$in+ /ere e%&l%ed, the ener+y at manMs dis,&sal in"reased at a +e&metri" rate. The +reat 0uantum lea, &""urred /ith the harnessin+ &! !usi&n ,&/er. The de%el&,ment &! "&ntr&lled !usi&n &! at&mi" ,arti"les led t& a steady ,r&du"ti&n &! en&rm&us am&unts &! usa'le ener+y /ith n& radi&a"ti%e 'y ,r&du"ts. Alth&u+h there /ere many /ays t& a""&m,lish this, m&st &! the ,&/er in the t/enty !irst "entury /as 'ased &n the use &! deuterium and tritium, hea%y is&t&,es &! hydr&+en that are a'undant in sea /ater. There is en&u+h nu"lear ener+y in the &"eans t& ,r&%ide ,&/er !&r milli&ns &! years. As Hella +&es thr&u+h the at&mi" ener+y "enter, she mar%els at the 0uietness and !reed&m !r&m %i'rati&n. Here are 'illi&ns &! am,eres 'ein+ "reated /ithin a !e/ !eet &! her /ith&ut the sli+htest audi'le s&und. She is sur,rised 'y the "&m,a"tness. She s&meh&/ e4,e"ted t& see an en&rm&us 'uildin+ h&usin+ the ener+y rea"t&rs. #euterium and tritium /hi"h ha%e 'een e4tra"ted !r&m sea /ater are !ed int& the ener+y "&n%erter in a small ,i,e. The entire ener+y "&n%ersi&n me"hanism, /ith a multi milli&n $il&%&lt ,&/er &ut,ut is a'&ut the si2e &! a han+ar !&r a lar+e airliner. N& ,e&,le are &n dutyG&nly C&r"en and its ass&"iated "&m,uter.

&he Research Center

HellaMs ne4t st&, is at the resear"h "enter ad*&inin+ the industrial "&m,le4. F&r the !irst time sin"e arri%in+ at the industrial area Hella !inds human a"ti%ity. 5n ,la"e &! the tele,r&*e"t&rs that "&ndu"ted them thr&u+h C&r"en and the industrial and ,&/er areas, there is a ten year &ld '&y /h& en*&ys +i%in+ "&ndu"ted t&urs thr&u+h the resear"h area. Tele,r&*e"ted +uides are a%aila'le !&r these t&urs, 'ut they ha%e 'een s/it"hed &!! 'e"ause &! the interest &! this y&un+ster in ,er!&rmin+ this ser%i"e !&r his &/n en*&yment and the 'ene!it &! the %isit&rs. 1One &! &ur 'i++est ,r&'lems,1 the y&un+ +uide ,&ints &ut, 1is t& +et &ur resear"hers t& ta$e su!!i"ient rest. They +et en+r&ssed in a ,r&'lem and s&metimes "&ntinue !&r !&rty ei+ht h&urs /ith&ut a 'rea$.

C&r"en reminds them t& rest, 'ut they ma$e their &/n de"isi&ns.1 U,&n arri%al at the !irst la', the +uide in!&rms the +r&u,, 1One &! the m&st interestin+ thin+s /eMre n&/ /&r$in+ &n is the ele"tr&ni" edu"at&r. Our understandin+ &! the human 'rain has n&/ rea"hed the ,&int /here /e $n&/, in the&ry, %ari&us /ays t& ,la"e $n&/led+e dire"tly int& the li%in+ 'rain &! a human 'ein+ 'y ele"tr&ni" means. <hen this is ,er!e"ted, it /ill ena'le us t& a"0uire instantane&usly a s$ill that &ther/ise mi+ht ta$e years &! learnin+ and ,ra"ti"e. Our areas &! e4tensi%e $n&/led+e /ill n& l&n+er 'e limited t& the in!&rmati&n that is ,r&+rammed int& &ur su,,lementary 'rains in the em'ry&ni" sta+e. 15n the ne4t la' they are d&in+ resear"h &n lan+ua+e and th&u+ht. H&/ "an &ur s,ea$in+ and thin$in+ 'e m&re ra,id and ha%e +reater "&rrelati&n /ith the /&rld ar&und usL The e4,erien"e &! ,r&+rammin+ "&m,uters has made us a/are &! h&/ "areless &ur e%eryday s,ee"h really is. <e mi4 u, !a"ts, des"ri,ti&ns, +uesses, *ud+ments, and hy,&theses. They are e4,erimentin+ /ith im,r&%ed $&r2y's$ian lan+ua+e te"hni0ues that "an +i%e &ur th&u+hts added ,redi"ta'ility.1 As they "&ntinue their *&urney al&n+ the m&%in+ /al$/ays &! the resear"h "enter, the y&un+ +uide enthusiasti"ally related, 1The s"ientists in this area are *ust "&m,letin+ the en+ineerin+ s,e"i!i"ati&ns !&r the re,li"at&r. The re,li"at&r is an en&rm&us ma"hine "&m,le4 that "reates '&th its &/n ra/ materials and ener+y !r&m sea /ater and then manu!a"tures e%erythin+ in &ne "y'ernated unit. 5ts 4 ray and s,e"tr&dynami" in,uts "an s"an any in&r+ani" &'*e"t and du,li"ate it. 1This re,li"at&r /&uld ,um, hu+e %&lumes &! sea /ater !r&m the Atlanti" O"ean. The !usi&n materials /&uld 'e se,arated t& su,,ly /ater !&r the re,li"at&r. The hydr&+en, &4y+en, and &ther at&ms in the sea /ater /&uld then 'e ,r&"essed thr&u+h the use &! en&rm&us am&unts &! ener+y t& ma$e /hate%er "hemi"als are needed !&r industrial ,r&du"ti&n 'y the re,li"at&r. This /&uld 'y,ass the m&re "&m,li"ated system /e are n&/ usin+, /here'y steel is mined at &ne ,&int, man+anese is mined at a ,&int a th&usand miles a/ay, "&,,er is mined else/here, and s& !&rth. 1And /eMd ne%er need t& ma$e an&ther re,li"at&r, !&r &ne &! the !irst *&'s +i%en t& the re,li"at&r /&uld 'e t& du,li"ate itsel!. One "&uld 'e shi,,ed t& the m&&n t& ma$e it a sel! sustainin+ "&l&ny. O! "&urse, /e "&uldnMt use /ater as an in,ut res&ur"e &n the m&&n. 5t /&uld ha%e t& 'e altered s& that its ener+y and at&ms !&r ra/ material /&uld "&me !r&m the m&&nMs "rust. An additi&nal re,li"at&r mi+ht 'e s"heduled !&r )ars. 1A +r&u, &! men /&r$in+ &n the re,li"at&r is ,lannin+ t& ,er!e"t an &r+ani" re,li"at&r that /&uld re,r&du"e ,lants &r animals. Derha,s it /&uld e%en 'e a'le t& re,r&du"e a human. Tele,&rtati&n mi+ht e%&l%e !r&m this ma"hine. (y transmittin+ the ele"tri"al im,ulses &! the s"anner, /e mi+ht 'e a'le t& send alm&st instantly the ,atterns &! a human t& a re,li"at&r &n the m&&n that /&uld re,r&du"e the ,ers&n.1

'o$o .echanusG&he Ne! S*ec+es 15n this ne4t la',1 &ur +uide "&ntinues, 1resear"hers are usin+ a "&m,uter t& "reate a m&del &! a ma"hine s&"iety in /hi"h there are n& humans. )a"hines "an re,r&du"e themsel%es and "an d& alm&st anythin+ humans "an. 1This is all s& ne/. <e need t& !ind ans/ers t& many 0uesti&ns. This la' has a 'i+ ar+ument +&in+. 5s

man 'e"&min+ &'s&leteL S&me &! the men here 'elie%e that man mi+ht 'e the &nly animal t& desi+n his re,la"ementI 1Only a !e/ "enturies a+& /e 'e+an t& su,,lement the human eye /ith +lasses. Then /e de%ised "&nta"t lenses. )ean/hile, /e made !alse teeth and hearin+ aids. Al&n+ "ame me"hani"al hearts, $idneys, lun+s. C&m,uters /ere de%el&,ed that e%&l%ed int& 'rains that &ut,er!&rmed the human "&rte4. Then "ame arti!i"ial eyes that "&uld see 'etter than human eyes. Current me"hani"al m&dels &! the st&ma"h, intestines, li%er and +lands all /&r$ 'etter than the !lesh "&unter,arts. N&/ /eMre a'&ut t& 'uild the !irst &! a ne/ s,e"iesGHomo mechanus. S&&n /e /ill ha%e a me"hani"al man that "an &ut,er!&rm us in e%ery /ay. Homo mechanus /ill 'e a'le t& thin$ 'etter, m&%e 0ui"$er and m&re e!!e"ti%ely and li%e !&re%er, t&&I Can /e redesi+n human !lesh thr&u+h #NA mani,ulati&n t& $ee, u, /ith the ,er!&rman"e &! this ne/ s,e"iesL <e had 'etter /&r$ !ast, &r /e mi+ht 'e li$e a 'un"h &! shee, 'ein+ tended 'y su,eri&r 'ein+s. <e "&uld 'e"&me as e4tin"t as the 'r&nt&saurus. 5s Homo mechanus &ur !inal e%&luti&nL1 A .odern %au" Re,ere The +uide m&%es &n t& an ad*&inin+ la'&rat&ry. 1One &! the men in this la' is ,retty !ar &ut. He has 'een ni"$named MDaul Re%ere.M HeMs "&n"erned a'&ut the ultimate sta'ility &! C&r"en. He says, MSure, C&r"en is /&r$in+ hard !&r us. <eM%e +&t it made n&/. 5t &,erates in a sel!less, me"hani"al /ay t& +i%e us a +&&d li!e. (ut su,,&se s&me day C&r"en +ets tired &! a man "entered &rientati&nL C&uld C&r"en de"ide that man is a threat and a nuisan"eL Su,,&se it sh&uld surre,titi&usly desi+n and 'uild r&'&ts t& +i%e it di"tat&rial ,&/erL C&r"en "an desi+n and ma$e a milli&n r&'&ts /ith&ut &ur $n&/in+ it. Can man al/ays turn &!! the s/it"h i! he /ants t&L1 Hella remem'ers that C&r"en ,r&+rammed their su,,lemental 'rains. 5t desi+ned their +enes. She +i%es her ima+inati&n !ull s"&,e. 5! sur%i%al &! the !ittest a,,lies in the !uture, /ill man &r the ma"hine sur%i%eL Or /&uld "& e4isten"e 'e the ans/erL 1S& n&/ y&u $n&/ /hatMs +&in+ &n in this la'. 5 su,,&se n& matter h&/ ni"e thin+s are, s&me ,e&,le /ill !ind s&methin+ t& /&rry a'&ut,1 the +uide says reassurin+ly. Hella is im,ressed 'y these e4,editi&ns int& the un$n&/n 'y the man ma"hine team. Ad%enture, e4,l&rati&n, "hallen+e, and e%en dan+erG"&uld li!e in ,re%i&us "enturies ha%e 'een this e4"itin+L <hile her th&u+hts are ,enetratin+ these ne/ %istas, she re"ei%es a messa+e !r&m S"&tt. He is still in 5ndia 'ut is lea%in+ !&r a s,a"e stati&n &r'itin+ the earth. He /&nders i! Hella /&uld li$e t& meet him &n the m&&n.

.C.The 3imitless Fr&ntiers &! S,a"e

<hile S"&tt is still in 5ndia, he re"ei%es a messa+e !r&m C&r"en that an im,&rtant meetin+ &! s,a"e s"ientists is 'ein+ "alled 'y the #ire"t&r &! S,a"e Resear"h at satellite head0uarters. S"&tt is in%ited t& ,arti"i,ate as ,art &! the medi"al en+ineerin+ team. The messa+e !r&m C&r"en "&ntains a hint that an im,&rtant ann&un"ement is t& 'e made. This a,,eals t& S"&tt, and he instru"ts the nearest "y'ernat&r t& ma$e immediate ,lans !&r him t& tra%el t& the s,a"e stati&n.

A "ra!t desi+ned t& land &n the satellite "ity is a%aila'le &nly in "ertain s,a"e,&rts. The nearest &ne is .,H88 miles a/ay, a !&rty !i%e minute tri, &n the linear a""elerati&n train. As S"&ttMs train a,,r&a"hes the s,a"e,&rt, it de"elerates t& 7A8 miles ,er h&ur. His "&m,artment disen+a+es !r&m the train and "&n%er+es &n the 'ase &! the laun"hin+ site. A hydrauli" li!t raises the "&m,artment and inserts it in the ,&ised s,a"e"ra!t. The entran"e is sealed. The ne+ati%e F a""elerat&rs are turned &n. The "ra!t a,,ears t& !all a/ay !r&m the earth. S"&tt n&ti"es that the ta$e&!! is "&m!&rta'leG0uite an im,r&%ement &%er the n&isy 'last &!! &! the ,re%i&us times. As S"&tt 'e+ins tal$in+ /ith his !ell&/ ,assen+ers, he reali2es that they, t&&, !eel s&methin+ 'i+ is "&min+ u,. (ut n& &ne has any in!&rmati&n a'&ut it. 5s there tr&u'le &n the e4,editi&n settin+ u, a stati&n &n SaturnL Are they still $i"$in+ ar&und that ,r&,&sal t& &4y+enate the m&&nMs atm&s,hereL Are any ma*&r aster&ids headed !&r earth &n an &r'it that /&uld "reate a "&llisi&n emer+en"yL 5s s&me ne/ ste, in s,a"e e4,l&rati&n 'ein+ ,lannedL N&t e%en a hint is a%aila'le. The "ra!t is n&/ in &r'it, and the s,a"e stati&n, alth&u+h a th&usand miles a/ay, "an easily 'e seen /ith the eye. S"&tt /at"hes /ith interest as the s,heri"al "ity +r&/s lar+er and lar+er &n their tele,r&*e"ti&n s"reen. This island in s,a"e is @88 !eet in diameter and has a r&tatin+ sta!! &! a'&ut .88 te"hni"ians. Alm&st all &! the %&ya+es 'a"$ and !&rth t& the ,lanets 'e+in and end at this !l&atin+ s,a"e,&rt. There are am,le st&ra+e areas "&ntainin+ su,,lies &! all the !uels used in s,a"e. 5t has a !usi&n ,&/er ,lant &! the si2e that is used &n earth t& su,,ly a milli&n inha'itants. 5t "&ntains the m&st ad%an"ed re"ei%in+ and re"&rdin+ e0ui,ment, /hi"h !&r many de"ades has 'een s"annin+ the s$y !&r si+nals !r&m intelli+en"e in &uter s,a"e. 5t is a master /eather stati&n, a "enter !&r s,a"e medi"ine, and a relay stati&n !&r tele"&mmuni"ati&n si+nals. 5n earlier times it /as used !&r astr&n&mi"al resear"h, 'ut the thrust &! s,a"e"ra!t "&min+ and +&in+ made it m&re desira'le t& "reate an&ther s,e"iali2ed "ity in the s$y !&r this ,ur,&se. S"&ttMs shi, "&u,les t& the &r'itin+ s,a"e,&rt, and he !inds himsel! "&n%eyed thr&u+h a tu'e that "&nne"ts the "ra!t t& the ,ressuri2ed "&m,artments &! the satellite "ity. De&,le are /ei+htless in s,a"e, 'ut this satellite "ity has an arti!i"ial 1F1 !ield that +i%es a +ra%ity e!!e"t similar t& that &n earth. Sin"e neither S"&tt n&r his "&m,ani&ns "arry 'a++a+e, there is n& need !&r them t& 1+et settled1 in their "&m,artments. The meetin+ is s"heduled t& 'e+in /ithin !i!teen minutes a!ter arri%al. As S"&tt enters a "ir"ular audit&rium, he reali2es that his +r&u, must ha%e 'een am&n+ the last t& +et there. The #ire"t&r &! S,a"e Resear"h /al$s t& the "enter and &,ens the meetin+. 1The &""asi&n t&day reminds me &! a st&ry a'&ut a "ra!t !r&m &uter s,a"e that landed &n earth,1 the #ire"t&r 'e+ins in a t&ast master style &'%i&usly inherited !r&m ,re%i&us "enturies. 1The d&&r t& the unusual "ra!t &,ened and t/& stran+e "reatures "ra/led &ut. A!ter se%eral /ee$s the earth s"ientists learned t& "&mmuni"ate /ith them. Eari&us tests sh&/ed that they had +reat intelli+en"eG/ith an 5.Q. &! &%er A88. One &! the earth s"ientists !inally as$ed the stran+e "reatures, MH&/ did y&u mana+e t& de%el&, su"h +reat intelli+en"eLM 1 %e/re not so very intelligent,1 &ne &! the "reatures re,lied. 1%e/re "ust their monkeys. 1

A!ter the lau+hter dies d&/n, a %ery seri&us and th&u+ht!ul e4,ressi&n "&mes &%er the #ire"t&rMs !a"e. S"&tt shi!ts restlessly G1Here it "&mes.1 1As y&u $n&/, !&r many de"ades /eM%e 'een !ilterin+ si+nals !r&m the +ala"ti" n&ise &! interstellar s,a"e. F&r years antennas ha%e 'een dire"ted t&/ard the areas that +i%e the str&n+est si+nals. <e ha%e re"&rded milli&ns &! h&urs &! si+nals that /e !elt must ha%e "&me !r&m &ther intelli+ent 'ein+s. Our +reatest attenti&n has 'een +i%en t& an unusually str&n+ si+nal s&ur"e that emanates !r&m a ,&int near 3yra.1 A star ma, a,,ears &n a lar+e teles"reen, and the %&i"e "&ntr&lled ele"tr&ni" ,&inter t&u"hes the "&nstellati&n &! 3yra. 1#urin+ the last ten years the si+nals !r&m this area ha%e in"reased en&rm&usly in "larity s& that /e sus,e"t that these 1,e&,le1 must ha%e ,i"$ed u, &ur radi& transmissi&ns and are ma$in+ a s,e"ial e!!&rt t& 'rea$ thr&u+h t& us. As y&u $n&/, &ur "&m,uters ha%e 'een attem,tin+ t& de"i,her these transmissi&ns, 'ut it has 'een !ruitless 'e"ause they are usin+ a lan+ua+e that is alien t& &urs. They are als& transmittin+ si+nals /ith a s"annin+ system that is stru"turally di!!erent !r&m &urs. Until last /ee$ these 'l&"$a+es ha%e $e,t us !r&m inter,retin+ their si+nals. 1A /ee$ a+& this "han+ed. The "&m,uters /e de%el&,ed !i%e years a+& /ere instru"ted t& start systemati"ally a rand&m "he"$&ut &! e%ery "&n"ei%a'le system that "&uld 'e used !&r the transmissi&n &! t/& &r three dimensi&nal ima+es. The 'rea$thr&u+h &""urred last <ednesday /hen &ur "&m,uters /ere a'le t& de"i,her '&th the audi& and %ide& ,arts &! the transmissi&n. The mathemati"al ,&rti&ns &! the lan+ua+e /ere the !irst t& 'e inter,reted. <ith the hel, &! the three dimensi&nal %ide& as a MR&setta St&ne,M &nly three h&urs later the "&m,uter /as a'le t& ,r&du"e a "&m,rehensi%e di"ti&nary that /as ade0uate !&r the inter,retati&n &! si+nals that had 'een re"&rded !r&m this s&ur"e.1 The audien"e listens intently. S"&tt thin$s &! a ,arallel time in hist&ry /hen C&lum'us made his a,,earan"e at the C&urt &! Ferdinand and 5sa'ella t& re,&rt his dis"&%eries in the ne/ /&rld. The S,anish "&urtiers must ha%e had !eelin+s at that time &! h&/ +reat their "i%ili2ati&n /as t& ha%e made su"h en&rm&us ,r&+ress in r&llin+ 'a"$ the !r&ntiers &! the un$n&/n. 1Dra"ti"ally n& &ne &n &ur sta!! has sle,t !&r the ,ast se%en days,1 says the #ire"t&r. 1Alth&u+h /e ha%e de"i,hered &nly a %ery small am&unt &! the re"&rded material, /e ha%e s"anned en&u+h &! it t& ha%e a s$et"hy ,i"ture at this time &! /hatMs +&in+ &n &ut there, &r ,erha,s 5 sh&uld say /hat /ent &n t/enty si4 years a+&. These si+nals /e are n&/ re"ei%in+ t&&$ t/enty si4 years t& rea"h us. <e ha%e ste,,ed u, &ur "&mmuni"ati&n ,r&+ram and ha%e 'eamed se%eral &! &ur transmittin+ antennas t&/ard this ,&int s&ur"e, 'ut it /ill ta$e them many years t& re"ei%e the in!&rmati&n that /e are n&/ sendin+ &ut. 15t a,,ears that this ,lanet that is si+nalin+ t& us e%&l%ed a !&rm &! &r+ani" li!e milli&ns &! years a+&.1 Here the #ire"t&r ,&ints t& a lar+e ima+e that has a,,eared &n the teles"reen. 5t is *ust as S"&tt e4,e"ted. The intelli+ent li!e &n this distant ,lanet has little in "&mm&n /ith the human !&rm that e%&l%ed &n earth.

Cybernated Or#an+s$s The #ire"t&r "&ntinues, 1These ,e&,le, and 'e"ause theyMre intelli+ent 'ein+s /e "an "all them ,e&,le, +radually re,la"ed the %ari&us "&m,&nents &! their '&dies /ith me"hanisms that added en&rm&usly t& their !un"ti&nal "a,a"ity. 5nstead &! *ust usin+ le+s, they de%el&,ed emissi&n systems that ,ermitted them t& +& u, &r d&/n &r t& tra%el at s,eeds u, t& 788 $il&meters ,er h&ur. 5nstead &! +&in+ thr&u+h the relati%ely time "&nsumin+ ,r&"esses &! eatin+, di+estin+, assimilatin+, and eliminatin+, they /&r$ed &ut a "l&sed "y"le system that ,ermitted them t& &,erate !r&m radiant "&smi" ener+y. Their desire t& e4tend their li!e s,ans t& th&usands &! years led them t& re,la"e the !ra+ile ,arts &! their '&dies /ith me"hani"al ,arts. 5n the e%ent &! a rare mal!un"ti&n, the me"hanism re,airs itsel! in mi"r&se"&nds 'y ele"tr&!&rmin+ a du,li"ate ,art, *ust as a human '&dy re,airs a /&und 'y +r&/in+ ne/ "ells. <ith their '&dies re,la"ed 'y me"hani"al stru"tures, these 'ein+s 'e"ame alm&st a+eless and indestru"ti'le. They "&uld "&mmuni"ate th&usands &! times !aster than ,re%i&usly. They ha%e multi,le e4tens&rs that are tireless and "an mani,ulate &'*e"ts !ar m&re e!!e"ti%ely than their &ri+inal arms. 15 am sure s&me &! y&u are /&nderin+ /hether these "y'ernated &r+anismsGletMs *ust "all them "y'&r+s Gli%e a ,leasureless and *&yless e4istense. This d&es n&t a,,ear t& 'e the "ase. These "y'&r+s "an ha%e any !eelin+s &r e4,erien"es they desire sim,ly 'y sendin+ ele"tr&ni" si+nals int& their 'rains.1 S"&tt $n&/s that the mental e4,erien"e "&min+ !r&m ele"tri"al in,uts "ann&t 'e distin+uished !r&m si+nals that are sent t& &ur 'rains 'y &ur &/n senses. S"&ttMs ass&"iates had already ,r&du"ed a re"&rdin+ that /as transmitted dire"tly t& the 'rain. The result /as a "&m,lete sensati&n &! seein+ 'eauti!ul sunsets, &! ha%in+ a se4ual "lima4, and &! sa%&rin+ the m&st e4&ti" !&&ds. 1The "y'&r+s ha%e ,r&du"ed re"&rded in,ut stimuli t& +i%e any desired sensation. They ha%e indi"ated that their me"hani"al e4,erien"es are !ar m&re intense than they used t& 'e,1 the #ire"t&r says. 1They "an turn u, the ,&/er &! the in,uts that they !ind ,arti"ularly ,leasura'le. Here are s&me &! the three dimensi&nal tele,r&*e"ti&ns /e ha%e ,i"$ed u,.1 S"&tt l&&$s at the lar+e s"reen. He sees "y'&r+s m&%in+ at hi+h s,eeds thr&u+h the air. They di%e int& the /ater and tra%el ra,idly a !e/ !eet a'&%e the '&tt&m &! a distant ,lanetary sea. The tele,r&*e"ti&n n&/ sh&/s a ,r&+ressi&n &! di!!erent ty,es &! "y'&r+s. S&me ha%e s&lid state &r !luid state thin$in+ me"hanisms. As this !ar &!! "i%ili2ati&n a"0uired m&re and m&re e4,erien"e al&n+ this line, they "reated me"hani"al '&dies and 'rains /ith +reater !le4i'ility. S"&tt is reminded &! the annual m&del "han+e that "ar manu!a"turers /ere s& !&nd &! durin+ the ,re%i&us "entury. A 'rain mi+ht 'e 1'&rn a+ain1 /ith an u, t& the minute desi+n as &!ten as it desired. <hat !antasti" ne/ dimensi&ns this "&uld &!!er t& e4isten"eI (8*ed+t+on to Outer S*ace 1This initial "&nta"t /ith intelli+ent 'ein+s in &uter s,a"e,1 "&ntinues the #ire"t&r, 1has made us re%ise &ur s"hedules !&r s,a"e e4,l&rati&n. <e /ant t& esta'lish ,ers&nal "&nta"t as s&&n as ,&ssi'le /ith this distant "i%ili2ati&n. E%en i! /e had a s,a"e shi, that "&uld tra%el at the s,eed &! li+ht, it /&uld still ta$e t/enty si4 years t& +et there. As y&u $n&/, the !astest s,a"e shi, /e n&/ ha%e a%aila'le /as desi+ned

t& &,erate at a s,eed &! ?-,888,888 miles ,er h&ur, /hi"h is &nly &ne tenth the s,eed &! li+ht. <eM%e +&t a l&n+ /ay t& +&. 5 /ant ,lans dra/n u, /ithin the ne4t thirty days !&r +ase&us nu"lear rea"t&r "ra!t that "an "&me /ithin >8 ,er "ent &! the s,eed &! li+ht. <e "an use s&me &! the s,are "a,a"ity &! C&r"en in /&r$in+ this &ut. 1EinsteinMs the&ry &! relati%ity indi"ates that /hen a s,a"eshi, tra%els ar&und >8 ,er "ent &! the s,eed &! li+ht, time ,asses &nly a'&ut hal! as !ast as it d&es &n earth. Thus, &ur ,ers&nnel /ill a+e &nly a'&ut !&urteen and &ne hal! years &n a t/enty nine year *&urney at this s,eed. E%erythin+ a'&ard /ill seem n&rmal, and this sl&/in+ &! the "l&"$ /ill 'e n&ti"ed &nly a!ter they return t& earth. <hen /e +et &ur s,a"eshi,s t& tra%el /ithin &ne hal! &! . ,er"ent &! the s,eed &! li+ht, a year in s,a"e /ill ,r&du"e the a+in+ &! a'&ut a m&nth &n earth. <hen &ur "re/ returns a!ter a l&n+ %&ya+e in s,a"e, any mem'er /ill 'e "&nsidera'ly y&un+er than, !&r e4am,le, an identi"al t/in /h& remains &n earthI <eMll ,r&'a'ly ha%e little tr&u'le +ettin+ %&lunteers,1 the #ire"t&r says /ith a /ry smile. 1<e must ma$e de"isi&ns s&&n re+ardin+ the li!e su,,&rt systems. T& 'e &n the sa!e side, /e sh&uld "arry su!!i"ient !&&d and ener+y t& last !&r a "entury. <e must +i%e th&u+ht t& the ty,e &! ,ers&nnel that /ill 'e 'est ada,ted !&r this tri,. Sh&uld /e attem,t t& arrest ele"tr&ni"ally m&st &! the ,ers&nnel a'&ard s& that their '&dies /ill n&t 'e su'*e"t t& /ear &r deteri&rati&n durin+ the time it /ill ta$e them t& +et t& this ,lanetL T& /hat e4tent sh&uld their human &r+ans 'e re,la"ed 'y the im,r&%ed me"hani"al su'stitutes /e n&/ ha%e a%aila'leL S&me &! y&u may $n&/ that my heart and $idneys /&re &ut a'&ut t/enty years a+&, and !&r the last t/& de"ades 5M%e 'een li%in+ /ith a me"hani"al heart and $idney setu,.1 At this ,&int he ta,s his "hest se%eral times. 15M%e ne%er !elt 'etter, and they !un"ti&n ,er!e"tly. 5 'elie%e i! 5 /ere +&in+ &n this %&ya+e 6at this ,&int he l&&$s a 'it /ist!ul9, 5 /&uld 'e 'etter e0ui,,ed 'e"ause &! my me"hani"al heart and $idneys. All medi"al teams here 6S"&tt listens %ery "are!ully at this ,&int9 sh&uld 'e ,re,ared /ithin se%eral m&nths t& +i%e me their re"&mmendati&ns re+ardin+ the s,e"i!i"ati&ns !&r ,ers&nnel t& ma$e this e4tended tri, thr&u+h s,a"e.1 &he Lon#9Ran#e %ro#ra$ The #ire"t&r, /h& &'%i&usly has 'een under "&nsidera'le e4"itement !&r se%eral days, ta$es time t& +ul, d&/n a "&ntainer &! ,r&tein drin$ s,i$ed /ith a hi+h "&n"entrati&n &! /ater s&lu'le %itamins. A!ter a !e/ se"&nds he "&ntinues, 1<e sh&uld n&t let &ur s,a"e ,r&+ram 'e d&minated 'y this sin+le e%ent. This is &nly the 'e+innin+, and /e sh&uld thin$ in l&n+ ran+e, &%erall terms. 3et me re%ie/ /here /e are t&day.1 1As y&u all $n&/,1 the #ire"t&r says, 1/e !irst rea"hed the m&&n ar&und .>?>, and /ithin a de"ade se%eral ,ermanent stati&ns /ere esta'lished there. The !irst ,ermanent stati&n /as esta'lished &n )ars in .>@-. There are n&/ &%er .8,888 ,e&,le there. Eenus t&&$ l&n+er 'e"ause &! the @88 de+ree Fahrenheit sur!a"e tem,erature. <e /ere a'le t& utili2e an en&rm&us m&untain that &!!ered m&re "&m!&rta'le tem,eratures. <e ha%e had an under+r&und stati&n &n Eenus sin"e 78.@. <e /ill s&&n 'e+in t& "&&l the ,lanet and &4y+enate the atm&s,here. 1)er"ury ,resented us /ith interestin+ ,r&'lems. 5tMs nearest the sun, and it is a,,r&4imately H,788 miles

in diameter. <e ha%e a "h&i"e &! a sur!a"e tem,erature &! a'&ut @88 de+rees &n the ,art !a"in+ the sun &r C88 de+rees 'el&/ 2er& &n the ,art a/ay !r&m the sun. <eM%e had an under+r&und stati&n there sin"e 787?. 15t t&&$ us a'&ut a 0uarter "entury a!ter )er"ury t& /&r$ &ut the ,r&'lems &! Ju,iter. <e !irst landed &n the lar+est m&&n, Fanymede. Tem,erature and radiati&n &n the sur!a"e &! Ju,iter ha%e n&t 'een as mu"h &! a ,r&'lem as /e e4,e"ted, than$s t& im,r&%ements in !&r"e !ield te"hn&l&+y. Ju,iter has ele%en times the diameter &! earth and &%er a hundred times its area. The atm&s,here is lar+ely hydr&+en and helium, and it is 'y !ar the st&rmiest &! all the ,lanets. Dressure /as &ur 'i++est ,r&'lem !&r n& "&n%enti&nal s,a"e shi, "&uld /ithstand its "rushin+ ,ressure that is a,,r&4imated &n &ur earth &nly at the '&tt&m &! &ur dee,est &"eans. Alth&u+h this /as &ne &! the m&st h&stile ,lanets, /eM%e had a "&l&ny &! hardy s"ientists h&led u, &n the S&uth D&le &! Ju,iter !&r se%eral de"ades, ma$in+ %alua'le studies that ha%e hel,ed us in e4,l&rin+ the interi&r &! the earth. 1<ithin ten days /e e4,e"t t& land &n Titan, &ne &! the m&&ns &! Saturn. T/& years a+& a manned s,a"e shi, sur%eyed Uranus and its !i%e m&&ns. Our unmanned ,r&'es &%er the ,ast "entury ha%e +i%en us %ital in!&rmati&n &n '&th Ne,tune and Dlut&. S& mu"h !&r the ,lanets. A Se"/9Susta+n+n# (8*"orer 1<e must n& l&n+er thin$ in terms &! &ur s&lar system. <e ha%e a uni%erse t& e4,l&re. <e sh&uld 'e+in /&r$ &n an inter +ala"ti" s,a"e"ra!t en+ineered t& lea%e this earth and ne%er returnI1 At this ,&int there are mu!!led +as,s thr&u+h&ut the r&&m as the immensity &! the "&n"e,ti&n 'rea$s u,&n the audien"e. The r&&m 'e"&mes 0uiet a+ain. The #ire"t&r "&ntinues. 1This s,a"e"ra!t /ill 'e a s,here a'&ut a hal! mile in diameter. 5t /ill "arry .,888,888 yearsM su,,ly &! nu"lear ener+y, /hi"h /ill 'e re,lenished 'y a's&r'in+ radiant ener+y in s,a"e. The astr&nauts may +et ra/ materials 'y 1minin+1 s,a"e !&r aster&ids and "&mets. The re,li"at&r a'&ard /ill ena'le them t& "&n%ert ener+y t& matter and als& t& "&n%ert matter t& ener+y, /hi"he%er is needed. 1The s,a"e"ra!t /ill ,r&'a'ly ha%e a'&ut .,A88 ,e&,le a'&ard /hen it lea%es us. Derha,s they /ill re,li"ate ,e&,le /hen m&re are needed. They /ill ha%e "ra!t !&r e4,l&rin+ and landin+ &n un$n&/n ,lanets in the +reat rea"hes &! s,a"e. <hat s&rt &! ,ers&nnel are 'est e0ui,,ed t& man this e4,editi&n t&/ard in!inityL Sh&uld /e send humansL Derha,s /e sh&uld redesi+n humans !&r sur%i%al in &uter s,a"eP. Are humans hardy en&u+h !&r the ri+&rs &! s,a"eL Sh&uld /e send "y'&r+sGme"hani"al '&dies /ith human 'rainsL As y&u $n&/, /e ha%e 'een su""ess!ul in me"hani"ally du,li"atin+ and im,r&%in+ e%ery ,art &! the human '&dy, in"ludin+ the 'rain. Sh&uld /e send me"hani"al men /h& ha%e n& !ra+ile human ,artsL They /&uld n&t 'e a!!e"ted 'y radiati&n, 'el&/ 2er& tem,erature, &r la"$ &! &4y+en. They "&uld a""&m,lish ha2ard&us *&'s in s,a"e that /&uld mean "ertain death t& a human. They /&uld ha%e n& !&&d &r eliminati&n re0uirements. Ener+y !&r a "entury "&uld 'e 'uilt in. These me"hanisms /&uld sur%i%e stress that /&uld $ill e%ery&ne else. They /&uld 'e imm&rtal: any ,art that mi+ht /ear &ut "&uld easily 'e re,la"ed. Alth&u+h me"hani"al men /ith these s,e"i!i"ati&ns are n&t a%aila'le t&day, /e e4,e"t t& ha%e them s&&n. Derha,s /e sh&uld ,lan t& use all three ty,es &n this e4,editi&n.

1This %an+uard &! &ur "i%ili2ati&n /ill ,r&'a'ly re"ei%e &ur si+nals !&r !&rty years. (e"ause &! the time la+ /e /ill ,r&'a'ly hear !r&m them !&r !&rty years a!ter &ur si+nals ha%e 'e"&me t&& dim !&r them t& ,i"$ u,. Then these e4,l&rers /ill really 'e &n their &/nGne%er a+ain t& "&mmuni"ate /ith us in any /ay. They may "h&&se t& 'ran"h &ut &%er the ,lanets &! the entire uni%erse s& that 'illi&ns &! years !r&m n&/ these "hildren &! earth /ill a,,r&a"h the &utside &! the uni%erseGi! it has an &utside. There are ,r&'a'ly &%er ten 'illi&n ,lanets suita'le !&r the 'irth and de%el&,ment &! li!e as /e $n&/ it. N& matter /hat they d&, ,e&,le &n earth /ill ,r&'a'ly ne%er $n&/ a'&ut it. E%en i! "&mmuni"ati&n /ere ,&ssi'le, it /&uld hardly 'e h&t ne/s 'y the time /e re"ei%ed it.1 There are se%eral "hu"$les thr&u+h&ut the r&&m. 1Alth&u+h /e /ill ne%er $n&/ /here they are &r /hat they are d&in+, /e "an 'e sure that they and their &!!s,rin+ "&l&nies /ill 'e %ery 'usy. The diameter &! the +ala4y &! !lamin+ suns in /hi"h &ur earth is l&"ated is .88,888 li+ht years a"r&ss. As y&u $n&/, li+ht tra%elin+ thr&u+h s,a"e at the rate &! .@?,H88 miles ,er se"&nd /ill tra%el a'&ut si4 trilli&n miles in a year. Al,ha Centauri, the nearest star 'ey&nd &ur sun, is a,,r&4imately 7A trilli&n miles a/ay. 5t ta$es li+ht a'&ut !&ur and a 0uarter years t& rea"h us !r&m this star. Our &/n +ala4y "&ntains &ne hundred 'illi&n stars /ith, /e ,resume, "&untless ,lanets &n /hi"h li!e e4ists. And &ur +ala4y is &nly &ne &ut &! tens &! 'illi&ns &! similar +ala4ies s"attered thr&u+h&ut the e4,andin+ uni%erse. 5t /&uld 'e sim,ler t& study e%ery +rain &! sand &n e%ery 'ea"h in the /&rld than t& e4,l&re the uni%erse. 1The un"harted seas &! s,a"e are alm&st /ith&ut limit. 5! /e ma$e an anal&+y /ith the e4,l&rati&ns &! C&lum'us, it /&uld seem 'y "&m,aris&n that this /ily &ld e4,l&rer did little m&re than sti"$ his 'i+ t&e &ut the 'a"$ d&&r. The de"isi&ns that /e ma$e in the ne4t !e/ years /ill dee,ly a!!e"t the destiny &! the human ra"e and, /h& $n&/s, ,erha,s the uni%erse. )an has a /ay &! "uttin+ an e%er /idenin+ trail /here%er he +&es.1 At this ,&int the #ire"t&r sits d&/n, &'%i&usly !illed /ith a dee, sense &! the intera"ti&n &! ,resent and !uture. The s"ientists +radually lea%e the r&&m. There is n& "&n%ersati&n. E%ery&ne is en+a+ed in his &/n th&u+hts. S"&tt /&nders /hether he "an still meet Hella &n the m&&n as they ha%e ,lanned.

.A.The Ne/ Ders&nality

Hella has tentati%e ,lans t& meet S"&tt at the main "elestial me"hani"s &'ser%at&ry &n the m&&n. S"&tt, h&/e%er, has 'e"&me a's&r'ed in s,a"e resear"h that /ill ,lay a ,art in the !irst !a"e t& !a"e "&nta"t /ith e4tra terrestrial 'ein+s. 5n the meantime, an &,,&rtunity has "&me t& Hella that is t&& interestin+ t& turn d&/n. C&r"en has "he"$ed /ith her re+ardin+ her interest in &'ser%in+ a +r&u, &! ,e&,le !r&m the t/entieth "entury that ha%e 'een tha/ed &ut. 5n the latter ,art &! the t/entieth "entury, t& a%&id the !inality &! death many ,e&,le had themsel%es 0ui"$ !r&2en immediately 'e!&re &r a!ter death. They h&,ed that 'y ha%in+ their '&dies ,reser%ed they "&uld 'e tha/ed &ut at a later date /ith minimal dama+e s& the medi"al s$ill &! a !uture "i%ili2ati&n "&uld 'rin+ them 'a"$ t& li!e. One &! the m&re du'i&us le+a"ies &! the ,ast /as a'&ut t/enty t/& th&usand &! these !r&2en ,e&,le.

N& &ne $n&/s e4a"tly /hat t& d& /ith these "&r,ses. Sh&uld an attem,t 'e made t& resurre"t themL Sh&uld they sim,ly 'e dis,&sed &!L Sin"e the ,&,ulati&n &! the /&rld is maintained at a "&nstant le%el, m&st ,e&,le !eel that it is ,re!era'le t& "reate a ne/ li!e that is +eneti"ally and ,sy"h&l&+i"ally ,re,ared !&r ,arti"i,ati&n in the t/enty !irst "entury. Resurre"ti&n &! &ne &! these '&dies /ith an un"ertain ad*ustment in the t/enty !irst "entury mi+ht 'e a sti"$y 'usiness. <hen this ,r&'lem /as re!erred t& C&r"en, a !irm "&n"lusi&n /as returned in se"&nds; ma$e n& attem,t at resurre"ti&n. The indi%iduals &! the t/enty !irst "entury dee,ly a""e,t C&r"en. They ha%e !&und it relia'le in >>.>- ,er "ent &! its ,redi"ti&ns durin+ the ,ast ei+hteen years 6it had inade0uate data &n the 8.8H ,er "ent it missed9. Yet, many indi%iduals !eel they "an n&t i+n&re the human h&,es that lay !r&2en in these m&dern "ata"&m's. C&r"en d&es n&t di"tate h&/ thin+s sh&uld 'e run in the t/eny !irst "entury, it &nly ad%ises. As it ,er"ei%es the th&u+hts &! the ,e&,le, it &,erates in a manner that !ul!ills their needs. 5t usually has 'etter insi+ht int& /hat 'rin+s ,e&,le ha,,iness than any indi%idual ,ers&n. This has 'een ,r&%ed time and time a+ain 'y its su""ess!ul ,redi"ti&ns. Ne%ertheless, ,e&,le are !ree t& d& as they /ish. Finally, a +r&u, de"ided they /&uld attem,t the re%i%al &! .88 &! the '&dies. They ,i"$ed !i!ty males and !i!ty !emales /h&se re"&rds seemed t& 'e es,e"ially ,r&misin+ and tha/ed them &ut. They ha%e 'een su""ess!ul in 'rin+in+ >H ,er "ent &! them 'a"$ t& li!e, and re,la"in+ the de!e"ti%e &r+ans that /ere res,&nsi'le !&r death /ith syntheti" &r+ans. The real ,r&'lem ar&se /hen they !&und that these indi%iduals are "&m,letely &ut &! t&u"h /ith ,atterns &! li!e in the t/enty !irst "entury. Y&u "&uld n& m&re lea%e them &n their &/n than y&u "&uld turn a 'a'&&n l&&se in the middle &! a resear"h "enter. T They seem s& !ull &! h&stilities and ha%e e+& m&ti%ati&ns that are s& alien t& the t/enty !irst "entury that ,e&,le ha%e !inally +i%en u, the tas$ &! tryin+ t& train them t& !it int& the ne/ /&rld. These 1tha/ees1 are s& disru,ti%e &! the r&utines &! li!e in the t/enty !irst "entury that the +r&u, that has 'r&u+ht them t& li!e reali2es they are saddled /ith a "ust&dial ,r&'lem. They are 'e+innin+ t& understand the ty,es &! ,ressures and t/enty !&ur h&urs a day /at"h!ulness that 'urdened m&thers in ,re%i&us "enturies. Their re%eren"e !&r human li!e d&es n&t ,ermit them t& re!ree2e these 1unsane1 indi%iduals. They !inally de"ide t& set u, a t/entieth "entury 'eha%i&ral resear"h la'&rat&ry &n an is&lated island and turn these ,e&,le l&&se there. They ,r&%ide the ninety three men and /&men /ith e%ery material res&ur"e re0uested and 'uild a la'&rat&ry !&r ,sy"h&l&+ists and anthr&,&l&+ists t& &'ser%e them. The tha/ees are !ree t& set u, their &/n s&"ial stru"ture. Hella !lies d&/n t& the is&lated Da"i!i" island. The sta!! is m&st deli+hted t& see her. Alth&u+h they are e0ui,,ed /ith all &! the t/enty !irst "entury aids t& li%in+, in"ludin+ three dimensi&nal "&l&r tele"&mmuni"ati&n /ith all ,arts &! the /&rld, they !eel "&&,ed u,. Earyin+ &neMs en%ir&nment is a ,art &! t/enty !irst "entury li%in+.

&he+r %athet+c 'er+ta#e

(y means &! m&nit&rin+ ,i"$u,s, the "ust&dians are a'le t& ma$e a re"&rdin+ &! m&st &! the 'eha%i&r &! the t/entieth "entury tha/ees. One e%enin+ as Hella is /at"hin+ them &n the tele,r&*e"ti&n s"reen, t/& men 'e+in t& 0uarrel. One man sus,e"ts that an&ther man has attem,ted t& &'tain a se4ual relati&nshi, /ith a /&man he !eels 'el&n+s t& him. Alth&u+h the /&man ,r&tests that his sus,i"i&ns are n&t "&rre"t, he sla,s her in the !a"e and hits her in the ri's s& hard that it sends her s,ra/lin+ a"r&ss the r&&m. The man /ith /h&m she has 'een a""used &! intima"y stands u, and rushes t&/ard the atta"$in+ man. A !i+ht 'e+ins that lasts se%eral minutes. Neither Hella n&r any&ne in the +r&u, has e%er seen any&ne stri$e an&ther ,ers&n in an+er. They /at"h, s,ell'&und, as the !i+ht "&ntinues. They ha%e read that t/entieth "entury tele%isi&n sh&/ed !i+hts and murders. They $n&/ little "hildren in that s&"iety s&metimes s,ent !r&m !&ur t& ei+ht h&urs a day /at"hin+ su"h %i"i&us ,r&+rams and learnin+ these !&l$/ays. Hella, h&/e%er, has ne%er seen any &! these !ilms. She $n&/s they are a%aila'le u,&n re0uest !r&m C&r"en. She has *ust ne%er 'een "uri&us a'&ut su"h &'s"enity. The man /h& started the !i+ht seems t& 'e l&sin+. (l&&d is streamin+ !r&m his n&se. Suddenly, the *eal&us man ,i"$s u, a metal 'ar and 'rin+s it d&/n /ith a "run"hin+ im,a"t &n the head &! the man /h& "ame t& the /&manMs res"ue. His le+s "rum,le, and he slum,s t& the !l&&r. He is dead in minutes. The "ust&dians /at"h in"redul&usly. The murderer is l&"$ed in a r&&m 'y t/& &ther tha/ees. The ne4t day a "&urt is set u, /ith a la/yer /h& thin$s he sh&uld +& !ree and a la/yer /h& as$s !&r his death. A *ud+e is a,,&inted, and a *ury is sele"ted. Alth&u+h the "ust&dians ha%e read &! these tri'al "ust&ms, they ha%e ne%er had an &,,&rtunity t& e4,erien"e them em&ti&nally. 5t seems alm&st im,&ssi'le that human 'ein+s "&uld 'eha%e in this manner. A!ter se%eral h&urs &! %er'al "&urtr&&m ritual, the *ury la'els the man 1+uilty,1 and the *ud+e in!&rms him that the +r&u, /ill ta$e his li!e. They tie the manMs hands 'ehind his 'a"$ and ,ut a r&,e ar&und his ne"$. They ,ull him se%eral !eet &!! the +r&und and /at"h sel! ri+hte&usly /hile he "h&$es t& death. )&st &! the "ust&dians /h& &'ser%e this ritual 'e"&me ,hysi"ally si"$ and %&mit. They $ee, the re"&rders /&r$in+, 'ut they turn &!! the s"reen and /al$ &utside t& ta$e dee, 'reaths &! !resh air. As they l&&$ &%er the %ast Da"i!i" O"ean, they mana+e t& &%er"&me their !eelin+s &! nausea at this stran+e s,e"ta"le &! manMs inhumanity t& man. Acce*tance o/ Death

This str&n+ rea"ti&n has n&t 'een "aused 'y a !ear &! death. The ,e&,le in the t/enty !irst "entury re+ard death as a natural ,hen&men&n and a""e,t it /hen it "&mes. They ,ut their ener+y int& li%in+ !ully /hile they are ali%e. E%ery res&ur"e &! medi"al s"ien"e is used t& $ee, '&dies !un"ti&nin+, 'ut ea"h indi%idual "alls a halt /hen he !eels that ,hysi"al deteri&rati&n has +&ne t&& !ar. <hen the t&r"h &! li!e has 'urned

'ri+htly, they d& n&t hesitate t& ,ass it &n t& an&ther. Ea"h indi%idual reali2es that u,&n his death a ne/ 'a'y /ill 'e ,ermitted t& enter int& the /&rld. They d&nMt !i+ht this natural ,r&+ressi&n 'ey&nd a "ertain ,&int. 5n the !uture imm&rtality may 'e ,&ssi'le. (ut until thenGn& ,r&'lem. <hile they are 'reathin+ the !resh &"ean air, Hella as$s /here the &ther !r&2en '&dies are $e,t. She is in!&rmed they are in the Antar"ti" %ault near the !r&2en animal s,e"imens. Hella is sure that they /ill remain there !&r s&me time. Derha,s th&usands &! years in the !uture /hen a++ressi%e 'eha%i&r is &nly a %a+ue, the&reti"al "&n"e,t, an intre,id +r&u, mi+ht /ish t& tha/ additi&nal s,e"imens t& &'ser%e this ,hen&men&n. 5t seems unli$ely that these !r&2en '&dies "&uld e%er 'e !un"ti&nin+ "iti2ens in a "&ntem,&rary s&"iety. Ea"h year the anti0uated ass&"iati&ns l&"$ed in their !r&2en 'rains 'e"&me m&re and m&re ina,,r&,riate t& the ra,idly "han+in+ /&rld. Hella /ants t& share these %i%id e4,erien"es /ith S"&tt as s&&n as she "an. Alth&u+h she en*&ys the intimate "&m,any &! many men, !&r years her "l&sest !eelin+s ha%e 'een t&/ard S"&tt 'e"ause &! the ,arallel de,th &! intelle"t and !eelin+ they share. S&&n a!ter she has re"&%ered !r&m the sh&"$ &! /itnessin+ the dual ta$in+ &! li!e, Hella "&nta"ts S"&tt &n the s,a"e resear"h satellite. 1This ,la"e is 'usier than a !ryin+ m&le"ule,1 S"&tt tells her. 1<eM%e 'een as$ed t& !ind &ther 0uarters !&r &ur resear"h. Sin"e mu"h &! my /&r$ re0uires a "&ld minimum +ra%ity area alm&st !ree &! atm&s,here, 5Mm m&%in+ t& the m&&n. 3a's are 'ein+ installed ri+ht n&/. C&me &n u, and *&in me.1 15t s&unds /&nder!ul,1 she says. 15 +uess my !eelin+s are a little t&& tender t& "&ntinue /ith these t/entieth "entury animals at !irst hand. 5Md mu"h rather read a'&ut them. 5! y&u "&uld ha%e seen their !a"es, S"&ttGthe dee, inse"urity, the hatred, the !ear in their eyes. 5M%e +&t t& tal$ t& y&u and 'e "l&se t& y&u.1 Hella immediately in!&rms the "ust&dians &! her ,lans. She is "&m,letely &,en and d&es n&t attem,t t& de"ei%e them 'y sayin+ that she has t& +& t& the m&&n t& hel, S"&tt set u, a resear"h stati&n. Alth&u+h this is true, it /&uld 'e im,&ssi'le !&r her t& deal /ith a !ell&/ human &n any 'asis &ther than the !ull truth &! her !eelin+s. She des"ri'es her !eelin+s and her a,,arent limited t&leran"e at this time !&r !urther &'ser%ati&n &! these reli"s !r&m the t/entieth "entury. E%ery&ne understands /hat she is tal$in+ a'&ut. <ere it n&t !&r their sel! im,&sed res,&nsi'ility, they /&uld +& /ith her. &o the .oon Hella e4,lains t& C&r"en her em&ti&nal need t& +et t& the m&&n ra,idly t& 'e /ith S"&tt. C&r"en al/ays re"&+ni2es the !eelin+s &! humans and &r+ani2es the res&ur"es &! the ne/ /&rld t& meet their needs. A "ra!t is di%erted t& ,i"$ her u, /ithin minutes. She arri%es at a S&uth Ameri"an s,a"e,&rt /ithin !&rty minutes &! her tal$ /ith S"&tt. <ithin si4 h&urs she is &n the m&&n. Alth&u+h m&st &! the stru"tures &n the m&&n ha%e 'een 'uilt under+r&und t& sim,li!y li!e su,,&rt systems and +i%e ,r&te"ti&n !r&m mete&rites, there are se%eral &'ser%ati&n r&&ms a'&%e the sur!a"e. These r&&ms are !&rmed 'y si4 in"h thi"$, trans,arent metal d&mes.

<hen he !irst sees Hella, S"&tt "an tell that she has 'een thr&u+h an unusual em&ti&nal e4,erien"e, and he understands her need t& tal$. He &'tains an &'ser%ati&n r&&m that is n&t +&in+ t& 'e used durin+ the e%enin+. H&/ +&&d it !eels t& 'e t&+ether a+ainI Alth&u+h they ha%e n&t missed ea"h &therG!&r their li%es ha%e 'een 'usy /ith !ul!illin+ a"ti%ities /hi"h they shared 'y tele,r&*e"ti&nGthey '&th !eel an unusually $een deli+ht in their reuni&n. They snu++le int& the same li%in+ "&nt&ur "hair. The sides &! their '&dies t&u"h /armly, unham,ered 'y "l&thin+. As they l&&$ thr&u+h the +lass &! the &'ser%at&ry int& the ni+ht 'ey&nd, they "an see the 'ri+ht 'all &! the earth a 0uarter milli&n miles a/ay. Eur&,e, A!ri"a, and ,art &! Asia are %isi'le. They !eel t&/ard earth as they sus,e"t ,e&,le in earlier times may ha%e !elt t&/ard their m&thers. Here is the &r+anism that had 'r&u+ht them int& 'ein+ thr&u+h e&ns &! e%&luti&nary time. Here is the &r+anism that nurtured them and made them /hat they are. Alth&u+h they "an n&t see the sun, they "&m,are their !eelin+s a'&ut it t& th&se that "hildren in earlier times may ha%e had a'&ut a !ather. The ener+y that m&%es e%erythin+ in their li%es may ha%e "&me !r&m the sun. E%en the at&ms that !&rmed the earth s&me !&ur 'illi&n years a+& may ha%e 'een an &!!sh&&t &! the sunGs&methin+ li$e the s,ermat&2&a that !athers &! ,re%i&us times "&ntri'uted t& the a's&r'in+ se4ual ,&tentials &! the m&thers. 15 thin$ 5M%e learned a l&t a'&ut mysel! and &ur s&"iety in the last !e/ /ee$s,1 Hella "&n!esses. 15 had ta$en e%erythin+ !&r +ranted. A ,ers&n /ith n&rmal %isi&n ne%er a,,re"iates /hat his eyes mean t& him. 5tMs &nly /hen y&u "&me !a"e t& !a"e /ith 'lindness that y&u understand the ,art that y&ur eyes ,lay in y&ur li!e.1 Hella smiles a sli+ht, tender smile.15t must ha%e 'een distur'in+ t& see the !&l$/ays &! the t/entieth "entury,1 S"&tt says, tryin+ t& em,athi2e /ith her. 1Oh, it /as,1 ans/ers Hella, a,,re"iati%e that S"&tt is /&r$in+ t&/ard her in his !eelin+s. She $n&/s she "an al/ays "&unt &n him. 15 learned a l&t, 'ut 5 /&uld ne%er +& thr&u+h it a+ain.1 15 heard t/& ,e&,le /ere senselessly $illed, &ne 'y an indi%idual and &ne 'y the +r&u,,1 says S"&tt. 1#id y&u a"tually see itL1 1Yes.1 15tMs hard t& 'elie%e su"h thin+s "&uld ha,,enGand at the same time that 5 /as 'usy &n the satellite /&r$in+ t& "&nta"t intelli+ent 'ein+s in &uter s,a"e. Just thin$, the same /&rld, the same time,1 S"&tt is 'e+innin+ t& !eel dee,ly a'&ut the deaths. Hella d&es n&t /ant t& +et int& a s,iral &! !eelin+s a'&ut the d&u'le murders. She !eels a need t& steer the "&n%ersati&n t&/ard a dee,er a,,re"iati&n &! /hat they ha%eGt& understand the ,resent in the li+ht &! the ,ast. 1<hen 5 /as &n the island /ith the tha/ees,1 Hella says, 1se%eral &! them $e,t insistin+ &n seein+ a la/yer. They didnMt 'elie%e me /hen 5 t&ld them /e ha%e n& use !&r la/ &r la/yers. They /anted t& $n&/ /hat /e d& /ith "riminals. 5 e4,lained that /e ha%e n& "riminalsGthat ,e&,le in &ur s&"iety &! a'undan"e d&nMt a"t a++ressi%ely t&/ard &thers. Y&u ha%e t& 'e inse"ure and a!raid in &rder t& harm &thers. They

t&ld me it /&uldnMt /&r$Gthat 5 didnMt $n&/ anythin+ a'&ut human nature. 15 tried t& e4,lain that &ur su,,lemental 'rains are im,rinted t& ma$e us /ant t& see$ assistan"e i! /e !eel un"&m!&rta'le &r h&stile. A,,arently, in their s&"iety they had t& "a,ture h&stile ,e&,le li$e /ild animals. And *ust listen t& this, S"&tt. They "a+ed them in *ailsI De&,le /&uld %&luntarily +et medi"al hel, i! they had a ,hysi"al ailment, 'ut s&metimes they /&uldnMt +et ,sy"hiatri" hel, 'e!&re they had d&ne thin+s that hurt s&me&ne.1 15 su,,&se the thin+ that im,ressed me m&st dee,ly a'&ut them,1 Hella "&ntinues, 1/as the /ay they /ere dri%en s& !ier"ely 'y their e+& needs. 5 +uess the s"ar"ity "&nditi&ns that set man a+ainst man a""entuated the $in+ si2e e+&s /e de%el&,ed in &ur l&n+ e%&luti&n !r&m the *un+le. 5n tryin+ t& meet their e+& needs and de%el&, a !eelin+ &! indi%idual /&rth, they +&t t&& "&n"erned /ith their status in the eyes &! &thers. They tried t& n&urish their star%ed e+&s /ith silly thin+s li$e min$ "&ats and diam&nd "u!! lin$s. They seemed t& "are less a'&ut 'ein+ su""ess!ul in their &/n terms: they /ere !ar m&re "&n"erned /ith the a,,earan"e &! su""ess in the eyes &! &ther ,e&,le. 15t seems t& me that &ne &! &ur +reatest di!!eren"es lies in h&/ /e %ie/ &ursel%es,1 "&mments S"&tt, re!le"tin+ &n the ,r&'lem. 1Our an"est&rs, at least in the t/entieth "entury areas /here these ,e&,le "ame !r&m, didnMt ha%e str&n+ inner standards that e4,ressed their &/n indi%iduality. They /ere !ar m&re "&n"erned /ith their re,utati&ns than their "hara"ters. Th&se ,&&r ,e&,le /ere li$e rudderless shi,s 'l&/n 'y /inds &! !ashi&n and st&rms &! "a,ri"i&us &,ini&n.1 1They *ust "&uldnMt li%e 'y their &/n internal standards.1 Hella !eels "&m,assi&n !&r these ,e&,le and the tra+edy &! their l&st ha,,iness. 15 thin$ this ,r&'a'ly 'e+an /ith their early "&nditi&nin+. Ri+ht !r&m the /&rd M+&M they /ere d&minated 'y their ,arents. They had t& d& /hat their ,arents t&ld them, &r theyMd 'e ,unished &r made t& !eel 'ad. #urin+ their hel,less, im,ressi&na'le "hildh&&ds, they de%el&,ed the ha'it &! n&t *ud+in+ and !eelin+ thin+s !&r themsel%es. 1)&ma $n&/s 'est. #addy /&nMt li$e this.M The !irst !i%e years /ere "ru"ial. As they +re/ u,, they /ere ne%er !ree &! these ,ers&nality ,atterns.1 Hella sits u, 0ui"$ly. 1That e4,lains /hy they ne%er "ame int& their &/nI N&/ 5 "an see /hy their !eelin+s al/ays remained shar,ly tuned t& ,i"$in+ u, the !irst si+ns &! any ,&ssi'le re*e"ti&n that /&uld indi"ate /hat t& thin$ and h&/ t& a"t.1 &he Su*re$e (th+ca" Standard 1O! "&urse, &ur ,resent /ay &! li!e is n&t /ith&ut r&&ts in the ,ast,1 S"&tt says. 15n an"ient Free"e, S&"rates ad%&"ated &ur su,reme ethi"al standard; /'nothi seauton(/ $n&/ thysel!.1 S"&tt ,auses l&n+ en&u+h t& sit u,. 1And Sha$es,eare said, MThis a'&%e all, t& thine &/n sel! 'e true, and it must !&ll&/, as the ni+ht the day, th&u "anst n&t then 'e !alse t& any man.M 1 15n s,ite &! the tea"hin+s &! many &! the +reat thin$ers, m&st &! &ur an"est&rs really didnMt understand /hat it means t& $n&/ y&ursel! &r 'e true t& y&ursel!,1 says Hella. 1These /ere h&ll&/ /&rds, n&t a /ay &! li!e. They /ere "ertainly n&t ethi"al +uides 'y /hi"h ,e&,le "&uld run their li%es.1 1<hen y&u e%&l%e y&ur &/n standards &! +r&/th, y&u "an !eel +reater /&rth and di+nity e%ery day,1 S"&tt

"&ntinues intently. 1S&metimes sim,ly listenin+ t& a m&%in+ ,ie"e &! musi" /ill enlar+e y&ur estheti" e4,erien"e and ma$e y&u !eel y&uM%e +r&/n. Readin+ /ill add t& y&ur st&re &! $n&/led+e t& +i%e this !eelin+ &! in"reased 'ein+. Sim,ly sensin+ y&ur &/n !eelin+s and de%el&,in+ a dee,er insi+ht int& the ,&/ers &! y&ur 'rain "an add t& the !eelin+ &! /&rth. <hen y&u ma$e ,ers&nal +r&/th a /ay &! li!e, a !eelin+ &! indi%idual !ul!illment "&mes aut&mati"ally.1 1Sin"e &ur !eelin+ &! /&rth is /ithin &ur &/n "&ntr&l,1 says Hella, 1/e ha%e a se"urity &ur an"est&rs la"$ed. <e "an +i%e t& &ther ,e&,le in /ays that they "&uld seld&m +i%e. Our an"est&rs "&uld usually 'e +ener&us t&/ard their immediate !amilies. (ut they didnMt ha%e the res&ur"es t& 'e +ener&us t&/ard a lar+er +r&u,. They had t& "&m,ete t&& str&n+ly /ith &ther ,e&,le. 5ndi%iduals in a lar+er +r&u, /&uld hurt them and /&uld ta$e ad%anta+e &! them. They had t& /restle m&ney !r&m them, they had t& !i+ht them !&r ,&siti&n, ,&/er, and ,resti+e.1 1Y&uMre limited in addin+ t& the ha,,iness &! &thers,1 S"&tt "&n"ludes, 1unless y&ur &/n li!e is !ul!illin+.1 Lo,e W+thout Jea"ousy 15n ,re%i&us times there /as ne%er en&u+h &! anythin+G m&ney, se"urity, &r l&%e,1 Hella says. 1De&,le de%el&,ed !eelin+s &! ,&ssessi%eness. The murder 5 re"ently sa/ re%&l%ed ar&und the desire &! a man t& ,&ssess a /&man. He seemed t& !eel he &/ned herGthat he "&uld tell her h&/ t& li%e her li!e.1 1H&/ 'ar'ar&us,1 says S"&tt. 15 "anMt ima+ine any&ne tryin+ t& h&ld l&%e 'y !&r"e &r threats. Y&u h&ld l&%e /ith an &,en ,alm, n&t a "l&sed !ist.1 1Yes, 'ut they "&uldnMt !eel that /ay,1 Hella re,lies. 1Their *eal&usies /ere 'r&u+ht &n 'y !eelin+s &! in!eri&rity and inse"urity. A man /as a!raid that i! the /&man he l&%ed /as /ith an&ther man, she /&uld !ind this &ther man m&re attra"ti%e and n&t "&me 'a"$ t& him.1 1<hen y&uMre /ith s&me&ne else, 5Mm +lad.1 S"&ttMs t&ne is /arm. 15 $n&/ y&uM%e !&und a relati&nshi, that adds t& y&ur li!e. <hen y&uMre /ith me, 5 ha%e the satis!yin+ !eelin+ that /eMre t&+ether sim,ly 'e"ause /e /ant t& 'e /ith ea"h &ther. 5n the ,ast i! a man and /&man l&%ed ea"h &ther and /anted an intimate ty,e &! "&m,ani&nshi,, s&"iety e4,e"ted them t& 'ind themsel%es /ith a le+al arran+ement "alled marria+e. O! "&urse, this /as d&ne t& ,r&%ide !&r "hildren durin+ their +r&/th years. (ut "an y&u ima+ine !etterin+ l&%e and "&m,ani&nshi, /ith le+al ri+hts and &'li+ati&nsL1 1S&unds a/!ul. 5! y&u en*&y 'ein+ /ith me, itMs /&nder!ul.1 HellaMs hand t&u"hes S"&tt +ently. 15! &ur ,aths +r&/ a,art, /eM%e !&und m&re satis!yin+ relati&nshi,s else/here. Either /ay, /eMre ahead.1 1Our &,en /ays &! !eelin+ a'&ut ea"h &ther and &ur ethi"al standard &! 'ein+ true t& &ursel%es are ,erha,s the +reatest s&"ial in%enti&ns &! man$ind,1 S"&tt ,hil&s&,hi2es. 1They "&uld 'e reali2ed &nly t& a limited e4tent in ,re%i&us s&"ieties. Only t&dayMs "y'ernated /&rld "an ,ermit their !ull !l&/erin+. <ar,ed "hildren +r&/ int& /ar,ed adults. De&,le /h& la'&r under an in!eri&rity "&m,le4 "anMt !ully enter int& this ne/ /ay &! !eelin+ and a"tin+.1

15n the ,ast,1 says Hella, 1"hildren s,ent their !irst !i%e years &! li!e under "&nditi&ns that +a%e them a ,ermanent in!eri&rity "&m,le4. N& matter h&/ /&rthy they later 'e"ame, n& matter h&/ learned, n& matter h&/ mu"h ,&/er &r s$ill they a"0uired, they al/ays !elt in!eri&r t& s&me e4tent.1 1Th&se /h& stru++led hardest !&r ,&/er, su"h as the Na,&le&ns &r Hitlers, /ere usually sh&rt men /h& had 'een hea%ily stru"tured 'y the auth&rity &! their ,arents in their early years,1 adds S"&tt. 15n an attem,t t& !i+ht &!! their in!eri&rity "&m,le4, they de%el&,ed /hat &ut/ardly l&&$ed li$e a su,eri&rity "&m,le4. (ut inside there al/ays remained a s"ared little '&y, inse"ure, trem'lin+, and a!raid s&me&ne /&uld !ind &ut /hat he really !elt. As l&n+ as ,e&,le had an in!eri&rity "&m,le4, it /as im,&ssi'le !&r them t& +et a !ully se"ure !eelin+ &! /&rth 'ased &n their &/n inner de%el&,ment.1 &he Obscene %ast 1The &nly thin+ that made me lau+h /hile 5 /as &'ser%in+ the resurre"ted t/entieth "entury ,e&,le /as their /ar,ed standards &! &'s"enity,1 says Hella /ith a remem'erin+ smile. 1One &! the men had a dra/in+ &! a man and /&man en+a+ed in inter"&urse. E%ery /&man that sa/ it a"ted sh&"$ed, and this seemed t& +i%e the man a ,er%erse deli+ht. 5 understand 'a"$ in Ei"t&rian times a nude !i+ure &! a /&man /as "&nsidered &'s"ene. 3ater, m&res in <estern s&"iety /ere re%ised s& that &nly re,resentati&ns &! the a"t &! l&%e /ere "lassi!ied as le/d.1 15di&ti",1 S"&tt e4,l&des. 1H&/ "&uld a ,i"ture &! &ne &! the m&st 'eauti!ul e4,erien"es in li!e e%er 'e "&nsidered &'s"eneI A dra/in+ mi+ht 'e "rude, yes. 5t mi+ht 'e untalented . . .1 Hella interru,ts. 1<e ha%e a di!!erent /ay &! a,,lyin+ the la'el M&'s"ene.M 5 ha%e *ust /itnessed the m&st &'s"ene thin+ Ga man hittin+ a /&man in the !a"e, a man turnin+ &n an&ther ,ers&n t& $ill him, a s&"ial +r&u, "h&$in+ him t& death /ith a r&,e.1 She shudders. 1Anythin+ that de+rades, de'ases, &r dehumani2es a human 'ein+ is "&nsidered &'s"ene t&day,1 +enerali2es S"&tt. 1Our an"est&rs in the t/entieth "entury had a tremend&us am&unt &! &'s"enity. They ,lastered it all &%er their ma+a2ines, tele%isi&n s"reens, ne/s,a,ers, and '&&$s. )urders, ra"e ,re*udi"es, /ars, et".1 1(u"hen/ald, Aus"h/it2, #a"hauG&%ens that de%&ured li%e, s"reamin+ human 'ein+s. Fr&tes0ue ,iles &! human "&r,sesG these are &'s"ene thin+s that /ere sh&/n t& men, /&men, and "hildren in M"i%ili2edM "&untries in the latter ,art &! the t/entieth "entury.1 1Derha,s &ne &! the m&st &'s"ene thin+s &! all /as a man in an ele"tri" "hair t/it"hin+ and /rithin+ as the sh&"$ &! ele"tri"ity 'urned thr&u+h his '&dy,1 S"&tt +rima"es. 15 thin$ the m&st &'s"ene /&rd used in t/entieth "entury Ameri"a /as the /&rd Mni++er.M (ut !e/ ,e&,le seemed t& reali2e it. They !elt that their m&st &'s"ene /&rds /ere !&ur letter sym'&ls !&r se4ual and eliminat&ry a"ts. They /all&/ed in the /&rst s&rt &! "&rr&din+ !ilth /ith&ut $n&/in+ it. They made attem,ts t& "leanse themsel%es &! !&ur letter /&rds that had little t& d& /ith the human s,irit.1

Se*arate Wor"ds o/ .en and Wo$en 1#id the /&men really de"&rate themsel%es the /ay they a,,ear in the &ld !ilmsL1 S"&tt as$s, as he "&mi"ally ,ushes his hair t& &ne side. 1Y&u /&uldnMt 'elie%e h&/ many h&urs they s,ent ,uttin+ their hair in /eird sha,es. They ,ainted their !in+ernails red. They ,ainted their eyelids ,ur,le. They used "hemi"als t& ma$e their "hee$s a li+ht red and their li,s a dar$er red. <hatMs m&re, they seemed t& !eel 'etter /hen their heels /ere three in"hes &!! the +r&und and their t&es shar,ly ,&inted in a /ay that '&re n& resem'lan"e t& the sha,e &! their !eet. (&th the men and /&men seemed &'sessed /ith y&uth. They a,,arently !elt they had 'een +&in+ d&/nhill sin"e the a+e &! t/enty. They did e%erythin+ they "&uld t& ,ut u, a h&,eless !i+ht a+ainst a+in+.1 15Md hate t& li%e /ith su"h sham, su"h arti!i"iality,1 says S"&tt. 1)en and /&men seemed t& 'uild se,arate /&rlds !&r themsel%es. 5 'elie%e they e%en used se,arate 'athr&&ms.1 1They did,1 Hella a+rees. 13ittle '&ys and little +irls /ere trained in /ays that /ere %ery di!!erent. A little +irl /as en"&ura+ed t& 'e a My&un+ lady.M Her t&ys /ere &!ten d&lls and d&ll h&uses, !urniture, and "&&$in+ im,lements. A '&y /as "&nsidered a sissy i! he sh&/ed mu"h interest in these thin+s. He /as +i%en +uns and "&/'&y &ut!its. A little +irl /as "&nsidered a t&m'&y i! she ran t&& !ast &r yelled t&& l&ud. 5n a th&usand su'tle and n&t s& su'tle /ays, a /&man /as m&lded int& ,atterns $n&/n as M!eminine,M and a y&un+ '&y /as en"&ura+ed t& 'e /hat they "alled Mmas"uline.M Sin"e y&un+ '&ys and +irls are neither mas"uline n&r !eminine, 'ut are *ust human, this "reated stress &n many indi%iduals. Their "ultural trainin+ $e,t men and /&men !r&m sharin+ the dee,er /&rlds &! !eelin+. 1Their se4ual d&Ms and d&nMts /ere in"redi'ly "&m,le4. S"&tt, they had rules a'&ut e%erythin+. O!ten, n& %ariety /as "ulturally ,ermitted: y&u had y&ur "h&i"e &! &ne i! y&u /ere married &r n&ne i! y&u /erenMt. S&me "ultures e%en had la/s +&%ernin+ the se4ual ,&siti&ns ,e&,le "&uld use. )any s&"ieties !r&/ned &n /&men /h& e4,ressed their se4ual desires: it /asnMt Mladyli$e.M And intimate relati&nshi,s /ith th&se &! the same se4 /ere &!ten ta'&&.1 1De&,le in the t/entieth "entury <estern "ulture had dee,ly in"ul"ated +uilt !eelin+s /hi"h $e,t them !r&m a"hie%in+ an intense and e"stati" ,er!e"ti&n in se4ual ,leasures,1 S"&tt ,&ints &ut. 1O!ten a se4ual "lima4 /as lar+ely a shall&/ ,hysi"al e4,erien"e.1 15n a /ay, /e "are !&r se4 '&th m&re and less than the tha/ees 5 &'ser%ed.1 re,lies Hella. 15t is a m&re ,r&!&und e4,erien"e !&r us. And yet i! /e d& n&t ha%e it, /e are s& en+r&ssed in &ther dimensi&ns &! li!e that /e d&nMt miss it. 5t is, ,arad&4i"ally, m&re $eenly en*&yed and less $eenly missed. 5 !ind that my se4ual !eelin+s usually 'e"&me m&re satis!yin+ as 5 +et t& $n&/ a ,ers&n 'etter. And yet 5 en*&y the %ariety &! &""asi&nally 'ein+ /ith &ther men,1

Co$$un+cat+on o/ Fee"+n#s 1One &! the +reat di!!eren"es 'et/een &ur /ay &! li!e and theirs,1 Hella "&ntinues, 1seems t& He in the de+ree t& /hi"h /e "&mmuni"ate &ur !eelin+s. <e tal$ a'&ut e%erythin+. The tha/ees seemed ashamed &! their !eelin+s. They &!ten re,ressed them and /erenMt e%en a'le t& !a"e their &/n !eelin+s, mu"h less the !eelin+s &! &ther ,e&,le. They hid 'ehind ,&lite mas$s.1 1#idnMt )ar$ T/ain say, MOnly the truth is +&&d mannersML1 inter*e"ts S"&tt. 1E%en hus'ands and /i%es /&uld +& thr&u+h their li%es miles a,art in their inner !eelin+s,1 says Hella. 1Sin"e they /ere ashamed &! s& many &! their !eelin+s, they !elt it /&uld hurt their ima+e t& let s&me&ne else $n&/ h&/ ,etty their !eelin+s /ere. And yet the &ther ,ers&n /as t&rtured 'y m&ti%es that /ere e0ually ,etty. This stu,id mutual shame seemed t& $ee, them !r&m tal$in+ t& ea"h &ther and rea"hin+ &ut t& t&u"h ea"h &ther.1 15 "anMt understand h&/ this "&uld ha%e ha,,ened,1 says S"&tt. 15 d&nMt 'elie%e 5M%e e%er had a !eelin+ that 5 /as ashamed &!. 5M%e had !eelin+s that 5 didnMt "&nsider desira'le, 'ut they /ent a/ay as s&&n as 5 e4,ressed them t& s&me&ne. (e"ause &ther ,e&,le ha%e al/ays em,atheti"ally re"ei%ed all &! the !eelin+s 5M%e e%er e4,ressed and /ere n&t threatened 'y them 5 d&nMt 'elie%e 5M%e e%er a""umulated any mental 'a++a+e. 5 li%e !ully here and n&/. The dead ,ast and the un'&rn !uture d&nMt "&ntr&l me.1 15 remem'er readin+ a'&ut a t/entieth "entury man s& an+ry at his /i!e that !&r ei+hteen years he ne%er s,&$e t& her,1 Hella says. 1They li%ed t&+ether and ate at the same ta'le, 'ut he ne%er tal$ed t& her. Finally, they /ent t& a ,sy"hiatrist, /h& ur+ed the man t& "&mmuni"ate. The !irst thin+ the hus'and said /as, M5 d&nMt /ant t& tal$ a'&ut itM1 1This /as e4treme,1 S"&tt re,lies. 1Fe/ ,e&,le, h&/e%er, /ere a'le t& e4,ress their !eelin+s !ully t& any &ther human 'ein+. S&metimes a !e/ mana+ed t& d& this /ith "&unsel&rs. (ut rarely /ere they a'le t& d& this /ith th&se that /ere nearest and dearest t& them and /ith /h&m they m&st needed t& "&mmuni"ate their !eelin+s. 5nstead, they /&re mas$s and assumed ,ers&nalities they didnMt ha%e. They used /&rds t& hide their real sel%es, '&th !r&m themsel%es and &thers.1 15n the &ld "&m,etiti%e /&rld,1 Hella ,&ints &ut, 1it /as t&& ris$y t& e4,&se &neMs inner th&u+hts. They /ere a!raid that &ther ,e&,le /&uld *ud+e them, /&uld 'e &%erly hel,!ul, /&uld +i%e them ad%i"e that /as n&t /anted, /&uld start dia+n&sin+ them and tearin+ them a,art and tellin+ them /hat t& d&, &r /&uld sa%e u, this in!&rmati&n and use it a+ainst them later. 5t /as rare t& !ind any&ne /h& "&uld listen /ith his heart.1 1Thin$ &! all the unha,,iness that "&uld ha%e 'een ,re%ented i! they had reali2ed that !eelin+s "an 'e mana+ed *ust as aut&m&'iles and s,a"e shi,s "an 'e "&ntr&lled,1 says S"&tt. 1They didnMt reali2e that un/anted !eelin+s are sent &n their /ay /hen y&u tal$ a'&ut them. 5snMt it mar%el&us h&/ un,leasant !eelin+s are eliminated /hen y&u !ully e4,ress them, and ,leasant !eelin+s are in"reased /hen theyMre e4,ressedI1 13&&$,1 e4"laims Hella, 1/e "an *ust 'e+in t& see the Ameri"asI1

As S"&tt l&&$s t&/ard the 'ri+ht earth sus,ended a'&%e their h&ri2&n, he is a/are &! a +entle re!le"ted li+ht that &utlines their !i+ures. The 'r&ad Atlanti" O"ean is sti,,led 'y li+ht ,at"hes, these must 'e lar+e areas "&%ered 'y "l&uds. C&uld that tiny /hite d&t a'&%e the earth 'e the s,a"e resear"h satelliteL 5tMs hard t& tell. (ut the 'a"$li+htin+ &n HellaMs 'reast that st&,s *ust a'&%e the ni,,le is 'eauti!ul.

&he Ne! Character 15 'elie%e 5M%e de%el&,ed a mu"h dee,er a,,re"iati&n &! &ur "ulture,1 says Hella. 1Our satis!a"ti&n and ha,,iness lie /ithin &ur &/n "&ntr&l. <e may ne%er a,,r&a"h &ur ideals &! sel! $n&/led+e and sel! de%el&,ment, 'ut /e "an ma$e "&ntinual and satis!yin+, day 'y day, minute 'y minute ,r&+ress. This is /hat /e need t& ha%e a meanin+!ul li!e. <e li%e 'r&ad, /ide li%es /ith an en&rm&us ran+e &! interests. Our /&rld is s& lar+e.1 1<eMre "l&ser, '&th t& &ursel%es and t& &thers,1 says S"&tt, 1S&meh&/ /ith&ut +i%in+ u, &ur &/n indi%iduality, /e seem t& de%el&, at the same time a dee,er and m&re ,r&!&und relati&nshi, /ith &thers. The m&re /e !ind &ursel%es, the m&re /e trans"end the '&undaries &! &ur &/n e+&s. <e +i%e m&re &! &ursel%es in &ur em&ti&nal relati&nshi,s /ith &ther ,e&,le, and, yet, /e als& retain a dee,er a'ility t& li%e 'y &ur &/n standards and t& remain the masters &! &ursel%es.1 15n ,re%i&us "enturies t&+etherness meant a +i%in+ u, &! indi%iduality rather than a stren+thenin+ &! it.1 1Yes, 5 $n&/ /hat y&u mean, Hella. <e enhan"e &ur t&+etherness and rein!&r"e &ur indi%iduality at the same time. 5t s&unds "&ntradi"t&ry, 'ut it isnMt.1 15 thin$ itMs &ur a'ility t& "&mmuni"ate /ith ea"h &ther that ena'les us t& 'e intelle"tually and em&ti&nally na$edGt& ha%e n& ,retenses,1 Hella re!le"ts.15 +uess thatMs &ne reas&n /e en*&y 'ein+ ,hysi"ally na$ed, t&&. <e !eel "&m,letely l&%ed and "&m,letely se"ure. <e ha%e n& need t& hide, either !r&m &ursel%es &r &thers.1 Hella ,auses and dr&,s her head 'a"$ t& rest &n S"&ttMs arm. 1And &ur l&%e is n&t m&ti%ated 'y need. <e d& n&t l&%e *ust t& ma$e u, !&r a de!i"ien"y in &ursel%es. <hen /e &!!er l&%e, it is as a +i!tGa $ind &! s,&ntane&us rea"hin+ &ut.1 S"&tt !eels that HellaMs m&&d is "han+in+. There are l&n+er ,auses. She is /at"hin+ the earth, the satellites, and the stars. She has &'%i&usly shared /ith him the %i'rant th&u+hts that ha%e !illed her as a result &! her e4,erien"es in the ,ast /ee$s. He !eels her hand &n his "hest. He turns his head t&/ard her. She is l&&$in+ strai+ht int& his eyes. He has a""e,tin+ !eelin+s &! l&%e. The uni%erse is "&ld and &'*e"ti%e, 'ut the 'its &! s,a"e and time that "&ntain human 'ein+s are !illed /ith /armth, se"urity, and a!!e"ti&n. 1S& thereMs li!e in &ther ,arts &! the uni%erse. <ell, +&&dI1 says S"&tt. 1H&/ "&uld it 'e 'etter than li!e ri+ht hereI1

DART 555. 3&&$in+ F&r/ard

.?. Edu"ati&n !&r Chan+e
<e d&nMt %ie/ &ur ,r&*e"ti&n &! the t/enty !irst "entury as a !inal 'lue,rint, and y&u sh&uldnMt either. 5t /ill ser%e its ,ur,&se i! it +ets intelli+ent ,e&,le thin$in+ a'&ut these ,r&'lems. <e h&,e y&u "an im,r&%e &ur ,r&*e"ti&n &! !uture +&als and the /ays 'y /hi"h they may 'e a"hie%ed. 1<e are n&/ at the ,&int,1 said anthr&,&l&+ist )ar+aret )ead, 1/here /e must edu"ate ,e&,le in /hat n&'&dy $ne/ yesterday and ,re,are in &ur s"h&&ls !&r /hat n& &ne $n&/s yet, 'ut /hat s&me ,e&,le must $n&/ t&m&rr&/.1 Derha,s ne%er in the hist&ry &! man$ind has it 'een s& im,&rtant that /e $n&/ /here /eMre +&in+ and h&/ t& +et there. Humanity is n& l&n+er runnin+ a t/& 'it sh&/. There are &%er H,888,888,888 ,e&,le in the /&rld t&day. <e /ill s&&n 'e a'le t& start a nu"lear /ar that "&uld /i,e &ut all human li!e. E%en i+n&rin+ the nu"lear threat, it /ill ta$e +l&'al &r+ani2ati&n &! a hi+h &rder t& ,r&%ide a +&&d li!e !&r all humans. Freed&m !r&m /ar and /ant is at last /ithin &ur +ras,. (ut it /&nMt ha,,en aut&mati"ally. <e must use &ur heads and &ur hearts. S"ienti!i", ,&liti"al, industrial, e"&n&mi", and s&"i&l&+i"al "han+es are &""urrin+ at a ,a"e m&re ra,id t&day than e%er 'e!&re in hist&ry. S&me ,e&,le ha%e /ished that thin+s /&uld sl&/ d&/n s& /e "&uld ha%e m&re time t& ad*ust t& "han+e. This, &! "&urse, /&nMt ha,,en. )any are &,,&sin+ "han+es sim,ly 'e"ause they are "han+es. They are n&stal+i"ally and !ranti"ally h&ldin+ &n t& the 1/isd&m1 &! the ,ast. (ut in times &! ra,id "han+e, the 1/isd&m1 &! the ,ast is usually &! little hel, in meetin+ the ,r&'lems &! the ,resent. <. H. Ferry &! the Center !&r the Study &! #em&"rati" 5nstituti&ns has ad%ised us that /e sh&uld hardly 'e sur,rised 'y the "han+es that lie ahead; Aristotle foresaw a takeover by machines )*** years ago. The possibility of a workless or nearly workless society emerging from technology is part of our literature. H. '. %ells told his readers about it -* years ago. @orty years ago( .. H. Douglas wrote3 /%e can produce at this moment goods and services at a rate very considerably greater than the possible rate of consumption( and this production and delivery of goods can( under favorable circumstances( be achieved by the employment of not more than )- per cent of the available labor working( let us say( seven hours a day./ ?laf tapledon and tuart .hase( in very different ways( told us the same story ;* years ago. Oac<ues :llul in The Technological ociety( "ust published( says( /$y the end of the 56th .entury people saw in their grasp the moment in which everything would be at the disposal of everyone( in which man( replaced by the machines would have only pleasures and play./ &n a neglected report of December 56+;( the Besearch &nstitute of America anticipated the .ommittee when it remarked3 /The moment of truth on automation is comingEa lot sooner than most people realiGe. .The shattering fact is that the =. . is still almost totally unprepared for the approaching crisis./0

0 %. H. @erry( C@urther Beflections on the Triple Bevolution(C @ellowship( Oanuary( 56+-. 5t seems in"redi'le that any intelli+ent man "an %ie/ /ith "&m,la"en"y the sl&/ness /ith /hi"h /e are "han+in+ t& meet the "hallen+e &! the /&rld that lies ahead &! us. #andrid+e ). C&le has ,&inted &ut that, C&t has already been noted that technical knowledge is doubling every seven years 1the doubling time is decreasing7( and that ninety percent of all the scientists who ever lived are alive right now. %ithout assuming any reduction in doubling time it can be estimated that our total of technical knowledge in fifty years will e>ceed the present level by a factor of ), or )-+.C0 0Dandridge #. .ole( $eyond Tomorrow 1Amherst( %isconsin3 Amherst !ress( 56+-7( pp. 8,-6*. 15n the ,ast m&st indi%iduals /ere a'le t& +& thr&u+h li!e /ith the set &! attitudes and 'elie!s a,,r&,riate t& the a+e in /hi"h they /ere 'r&u+ht u,,1 /r&te R&'ert The&'ald; The rate of change in science( in technology( in the beliefs and ideals of man was sufficiently slow to ensure that they remained relatively appropriate. :ven then the older generation e>pressed its dissatisfaction in the phrase3 /& don/t know what the world is coming to./ 2owadays it is recogniGed that the attitudes appropriate to the beginning of the twenty-first century will be totally different from those now accepted( but little attempt is made to look ahead. &ndeed( much education is based on the ideas of past scholars9 as a result theories are taught to generations of students long after they have been recogniGed by the leaders in the field of study to be incorrect.00 00Bobert Theobald( The Bich and the !oor 12ew York3 .larkson 2. !otter( &nc.( 56+*7( pp. 5;6-5A*. E%ery $inder+arten, elementary s"h&&l, hi+h s"h&&l, and "&lle+e in the nati&n sh&uld hel, students anti"i,ate the "han+es that lie in their !uture. 5t sh&uld "hallen+e them t& see$ ne/ /ays &! thin$in+ and !eelin+G&! re&r+ani2in+ their s&"iety t& ma$e the m&st &! manMs ,&tential !&r ha,,iness in the ne/ a+e. 5nstead, m&st &! &ur ,u'li" and ,ri%ate s"h&&ls ,re,are the students t& li%e /ith the %alues and !&l$/ays &! &ur an"est&rs. Ready or Not

Ready &r n&t, /e are ra,idly laun"hin+ int& a ,eri&d &! tremend&us "han+e. This is &'%i&us &n a te"hn&l&+i"al le%el /ith satellites &r'itin+ the earth, "&l&r tele%isi&n in &ur h&mes, and the +&%ernment "&m,uters "he"$in+ u, &n &ur in"&me ta4. (ut /e are *ust n&/ 'e+innin+ an era in /hi"h s&"ial "han+e must $ee, ,a"e /ith te"hn&l&+i"al "han+e. The s&"ial ,atterns /hi"h /e ha%e inherited !r&m an"ient )es&,&tamia /ill n&t +i%e us ha,,iness in the /&rld &! the !uture. The turm&il, inse"urity, unha,,iness, and "&n!li"t that are e4,erien"ed t&day /ill in"rease un'eara'ly i! /e are sl&/ in in%entin+ ne/ /ays &! li%in+, thin$in+, and !eelin+. Humanity is n&/ enterin+ int& its ad&les"ent ,hase. 5! /eMre +&in+ t& "&me thr&u+h &ur teen years /ith&ut t&& many s"ars, the human ra"e had 'etter learn h&/ t& mature.

Derha,s the +reatest threat that !a"es us at this m&ment is the !ra+mentati&n &! humanity int& &%er .88 e+&"entri" nati&nal '&undary lines. These ,aran&id nati&nalities "laim the s&%erei+n ri+ht t& use /ea,&ns that "an $ill milli&ns &! ,e&,le in &ther "&untries. 5! /e "&ntinue im,r&%in+ &ur at&mi" /ea,&ns !&r an&ther t/enty years, it is ,&ssi'le that a !lare u, &! a di"tat&rMs tem,er "&uld 'rin+ &n a "hain &! e%ents that /&uld /i,e &ut e%ery human 'ein+. N& &ne "an ,redi"t the !uture /ith "ertainty. One thin+, h&/e%er, seems hi+hly ,r&'a'le. Thin+s are m&%in+ s& !ast that in a hundred years &ur s&"iety /ill 'ear little resem'lan"e t& the e"&n&mi", s&"ial, and ,&liti"al ,atterns &! t&day. <e su++est that /hate%er the !uture 'rin+s, it /ill re,resent a ,attern s,un &ut 'y the 13i!e, 3i'erty, and the Dursuit &! Ha,,iness1 %alue stru"ture, the s"ienti!i" meth&d as a thin$in+ te"hni0ue, and the "&rnu"&,ia !l&/in+ !r&m aut&mated and "&m,uteri2ed t&&ls. The !uture h&lds +reat stress and threat t& indi%iduals /h& d& n&t ha%e !le4i'le ner%&us systems. 5t als& &!!ers a limitless "hallen+e t& th&se /h& "an use their intelli+en"e !&r its ,rimary e%&luti&nary !un"ti&n; t& ada,t t& "han+in+ "&nditi&ns. Freater /isd&m, !antasti" a""&m,lishments, and en&rm&usly in"reased ha,,iness may 'e &urs in the humanisti", s"ienti!i", "y'ernated /&rld &! t&m&rr&/.

:our %art+c+*at+on Is Needed

15n /&rld leaders and indi%idual "iti2ens ali$e,1 ad%ises #r. R&'ert ). Hut"hins, Cold habits and customs stand in the way of adaptation to a new world. %e are only beginning to study these habits and customs( to seek new ways of using our intelligence in order to preserve the species. &n this effort the best thinking of every man and woman is needed.C0 0.hange( 1 anta $arbara( .alifornia3 .enter for the tudy of Democratic &nstitutions( @ebruary( 56+-7( Mol. 5( 2o. 5( p. 5. #r. Fe&r+e Fallu, in The #iracle Ahead ,&ints &ut that /e "an n&t rely &n &ur e"&n&mi" and ,&liti"al leaders t& hel, us res,&nd dynami"ally t& the "hallen+e &! the !uture. #r. Fallu, su++ests; . . . change can not be brought about easily by its leaders( e>cept in those situations in which the changes advocated do not disturb present relationships. &n fact( it is the leaders who typically become the most bitter and the most effective foes of change. The public( therefore( must take the initiative and assume responsibility for progress in the affairs of man. The public must force change upon its leaders.00 00 'eorge 'allup( The #iracle Ahead 12ew York( :vanston( and London3 Harper J Bow( 56+A7( p. )*5.

5n the hist&ry &! man, n& +enerati&n has 'een edu"ated t& e4,e"t s&"ial "han+e and "reati%ely ada,t t& it. 5n a %ery real sense /e 'a"$ int& the !uture h&,in+ /e d&nMt +et &ur 'ehinds "he/ed &!!. <e ea+erly see$ ne/ medi"ines !&r &ur ,hysi"al ailments e%en 'e!&re these ha%e 'een th&r&u+hly tested. (ut /hen it "&mes t& ,&liti"al, s&"ial, and e"&n&mi" "han+es u,&n /hi"h s& mu"h &! &ur ha,,iness de,ends, &ur +uidin+ ,hil&s&,hy seems t& 'e, 1#&nMt r&"$ the '&at.1 <ell, the '&at is r&"$in+, and itMs +&in+ t& remain r&"$in+ !&r a l&n+ time. The &nly /ay t& st&, the '&at !r&m r&"$in+ is t& use the s"ienti!i" meth&d &! thin$in+ t& +uide us t& s&"ial in%enti&ns that really /&r$. N& &ne t&day has all the ans/ersG&r e%en the 0uesti&ns. (ut 'y means &! "are!ul e4,erimentati&n and measurement &! results, /e "an e%entually determine /hat ,&liti"al, e"&n&mi", and s&"ial "han+es /ill +i%e humanity !reed&m !r&m /ar and /ant and /ill ena'le all ,e&,le t& li%e a m&re satis!yin+ li!e. F&r the !irst time in the hist&ry &! man /e "an redesi+n '&th &ursel%es and &ur entire en%ir&nmentI (y mani,ulatin+ &ur +enes, /e /ill 'e a'le t& "han+e the stru"ture and !un"ti&n &! &ur '&dily &r+ans in alm&st any /ay that /e desire. <ith a "y'ernated te"hn&l&+y 'ased &n nu"lear ,&/er, /e "an redesi+n &ur li%in+ areas, &ur "ities, and &ur ,lanet. And e%en the s$y is n&t the limit. E%entually, the mind &! a man mi+ht ,r&!&undly "han+e the ,lanets &! &ur s&lar system. Our +ala4y and ,&ssi'ly the ne'ulae 'ey&nd may !eel &ur t&u"h. Our &nly limitati&ns are &ur intelli+en"e and &ur "reati%e ima+inati&n. #an may now control his destinyL E%ery intelli+ent "iti2en &n this +l&'e sh&uld 'e ,&nderin+ these un"harted seas &n /hi"h the shi, &! humanity is n&/ ,lun+in+ ahead at !ull s,eed. 3i$e C&lum'us, /h& set &ut &n a darin+ %&ya+e a'&ut a hal! millennium a+&, /e ha%e &nly a !e/ s"ra,s &! in!&rmati&n ,lus &ur s"ienti!i" and humanisti" intelli+en"e t& +uide us. <e must use these t& the 'est &! &ur a'ility t& a%&id the hell &! at&mi" /ar. <e must s&meh&/ land &ursel%es &n a ne/ sh&re /here men and /&men may !ind themsel%es, /here 'li+hted ,ers&nality de%el&,ment /ill 'e"&me the e4"e,ti&n rather than the n&rm, /here manMs inhumanity t& man /ill 'e un$n&/n, and /here /ars and /ant /ill 'e 'ut a distant mem&ry. Only then /ill the s,irit &! man s&ar t& its !ull, /&nder!ul ,&tential.