CU TRC 1 CHIC LAPTOP

1. TOUCHPAD & BN PHM * Touchpad

Touchpad hoc trackpad l mt thit b tr gm c mt b cm bin xc gic, chuyn dng c th dch chuyn ng v v tr ca cc ngn tay ca ngi dng n mt v tr tng i trn h iu hnh c xut ra mn hnh. Touchpad l mt tnh nng ph bin ca my tnh xch tay, v cng c s dng thay th cho mt con chut. Touchpad ln u tin xut hin vo nm 1990 v my tnh xch tay u tin trang b touchpad hay trackpad vo thi im l Apple PowerBook 500. Touchpad hin i s dng mt cng ngh gi l cm ng in dung. y l mt cng ngh hot ng bng cch pht hin cc dng in ca mt ngn tay con ngi khi tip xc vi b mt touchpad. iu ny cho php n d dng chuyn hng mt cch mt m m khng da trn p lc th cht. Tuy nhin, cm ng in dung c mt bt li nh, l khng c kh nng pht hin nhng vt v tri v gic hoc nu eo gng tay th khng th thao tc. * Bn phm - Bn phm ca Laptop l phn cho php chng ta nhp d liu vo my tnh, khc vi bn phm PC, bn phm Laptop thng c thm cc phm chc nng nh phm iu chnh sng, xut tn hiu ra cng CRT khi chng ta bm kt hp cc phm vi phm Fn. - Bn phm Laptop l phn che

v my bn di, nu bn tho bn phm ra bn s nhn thy v my v cc linh kin ca Main 2. MN HNH Mn hnh my tnh l thit b in t gn lin vi my tnh vi mc ch chnh l hin th v giao tip gia ngi s dng vi my tnh. i vi cc my tnh c nhn (PC), mn hnh my tnh l mt b phn tch ri. i vi my tnh xch tay mn hnh l mt b phn gn chung khng th tch ri. Kch thc mn hnh c tnh theo di ng cho mn hnh v n v tnh l "inch". (1 inch = 2,54 cm). phn gii mn hnh c tnh theo s im nh chiu ngang nhn vi s im nh chiu dc, v d mn hnh FULL HD c phn gii 1920 x 1080 pixel, co ngha l mn hnh FULL HD c 1920 im nh chiu ngang v 1080 im nh chiu dc. * Mn hnh LCD CCFL Mn hnh tinh th lng LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) l s pht trin nng cp t loi mn hnh CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) c dng t nhiu nm trc kia v hin gi vn cn c mt s ngi a thch dng CRT hn LCD. LCD ni mt cch n gin l dng tinh th lng th hin nhng g m bn thy trn mn hnh. Nhng tinh th hot ng nh l mn chn sng nh sng pha sau, n cho php nh sng i qua ti ngi dng hoc ngn n li. Bng cch n cho php nhng im nh (Pixel) th hin nhng mu sc tng ng nhng g bn s thy trn mn hnh. Hu ht nhng mn hnh LCD cch y vi nm trc dng ng CCFL (Cold Cathode Florescent)- tia hunh quang catot lnh- c la chn lm nh sng chiu sau. * Mn hnh LCD LED-Backlit hiu LED-Backlit, bn s cn hiu 3 kiu hin nay ang c dng trong nhng mn hnh my tnh mi. Nhng kiu LED-Backlit - Kiu u tin l nhng nh sng chiu sau xut pht t g mn hnh (EdgeLit) dng LED Trng (WLED) hoc EL-WLED. y l kiu LED-Backlit c dng

hu ht trong nhng mn hnh hin nay . iu ny i hi nhng WLED c gn lin kt dc theo cnh ca ma trn mn hnh ngay pha sau mng tinh th lng . Dng khuch tn c bit, nh sng s bao ph ton b mn hnh. Nhiu nh sn xut mn hnh mi y ci tin cng ngh ny nn ch cn mt g gn LED m khng cn phi gn trn c 4 g nh trc. Gii php EL-WLED l r tin nht v nh nht trong c ba cng ngh nn v th c th gii thch ti sao li c dng mt cch rng ri. Nhng mn hnh my xch tay, HDTV ang u tin dng cng ngh ny - Kiu th hai ca cng ngh LED-Backlit l RGB LED. Thay v dng WLED trn g ca mn hnh nh cng ngh trc, nhng LED RGB c bao ph ton b panel (tinh th lng). Mi nh sng c to ra bng s kt hp gia cc mu (R), Xanh lc (G) v Xanh lam (B). iu cho php mn hnh hin th c nhiu gam mu sc hn vi nhiu mu chnh xc hn so vi mn hnh dng WLED . Tuy nhin cng ngh dng RGB LED chiu sau li qu t v khng c php c thit k mng. Mn hnh HP DreamColor LP2490zx dng cng ngh RBG LED Backlit c gi 3500$ v panel c kch thc dy khong 2.25-inch (5,7cm), trong khi mn hnh Samsung PX2370 c dy ca panel l 0.6-inch (1,2cm) c gi thnh ch 300$ . - Kiu cui cng l WLED trn lp mng mng ph ton b mn hnh . N tng t nh cch RBG LED nhng thay vo dng WLED. Hin ti cng ngh ny hay c s dng trong nhng mn hnh HDTV. Di y l nhng li ch ca nhng mn hnh LCD LED-Backlit so vi LCD CCFL: Mn hnh LED-Backlit c nhiu Gam mu v cung cp nhiu mu chnh xc hn Gam mu sc c iu khin bi nhng b lc mu ca mn hnh v ph nh sng pht ra ca nh sng chiu sau. Nhng LCD CCFL thng thng hin th c 72-102% phm vi mu NTSC th RGB LED t c ti 114% . EL-WLED khng hin th c Gam mu cao v thng thng ch khong 68% mu NTSC . Nhng mn hnh LED-Backlit thng l siu mng

Nhng loi mn hnh LED-Backlit siu mng u dng WLED v n ph hp gia gi c v hiu sut. RGB LED cung cp mu sc hon ho hn nhng li qu tn km . LED-Backlit tiu th in nng t hn Vi WLED mc tiu th in nng thp. Yu t quan trng nht nh hng ti mc tiu th in nng ca mn hnh chnh l kch thc mn hnh v nh sng chiu sau . LED-Backlit t nh hng ti mi trng Thnh phn ch to bng cng ngh CCFL c dng nhng vt liu kim loi nng c cha hm lng cht c ln nguy him cho mi trng. LED li khng cha nhng thnh phn nh vy v c kh nng d dng ti ch. 3. CPU (chipset) - CPU (Central Processing Unit) hay cn gi l Chipset, c th c xem nh no b, mt trong nhng phn t ct li nht ca my vi tnh. Nhim v chnh ca CPU l x l cc chng trnh vi tnh v d kin. CPU c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau. hnh thc n gin nht, CPU l mt con chip vi vi chc chn. Phc tp hn, CPU c rp sn trong cc b mch vi hng trm con chip khc. CPU l mt mch x l d liu theo chng trnh c thit lp trc. N l mt mch tch hp phc tp gm hng triu transistor (bong bn dn). Tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc vo tc ca CPU, nhng n cng ph thuc vo cc phn khc (nh b nh trong, RAM, hay bo mch ha). C nhiu cng ngh lm tng tc x l ca CPU. V d cng ngh Core 2 Duo. Tc CPU c lin h vi tn s ng h lm vic ca n (tnh bng cc n v nh MHz, GHz,). i vi cc CPU cng loi tn s ny cng cao th tc x l cng tng. i vi CPU khc loi, th iu ny cha chc ng; v d CPU Core 2 Duo c tn s 2,6GHz c th x l d liu nhanh hn CPU 3,4GHz mt nhn. Tc CPU cn ph thuc vo b nh m ca n, nh Intel Core 2 Duo s dng chung cache L2 (shared cache) gip cho tc x l ca h thng 2 nhn mi ny nhanh hn so vi h thng 2 nhn th h 1 (Intel Core Duo v Intel Pentium D) vi mi core tng cache L2 ring bit. (B nh m dng lu cc lnh hay dng, gip cho vic nhp d liu x l nhanh hn).

Hin trn th trng my tnh th CPU thng s dng hai loi chip l chip Intel v Chip AMD, VN th ngi tiu dng thng a chung dng chip Intel hn bi tnh n nh ca n, cn chip AMD th c sc mnh v x l ho nhng n nh km hn v chy nng hn. 4. CHIPSET CU BC V CHIPSET CU NAM Chipset cu bc: Cn gi l Memory Controller Hub (MCH). MCH hay cc chipset khc l cc chip tch hp c khai sinh trn cc th h my ban u ca Intel hay IBM cho n by gi n cng cn rt thng dng ngay c trn cc my dng CPU AMD. Chip cu bc m nhim vic lin lc gia cc thit b CPU, RAM, AGP hoc PCI Express, v chip cu nam. Mt vi loi chipset cu bc c th c tch hp thm chng trnh iu khin ha chng c gi l Graphic and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH). V cc b x l v RAM khc nhau yu cu cc tn hiu khc nhau, mt chip cu bc ch lm vic vi mt hoc hai loi CPU v ni chung ch vi mt loi RAM. C mt vi loi chipset h tr hai loi RAM (nhng loi ny thng c s dng khi c s thay i v chun). V d, chip cu bc ca chipset NVIDIA nForce2 ch lm vic vi b x l Duron, Athlon, v Athlon XP vi DDR SDRAM; chipset Intel i875 ch lm vic vi h thng s dng b x l Pentium 4 hoc Celeron c tc ln hn 1.3 GHz v s dng DDR SDRAM; chipset Intel i915g ch lm vic vi Intel Pentium 4 v Intel Celeron, nhng c th s dng b nh DDR hoc DDR2 Chipset cu bc qun l vic giao tip d liu vi CPU, card ha v RAM. Sc mnh ca MCH nh hng trc tip ti kh nng x l ca my cng nh kh nng overclock ca my. Overclock l mt k thut p xung h thng my tnh gia tng tc lm vic ca h thng my tnh gm CPU, GPU, b nh, PCI, AGP,.. Chipset cu nam: Chip cu nam hay cn gi l I/O Controller Hub (ICH), l mt chip m nhim nhng vic c tc chm ca bo mch ch trong chipset. Chip cu nam khng h kt ni trc tip vi CPU m n kt ni vi CPU thng qua chip cu bc. Mt cp chipset cu bc-nam phi c thit k c bit, tng thch vi nhau th mi c th lm vic c vi nhau. Trong cc th h trc, nhim v ca

chipset cu nam l kh nh nhng cho nn n khng cn trang b tm tn nhit. Nhng hin ti do cc thit b khc c chia s sang cho CPU v hn na chipset cu nam c vai tr quan trng trong cch giao tip vi cc thit b khc CPU AMD nn chip cu nam hin ti hot ng a tc v hn v n cng c tm tn nhit kh honh trng (tuy vn thua chip cu bc CPU Intel). Hin ti cha c giao tip chun gia hai chip cu ny. Theo truyn thng, giao tip chung gia chip cu bc v chip cu nam n gin l bus PCI, v th m n to nn mt hiu ng c chai (bottleneck), phn ln cc chipset hin thi s dng cc giao tip chung (thng l thit k c quyn) c hiu nng cao hn. Dng CPU Intel hon ton giao tip vi RAM v cc thit b khc thng qua chip cu bc. Dng AMD t th h k7 (cng thi k vi pentium 3) tr v trc vic iu khin RAM l do chp cu bc m nhn, nhim v chnh ca chip cu bc cng tng t nh ca dng Intel tc l kt ni CPU vi RAM thng qua ng truyn FSB. Tuy nhin t dng k8-athlon 64 tr i c s thay i, AMD tch hp lun b iu khin b nh vo trong CPU, tc l cng khng cn chip cu bc. Khi , d cho bus b nh cao CPU vn c th p ng c, chnh v th c th thy rng FSB ca CPU AMD c gi thnh cao (nhng vi CPU AMD khng cn dng ti khi nim FSB na m l tn bus mi l HT FSB), iu ny gip cho b nh DDR cha ngng hn khi m DDR 2 ra i. Vic tch hp b iu khin b nh vo trong CPU cng em li mt s h qu rt tt nh gim thiu tr ca d liu gi ti CPU v t CPU gi i do khng cn phi i qua chp cu bc v ngc li. Vic ny gip cho CPU AMD x l cc khi thng tin ln v nhanh chng cng nh vic x l ha nhanh hn CPU Intel cng xung nhp. Do khng cn dng ti chp cu bc nn chip cu nam ca CPU AMD ng vai tr quan trng hn trong vic kt ni cc thit b khc ti CPU. Chip cu Bc RD790 c sn xut trn quy trnh 65nm v c cng sut TDP ch 10W so vi 26W ca Intel X38. Trn th trng c rt nhiu chipset, mi loi p ng mt yu cu ring. Chipset dng vi CPU Intel c Intel 845, 845E, 845G, 845PE, 848P, 865P, 865PE, 865G, 875P; SiS 645, 648, 650, 655; VIA P4X333, P4X400, PT800, PT880... Chipset

dng CPU AMD c VIA KT333, KT400, KT600, K8T800; SiS 746FX, SiS 755; NVidia NForce2, NVidia NForce3 150... v cn nhiu loi khc. S lng chipset nhiu v mt s c tnh nng gn ging nhau. 5. RAM RAM l b nh truy xut ngu nhin, mt loi b nh chnh ca my tnh. RAM l ni m my tnh lu tr thng tin tm thi sau chuyn vo CPU x l. RAM cng nhiu th s ln CPU cn x l d liu t cng cng t i, v hiu sut ton b h thng s cao hn. RAM l loi b nh khng th thay i nn d liu lu trong n s bin mt khi bn tt my tnh. My tnh s dng RAM lu tr m chng trnh v d liu trong sut qu trnh thc thi. c trng tiu biu ca RAM l c th truy cp vo nhng v tr khc nhau trong b nh v hon tt trong khong thi gian tng t, ngc li vi mt s k thut khc, i hi phi c mt khong thi gian tr hon nht nh. B nh RAM l b nh quan trng trong hot ng ca my tnh, dung lng b nh RAM c quyt nh n tc my tnh. Trong qu trnh my tnh hot ng, b nh RAM s lu tm ton b cc chng trnh m my tnh ang chy nh phn li h iu hnh, cc chng trnh bn ang chy, cc hnh nh, video m bn ang xem u c lu tm trong RAM. Dung lng RAM c tnh bng MB v GB, thng thng RAM c thit k vi cc dung lng 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB... Dung lng ca RAM cng ln cng tt cho h thng, tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc h thng phn cng v h iu hnh u h tr cc loi RAM c dung lng ln, mt s h thng phn cng ca my tnh c nhn ch h tr n ti a 4 GB v mt s h iu hnh (nh phin bn 32 bit ca Windows XP) ch h tr n 3,2 GB.

Trn thc t, bn thn cc loi RAM cng c s khc bit. RAM c 2 loi: SDRAM v DDRAM (DDR1, DDR2, DDR3). SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) l chun RAM ra i u tin. SDRAM c 168 chn ng t hn DDR (DDR I c 184 chn, DDR II v III c 240 chn), c hai rnh ch chn RAM, tc bus ti a l 133Mhz. DDRAM trn thc t cng l SDRAM nhng vi tn sut x l thng tin tng gp i (DDR = Double Data Rate). DDR1 thng c xung nhp t 266MHz ti 400MHz; trong khi DDR2 v DDR3 (loi mi nht) thng c xung nghip t 400 800 MHz v t 800 MHz - 1.6 GHz. Gi c gia DDR1, DDR2 v DDR3 chnh lch nhau rt nhiu. Chng hn nh b RAM DDR3 2GB ca Corsair (gm 2 thanh, mi thanh 1 GB) c gi 90USD th cng l RAM ca Corsair nhng l loi DDR2 4GB ch c 69USD. C mt thc t rng khng phi chic laptop no cng nhn dung lng RAM. Bi chic laptop khng ch c RAM m cn c driver ha, driver USB v nhng phn mm khc trn my. Chnh nhng thnh phn ny chim dng mt phn RAM khin cho my tnh khng th nhn lng RAM theo quy nh. Hin tng ny thng xy ra vi nhng h thng s dng h iu hnh 32-bit; cn vi h iu hnh 64-bit th dung lng RAM nhn c tng i y . Cc h thng 32bit ch nhn dng RAM 4GB trong khong t 3GB - 3,6GB; cn cc h thng 64-bit vit li cc ng dng v kh nng nhn dng c m rng hn. 6. CNG (HDD) HDD l b nh ngoi quan trng nht ca my tnh. N c nhim v lu tr h iu hnh, cc phn mm ng dng v cc d liu ca ngi s dng. HDD ra i vo nhng nm u ca thp k 80 vi mc ch chnh ca cc nh sn xut l lu tr d liu v thay th a mm (ti thi im HDD ra i cha c cc loi a quang nh CD-ROM hay ZIP). ng nhin kh nng lu tr ln li y mnh hn na s pht trin ca my tnh. Hin nay, HDD l mt thit b chun trong cc loi my tnh. HDD (Hard Disk Drive) l cng truyn thng, d liu c lu tr trn b mt cc phin a trn (Platters) lm bng nhm, thy tinh hoc gm c ph vt liu t tnh. Trung tm ca a l mt ng c quay (Spindle). c/ghi d liu, cc nh sn xut s dng cc b iu khin truyn ng (Actuator) kt hp vi cc tay

truyn ng (Actuator Arm) iu khin u c nh v cc c ny c iu khin bi mt b vi mch nh ngoi, chng iu khin u c ghi ng vo v tr trn cc a t khi a ang quay tc cao, ng thi gii m cc tnh hiu t tnh thnh d liu m my tnh c th hiu c. Cu trc d liu ca cng HDD c phn chia thnh Track (rnh t), Sector (cung t), Cluster (lin cung). - Track (rnh t): Cc vng trn ng tm trn mt mt a dng xc nh cc vng lu tr d liu ring bit trn mt a. Cc track ny cng khng c nh khi c sn xut, chng s c thay i li v tr khi c nh dng cp thp nhm ti cu trc li cho ph hp khi a b h hng do s xung cp ca phn c. Tp hp cc track cng bn knh ca cc mt a khc nhau s to thnh cc tr (cylinder), chng ta c 1024 tr trn mt a cng (nh s t 0 n 1023). V vy, mt cng s c nhiu tr v c nhiu a t khc nhau. - Sector (cung t): Mi track li c chia thnh cc ng hng tm to thnh cc sector (cung t). Sector l n v cha d liu nh nht. Theo chun thng thng th mt sector c dung lng 512 byte. S sector trn cc track t phn ra a vo n tm a l khc nhau, cc a cng u chia ra hn 10 vng v trong mi vng c t s sector/track bng nhau. - Cluster (lin cung): Cluster l mt n v lu tr gm mt hoc nhiu sectors. Khi lu d liu vo cng, cc d liu c ghi vo hng chc, hoc hng trm clusters lin k hoc khng lin k nhau. Nu khng c sn cc cluster lin nhau, h iu hnh s tm kim cluster cn trng gn v ghi tip d liu ln a. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n khi ton b d liu c lu tr ht. Hin nay, HDD s dng cc chun giao tip SCSI, ATA v SATA. La chn nh dng cc phn vng l hnh ng tip sau khi quy hoch phn vng a cng. Tu thuc vo cc h iu hnh s dng m cn la chn cc kiu nh dng s dng trn a cng. Mt s nh dng s dng trong cc h iu hnh h Windows c th l: - FAT (File Allocation Table): Chun h tr DOS v cc h iu hnh h Windows 9X/Me (v cc h iu hnh sau). Phn vng FAT h tr di tn 11 k t (8 k t tn v 3 k t m rng) trong DOS hoc 255 k t trong cc h iu hnh 32 bit nh Windows 9X/Me. FAT c th s dng 12 hoc 16 bit, dung lng ti a mt phn vng FAT ch n 2 GB d liu.

- FAT32 (File Allocation Table, 32-bit): Tng t nh FAT, nhng n c h tr bt u t h iu hnh Windows 95 OSR2 v ton b cc h iu hnh sau ny. Dung lng ti a ca mt phn vng FAT32 c th ln ti 2 TB (2.048 GB). - NTFS (Windows New Tech File System): c h tr bt u t cc h iu hnh h NT/2000/XP/Vista. Mt phn vng NTFS c th c dung lng ti a n 16 exabytes. - exFAT (extended File Allocation Table): c thit k c bit cho cc flash USB. 7. BO MCH CH (MAINBOARD) Bo mch ch (MainBoard-MB) l bn mch in chnh trong thit b in t. N c cha cc socket ( cm) v slot (khe cm) cm cc linh kin in t v bo mch m rng khc. Trong h thng my tnh c nhn, bo mch ch cha b vi x l, chipset, cc khe cm PCI, khe cm AGP, khe cm b nh v cc mch iu khin bn phm, chut, cc a v my in. N cng c th c tch hp sn cc mch iu khin gn lin cho modem, m thanh, ha v mng. Bo mch ch ca laptop c ch to c bit ph hp vi hnh dng ca v my, chng thng tch hp sn cc thit b nh: Card mn hnh, m thanh, kt ni mng, gip cho my c gn nh. - Chc nng ca bo mch ch: + Gn kt cc thnh phn trn mt h thng my tnh li vi nhau. + iu khin thay i tc bus cho ph hp vi cc thnh phn khc nhau. + Qun l ngun cp cho cc thnh phn trn main. + Cung cp xung nhp ch ng b s hot ng ca ton h thng. Chnh v th m khi main gp s c th my tnh khng th hot ng c. 8. PIN Pin laptop l mt thit b lu tr nng lng dng cho laptop trong nhng trng hp khng c dy ngun hay ty vo mc ch ngi s dng. Laptop hin nay thng dng pin lithium-ion. N c th lu tr nhiu nng lng hn pin Ni-Cd v NiMH trn cng mt dung tch, nhng cng t hn nhiu do cng ngh ch to v cht liu c s dng

Pin laptop, nh chng ta bit, l sn phm cng ngh cao, c snxut trn dy chuyn, cng ngh hin i do chnh cc Cty sn xut my tnh (IBM, DELL, SONY,..) cung cp. Hoc do cc Cty c nh sn xut laptop ch nh. Chng c cu to t: 1 - Bo mch: y l thnh phn rt quan trng cha cc thng tin gip cho my tnh c th nhn dng chnh xc loi Pin ph hp. y cng l ni cha cc mch bo v, mch sc, chip qun l ngun pin, cc rle v u gic tip xc vi my tnh. 2 - Cc Cell: Ty tng loi m ta c 3 - 4 - 6 - 8 - 9 hoc 12 cell. Cc vin Pin dung lng ln c th c nhiu cell hn na. Cc cell ph bin hin nay l cell trn, c dung lng 2000mAh, 2200mAh, 2400mAh, 2600mAh. Cell vung c dung lng nh hn (1800mAh) v thng dng trong cc my mng, nh nh IBM X30; Dell C400, .... 3 - V: Gi v bo v cell, mch in thnh mt khi gn kt cht ch. To thnh pin laptop hon chnh nh chng ta thng thy. 9. CD ROM CD ROM hay cn gi l a quang, l mt loi thit b dng c a quang, n s dng mt loi thit b pht ra mt tia laser chiu vo b mt a quang v phn x li trn u thu v c gii m thnh tn hiu. CD ROM l thit b ngoi vi ca laptop, l ni ly d liu bn ngoi t a CD vo my tnh. CD ROM thng nm bn tri ca laptop. Nhng dng my siu mng th khng c CD. C nhiu loi CD nh CD ch c d liu (Read-only Disk Drive), CD ch ghi d liu (Write-only Disk Drive), hoc CD c v ghi d liu (Read/Write Disk Drive. Chng ta c th tho c CD mt cch d dng. 10. CARD HA ONBOARD (GPU)

Card ha (graphics card), hay cn gi l card mn hnh (display adapter), hoc bo mch ha (graphic adapter) l mt loi thit b chu trch nhim x l cc tc v v thng tin v hnh nh trong thit b cng ngh. Card ha "onboard" (GPU-Graphic Proccessing Unit) hay cn gi l card ha tch hp l mt chip ha c gn trn bo mch ch (mainboard) ca my tnh. Khi xem thng s mt laptop, thng tin v card ha ny s ghi "Intel HD Graphics", "GMA 4500HD"...nu my tnh dng vi x l Intel, cn trn my tnh dng vi x l AMD th chip ha mang tn ATI/AMD (trc y l hng sn xut card ha ATI c AMD mua li), i vi cc my tnh i c, card mn hnh "onboard" c iu khin bi mt chip tch hp trn mainboard hoc mt phn ca chipset cu Bc. Trong khi , card mn hnh i mi hin nay c cc nh sn xut tch hp trc tip vo CPU mc ch lm tng hiu sut x l ha v gim nhit lng ta ra khi hot ng. V card ha onboard s dng mt phn RAM h thng nn khi kim tra bn s thy RAM thiu ht i mt t. C mt s dng my tnh c th chia se kh nhiu dung lng RAM cho card ha s dng (t 750MB n 1GB) nn my tnh hot ng trn tru va th hin ha, va chy cc ng dng th bn nn sm t nht 4GB RAM cho laptop. Trong hu ht cc my tnh xch tay, card ha l khng th thay i. Chipset card ha onboard c tch hp vo "bo mch" ca h thng v khng th thay th. Ti Vit Nam hin nay, a phn trn th trng my tnh xch tay u c trang b chipset x l ho tch hp, vi cc gii php ca Intel (HD Graphics, HD Graphics 2000, HD Graphics 3000, HD Graphics 2500, HD Graphics 4000,) vi cng ngh tch hp sn ChipSet ho ln trn Chip cu bc, kt hp cng CPU Intel to thnh mt h thng ho tch hp hon chnh. Tng t Intel, AMD cng a ra gii php tch hp Chipset ho ATI ca mnh cng lm vic vi Chip cu bc, tuy nhin dng ATI ha tch hp ny lm vic c trn CPU Intel v CPU AMD (ATI Radeon Xpress 200M for AMD Processors, ATI Radeon Xpress 1100 for Intel Notebooks , ATI Radeon Xpress 1250 Series for Intel, ). GeForce 7000M Series GPUs v nForce 600M Series

MCPs, NVIDIA GeForce Go 6100/6150 GPUs v NVIDIA nForce Go 430 MCPs L nhng GPU tch hp ca hng Nvidia dnh cho cc h thng my tnh xch tay. V mt gii php tch hp ho bn trn Chipset cu bc xut hin t rt lu, kh nng x l ho ca cc loi Chipset ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo sc mnh t CPU v RAM. V mt hiu qu th kh nng x l ca gii php ny l khng cao khi phi chy cc ng dng nng nh Photopsop hay chi Game, kh nng ch p ng cho cc nhu cu ho thng thng. Nu bn l ngi dng khng i hi qu nhiu v kh nng x l ho th c th chn la cc h thng ng dng gii php ho ny, khi la chn cng nn lu nhiu n dung lng RAM v tc CPU, bus ca h thng, bus cng cao th kh nng chuyn i thng tin cng nhanh, v mt iu na l hy chn cc th h Chipset mi nht.

11. CARD WIRELESS V CARD M THANH a. Card Wireless Card Wireless trong laptop l mt bn mch in t c lp trn mainboard mch ch ca laptop thng qua PCI hoc PCI mini. Nhim v chnh ca Card Wireless l kt ni my tnh vi h thng mng LAN hoc Wifi, m khng cn dung n dy cp kt ni. Nu khng c Card Wireless th laptop khng th vo mng c bng kt ni Wifi. b. Card m thanh Card m thanh (sound card) l mt trong nhng card m rng ca my tnh, to iu kin cho u vo v u ra ca tn

hiu m thanh di s kim sot ca cc chng trnh my tnh. Chc nng m thanh cng c th c tch hp vo bo mch ch , s dng c bn cc thnh phn tng t nh mt th plug-in. Th plug-in tt c th t c cht lng cao hn so vi m thanh tch hp. H thng m thanh tch hp thng vn c gi l mt "card m thanh".