CIGRE Vol2 PDF

CIGRE Study Committee 23 (Substations) Working Group 23-03 ESCC Task Force (Effects of short-circuit currents)
The Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currents in Open Air Substations (Rigid and Flexible Bus-Bars)
Volume 2:
Data Base of Reference Tests
September 2002
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE I . ARRANGEMENTS WITH SINGLE AND BUNDLED SLACK CONDUCTORS

CASE 1 Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1972 cross section: Al 240 mm2 and ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 20 kA (52 kA peak) and 30 kA (78 kA peak) span length: 15 m, 10 m and 7 m CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 2 AND 3 Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1978 short-circuit current: 10 kA (26 kA peak) to 40 kA (104 kA peak) span length: 15 m and 4 m CASE 2 cross section: ACSR 120/20 mm2, ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, single conductor CASE 3 cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, two and four sub-conductors
3 4
5
11
12 18
II . ARRANGEMENTS WITH STRAINED CONDUCTORS AND DROPPERS IN MIDSPAN

CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 4 AND 5 Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1997 cross section: 537/53 mm short-circuit: 20 kA (50 kA peak) and 40 kA (100 kA peak) span length: 40 m CASE 4 CASE 5
27
28
31 42
III . CONDUCTOR PINCH EFFECTS

CASE 6 Tests performed at sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts-AG (Austria) in 1963 cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 4 kA eff to 21,5 kA eff span length: 12 m CASE 7 Tests performed at Lehrstuhl fr Elektrische Energieversorgung (Germany) in 1985 cross section: ACSR 340/30 mm2 and ACSR 605/70 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 3,5 kA eff to 11 kA eff span length: 7,6 m CASE 8 Tests performed at VEIKI Laboratories (Hungary) in 1997 cross section: CONDOR 455, twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 35 kA eff and 48 kA eff span length: 60 m
47
49
52
56
PREFACE
Because of the very high complexity of the mechanical effects in substations caused by short-circuit currents, a great number of short-circuit tests have been conducted by many companies. The aim was to learn about the physical phenomena, to test installation hardware, to verify the calculation with Finite-Element or Finite-Differences Programs, to develop simplified methods for calculation of forces and stresses. Test results are the only basis for the evaluation and the use of advanced calculation approaches as well as simplified methods. On the other hand, calculation methods unhide the effects and relations between different causes and define new test directions which need to be carried out. The importance of tests has more weight due to the nonlinear character of the phenomena. Any extrapolation or generalisation of previously obtained results needs further checking. Evaluation of the structural response due to the short-circuit dynamic loading is one of the aims of studies. Nowadays there is no particular problem in the case of advanced methods but for simplified methods due to the multifrequency character of the systems, the spectrum density techniques are the most suitable for describing loadings, and transfer functions are the most compatible description for the response of the structure. Tests results are the only option to obtain practical data to built up acceptable models of transfer functions for calculation approaches. In Volume 2 of [1] a data base with reference tests is published. It consists of 18 different cases of arrangements with rigid busbars as well as flexible conductors done in international test laboratories. In this brochure, the presentation of tests is continued. Results of tests with flexible conductors are described in eight cases. three cases concerning arrangements with single and bundled slack conductors, two cases concerning strain conductors with droppers in midspan and three cases where only conductor pinch effects are studied. Tests have been performed in Forschungsgemeinschaft fr Elektrische Anlagen und Stromwirtschaft FGH, Mannheim (Germany), sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts AG, Wien (Austria), Lehrstuhl fr Elektrische Energieversorgung, Erlangen (Germany), VEIKI Laboratory, Budapest (Hungary). All reference cases are divided in three parts: bus-bar geometry basic data results
Reference: [1] CIGRE SC 23-11/IEC TC 73: The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations (Rigid and flexible bus-bars). Volume 2: Data base of reference tests. Paris: CIGRE, 1996.
PART I
Arrangements with single and bundled slack conductors
1.
CASE 1
Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1972 cross section: Al 240 mm2 and ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 20 kA (52 kA peak) and 30 kA (78 kA peak) span length: 15 m, 10 m and 7 m Bus-Bar Geometry
l 6 ik ls 4 6
2 3
a 1 4 2 5
as
Figure 1.1:
Test set-up 1 bundle conductor under test 2 post insulator 3 strain gage for measuring the forces at the bottom of the insulator 4 strain gage for measuring the forces on the top of the insulator 5 spacers (in the figure three) 6 flexible connection
l ls a as k
span length centre-line distance between spacers centre-line distance between main-conductors centre-line distance between sub-conductors number of spacers
Aim of the tests is to define conditions for as/ds and ls/as where the sub-conductors clash effectively and the pinch force Fpi becomes not higher than 1,1 Ft; Ft is the swing-out maximum of a single conductor with the same cross-section and material properties as both sub-conductors.
Basic data
Conductors: cross-section A mm2 Al 240 ACSR 537/53 242,5 590 diameter d mm 0,670 1,937 mass per unit length m' kg/m 20,3 32 Young's modulus E N/mm2 55000 69000 temperature coefficient
10-6/K 23,0 19,8
bundle configuration: twin bundle (n = 2) number of spacers: 0 ... 12 centre-line distance between subconductors: 45 mm ... 100 mm centre-line distance between main-conductors: a = 4 m eigenfrequency of the supports: 58 Hz spring coefficient of both supports: initial static stress: 0,55 ... 3,3 kN/mm2 short-circuit characteristics: = 1,85 ( = 55 ms) short-circuit duration: Tk = 0,6 s l = 15 m: l = 10 m and 7 m: 730 N/mm 630 N/mm
Results
Figure 1.2: Oscillogram of short-circuit test with twin-bundle l = 15 m, ACSR 537/53, as = 60 mm, k = 3
1, 6 2, 7 3, 5 8 4, 9
Time traces Current: Ik = 30 kA; ip = 78,3 kA; tk = 0,6 s Insulator stresses: in direction (3) of conductor 6,45 kN; at right angles (5) to conductor 1,45 kN; initial static tensile force 2,65 kN Conductor tensile force: 9,5 kN after 0,1 s Zero line for curve 3 and for curve 8
The recordings of the tests were stopped a few milliseconds after the end of the short-circuit current flow, therefore no fall of span is recorded. At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated which acts on the top of the insulator and leads to the same dynamic stresses. This equivalent static load is given in the diagrams below as function of the number of spacers. Parameters are the centre-line distance of the sub-conductors, the short-circuit current and the initial static tensile force. The tests show, that the tensile force due to pinch effect is not higher than 1,1 Ft if one of the conditions as/ds 2,0 and ls/as 50 or as/ds 2,5 and ls/as 70 is fulfilled. In this case, the conductors clash effectively and the pinch force Fpi can be ignored in contrast to Ft. Ft is the swing-out maximum of an equivalent single conductor. With this, the tensile force at the top of the insulators is not greater than 1,5 Ft. If the conductors do not clash effectively the forces on the top can be higher; but its impulse length is short.
a) 10
kN 8
F 4 45 mm; 20 kA; 0,9 ... 1,1 kN 65 mm; 20 kA; 0,9 ... 1,0 kN 100 mm; 20 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN 45 mm; 30 kA; 1,0 ... 1,2 kN
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
b) 10
k 8
60 mm; 30 kA; 2,3 ... 2,6 kN 85 mm; 30 kA; 2,3 ... 2,4 kN 100 mm; 30 kA; 2,5 ... 2,6 kN 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
c) 12
kN 10
50 mm; 20 kA; 3,6 ... 3,7 kN 100 mm; 20 kA; 2,7 kN 50 mm; 30 kA; 3,4 ... 3,8 kN
8 F 6
4 0 2 4 k 6 8 10 12
Figure 1.3: Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers k with 15-m-span a) Al 240 b) ACSR 537/53, medium static tensile force c) ACSR 537/53, high static tensile force
a) 10
kN 8 50 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN 50 mm; 30 kA; 0,9 kN 85 mm; 30 kA; 0,8 ... 0,9 kN
0 0 2 4 6 8
b) 10
kN 8
4 50 mm; 30 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN 50 mm; 30 kA; 1,3 ... 1,4 kN 85 mm; 30 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN 0 0 2 4 6 8
c) 10
kN 8
4 50 mm; 30 kA; 1,7 ... 1,9 kN 2 50 mm; 30 kA; 1,9 ... 2,1 kN 85 mm; 30 kA; 1,8 ... 2,0 kN 0 0 2 k 4 6 8
Figure 1.4: Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers k with 10-m-span with ACSR 537/53 a) Low static tensile force b) Medium static tensile force c) High static tensile force 9
10 kN 8 6 F 4 2 0 0 2 k 4 6 8 50 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN 60 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN 85 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 kN
Figure 1.5: Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers k with 7-m-span with ACSR 537/53 References: [1] Mathejczyk, M.; Stein, N.: Kurzschluseilzge enggebndelter Doppelseile in Schaltanlagen. etz-a 97(1976), pp 323-328. [2] Hosemann, G.; Mathejczyk, M.; Stein, N.: Short-circuit forces in single and bundled conductors. Cigre 23-77 (WG 02) 2 IWD, April 1977.
10
2.
CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 2 AND 3
Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1978 short-circuit current: 10 kA (26 kA peak) to 40 kA (104 kA peak) span length: 15 m and 4 m
Bus-Bar Geometry l
940 6 ik
2662 1997
4000
4000 940
6 4 3 7
Figure 2.1 Test set up 1,2 post insulator 3 conductor under test 4 device for measuring the tensile forces on the top of the insulator 5 strain gage for measuring the forces at the bottom of the insulator 6 flexible connection 7 short-circuit connection
l a
span length centre-line distance between main conductors
Basic Data centre-line distance between main-conductors: a = 4 m characteristics of the supports:
support 1 eigenfrequency Hz l = 15 m l=4m 30 30 spring coefficient kN/mm 2,5 2,5 l = 15 m: l = 4 m: ( = 55 ms) Hz 30 28
support 2 eigenfrequency spring coefficient kN/mm 2,0 1,7
spring coefficients of both supports: short-circuit characteristics: short-circuit duration:

= 1,84 Tk = 0,3 s
1,11 kN/mm 1,01 kN/mm
Reference: [1] Stein, N.; Herrmann, B.: Kurzschluseilzge in Schaltanlagen. Elektrizittswirtschaft 78 (1979), 179-186.
11
3.
CASE 2
cross section: ACSR 120/20 mm2, ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, single conductor
Basic data
Conductors: cross-section A mm ACSR 120/20 ACSR 537/53 ACSR 1055/45

2
diameter d mm 20,3 32,0 43,18
mass per unit length m' kg/m 0,670 1,937 3,290
Young's modulus E N/mm

2
temperature coefficient
10-6/K 18,9 19,8 18,1
141,4 590,0 1100,9
77000 69000 60000
initial static stress in the conductor: l = 15 m ACSR 120/20: ACSR 537/53: ACSR 1055/45: l=4m ACSR 1055/45: short-circuit characteristics:
= 1,84
1,4 ... 5,7 N/mm2 1,7 ... 2,5 N/mm2 1,4 ... 4,4 N/mm2 0,1 ... 0,9 N/mm2 ( = 55 ms)
short-circuit duration: Tk = 0,3 s

Results During the movement of the conductor, several maxima of the short-circuit force can be observed as shown in figure 2. The first maximum occurs during or at the end of the short-circuit current flow when the conductor swings out from its initial static position. The other maxima are some hundred milliseconds after the end of the short circuit when the conductor rotates or at the end of the fall down.
At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated for the maxima which acts on the top of the insulator. This equivalent static load is given in the Figure 3.2 to Figure 3.5 as function of the ratio : 2 0 I k F 2 a r= = G mg n
Parameter is the initial static tensile force Fst. The first maximum belongs to the swing out, the second to the rotation or fall down. In Figure 3.6, the short-circuit duration is varied. The equivalent static load as well as the short-circuit tensile force acting on the top of the insulator are shown. The first maximum of the short-circuit tensile force on the top of the insulator is not greater than 150 % of the equivalent static load. The second maximum of the short-circuit tensile force is between 80 % and 100 %. In the case of the 4-m-span with ACSR 1055/45, the short-circuit tensile force is much greater than the equivalent static force: up to 350 % for the first and up to 250 % for the second maximum. In a lot of tests, the movement of the conductors is recorded with a high-speed camera. The maximum horizontal displacement is taken from the films and given in the Figure 3.7 to Figure 3.9.
12
Figure 3.1:
Stress at the bottom of support and conductor movement in midspan Conductor ACSR 537/53; span length 15 m; initial static tensile force 1 kN; static sag 0,53 m a) Rotation of span: Ik = 29 kA b) Fall of span: Ik = 22 kA
13
7 kN 6
2 0,2 kN 0,4 kN 0,6 kN 0,8 kN 0 1 2 r 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 3.2:
Equivalent static load: ACSR 120/20, l = 15 m !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 2. Maximum
20 kN 16
12
1,0 kN 1,5 kN 0 1 2 r 3 4 5
Figure 3.3:
14
20 kN 16
12
8 1,5 kN 2,0 kN 3,0 kN 4,8 kN 0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 r 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8
Figure 3.4:
8 kN 7 6 5 4 F 3 2 1 0 0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 r 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8 0,13 kN 0,45 kN 0,70 kN 1,00 kN
Figure 3.5:
15
12 kN 10
6 F 4
0 0,0 0,1 0,2 Tk 0,3 0,4 s 0,5
Figure 3.6: Influence of the short-circuit duration: ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m, Fst = 2 kN, Ik = 25 kA 1. Maximum: short-circuit tensile force equivalent static load 2. Maximum: short-circuit tensile force equivalent static load
0,8 m 0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4 bh 0,3
0,2 0,2 kN 0,1 0,4 kN 0,6 kN 0,0 0 1 2 r 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 3.7:
Maximum horizontal displacement: ACSR 120/20, l = 15 m
16
0,8 m 0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
b h 0,3 0,2 1,0 kN 1,5 kN
0,1
0,0 0 1 2 r 3 4 5
Figure 3.8:
0,8 m 0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4 b h 0,3 1,5 kN 2,0 kN 3,0 kN 4,8 kN 2,0 kN; 0,1 s 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 r 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8
0,2
0,1
Figure 3.9:
17
4.
CASE 3
cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, two and four sub-conductors Basic data Conductors: cross-section A mm2 ACSR 537/53 ACSR 1055/45 590,0 1100,9 diameter d mm 32,0 43,18 mass per unit length m' kg/m 1,937 3,290 Young's modulus E N/mm2 69000 60000 temperature coefficient 10-6/K 19,8 18,1
bundle configuration: twin (n = 2) and quadruple (n = 4) number of spacers: 0 ... 3 centre-line distance of subconductors: 60 mm and 80 mm initial static stress in the conductor: l = 15 m ACSR 537/53 ACSR 1055/45 l=4m ACSR 537/53 n = 2: n = 4: n = 2: n = 4: n = 2: 1,1 ... 1,7 N/mm2 1,7 ... 2,5 N/mm2 1,4 ... 1,8 N/mm2 1,3 ... 1,8 N/mm2 0,4 N/mm2
Results During the movement of the conductor, several maxima of the short-circuit force can be observed as shown in Figure 4.1. The first maximum occurs a few milliseconds after the initiation of the short-circuit, the second one at the end of the short-circuit current flow when the conductor swings out from its initial static position. The third maximum is some hundred milliseconds after the end of the short circuit when the conductor rotates or at the end of the fall down.
18
a)
scales: b)
Z1x = 4,7 kN/div; Z2x = 5,7 kN/div;
Z1y = 4,7 kN/div; Z2y = 6,4 kN/div;
Z1 = 4,7 kN/div; Z2 = 5,7 kN/div;
scales:
Z1x = 11,6 kN/div; Z2x = 5,7 kN/div;
Z1y = 11,6 kN/div; Z2y = 6,4 kN/div;
Z1 = 12,3 kN/div; Z2 = 6,1 kN/div;
Traces in the oscillograms: ik short-circuit current Z1x tensile force in the clamp perpendicular to the span Z1y tensile force in the clamp in the direction of the span Z1 tensile force in the clamp Z2x force at the bottom of the support perpendicular to the span Z2y force at the bottom of the support in the direction of the span Z2 force at the bottom of the support The static part is suppressed in the oscillograms Figure 4.1: Oscillogram of the forces and conductor displacements at midspan ip = 104 kA, Ik = 40 kA; span length 15 m a) Conductor 4ACSR 537/53; k = 3; Fst = 4 kN b) Conductor 4ACSR 1055/45; k = 3; Fst = 8 kN 19
a)
b)
Figure 4.2:
Oscillogram of the forces and conductor displacements at midspan (continued) ip = 104 kA, Ik = 40 kA; span length 15 m a) Conductor 4ACSR 537/53; k = 3; Fst = 4 kN b) Conductor 4ACSR 1055/45; k = 3; Fst = 8 kN
The presentation of the results is done in two parts. In the first part, the forces during the movement of the main conductor are shown, i. e. the second and third maxima in the time history, and afterwards the forces due to pinch effect in the bundle, which are given by the first maxima.
4.1.
MAIN CONDUCTOR EFFECTS
At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated for the maxima which acts on the top of the insulator. This equivalent static load is given in the Figure 4.3 to 4.7 as function of the ratio 2 0 I k F 2 a r= = G n mg n
Parameters are the bundle configuration, span length and the initial static tensile force Fst. The second maximum (continuous lines) belongs to the swing out, the third (dotted lines) to the rotation or fall down. The lines connect the test results for better reading. Because these maxima are nearly independent of the number of spacers, the results are given for the tests without spacers (k = 0). The tests show that the equivalent static load Ff during rotation or fall of the span (third maximum) is always higher than the load Ft during or at the end of the short-circuit current flow (second maximum), as shown in Figure 4.3 to 4.6, except for the 4-m-span, Figure 4.7. The second maximum of the short-circuit tensile force in the clamp at the top of the insulator is not greater than 1,3 Ft in the case 2ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m; 1,1 Ft in all other cases with l = 15 m; 1,7 Ft in the case 2ACSR 537/53, l = 4 m. The third maximum of the short-circuit tensile force on the top of the insulator is in the range of 0,9 Ff and 1,04 Ff in the case of l = 15 m; 0,95 Ff and 1,2 Ff in the case of l = 4 m and Ik up to 30 kA ; but 1,4 Ff for Ik = 40 kA.
20
In some tests, the movement of the conductors is recorded with a high-speed camera. The maximum horizontal displacement is taken from the films and given in Figure 4.8.
20 kN 16
12
1,3 kN 1,5 kN 2,0 kN 0,0 0,4 0,8 r 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4
Figure 4.3:
Equivalent static load: 2ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m !!!!! 2. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum
20 kN 16
12
4,0 kN 5,8 kN
0 0,0 0,2 0,4 r 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
Figure 4.4:
21
24 kN 20
16
12 F 8
3,0 kN 4,0 kN
0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 r 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
Figure 4.5:
24 kN 20
16
12 F 8
4 5,8 kN 7,9 kN 0 0,0 0,2 r 0,4 0,6 0,8
Figure 4.6:
22
8 kN 6
4 F 2 0,5 kN 0 0,0 0,4 0,8 r 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4
Figure 4.7:
0,8 m 0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
b h 0,3 0,2 2 x 537/53; 2,0 kN 0,1 4 x 537/53; 4,0 kN 2 x 1055/45; 3,0 kN 4 x 1055/45; 7,8 kN 0,0 0,4 0,8 r 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4
0,0
Figure 4.8:
Maximum horizontal displacement, l = 15 m
4.2.
FORCES CAUSED BY PINCH EFFECT IN BUNDLES
The equivalent static loads Fpi caused by pinch effects represented by the first maximum in the time scale history are shown in Figure 4.9 to 4.12 as functions of the number of spacers k for the 15-m-span. Parameters are the bundle configuration, the short-circuit current and the static tensile force. The test results are connected by continuous lines for better reading.
23
Because the equivalent static load Ft during swing out is lower than the load due to rotation or fall of span, the latter one is also given in the figures, connected by dotted lines. The figures point out: The first maximum Fpi can exceed the third maximum Ff if r < 0,6; more spacers promote this. If k = 0 or 1 and with the highest current Ik = 40 kA, Ff is always decisive. This is also true for Ik = 30 kA. Except 2ACSR 1055/45 with low static tensile force and n = 0 where Fpi and Ff are almost equal. Due to the 100-Hz-component in the time scale, Figure 4.1, the tensile forces in the clamp at the top of the insulator during the first maximum can be up to 3,8 Fpi with 2ACSR 537/53; up to 1,8 Fpi with 4ACSR 537/53; up to 2,5 Fpi with 2ACSR 1055/45; up to 2,0 Fpi with 4ACSR 1055/45. Compared to the equivalent static force caused by the third maximum in the time scale, the tensile forces in the clamp at the top of the insulator during the first maximum can be up to 1,6 Ff with 2ACSR 537/53; up to 1,5 Ff with 4ACSR 537/53; up to 1,3 Ff with 2ACSR 1055/45; up to 1,9 Ff with 4ACSR 1055/45 for Ik = 30 kA, 40 kA and usually used n = 1, 2. As the impulse length of the first maximum is very short, the rating of the clamp should not be based on this. a) b)
16 kN 12
16 kN 12
8 F 4
F
0 0 1 k 2 3
0 0 1 k 2 3
Figure 4.9:
Equivalent static load: 2ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m, as = 60 mm b) Fst = 2 kN a) Fst = 1,5 kN !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum " 40 kA ! 20 kA 30 kA
24
a)
24 kN 20 16 12 F 8 4 0 0 1 k 2 3
b)
24 kN 20 16 12 F 8 4 0 0 1 k 2 3
Figure 4.10: Equivalent static load: 4ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m, as = 60 mm b) Fst = 6 kN a) Fst = 4 kN !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum ! 20 kA 30 kA " 40 kA a) b)
20 kN 16
20 kN 16 12
12
F 8 4
F 8 4
0 0 1 k 2 3
0 0 1 k 2 3
Figure 4.11: Equivalent static load: 2ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m, as = 80 mm b) Fst = 4 kN a) Fst = 3 kN !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum ! 20 kA 30 kA " 40 kA
25
a)
20 kN 16
b)
20 kN 16 12
12
F 8 4
0 0 k 1 2 3
0 0 1 k 2 3
Figure 4.12: Equivalent static load: 4ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m, as = 80 mm a) Fst = 6 kN b) Fst = 8 kN !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum " 40 kA ! 20 kA 30 kA
26
PART II
Arrangements with strained conductors and droppers in midspan
27
5.
CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 4 AND 5
Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1997 a)
b)
Figure 5.1 Test arrangement a) Span
b)
Portal N: geometric data and measuring points
28
Basic data cross section: 537/53 mm short-circuit current: 20 kA (50 kA peak) and 40 kA (100 kA peak) span length: 40 m The test arrangement is shown in Figure 5.1, the essential data, force and strain measuring points of the northern portal are shown in Figure 5.1 b). Its structural/geometrical parameters as well as the shortcircuit parameters are in Table 6.1 for case 4 and Table 7.1 for case 5. Three current paths (in the following called cases) are tested: case A: span without droppers, reference case case B: span with droppers; the short-circuit current flows through the whole span, the droppers are without current case C: span with droppers; the short-circuit current flows through half the span and through the droppers to the lower level buses The support structures, beside their design drawings and construction data, are defined by their essential structural properties stiffness and eigenfrequency measured in separate mechanical tests and listed in the following. The mechanical tests show linear elastic characteristics for the supports given in terms of stiffness values. The first eigenfrequencies are excited at mid crossarm, i.e. next to the suspension. For each combination of test parameters as collected in Table 6.1 for case 4 and Table 7.1 for case 5 at least two identical tests were performed to show the variance of behaviour and effects. For symmetry reasons this gives at least 4 values for forces from 2 tests. The variance is, as can be seen, astonishingly small. Conductor: cross-section A mm2 ACSR 537/53 static sag: 0,6 m short-circuit characteristics: 1,77 ( 55 ms) characteristics of the bus supports: voltage level case height of conductor anchoring spring coefficient support M m 100 kV 400 kV 4 5 8,22 11,22 kN/mm 1,551 1,223 N kN/mm 1,229 1,086 M Hz 9,0 9,5 eigenfrequency crossarm N Hz 8,3 9,0
complete support
2
diameter d mm 32
mass per unit length m' kg/m 1,937
Young's modulus E N/mm2 69000
temperature coefficient 10-6/K 19,8
590
M Hz 4,6 4,3
N Hz 3,5 3,0
29
Characteristics of the supporting structure at the lower end of the droppers: spring coefficient direction steel pillar support *) left right left right x kN/mm 1,58 1,51 0,38 0,38 y kN/mm 1,59 1,50 0,37 0,37 x Hz 26,1 25,8 13,0 12,8 eigenfrequency y Hz 26,0 26,3 13,0 13,2
*) complete including measuring device and clamp, total mass of both: 26,7 kg References: [1] Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: High Voltage Substation Stranded Conductor Buses with and without Droppers Tests and Calculation of Short-Circuit Constraints and Behaviour. 8th International Symposium on Short-Circuit Currents in Power Systems, Brussels, Belgium, 8.-10. October 1998, Proceedings pp 115-121 [2] Stein, N.; Miri, A.M.; Meyer, W.: 400 kV Substation Stranded Conductor Buses Tests and Calculations of ShortCircuit Constraints and Behaviour, 7th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment OPTIM 2000, Brasov (Romania), 11.12. May 2000; Proceedings pp 251-257 Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: Tests and Calculation of Short-Circuit Forces and Displacements in High Voltage Substations with Strained Conductors and Droppers. ETEP 10 (2000) No. 3 , pp 131138 Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: High Voltage Substations with Stranded Conductors and Droppers - Tests and Calculations of Short-Circuit Constraints and Behaviour. 9th International Symposium on Short-Circuit Currents in Power Systems, Cracow (Poland), 11.-13. October 2000, Proceedings pp 221-228
[3]
[4]
30
6.
CASE 4
Test parameters
1 2 40 m 1 x ACSR 537/53 3 a=2m 4
Table 6.1:
span
test arrangement
droppers 1 x ACSR 537/53
without
4 3,2
4 3,2
4 3,2
4 3,2
4 1,6
4 3,2
dropper length / m current path A 20 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 Ik t 28,3 k 0,1/ 0,2/ 0,3/ 0,5/ 1,0 kA s 0,1/ 0,2/ 0,3/ 0,5/ 1,0 40 test arrangement span 5
6,045 B 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 6
6,045 C 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 7 a=2m
5,045 / 6,045 B 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 current path:
A
40 m 1 x ACSR 537/53
droppers 4 1 x ACSR 537/53

1,6
4 3,2
4 1,6
4 1,6
4 1,6
4 1,6
dropper length / m current path 20 Ik t 28,3 k kA s 40
5,045 C 0.1 / 0.3 0,1 / 0,3 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0
5,045 B 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3
5,045 C 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
Figure 6.1 & Figure 6.2 show oscillograms of the forces for variants 6 (current path B) and 5 (current path C). For current path variants A, B and C, Figure 6.3 to 6.11 give the measured forces, minimum air clearances and maximum horizontal displacements over the respective values of short-circuit duration. The mean values are connected by straight lines only for better readability.
31
Results 1
Figure 6.1:
Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case B (variant 6); Ik = 40 kA, tk = 0,305 s Traces: 1 short-circuit current 2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor 3 force at the bottom of the supporting insulator 4 force at the bottom of the steel support structure 5 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper 6 time scale 32
Figure 6.2:
Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case C (variant 5); Ik = 40 kA, tk = 0,305 s Traces: 1 short-circuit current 2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor 3 force at the bottom of the tower (MAFU2) 4 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper 5 time scale
33
Figure 6.3: Short-circuit tensile force Ft and drop force Ff a) Case A b) Case B c) Case C 34
Figure 6.4: Minimum air clearance dmin a) Cases A and B b) Case C
Figure 6.5: Maximum horizontal displacement bh a) Cases A and B b) Case C 35
a) 500 kN 400 300 F T 200 100 0 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 s 0,5 28,3 kA 20 kA caused by: swing out drop
40 kA
b) 500 kN 400 300 F T 200 100 0 0

c) 300 kN 200 40 kA F T 100 0 0 0,1 0,2 tk 0,3 0,4 s 0,5 28,3 kA 20 kA
40 kA
28,3 kA 20 kA
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Figure 6.6: Forces FT at the bottom of the support struture N (MAFU1 and MAFU2) a) Case A b) Case B c) Case C
36
a) 8 kN 6
4 F ds 2 28,3 kA 20 kA 0 0,1 40 kA
Fz F xy F xy Fz 0,2 F xy 0,3 0,4 s 0,5
b) 6 kN 4 40 kA F xy F xy 28,3 kA 20 kA 0 0,0 0,1 F xy F z Fz 0,2 tk

Figure 6.7: Forces Fds at the top of the supporting structure : Fxy horizontal, Fz vertical a) Case B b) Case C
F ds
0,3
0,4
0,5
37
a)
6 kN 4 40 kA FS FI FS 28,3 kA 0 0 20 kA 0,1 FI FS 0,2 FI 0,3 0,4 s 0,5
F Bs
b) 6 kN 4 FI 40 kA 28,3 kA 20 kA 0 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 s 0,5 FS FI FS FS FI
F Bs
Figure 6.8:
Forces FBs at the bottom of the supporting structure : FI port structure a) Case B b) Case C
insulator, Fz
steel sup-
38
a) 30 kN 20
F dt 10
40 kA 28,3 kA 20 kA
0 0
b) 20 kN 10 F dt 28,3 kA 20 kA 0 0,0 0,1 0,2 tk
Figure 6.9: Forces Fdt in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper a) Case B b) Case C
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
40 kA
0,3
0,4
0,5
39
a)
1,5 m 1,0 20 kA 28,3 kA
d dmin 0,5 40 kA 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 s 0,5
b)
1,5 m 1,0 20 kA 28,3 kA 40 kA 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,2 tk 0,3 0,4 s 0,5
d dmin 0,5
Figure 6.10: Minimum air clearance ddmin of the dropper a) Case B b) Case C
40
a)
2,0 m 1,5 40 kA 28,3 kA 1,0
b dh 0,5
20 kA
0,0 0,0
b) 2,0 m 1,5 40 kA 28,3 kA 20 kA
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,0 b dh 0,5
0,0 0,0 0,1 0,2 tk 0,3 0,4 s 0,5
Figure 6.11: Maximum horizontal displacement bdh of the dropper a) Case B b) Case C
41
7.
CASE 5
Test parameters
8 9 10 a = 3 m as = 60 mm 40 m 2 x ACSR 537/53
Table 7.1:
span
test arrangement
without
7 3.2 7 3.2 7 3.2 7 3.2
dropper length / m current path 20 Ik t 28,3 k kA s 40 test arrangement span
A 0,5 0,1/ 0,3/ 0,5 0,1/ 0,3/ 0,5 11
9,145 B 1,0 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 12
9,145 C 0,3 / 1,0 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
40 m 2 x ACSR 537/53 a = 3 m as = 60 mm
current path:
A

7 5.6 7 5.6 7 5.6 7 5.6
dropper length / m 10,545 10,545 current path B C 20 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 Ik t 28,3 k 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 kA s 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 40
Figure 7.1 & Figure 7.2 show oscillograms of the forces for 9 variants (current path B) and 10 (current path C). For current path variants A, B and C, Figure 7.3 to 7.5 give the measured forces, minimum air clearances and maximum horizontal displacements over the respective values of short-circuit duration. The mean values are connected by straight lines only for better readability.
42
Results 1
9 Figure 7.1: Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case B (9 variant); Ik = 40 kA, tk = 0,305 s

6 7 8 9 vertical force at the top of the supporting insulator force at the bottom of the supporting insulator force at the bottom of the steel support structure time scale
1 short-circuit current 2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor 3 force at the bottom of the steel support (MAFU2) 4 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper 5 horizontal force at the top of the supporting insulator
43
4 5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Figure 7.2:
Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case C (10 variant); Ik = 40 kA, tk = 0,305 s Traces: 1,5 short-circuit current 2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor 3 force at the bottom of the steel support (MAFU3) 4 time scale for traces 1 to 3 6 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper 7 force in x-axis at the top of the supporting insulator 8 force in y-axis at the top of the supporting insulator 9 horizontal force at the top of the supporting insulator 10,16 time scale for traces 6 to 15 11 force in z-axis at the top of the supporting insulator 12 force in x-axis at the bottom of the supporting insulator 13 force in y-axis at the bottom of the supporting insulator 14 horizontal force at the bottom of the supporting insulator 15 horizontal force at the bottom of the steel support structure
45
a) 50 kN 40 30 F 20 10 0
b) 50 kN 40 30 F 20 10 0 20 kA 28,3 kA 40 kA Ff Ft Ff Ft Ff Ft
40 kA
Ff Ft Ff Ft Ff Ft 20 kA
28,3 kA
c) 40 kN 30 20 kA 20 F 10 28,3 kA Ft Ff 40 kA Ff Ft
0 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 s 1,0 tk
Figure 7.3: Short-circuit tensile force Ft and drop force Ff a) Case A b) Case B c) Case C
46
a) 3,0 m 2,5 2,0 1,5 d min 1,0 0,5 0,0 b) 3,0 m 2,5
28,3 kA 40 kA A
20 kA A B
20 kA 40 kA
28,3 kA
2,0 1,5 d min 1,0 0,5 0,0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 s 1,0 tk
Figure 7.4: Minimum air clearance dmin a) Cases A and B b) Case C

a) 1,00 m 0,75 0,50 bh 0,25 0,00 A 20 kA B 40 kA A B A 28,3 kA B
b)
0,75 m 0,50 40 kA 28,3 kA 20 kA
b h 0,25 0,00
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 s 1,0 tk
Figure 7.5: Maximum horizontal displacement bh a) Case A and B b) Case C 47
PART III
Conductor pinch effects
48
8.
CASE 6
Tests performed at sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts-AG (Austria) in 1963 cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 4 kA eff to 21,5 kA eff span length: 12 m
Bus-Bar Geometry
2 3 i/2 3
l 1 ls 5 i/2 as
P1 4 P2
as
Figure 8.1: 1 2 3 4 5 l ls D as k
Test set-up bundle conductor under test wall insulator strain gage for measuring the forces spacers span length centre-line distance between spacers centre-line distance between return conductors centre-line distance between subconductors number of spacers
49
as
D = 2200 mm (D = 3600 mm if as = 800 mm)
as
Basic data Conductors: cross-section A mm2 ACSR 537/53 590 diameter d mm 1,937 mass per unit length m' kg/m 32 Young's modulus E N/mm2 69000 temperature coefficient 10-6/K 19,8
bundle configuration: twin bundle (n = 2) number of spacers: 0 ... 11 centre-line distance between subconductors: 35 mm ... 800 mm centre-line distance between conductors: see Fig. 1 initial static tensile force: 1,2 ... 1,35 kN initial static stress: 1,0 ... 1,2 N/mm2 short-circuit characteristics: < 1,5 short-circuit duration: Tk = 0,2 s
Reference: [1] Wagner, E.: Dauer- und Kurzschlubeanspruchung von Bndelleitern in Hochspannungsschaltanlagen. sterreichische Zeitschrift der Elektrotechnik 18(1965), 18-25.
50
Results
4 kN 3 2 F 1 0 0 2 4 ls
6 kN 5 4 3 F 2 1 0 0 2 4 ls
6 kN 5 4 3 F 2 1 0 0 2 4 ls 6 8 kA 11,5 kA 15 kA 21,5 kA 8 10 m 12
F 2 1 0 0 2 4 ls 6 6
F 2 6
4
a s = 35 mm
kN 3 2
a s = 45 mm
8 kA 11,5 kA 15 kA 21,5 kA 6 8 10 m 12
F 1 0 0 2 4 ls 6
11,5 kA 15 kA 21,5 kA 8 10 m 12
a s = 60 mm
kN 5 4 3
a s = 85 mm
4 kA 8 kA 11,5 kA 15 kA 21,5 kA 6 8 10 m 12
1 0 0 2 4 ls 6
4 kA 8 kA 11,5 kA 15 kA 21,5 kA 8 10 m 12
a s = 200 mm
kN 5 4 3
a s = 800 mm
15 kA 21,5 kA 8 10 m 12
Figure 8.2: Short-circuit tensile force F in the bundle as a function of distance between spacers ls for different sub-conductor distances as 51
9.
CASE 7
Tests performed at Lehrstuhl fr Elektrische Energieversorgung (Germany) in 1985 cross section: ACSR 340/30 mm2 and ACSR 605/70 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 3,5 kA eff to 11 kA eff span length: 7,6 m Test arrangement a) b)
Figure 9.1: a)
b)
Test set-up Total view 1 tower with bundle; steel frame for fixing the bundle, service frame, height: 10 m 2 house with transformer and a reactor as compensator 3 control center Close twin bundle ACSR 605/70 mm2; Fst = 2 kN; Ik = 10,6 kA; one spacer
The arrangement was built up for measuring only the pinch effect. The tested bundles are in vertical position to eliminate the influence of changes in sag. The short-circuit current flows through the bundle and back through four conductors situated in the corners of a quadrate. With this the return current does not induce electromagnetic field inside the quadrate and does not influence the movement of the bundle conductors. The upper clamp is fixed on a steel frame. The tensile forces are measured at the lower clamp. The static tensile force is adjusted using a turnbuckle.
52
Basic data Conductors: cross-section A mm2 ACSR 340/30 ACSR 605/70 369 680 diameter d mm 25 33 mass per unit length m' kg/m 1,174 2,22 Young's modulus E N/mm2 62000 68000 temperature coefficient 10-6/K 20,5 19,4
bundle configuration: twin bundle (n = 2) number of spacers: 0 ... 3 centre-line distance between subconductors: 80 mm; 115 mm; 150 mm initial static tensile force: 0,5 ... 20 kN initial static stress: 0,4 ... 29 N/mm2 conductor fixation: stiffness: frequency: 6 kN/mm 87 Hz
short-circuit characteristics: = 1,2 ( = 5,5 ms) short-circuit duration: Tk = 0,245 s Results Figure 9.2 gives the oscillograms of the current and the tensile forces. The time scale of the tensile force shows from its beginning a 100-Hz-component due to the bend between the rotationally symmetric leadin wires at the lower clamp. This also explains the reduction of the force after initiation of the shortcircuit; this had been observed in other tests, too.
Figure 9.2: Oscillograms. ACSR 605/70 mm2; sub-conductor distance as = 115 mm; Fst =1,15kN; Ik=10,2kA; three spacers a) current b) tensile force 53
The measured maximum forces F are represented in the figures 3 and 4 related on the static tensile forces F/Fst for the two types of conductors and different short-circuit currents and static tensile forces. a)
6 5 4 3 F F st 2 1 0 0 1 k 2 3
b)
6 5 4 3 F F st 2 1 0 0 1 k 2 3
c)
12 11 10 9 8 7 F 6 F st 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 k 2 3
Figure 9.3:
Maximum short-circuit tensile force due to pinch effect. 2ACSR 340/80; as = 115 mm c) as = 150 mm b) a) as = 80 mm currents: # 6,6 kA " 7,4 kA ! 9,6 kA 3,3 kA static tensile forces: ! ! !! !!!!!!! 0,6 kN 1,0 kN !!! ! ! ! 5,2 kN 9,8 kN
2,1 kN
54
a)
b)
8 7
6 5 4 3 F F st 2 1 0 0 1 k 2 3
F F st
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 k 2 3
c)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 k 2 3
F F st
Figure 9.4:
Maximum short-circuit tensile force due to pinch effect. 2ACSR 605/70; b) as = 115 mm c) as = 150 mm a) as = 80 mm currents: ! 10,4 kA 3,6 kA a,b): # 6,6 kA c): " 7,2 kA static tensile forces: !!!!!!! 1,0 kN ! ! ! ! 2,2 kN 0,5 kN - - - - - - - - 19,1 kN !!! ! ! ! 10,1 kN 5,1 kN
References: [1] Kieling, G.: Kurzschlukrfte bei Zweierbndeln Messungen und analytische Lsung mit dem Parabelmodell. etzArchiv 10 (1988), 53-60. [2] Kieling. G.: Die dynamische Kurzschlubeanspruchung von Seilanlagen Analytische und numerische Berechnungsverfahren. Dissertation Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg, 1988.
55
10.
CASE 8
Tests performed at VEIKI Laboratories (Hungary) in 1997 cross section: CONDOR 455, twin bundle (n = 2) short-circuit current: 35 kA eff and 48 kA eff span length: 60 m
10.1. INTRODUCTION
This case provides a set of experimental results collected at the VEIKI Laboratories in April 97. This is not a exhaustive set but we include in this report the most representative results allowing scientists and researchers to well-understand the evolution of tension in sub-conductors, compressive force in rigid spacers depending on subspan length, sagging tension, short-circuit duration or intensity, etc
IMPORTANT REMARK To obtain range of precision, most of the cases have been tested with two spacers at mid-span (separated by 0.5m), each spacer equipped with two full bridges of strain gages. The error on measurements expected is about 10-15 %. It means also that the measured value is only half of the full compression obtained in practice when only one spacer is installed. Only the cases V.1 and VI.1 were tested with a single spacer at mid-span, giving directly the full compression load.
10.2. CONFIGURATION CHARACTERISTICS (TWIN HORIZONTAL BUNDLE)

Span length 60 m (subspan length detailed case by case) $%Sub conductor type ACSR CONDOR (455 mm, = 27.7 mm,1.52 kg/m, UTS 125 kN) $%Spacing 0.457 m $%Current 35 kA (90 kA peak) , Time constant 33 ms 48 kA (122 kA peak) $%Duration 0.17 to 0.2 s, one case 1s. $%Sagging tension 15, 25 or 35 kN $%Tension is given for one subconductor $%All cases one phase fault, return path on the ground
Figure 10.2 Veiki Test arrangement End span fixations. Two sub conductors were separately fixed to the tower
Each set of results includes: 1. Short-circuit wave shape (uncalibrated), 2. Spacer compression on about 1s duration, 3. Sub conductor tension on maximum observation time, 4. Zoom of spacer compression in the first 200 ms, 5. Zoom of sub conductor tension on the first 200 ms.
Figure 10.1 VEIKI test arrangement 60 m span length spacer at mid-span. The return path is on the ground. $%Supporting structure Stiffness: about 8.5 106 N/m First eigen frequency : about 14 Hz 56
Sagging tension 15 kN - 35/90 kA
10.3. CASE II.1 1 X 60 M 15 KN 35/90 KA

$%Configuration One subspan 60 m $%Exact tension/subconductor: 13 kN $%Short-circuit level: (rms/peak) 35/90 kA $%Duration: 0.18 s
Sagging tension15kN- 35/90kA
1000
30
25
20 Tension (kN)
15
10
500
0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 time (s)

0 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
-500
Zoom on spacer compression and tension time evolution

19
-1000
17
-1500 tim e (s)

Tension (kN) 15
13
Current wave shape (ordinates not valid) Configuration :

60 m
11
5 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 time (s) 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

4000
3000
compressive load (N)
measurement
4000
2000
1000
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
3000
-1000
compressive load (N)
2000
-2000
time (s)
subspan length 60 m
1000
0 0 -1000 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
-2000
time (s)
subspan length 60 m
57
10.4. CASE II.5 2 X 30 M 15 KN 35/90 KA

$%Configuration One subspan 30 m $%Exact tension/subconductor: 13 kN $%Short-circuit level: 35/90 kA $%Duration: 0.17s
Sagging tension15 kN- 35/90 kA
1000
30
25
20 Tension (kN)
15
10
500
0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 time (s) 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2
Current (uncalibrated)
0 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2
-500

Sagging tension 15 kN - 35/90
30
-1000
25
-1500 time (s)
Configuration :
30 m
20 Ten sio n (kN ) 15
10
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 time (s) 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
measurement
4000

3000
6000 5000 4000 Compressive loads (N) 3000 2000 1000 0 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 time (s) subspan length 30 m 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
-2000
time (s) compressive load (N)
2000
1000
0 0 -1000 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
subspan length 60 m
58
10.5. CASE III.1 1 X 60 M 25 KN 35/90 KA

$%Configuration One subspan 60 m $%Exact tension/subconductor: 25 kN $%Short-circuit level: 35/90 kA $%Duration: 0.16 s
1000
33
31
29
27 Tension (kN)
25
23
21
19
500
17
0 Current (uncalibrated) 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2
15 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 time (s) 1 1,2 1,4
-500
-1000

Sagging tension 25 kN- 35/90 kA
33
-1500
31
-2000 time (s)
29
Configuration :
Tension (kN)
27
60 m
25
23
21
19
17
measurement
15 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 time (s) 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

Saggingtension25kN- 35/90kA
8000
8000
6000
6000
Compressive loads (N)
4000
4000
2000
2000
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
-2000
-2000
-4000 tim e(s) subspanlength60m
-4000 time (s) subspan length 60 m
59
10.6. CASE III.5 2 X 30 M 25 KN 35/90 KA

100
38
36
34
32 Tension (kN)
30
28
26
80
24
60
22
40
20 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 tim e(s) 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
20
0 0 -20 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
Zoom on spacer compression and tension time evolution :

S ag gin gtension25kN-35/90kA
8000
-40
-60 time (s)
Configuration :
30 m
Compressive load (N)
6000
4000
2000
measurement
-2000
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2

8000
6000
4000
2000
0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
-2000
60
Saggingtension35 kN- 30/90 kA
10.7. CASE IV.1 1 X 60 M 35 KN 35/90 KA

1000
42
40
38 Tension (kN)
36
34
32
500
30
0
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8 time (s)
1,2
1,4
-500

7000 6000
-1000
-1500 time (s)
5000 4000 Co m pr 3000 es si ve 2000 lo ad s 1000 (N 0 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 time(s) subspan length 60 m 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
Configuration :
60 m
measurement

42
7000 6000 5000 4000 Compressive loads (N) 3000 2000 1000 0 0 -1000 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
40
38 Tension (kN)
time(s) subspan length 60 m
36
34
32
-2000 -3000
30 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 time (s) 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
61
10.8. CASE IV.5 2 X 30 M 35 KN 35/90 KA

1000
tion :
Saggingtension35kN-30/90kA
45
40
Tension (kN)
0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
35
30
500
25
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12
-500
20 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 tim e(s) 1 1,2 1,4
-1000
7000
-1500 time (s)
6000 5000
Configuration :
30 m
4000 3000
2000 1000
0 0 -1000 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
measurement
-2000 -3000 tim e(s)

7000
45
subspanlength30m
6000 5000
40
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 -1000

25 Tension (kN) 35
30
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
-2000 -3000 time (s) subspan length 30 m

20 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 time (s) 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
Zoom on spacer compression and tension time evolu-
62
Sagging tension 25 kN - 35/90 kA - 6x10 m
10.9. CASE V.1 6 X 10M 25 KN 35/90 KA

100
80
60
40
20
Series1
0 0 -20 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
-40
-60 tiem (s)
Configuration :
10 m
measurement
15000
Zoom on spacer compression and tension time evolution :

60
10000
50
5000
40 Tension (kN)
0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
30
-5000
20
10
Sagging tension 25 kN- 35/90 kA- 6x10 m

60
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1 time (s)
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2

15000
50
40 Tension (kN)
10000
30
5000
20
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
10
-5000
0 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 time (s) 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
63
10.10. CASE VI.1 2 X 30 M 25 KN 48/122 KA

$%Configuration One subspan 30 m $%Exact tension/subconductor: 25 kN $%Short-circuit level: 48/ 122 kA $%Duration: 1. S
150

45
40
Tension (kN)
35
30
25
100
20 -0,1 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 time (s) 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,5
Current (calibrated)
50
Series1
0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

45
-50
40
-100 time (s)

Tension (kN) 35
Saggingtension25 kN- 48/122 kA

20000
30
15000
25
10000 Compressive load (N)
20 -0,1 -0,05 0 0,05 time (s) Series1 0,1 0,15 0,2
5000
Saggingtension25 kN- 48/122kA

0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
20000
-5000
15000
time(s) subspanlength 30 m
-10000
10000
5000
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2
-5000
Configuration :
30 m 30 m
measurement
64

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CIGRE Study Committee 23 (Substations) Working Group 23-03 ESCC Task Force (Effects of short-circuit currents)

PREFACE I . ARRANGEMENTS WITH SINGLE AND BUNDLED SLACK CONDUCTORS

II . ARRANGEMENTS WITH STRAINED CONDUCTORS AND DROPPERS IN MIDSPAN

III . CONDUCTOR PINCH EFFECTS

Arrangements with single and bundled slack conductors

10-6/K 23,0 19,8

CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 2 AND 3

span length centre-line distance between main conductors

Basic Data centre-line distance between main-conductors: a = 4 m characteristics of the supports:

support 1 eigenfrequency Hz l = 15 m l=4m 30 30 spring coefficient kN/mm 2,5 2,5 l = 15 m: l = 4 m: ( = 55 ms) Hz 30 28

support 2 eigenfrequency spring coefficient kN/mm 2,0 1,7

spring coefficients of both supports: short-circuit characteristics: short-circuit duration:

1,11 kN/mm 1,01 kN/mm

Conductors: cross-section A mm ACSR 120/20 ACSR 537/53 ACSR 1055/45

diameter d mm 20,3 32,0 43,18

mass per unit length m' kg/m 0,670 1,937 3,290

Young's modulus E N/mm

10-6/K 18,9 19,8 18,1

141,4 590,0 1100,9

77000 69000 60000

short-circuit duration: Tk = 0,3 s

2 0,2 kN 0,4 kN 0,6 kN 0,8 kN 0 1 2 r 3 4 5 6 7

Equivalent static load: ACSR 120/20, l = 15 m !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 2. Maximum

Equivalent static load: ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 2. Maximum

Equivalent static load: ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 2. Maximum

Equivalent static load: ACSR 1055/45, l = 4 m !!!!! 1. Maximum ! ! ! 2. Maximum

0 0,0 0,1 0,2 Tk 0,3 0,4 s 0,5

0,2 0,2 kN 0,1 0,4 kN 0,6 kN 0,0 0 1 2 r 3 4 5 6 7

Maximum horizontal displacement: ACSR 120/20, l = 15 m

b h 0,3 0,2 1,0 kN 1,5 kN

Maximum horizontal displacement: ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m

Maximum horizontal displacement: ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m

Z1x = 4,7 kN/div; Z2x = 5,7 kN/div;

Z1y = 4,7 kN/div; Z2y = 6,4 kN/div;

Z1 = 4,7 kN/div; Z2 = 5,7 kN/div;

Z1x = 11,6 kN/div; Z2x = 5,7 kN/div;

Z1y = 11,6 kN/div; Z2y = 6,4 kN/div;

Z1 = 12,3 kN/div; Z2 = 6,1 kN/div;

MAIN CONDUCTOR EFFECTS

Equivalent static load: 2ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m !!!!! 2. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum

0 0,0 0,2 0,4 r 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Equivalent static load: 4ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m !!!!! 2. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum

0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 r 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4

Equivalent static load: 2ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m !!!!! 2. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum

4 5,8 kN 7,9 kN 0 0,0 0,2 r 0,4 0,6 0,8

Equivalent static load: 4ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m !!!!! 2. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum

4 F 2 0,5 kN 0 0,0 0,4 0,8 r 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4

Equivalent static load: 2ACSR 1055/45, l = 4 m !!!!! 2. Maximum ! ! ! 3. Maximum

Maximum horizontal displacement, l = 15 m

FORCES CAUSED BY PINCH EFFECT IN BUNDLES

Arrangements with strained conductors and droppers in midspan

CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 4 AND 5

Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1997 a)

Figure 5.1 Test arrangement a) Span

Portal N: geometric data and measuring points

mass per unit length m' kg/m 1,937

Young's modulus E N/mm2 69000

temperature coefficient 10-6/K 19,8

droppers 1 x ACSR 537/53

6,045 B 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 6

6,045 C 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 7 a=2m

droppers 4 1 x ACSR 537/53

dropper length / m current path 20 Ik t 28,3 k kA s 40