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ch02 PDF
ch02 PDF
t
0
(6t + 3)dt = 3t
2
+ 3t; x = x(5) - x(0) = 90 m.
92 Figure 2-30 shows the velocity of a particle versus time. (a) What is the magnitude in meters of the area of
the rectangle indicated? (b) Find the approximate displacement of the particle for the one-second intervals beginning
at t = 1 s and t = 2 s. (c) What is the approximate average velocity for the interval 1 s t 3 s?
(a) Find the area of the rectangle
(b) 1. Find approx. area under curve
2. Find approx. area under curve
(c) v
av
= x/t
A = (1 m/s)(1 s) = 1 m
x(1 - 2) 1 m
x(2 - 3) 3 m
v
av
(4/2) m/s = 2 m/s
93* The velocity of a particle is given by v = 7t
2
- 5, where t is in seconds and v is in meters per second. Find
the general position function x(t).
C + t -
t
) ( = dt ) -
t
( = x(t)
3 2
5 7/3 5 7 .
94 The equation of the curve shown in Figure 2-30 is v = 0.5t
2
m/s. Find the displacement of the particle for the
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
interval 1 s t 3 s by integration, and compare this answer with your answer for Problem 92. Is the average
velocity equal to the mean of the initial and final velocities for this case?
1. x =
3
1
0.5t
2
dt = (1/6) t
3
1
1
]
1
1
3
= 4.33 m.
2. a = dv/dt = 1.0t m/s
2
; a is not constant, therefore v
av
v
mean
.
95 Figure 2-31 shows the acceleration of a particle versus time. (a) What is the magnitude of the area of the
rectangle indicated? (b) The particle starts from rest at t = 0. Find the velocity at t = 1 s, 2 s, and 3 s by counting
the rectangles under the curve. (c) Sketch the curve v(t) versus t from your results for part (b), and estimate how
far the particle travels in the interval t = 0 to t = 3 s.
(a) Find the area of the rectangle
(b) v = 0 at t = 0; count squares and multiply by
0.25
(c) The curve of v(t) versus t is shown. By counting
squares under the curve, we find the distance
traveled is approximately 6.5 m
A = (0.5 m/s
2
)(0.5 s) = 0.25 m/s
v(1) = 0.9 m/s, v(2) = 3 m/s, v(3) = 6 m/s
96 Figure 2-32 is a graph of v versus t for a particle moving along a straight line. The position of the particle at
time t = 0 is x
0
= 5 m. (a) Find x for various times t by counting squares, and sketch x versus t. (b) Sketch the
acceleration a versus t.
(a) Count squares to t = 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, 4 s, 5 s, 6 s, 7 s, 8 s, 9 s, 10 s; add x(0) = 5 m
(b) a = dv/dt = slope of v versus t curve. Take slopes at various times.
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
97* Figure 2-33 shows a plot of x versus t for a body moving along a straight line. Sketch rough graphs of v
versus t and a versus t for this motion.
Note: The curve of x versus t appears to be a sine curve; hence v(t) = dx/dt is a cosine curve and a(t) = dv/dt is a
negative sine curve.
98 True or false: (a) The equation x = v
0
t +
2
1
at
2
is valid for all particle motion in one dimension. (b) If the
velocity at a given instant is zero, the acceleration at that instant must also be zero. (c) The equation x = v
av
t
holds for all motion in one dimension.
(a) False; valid only for constant a. (b) False (c) True; by definition.
99 If an object is moving at constant acceleration in a straight line, its instantaneous velocity halfway through
any time interval is (a) greater than its average velocity. (b) less than its average velocity. (c) equal to its average
velocity. (d) half its average velocity. (e) twice its average velocity.
(c) is correct, by definition of v
av
for constant acceleration.
100 On a graph showing position on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis, a straight line with a
negative slope represents (a) a constant positive acceleration. (b) a constant negative acceleration. (c) zero
velocity. (d) a constant positive velocity. (e) a constant negative velocity.
(e) The slope represents the velocity; negative slope corresponds to a negative velocity
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
101* On a graph showing position on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis, a parabola that opens
upward represents (a) a positive acceleration. (b) a negative acceleration. (c) no acceleration. (d) a positive
followed by a negative acceleration. (e) a negative followed by a positive acceleration.
(a) it represents a positive acceleration; the slopevelocityis increasing.
102 On a graph showing velocity on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis, zero acceleration is
represented by (a) a straight line with positive slope. (b) a straight line with negative slope. (c) a straight line
with zero slope. (d) either (a), (b), or (c). (e) none of the above.
(c) Zero acceleration means constant velocity.
103 On a graph showing velocity on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis, constant acceleration is
represented by (a) a straight line with positive slope. (b) a straight line with negative slope. (c) a straight line
with zero slope. (d) either (a), (b), or (c). (e) none of the above.
(d) any line with constant slope, including zero slope.
104 Which graph of v versus t in Figure 2-34 best describes the motion of a particle with positive velocity and
negative acceleration?
(e) v > 0 and the slope of v(t) is negative.
105* Which graph of v versus t in Figure 2-34 best describes the motion of a particle with negative velocity and
negative acceleration?
(d) v 0 and the slope of v(t) is negative.
106 A graph of the motion of an object is plotted with the velocity on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal
axis. The graph is a straight line. Whic h of these quantities cannot be determined from this graph? (a) The
displacement from time t = 0 (b) The initial velocity at t = 0 (c) The acceleration of the object (d) The average
velocity of the object (e) None of the above.
(e) All of the quantities can be determined.
107 Figure 2-35 shows the position of a car plotted as a function of time. At which times t
0
to t
7
is the velocity
(a) negative? (b) positive? (c) zero? At which times is the acceleration (a) negative? (b) positive? (c) zero?
Velocity: (a) Negative at t
0
and t
1
. (b) Positive at t
3
, t
6
, and t
7
. (c) Zero at t
2
, t
4
, and t
5
.
Acceleration: (a) Negatvie at t
4
. (b) Positive at t
2
and t
6
. (c) Zero at t
0
, t
1
, t
3
, t
5
, and t
7
108 Sketch v-versus-t curves for each of the following conditions: (a) Acceleration is zero and constant while
velocity is not zero. (b) Acceleration is constant but not zero. (c) Velocity and acceleration are both positive.
(d) Velocity and acceleration are both negative. (e) Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative. (f) Velocity
is negative and acceleration is positive. (g) Velocity is zero at a point but the acceleration is not zero.
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
(e) (f) (g)
109* Figure 2-36 shows nine graphs of position, velocity, and acceleration for objects in linear motion. Indicate
the graphs that meet the following conditions: (a) Velocity is constant (b) Velocity has reversed its direction
(c) Acceleration is constant (d) Acceleration is not constant. Which graphs of velocity and acceleration are
mutually consistent?
(a) a, f, i; (b) c, d; (c) a, d, e, f, h, i; (d) b, c, g. The graphs d and h, and f and i are mutually consistent.
110 Two cars are being driven at the same speed v, one behind the other, with a distance d between them. The
first driver jams on her brakes and decelerates at a rate a = 6 m/s
2
. The second driver sees her brake lights and
reacts, decelerating at the same rate starting 0.5 s later. (a) What is the minimum distance d such that the two cars
do not collide? (b) Express this answer in meters for v = 100 km/h (62 mi/h).
(a) Since v
1
= v
2
= v, d = 0.5v.
(b) Converting 100 km/ to m/s we obtain v = 27.8 m/s. Hence d = 13.9 m.
111 The velocity of a particle in meters per second is given by v = 7 - 4t, where t is in seconds. (a) Sketch v(t)
versus t, and find the area between the curve and the t axis from t = 2 s to t = 6 s. (b) Find the position x(t) by
integration, and use it to find the displacement during the interval t = 2 s to t = 6 s. (c) What is the average
velocity for this interval?
(a) The sketch is shown here. The area
between the curve and the t axis between t = 2
s and t = 6 s is about 36 m.
(b) m; 2 7 4 7 C) +
t
- t ( = dt t) - ( = x(t)
2
x = x(6) - x(2) = -36 m
(c) Note that this is an instance of constant acceleration. Hence,
v
av
= [v(6) + v(2)]/2 = -9 m/s; note: v
av
t = x.
112 Estimate how high a ball or small rock can be thrown if it is thrown straight up.
1. Estimate the initial velocity
2. Use H = v
0
2
/2g to find H
v
0
100 km/h 28 m/s
H [(28)
2
/19.6] m = 40 m
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
113* The cheetah can run as fast as v
1
= 100 km/h, the falcon can fly as fast as v
2
= 250 km/h, and the sailfish
can swim as fast as v
3
= 120 km/h. The three of them run a relay with each covering a distance L at maximum
speed. What is the average speed v of this triathlon team?
1. Express the time required for each animal
2. Write the total time, t
3. Find v = x/t = 3L/t; use values for v
1
etc.
t
1
= L/v
1
; t
2
= L/v
2
; t
3
= L/v
3
t = L(1/v
1
+ 1/v
2
+ 1/v
3
)
v = [3/(0.01 + 0.004 + 0.00833)] m/s = 134 m/s
114 In 1997, the mens world record for the 50-m freestyle was held by Tom Jager of the United States, who
covered d = 50 m in t = 21.81 s. Suppose Jager started from rest at constant acceleration a, and reached his
maximum speed in 2.00 s, which he then kept constant until the finish line. Find Jagers acceleration a.
1. Write d in terms of a, v
0
, and t
2. Solve for a
50 m = [( 1/2a 2
2
) + (2a 19.81)] m
a = 1.20 m/s
2
115 The click beetle can project itself vertically with an acceleration of about a = 400 g (an order of magnitude
more than a human could stand). The beetle jumps by unfolding its legs, which are about d = 0.6 cm long.
How high can the click beetle jump? How long is the beetle in the air? (Assume constant acceleration while in
contact with the ground, and neglect air resistance.)
1. Find the time of contact with the ground
2. Find the velocity at take-off
3. Find height H
4. Find the time to return to x = 0
1/2(400g)t
1
2
= 6 10
-3
m; t
1
= 1.75 10
-3
s
v = (400g)(1.75 10
-3
s) = 6.86 m/s
H = v
2
/2g = 2.4 m
T = 2v/g = 1.4 s
116 The one-dimensional motion of a particle is plotted in Figure 2-37. (a) What is the acceleration in the
intervals AB, BC, and CE? (b) How far is the particle from its starting point after 10 s? (c) Sketch the displacement
of the particle as a function of time; label the instants A, B, C, D, and E on your figure. (d) At what time is the
particle traveling most slowly?
(a) a = v/t; determine a for the three intervals
(b) Find the area under v versus t
(c) The displacement, x, versus t is shown
in the figure
(d) At D, t = 8 s, v = 0
AB: a = (10/3) m/s
2
= 3.33 m/s
2
; BC: a = 0;
CD: a = (-30/4) m/s
2
= -7.5 m/s
2
x = [5 3 + 1/2(10 3) + 15 3] m = 75 m
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
117* Consider the velocity graph in Figure 2-38. Assuming x = 0 at t = 0, write correct algebraic expressions for
x(t), v(t), and a(t) with appropriate numerical values inserted for all constants.
1. Write v(t); note that a is constant and < 0
2. x(t) = v(t)dt
v(t) = (50 - 10t) m/s; a = -10 m/s
2
x(t) = 50t - 5t
2
118 Starting at one station, a subway train accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 1.0 m/s
2
for half the
distance to the next station, then slows down at the same rate for the second half of the journey. The total
distance between stations is 900 m. (a) Sketch a graph of the velocity v as a function of time over the full
journey. (b) Sketch a graph of the distance covered as a function of time over the full journey. Place
appropriate numerical values on both axes.
(a) The graph for v(t) is shown below (b) The graph for x(t) is shown below
119 The acceleration of a certain rocket is given by a = Ct, where C is a constant. (a) Find the general position
function x(t). (b) Find the position and velocity at t = 5 s if x = 0 and v = 0 at t = 0 and C = 3 m/s
2
.
(a) 1. Integrate a(t) to find v(t) v(t) = a(t) dt = Ct dt = 1/2Ct
2
+ A; A is a constant
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
2. Integrate v(t) to find x(t)
(b) Find constants A, B from boundary conditions
Evaluate v(5) and x(5) with A = B = 0
x(t) = v(t) dt = (1/2Ct
2
+ A) dt = Ct
3
/6 + At + B
v(0) = 0: A = 0; x(0) = 0: B = 0
v(5) = 37.5 m/s; x(5) = 62.5 m
120 A physics professor demonstrates his new anti-gravity parachute by exiting from a helicopter at an
altitude of 1500 m with zero initial velocity. For 8 s he falls freely. Then he switches on the parachute and
falls with constant upward acceleration of 15 m/s
2
until his downward speed reaches 5 m/s, whereupon he
adjusts his controls to maintain that speed until he reaches the ground. (a) On a single graph, sketch his
acceleration and velocity as functions of time. (Take upward to be positive.) (b) What is his speed at the end of
the first 8 s? (c) For how long does he maintain the constant upward acceleration of 15 m/s
2
? (d) How far
does he travel during the upward acceleration in part (c)? (e) How many seconds are required for the entire trip
from the helicopter to the ground? (f) What is his average velocity for the entire trip?
Note: we shall do part (a) last.
(b) Use Equ. 2-12
(c) Use Equ. 2-12
(d) Use Equ. 2-13
(e) 1. Find the remaining distance
2. Find the total time
(a) The sketch of a(t) and v(t) is shown.
v(8) =[-(9.81)(8)] m/s = -78.5 m/s
t
2
= v/a = (73.5/15) s = 4.9 s
x
2
= 1/2[(-78.5 - 5)(4.9)] m = 205 m
x
3
= [1500 - 1/2(78.5)(8) - 205] m = 981 m
t
tot
= [(981/5) + 4.9 + 8] s = 209 s
121* Without telling Sally, Joe made travel arrangements that include a stopover in Toronto to visit Joes old
buddy. Sally doesnt like Joes buddy and wants to change their tickets. She hops on a courtesy motor
scooter and begins accelerating at 0.9 m/s
2
toward the ticket counter to make arrangements. As she begins
moving, Joe is 40 m behind her, running at constant speed of 9 m/s. (a) How long does it take for Joe to
catch up with her? (b) What is the time interval during which Joe remains ahead of Sally?
(a) 1. Write expressions for x
S
and x
J
2. Set x
S
= x
J
to obtain equation for t
3. Solve for t; keep smallest answer
(b) Sally will catch Joe at 13.33 s
x
S
= 0.45t
2
m; x
J
= (-40 + 9t) m
0.45t
2
-9t + 40 = 0
t = 6.67 s, t = 13.33 s; t = 6.67 s
t = 6.67 s
122 A speeder races past at 125 km/h. A patrol car pursues from rest with constant acceleration of 8 m/hs
until it reaches its maximum speed of 190 km/h, which it maintains until it catches up with the speeder. (a)
How long until the patrol car catches the speeder if it starts moving just as the speeder passes? (b) How far
does each car travel? (c) Sketch x(t) for each car.
(a) 1. Write expressions for x
S
and x
P
; convert all
quantities to m/s and m/s
2
2. Set x
S
= x
P
and solve for t
(b) The distance traveled is x
S
(c) The graph of x
S
and x
P
is shown; the straight
represents x
S
, the parabola represents x
P
.
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
x
S
= 34.7t m; t
acc
= 52.8/2.22 s = 23.8 s;
x
acc
=[ 1/2(52.8)(23.8)] m;
x
P
= [628 + 52.8 (t - 23.8)] m
18.1t m = 628 m, t = 34.7 s
x
S
= 1204 m
123 When the patrol car in Problem 122 (traveling at 190 km/h), pulls within 100 m behind the speeder
(traveling at 125 km/h), the speeder sees the police car and slams on his brakes, locking the wheels. (a)
Assuming that each car can brake at 6 m/s
2
and that the driver of the police car brakes instantly as she sees the
brake lights of the speeder (reaction time = 0 s), show that the cars collide. (b) At what time after the speeder
applies his brakes do the two cars collide? (c) Discuss how reaction time affects this problem.
(a) x = v
2
/2a (Equ. 2-15)
Note that x
S
+ 100 m < x
P
(b) 1. Write x
S
and x
P
as functions of t; set t =
0 at brake time, x = 0 at patrol car at t = 0
2. Set x
S
= x
P
and solve for t
x
S
= (34.7
2
/12) m=100.3 m; x
P
= (52.8
2
/12) m
= 232.3 m. The cars collide.
x
S
= (100 + 34.7t - 3t
2
) m; x
P
= (52.8t - 3t
2
) m
t = 5.52 s
(c) If you take reaction time into account, the collision will occur sooner and be more severe.
124 The speed of a good base runner is 9.5 m/s. The distance between bases is 26 m, and the pitcher is about
18.5 m from home plate. If a runner on first base edges 2 m off the base and takes off for second the instant the
ball leaves the pitchers hand, what is the likelihood that the runner will steal second base safely?
We will neglect the time of acceleration of the runner; we will assume that the speed of a fast ball is 28 m/s, and use
that also for the speed of the ball thrown by the catcher. We will take 0.6 s as the reaction time of the catcher. The
time taken by the runner is 24/9.5 = 2.53 s. The time of flight of the ball is 3 18.5/28 = 1.98 s; add 0.6 s as the
reaction time to get 2.58 s. It will be a very close call!
125* Repeat Problem 124, but with the runner attempting to steal third base, starting from second base with a
lead of 3 m.
We use the same speeds and reaction times as before. The distance the runner travels is now 23 m. The
distance the ball travels is now (18.5 + 26) = 44.5 m so the running time is 23/9.5 = 2.42 s. The time of flight of the
ball is 44.5/28 = 1.59 s. Add to this a reaction time of 0.6 s to get 2.19 s. A good umpire will call him out!
126 Urgently needing the cash prize, Lou enters the Rest-to-Rest auto competition, in which each contestants
car begins and ends at rest, covering a distance L in as short a time as possible. The intention is to demonstrate
mechanical and driving skills, and to consume the largest amount of fossil fuels in the shortest time possible. The
course is designed so that maximum speeds of the cars are never reached. If Lous car has a maximum acceleration
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
of a, and a maximum deceleration of 2a, then at what fraction of L should Lou move his foot from the gas pedal to
the brake? What fraction of the time for the trip has elapsed at that point?
Let t
1
be the time when the brake is applied, L
1
the distance traveled from t = 0 to t = t
1
. Do (b) first.
(b) 1. Write the expressions for x, v for 0 t t
1
2. Write expressions for x, v for t
1
t t
fin
3. At t = t
fin
v = 0; find t
1
in terms of t
fin
from 2
(a) 1. Set v = 0 at x = L to find t = t
fin
2. Find x(t
1
) = L
1
v = at; x = 1/2at
2
v = at
1
- 2a(t -t
1
); x = 1/2at
2
+ at
1
(t - t
1
) -1/2(2a)(t - t
1
)
2
t
1
= (2/3)t
fin
t
fin
= 3L/a
L
1
= 1/2at
1
2
= 1/2a(4/9)(3L/a) = (2/3)L
127 The acceleration of a badminton birdie falling under the influence of gravity and a resistive force, such
as air resistance, is given by a = dv/dt = g - bv, where g is the free-fall acceleration due to gravity and b is
a constant that depends on the mass and shape of the birdie and on the properties of the medium. Suppose
the birdie begins with zero velocity at time t = 0. (a) Discuss qualitatively how the speed v varies with time
from your knowledge of the rate of change dv/dt given by this equation. What is the velocity when the
acceleration is zero? This is called the terminal velocity. (b) Sketch the solution v(t) versus t without
solving the equation. This can be done as follows: at t = 0, v is zero and the slope is g. Sketch a straight-line
segment, neglecting any change in slope for a short time interval. At the end of the interval, the velocity is
not zero, so the slope is less than g. Sketch another straight-line segment with a smaller slope. Continue
until the slope is zero and the velocity equals the terminal velocity.
(a) Initially v = 0 and increases as gt, but as v becomes finite, the acceleration diminishes to g - bv.
Ultimately, the acceleration approaches zero and v remains constant. To find this terminal velocity set dv/dt
= 0 and solve for v = v
term
= g/b.
(c) A curve showing the general behavior of v as a function of time is shown below.
128 Suppose acceleration is a function of x, where a(x) = 2x m/s
2
. (a) If the velocity at x = 1 m is zero,
what is the speed at x = 3 m? (b) How long does it take to travel from x = 1 m to x = 3 m?
(a) Since a = dv/dt we shall have to integrate to find v. Write dv/dt as (dv/dx)(dx/dt) = v(dv/dx). Hence,
the problem statement can be rewritten v(dv/dx) = 2x, or v
dv = 2x
dx. Integrate: v dv = x dx which gives
the relationship v
2
- v
0
2
= 2x
2
- 2x
0
2
. Now set v
0
= 0, x
0
= 1 and find v; 1) -
x
2( = v(x)
2
and v(3) = 4
m/s. (b) We have the expression for v(x), given the initial conditions. So we can now integrate the
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension
differential equation dx/dt = v(x) or dt = dx/v(x), with limits t = 0 to t, and x = 1 to x = 3. From standard
integral tables we obtain
,
_
1 -
x
+
x
1 -
x
+ x
=
t
- t
2
0 0
2
0
ln
2
1
setting t
0
= 0, x
0
= 1, and x = 3 we find t(3) = 1.25 s.
129* Suppose that a particle moves in a straight line such that, at any time t, its position, velocity, and
acceleration all have the same numerical value. Give the position x as a function of time.
We are given that v = 1 x = 1 a. So dx/dt = x, and integrating we obtain t - t
0
= ln(x/x
0
) or
e x
= x(t)
t - t
0
0
. The velocity and acceleration are obtained from v = dx/dt and a = dv/dt:
a(t) =
e x
= v(t)
t - t
0
0
.
130 An object moving in a straight line doubles its velocity each second for the first 10 s. Let the initial
speed be 2 m/s. (a) Sketch a smooth function v(t) that gives the velocity. (b) What is the average
velocity over the first 10 s?
(a) According to the statement v(t) = 2
t
v
0
.
A plot of this function is shown.
(b) The average velocity is given by v
av
= x/t. We need to find x. We do so by integrating v(t)= dx/dt
from t = 0 to t = 10 s.
; x = (v
0
/ln
2)(
2
10
- 1);
Setting v
0
= 2 m/s, x = 2952 m and v
av
= 295.2 m/s
131 In a dream, you find that you can run at superhuman speeds, but there is a resistant force that reduces your
speed by one-half for each second that passes. Assume that the laws of physics still hold in your dreamworld, and
that your initial speed is 1000 m/s. (a) Sketch a smooth function v(t) that gives your velocity. (b) What is your
average velocity over the first 10 s?
Note: This problem is the same as Problem 130 except
that now v(t) = 2
-t
v
0
. We can follow the procedure of
the preceding problem.
(a) A sketch of v(t) is shown
dt
v 2
= dx
0
t
10
0
x
0