Spaced Learning Teacher Instructions

Spaced Learning is a technique based on the brains biology and designed to maximise the potential for memory lay-down. Use the following slides as outlined below:
1. Move through the content slides. Students should sit passively, not make notes or ask questions. Explain to them what you are planning to do before beginning. Allow students a 5 minutes break (I usually time them) during which they must do something creative and or physical (jog, conger around the room, draw, use mini whiteboards, Rubiks cubes etc). They are not permitted to discuss or think about the content recently covered.

2.

3.
4. 5.

Repeat the slides as before.

Break as before. Finally, repeat the slides except this time open the floor for questions, interaction and discussion the final slides have gaps to allow for this, you may wish to get students to write or call out.

Spaced Learning Student Instructions

You are going to revise today using cutting edge Neuroscience to maximise your memory You will be shown a series of slides containing lots of information. You only need to sit and listen no writing, no questions (there will be time for this later). When your teacher has finished they will ask you to spend 5 minutes doing something completely different something physical or creative to give your brain time to make memories of the content covered. You will be shown the same slides two more times. The final time you will be allowed to ask and answer questions.

Session 2

Exchange, Division and Organisation

The Need for an Exchange Surface

In small organisms diffusion across their body surface is sufficient:
distances are short (less than 0.5 mm) surface area is relatively large.

The body/cell surface acts as the exchange surface.

The Need for an Exchange Surface

Large active organisms cannot rely upon their body surface:
surface area relative to volume is insufficient for exchange distances are too great.

General Features of Exchange Surfaces

Large surface area The large surface can be provided by the body surface in small organisms or relative to volume by folding of the exchange surface.
Permeable Thin This speaks for itself. Diffusion is only efficient over short distances (< 1mm). Rate is inversely proportional to square of the distance.

Moist
Mechanism to maintain diffusion gradients

O2, CO2 and nutrients diffuse in solution.

Transport system, ventilation mechanism or creation of currents across surface.

Exchange in the Gut - Villi

Large Surface area
Thin wall Good blood supply Wet surface

Arrangement of Genetic Information

DNA Alleles Genes Chromosomes

Mitosis Why Does it Happen?

Multicellular Complex Organisms

Single Cell Simple Organisms For reproduction

For Growth and Repair

Mitosis
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

DNA gathers into chromosomes

Chromosomes copy so that you have two full sets inside one cell Each set goes to opposite ends of the cell The cytoplasm pinches into two cells The new daughter cells grow to be the correct size

Mitosis Asexual Reproduction

Why is Mitosis Asexual reproduction?
No mixing of DNA from different individuals occurs

Daughter Cells are genetically Identical to their Parent Cell

Otherwise known as Cloning 1 Parent Cell, 2 Daughter Cells

Meiosis
1. Cell divides as before
2. The chromosomes are shuffled 3. Daughter cells divide a second time 4. 4 Daughter cells are formed, each containing 23 pairs

Meiosis Sexual Reproduction

Why is Meiosis sexual reproduction?
Daughter Cells that are genetically different from the Parent cell Half the final number of chromosomes (Haploid)

Gametes will fuse during fertilisation to form a brand new, genetically different organism
1 Parent Cell, 4 Daughter Cells

Arrangement of the body

Specialised Cells Grouped Specialised cells = Tissues Grouped specialised tissues = Organs Grouped specialised organs = Organ Systems

Tissues, organs, organ systems

Muscle tissue in the digestive system Glandular tissue to make digestive enzymes Epithelial tissue to cover inside and outside of the stomach

Session 2 Take 2!

Exchange, Division and Organisation

The Need for an Exchange Surface

In small organisms diffusion across their body surface is sufficient:
distances are short (less than 0.5 mm) surface area is relatively large.

The body/cell surface acts as the exchange surface.

The Need for an Exchange Surface

Large active organisms cannot rely upon their body surface:
surface area relative to volume is insufficient for exchange distances are too great.

General Features of Exchange Surfaces

Large surface area The large surface can be provided by the body surface in small organisms or relative to volume by folding of the exchange surface.
Permeable Thin This speaks for itself. Diffusion is only efficient over short distances (< 1mm). Rate is inversely proportional to square of the distance.

Moist
Mechanism to maintain diffusion gradients

O2, CO2 and nutrients diffuse in solution.

Transport system, ventilation mechanism or creation of currents across surface.

Exchange in the Gut - Villi

Large Surface area
Thin wall Good blood supply Wet surface

Arrangement of Genetic Information

DNA Alleles Genes Chromosomes

Mitosis Why Does it Happen?

Multicellular Complex Organisms

Single Cell Simple Organisms For reproduction

For Growth and Repair

Mitosis
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

DNA gathers into chromosomes

Chromosomes copy so that you have two full sets inside one cell Each set goes to opposite ends of the cell The cytoplasm pinches into two cells The new daughter cells grow to be the correct size

Mitosis Asexual Reproduction

Why is Mitosis Asexual reproduction?
No mixing of DNA from different individuals occurs

Daughter Cells are genetically Identical to their Parent Cell

Otherwise known as Cloning 1 Parent Cell, 2 Daughter Cells

Meiosis
1. Cell divides as before
2. The chromosomes are shuffled 3. Daughter cells divide a second time 4. 4 Daughter cells are formed, each containing 23 pairs

Meiosis Sexual Reproduction

Why is Meiosis sexual reproduction?
Daughter Cells that are genetically different from the Parent cell Half the final number of chromosomes (Haploid)

Gametes will fuse during fertilisation to form a brand new, genetically different organism
1 Parent Cell, 4 Daughter Cells

Arrangement of the body

Specialised Cells Grouped Specialised cells = Tissues Grouped specialised tissues = Organs Grouped specialised organs = Organ Systems

Tissues, organs, organ systems

Muscle tissue in the digestive system Glandular tissue to make digestive enzymes Epithelial tissue to cover inside and outside of the stomach

Session 2 Take 3!
Exchange, Division and Organisation
Ask questions, Discuss, Fill in the gaps!

The Need for an Exchange Surface

Why is diffusion enough when you are a small organism?

The Need for an Exchange Surface

Why do large organisms need exchange surfaces?

General Features of Exchange Surfaces

4 features of an effective exchange surface. What are they?

Exchange in the Gut - Villi

Large...?
Thin...? Good...? ? Surface

Arrangement of Genetic Information

DNA Alleles Genes Chromosomes

Mitosis Why Does it Happen?

Multicellular Complex Organisms

Single Cell Simple Organisms For?

For?

Mitosis
1. DNA gathers into?
2. Chromosomes copy so that? 3. Each set goes to?

4. The cytoplasm?
5. The new daughter cells then?

Mitosis Asexual Reproduction

Why is Mitosis Asexual reproduction?
No mixing of DNA from different individuals occurs

Daughter Cells are genetically Identical to their Parent Cell

Otherwise known as Cloning 1 Parent Cell, 2 Daughter Cells

Meiosis
1. Cell divides as before
2. The chromosomes are ? 3. Daughter cells then?

4. 4 Daughter cells are formed, each containing ? pairs

Meiosis Sexual Reproduction

Why is Meiosis sexual reproduction?
Daughter Cells that are genetically different from the Parent cell Half the final number of chromosomes (Haploid)

Gametes will fuse during fertilisation to form a brand new, genetically different organism
1 Parent Cell, 4 Daughter Cells

Arrangement of the body

Specialised? Grouped Specialised cells = ? Grouped specialised tissues = ? Grouped specialised organs = ?

Tissues, organs, organ systems

Muscle tissue in the ?
Glandular tissue to make ? Epithelial tissue to cover inside and outside of the ?