1

01' ixialD; idys;Hh

f,dal idys;H b;sydih inkaOfhka l;d lrk g Yd, jYfhka idys;h lD;s m%udKhla we;s idys;Hhla f,i ixiald; idys;h yeka h yelsh' lrk ,o lfhl= lD;s ;=< ukialdka; ldjH mirh inkaOfhka i|yka msila we;slr.;a lrkafka yehg k ffp;isl iajNdj ldjH ,o iuqodh ;j flfkl=g wid fyda lshjd ri kaokh lsug yels jk wdldrfhka iuqodh idys;H f,i iEu hehs gq fi!kaohH_fhys wd iudc pu;aldrh wmQre oHudk ixialD lrk

rplhka fmkajd h yelsh' tfukau ldjH Ydia;%" oYkh " jHdlrK" k;k ikaoNfhys wx.hla inkaOfhkau ksudKd;aul lD;siuqodhlska iu,xlD; idys;Hhla yehg o ixialD; idys;H yek.; yelsh' ta ish,a, m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folla Tiafia ysfoka ixjOkh jQ nj fmfka' 01' ffjl idys;Hh 02' f,!lsl idys;Hh iD.a" hcQ" iduka" w:jka hk p;=foh fohka inkaOfhka f.dvk.d .kakd ,o fojiaf;d;% hd.fydau meje;ah hq;= whqre fukau hka;% uka;% wvx.= p;=foh;a" YsCId" l,am" wd fodx. yd WmksIoa lD;s iuqodh ffjl idys;H f,i yekah yelsh' f,!lsl iqLqu iq,,s; idys;Hh jQl,s mqoa., ufkdNdjhka ix;Dma; lrka

iquOqr

,S,djka

ukdj

ixfhdackh

lrka

ldjHd,xldrd

;Hkq.;j lrk ,o lD;s iuqodh f,i yekah yelsh' ta wkqj f,!lsl idys;Hfha jHdma;sh is we;s wdldrh

ms<sn| fm< .eiaula fufia bm;a l< yelsh' I. rdudhKh uydNdr;h hk rldjH II. nqoaOp; fi!kaorkkao wd uydldjH III. wure Y;l kS;s Y;l wd Y;l ldjH IV. b;sydi ldjH V. WmfoaYd;aul ldjH VI. jHdlrK VII. lduiQ;%d iudc Ydia;%

2 ta wkqj ixialD; idys;H lrefjda iudc ikaoNfhys oHudk

kdkdOdxYhka flfrys iaj wjOdkh fhduq lrka ixiald; idys;H fmdaIKh lrkakg fhkq nj ukdj meys<s f'

02' ixialD; WmfoaY l:d idys;H yd tys ldYkh'

lsish mqoa.,fhl= ;=< wdpdr Ou idr Ou ohdj wkqlmdj ffu;s%h hy .=K Ou jOkh lr .ekSfuys jia iajNdj fi!kaOhh ;=<ska w;a jk ,o lsish w;aoelS iuqodhla mok lrf.k Wmud l:djlska fyda m%ia:dmsre<lska fyda WmfoaYhla ,ndu i|yd lrk ,o l:d WmfoaY l:d f,i yekaf' ta wkqj f,dal kHdh yd ksia iajNdjh ms<sn|j lka bm;a l< ,CIK j,ska WmfoaYd;aul ldjH ys h' miqld,Skj WmfoaYd;aul l:d w;sYfhka ckm%sh j;au WmfoY ,ndf wNsm%dhfhka rpkd lrk ,o ldjH m%udKh je jkakg h' ta ;=<ska ixiald; idys;Hfhys WmfoaY l:d idys;H jYfhka ;j;a wxYhla jHdma; jkakg h' WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh yd tys ldYh inkaOfhka lreKq oelau Ih m:h jk neka WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh ms<sn|j yekaug u;af;ka tys ldYkh is jQ whqre oelsu fuys jeo.;a f' lsish lreKla mok lrf.k Wmfoia ,nd u wE; w;S;fha isgu mej; tkakls' idys;H ;=<ska ta inkaOfhka l:d yelsh' lrk g wmg oDYHudk idOl ffjosl oyjeks uKav,fha uKavql ,nd.; iD.afofha

iQ;%fha fl<sfhys wdk oelau WmfoaYd;aul iajrEmhla Wiq,;q ,nhs' mYapd;a ffjl hq.fhys jQ n%dyauK .%ka: j, o WmfoaYd;aul iajrEmfhka we;s jels yuqf' fufia ft;fh n%yauKfha iqKfCIu ft;fhfha Wmfoia fldgia oelsh yelsh' g wu;rj WmksIoa .%ka: w;r we;s lfGdmksIofhys yd PdkafoHda.HqmksIofhys we;e l;d WmfoaYd;aul iajrEmhla Wiq,KQ ,nhs' PdkafoHda.HqmksIofhys n/.la ovhug fiu jeks l;d ;=<ska ksia p; ;sikqka yd wdfrdamkh lr ;su WmfoaY l:d idys;Hfha wdrNhg fnfyka Wmldr jkakg we;' WmfoaYd;aul yev.iajd nj is;sh n,,d .ekau i|yd ldjH lrk,o mslaiSf WmfoaY yd i;=ka uska f' we;e fldg ksia f ; i|yd fldgia we;sf;a jDlhd

nyq,j uyd l:d

oHudk

n%dyaufKdmksIoa wdh fya;= jQjd fiau rldjHhka o Wmldr jkakg we;s yelafla yd rdudhKfhys Ndr;fhys jqj;a hd" ilia WmfoaYd;aul iajrEmhla Wiq,k neks' rldjHhkays yuq jk lm lekys,d oldr .scq,sysKsh woyiska ms<sn| mj;a WmfoaYhka ,ndf jHd>%hd" ;<f.dhd yd

wdkaf.a Wmldrh ksid f.drla ,nd .;a lm ysj,d Tjqkag ys fldgia

4 fkd Tjqka /jgQ wdldrhg m[apmdKavjhskao /jh hq;= hehs uydNdr;fhys jks; f'1 WmfoaYl:d idys;Hfhys wdrNh fidhd hEf fn!oaO cd;l l:d j,o WmfoaYd;aul l:d yuqf' fn!oaO idys;Hfhys Wmfhda.S fldgf.k we;s we;e WmfoaYd;aul l:d m[ap;ka;%fhys ix.Dys; we;e l:d yd idoDY f' tjeks fmfka' ta wkqj ffjl .%ka:" n%dyauK .%ka:" WmksYoa" rldjH yd cd;l l:d wdfhys oHudk WmfoaYd;aul fldgia ckhd w;r m%isoaO u;a iu miqld,Skj WmfoaYd;aul idys;Hhla l%udkql+,j f.dvke.=Kq nj meye<s f' tfia wdrN jkakg fhkdjQ ixialD; WmfoaY l:d idys;H m%Odk fldgia folla Tiafia ys we;s nj fmfka' 01' iqNdIs; ldjH iqNdIs; r\ mj;akafka ldjH yd tlSh 02' WmfoaY ldjH WmfoaY Ndjfha ldjH w;r ie,lsh hq;= ugfuka wjia:djla yehg wmCIs; ldrlfha tk kj jeks l:dj k<mdk cd;lhg;a ;%fNaofha tk oy;=ka jk l:dj nl cd;l l:djg;a idoDY nj

lemSfmfkk fjkila oelah fkdyels w;r fjd fjka lr .ekSf myiq l%uh woyfia m%udKh u;hs' Ydka;sfoajhkaf.a fndaphH_dj;drh merKs iqNdIs; ldjHhla f,i ms<sf.k we;' flfia fj;;a f fldgia folg wod,j WmfoaYd;aul ldjH rdYshla WmfoaY l:d idys;Hfha wdrNh;a iu ksudKh jkakg h' kS;sY;lh ffjrd.H Y;lh YDx.dr Y;lh kS;sr;akh kS;sidr kS;sm%m jrre >glmr fj;d,sNg fndaphH_dj;drh n,a,dg Y;lh Ydka;s Y;lh n,a,dg ,aydk N;=y fuda. uq., Y;Yaf,dals l=gkSul Y%uh ud;Dld ld, ,dYh kjr;akh pdklH - Ydka;sfoaj uq.af.damfoaY m[ap;ka;%h m[ap;ka;%h fCIfJ Ylrdpdh odfudor.=ma;

pdklH rdckS;s Ydia;% -

1' ;s,lis chfoaj" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u 1961" 155 msgqj'

5 ila;s lreKduD;h - Y%s Orodi hk lD;s ixialD; WmfoaY ysf;damfoaYh - ysf;damfoaYh idys;Hfhys oHudk w.%.kH lD;s

iuQyhls' ixialD; idys;Hfha m%drNl wjfha isgu lsish WmfoaYhla u moHfhka ish' fkdaodiajdoh ;=<skau WmfoaYhla ,ndu i|yd WmfoaYl;d Yfhys moH Wmhqla; jkakg we;s nj is;sh yelsh' iudc ikaoNfhys oHuk moH wxYhka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq

lrka p;j;a ksil=fia j;a ug;a ukd fm!reIhla f.dvk.d .ekSug;a f,dalh ms<sno ;;ajd fndaoh ,nd.ekSug;a fjfiiska WmfoaY l;d bjy,a f' N;Dyf.a kS;s Y;lh .;a l,ays iudc ikaoNfhys wlauq,akEr ishu wxYhka jrKh lrka WmfoaYhka ,ndu is lr we;s whqre olakg ,ef' tys id.s;H ix.S; ld,dfhys ySk mqoa.,hd f.dfKl=g Wmud lsu ;=<ska Wmydid;aulj iudchg fok ,o WmfoYhla fufia joHudkf' "idys;H ix.S; l,d ySk# - idCId;a mY=# mqP IdK ySk# ;DKx mY+kd"1 ^idys;H ix.s;h l,dj wd Yhka lsisjla fkdo;a ;eke;af;a j,s.h yd wka ke;s f.dfKl= jeksh' Tyq ;Kfld, fkdld j;a u f.dkqkaf.a jdikdjls& ksil=j Wmka ;eke;af;a Tyq i;=j mj;akakdjq Ys,amSh {dkh jOkh lr .; hq;=h' idys;Hd is,amSh {dkh jOkh lr .ekSu i|yd ksidg wjYH mrsirh ieliS we;' ukyr jd.a ,dYfhka yd ,hdkaj;j wmi p,kh ls wd fYaIs; jQ ,CIK rdYshlska ijckdya,dokh lr .ekSf yelshdj udkjhd i;=j mj;S' ta udkjhdg Wm;skau ,o odhdoh ksis m m%.=K fkdlrkafka k j,s.h we;s ke;s hk lreKq fol muKs' "ll,d;a l;soDIajd - Yuidfk ls,f;>DKd .%duYauYdfk rufi - p,;alld,ixl=f,"2 ^ ms<sl=,a fidfydfkys ;sfnk weg iels,s j,ska lSmhla hkakd gq jQ kqU .u tysu keue;s flfrys' fif,fjk wegiels,s ksism .jhd Tyq w;r we;s fjki ;Kfld< lEu fkdlEu yd k LdokHms judk# ia;oaNd. foahka mrux

fidfydfkys ta weg iels,s flfrys is;a w,jkafkysh'&

2' jkr;ak rka;a" kS;sY;lh" iuhjOk" 1987" 12 msgqj 3' Oudkkao OulS;s" fndaphH_dj;drh" Thkag,a hka;%kd,h" 1959" 94 msgqj

6 fndaphH_dj;drfhys Oudkql+,j Wmfoia ,nd u is lr we;' fidfydkl weg iels,a,la gq g ta flfrys ms<sl=,a lrhs' tfy;a tfy;a tn jQ weg iels,a,la orK flkd flfrys ms<sl=,la fkdolajhs' tfyhs rd.d jYfhka we we;s fkdlr.; hq;= hehs iudchg fok WmfoYh iucdNdjDoah i|yd fnfyka Wmld jkafkah' tfukau iqmCIdldj flfkla iaj jev lghq;af;ys ukdj

fkdmsygd jev fkdlrkafka k Tyqf.a mydksh taldka;fhkau is jkafkah' ta ;=<ska Tyqg mYapd;a;dmh is jkafkah' flfkla iqmCIdldj jefvys fhfokafka k th Tyqf.a fukau wkHhkaf.ao iqN isoah i|yd fy;= jkafkh' tneka h lghq;a;la lrkafka k wmCIdld Ndjfhka f;dr je iqmCIdldj th isoaO l< hq;=h' "wmCIH k l;jHx - l;jHx iqmCIs; mYapd;a Nj;s ix;dfmda - n%dyaufKHd kl=,;a h:d"1 ^ wmCId ldj hula fkdl< hq;=h iqmCIdldju l<hq;=h' tfia fkdlrkafkak neKsh yd uq.hd fuka jkafkah& j;=r fnifuys isg <orejd imhg mekS kd.hd l=vd orejdg lrorhla lrd hehs ielfhka imhd imd ureuqjg m;a l< uq.hd ;u iajd hKsh imhg f,a ;ejereKq uqka hq;= .sh jg ;u orejd urd fuys f uq.hd meKsfha hehs ielfhka ta uq.hd uerE iajdhKsh ;u orejd oelSfuka imhdf.ka ;u orej uq.hd fnrd f.k we;s nj;a tn jQ uq.hd ;ud iska ureuqjg m;alrk ,oafoa hehs miqj ;efjkakg h' ta wdldrhg flfkla h lsis lghq;a;l lsish wdldrhlg l%shdud.hla .kafka k ta ms<sn|j iqmCIdld h hq;=uh' th tfia fkdjkafka k th fnfyda rg Tyqf.a ; mydkshg fy;=f' f wdldrhg moH udoH lrf.k ta i|yd we;e g Wmud l:dh o Wmfhda.S fldg f.k Wmud l:d idys;H ldYkh jkakg h' ta wkqj Wmud l:d idys;Hh iD.a ffjl hq.fha gka l%ufhka jOkh miqld,fha WmfoYhka ,nd fuys jia Yd, jYfhka Yd, jYfhka lD;s rpkd ixialD; Wmud l:d idys;Hhla ysjkakg lreKq ie,iqKq whqre Wla; i|yka ish lreKq j,ska fudkjg meye,s f'

03' ysf;damfoYfha W.kajk wdpdr YsCId moaO;sh

4' Ouisys bmrfma" m[ap;ka;%h" iuhjOk fmd;ay," m<uqjk uqKh 2002" 44 msgqj

7 wd+ p mqreoao" ksh; Od;=fjka iudc

2

ksmka kS;s"
1

wdpdr hk

hk w:j,

jpkh

yeisu" YsCId

is;" hkkak

is;a"

fhfoa'

bf.kSu" b.ekau" kh" kS;lu

hk w:j, fhfoa' ta wkqj kS;j;a yeis

moaO;shla f,i wdpdr YsCId hkak yek .; yelsh' ys;+WmfoaY

=

ysf;damfoaY k f' ysff;IS jQ WmfoaYhkaf.ka

ix.Dys; jQfha ysf;damfoaY k f' ta wkqj iudc ikaoNfhys kS;j;a yeie moaO;shla we;slsfuys jia ysff;IS jQ yeis moaO;shla we;s lsfuys jia iudcdNsjDoah i|yd ysff;IS jQ WmfoaYhka ix.%y lsfuka lrk ,o lD;shla yehg ysf;damfoaYh yekah yelsh' m[ap;ka;%fhys l;=jr IaKqYuka iska wurYla;s k rcqf.a nqoa mq;=ka ;sfokdf.a nqoah relr,Sfuys jia l:d lshk wdldrhg kdrdhk Yuka iska fuu ysf;damfoaYh rpkd lr we;' m[ap;ka;%h ;ka;% mylska hqla; jQjdfiau ysf;damfoaYho ;ka;% y;rlska hqla; f' ta nj ysf;damfoaY l:duqLfhys i|yka jkafka fufiah' ";%,dN# iqyqfNfod .%y# ikafjp"3 01' ;%,dNh 02' iqyqfNaoh 03' ika 04' .%y hk ;ka;% y;r Tiafia mqoa., ;fha oOdxYhka ukdj jrKh lrka ;fha .egj,g uqyqK u i|yd wjYH flfrk WmfoaYhka ,ndu is lr we;' iudc ikaoNh foi iqmCIdldj ne,Sf tys W.;a kQ.;a k wk oCIdoCI jldjl wd mqoa.,fhda oHudkf' ysf;damfoaYh uska l:dkaor iajrEmfhka yd Yaf,dal uska tn wdldrfha mqoa.,hka yek .kafka flfiao Tjqka yd flfrk wdY%hksY%hdh flfia h hq;= o hkak jrKh flf' ta ;=<ska yqfoala iudcuh oekqu pdr nqoah wd oekq iNdrhla ;uka ,nd.ekSu ;=<ska yd wkHhkag f;are lru ;=<ska iudcfha ta wkqj"

1' w,.shjkak mqji;s" ixiaLD;-isxy, YofldaaYh" iQrh m%ldYlfhda" m%:u uqo5Kh 2004' 111 msgqj 2' tu" 800 mgqj 3' iqux., y myuqfKa" ysf;damfoaY Y%S iqux., wNskj jHdLHdj" iuhjOk" m%:u uqKh 1996" 1 msgqj ^kd.r&

8 wdpdr OumoaO;shla we;s lsu fuys isjk nj ukdj meye<sh' f lshk wdldrhg ukd fm!reI;ajh" W.;alu kS; lu" pdr nqoah" iudcfhfjfik mqoa.,hka wfkHdkH jYfhka yek .kafka flfiao Tjqkaf.a .;s ,CIK fudkjdo mqoa.,fhl= weiqre lrkafka flfiao ,nk ,o Okd jia;= myrKh flfia h hq;= o hkak ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug ysf;damfoaYh fnfyka Wmld f' ksid hkq Wiia ukilska hq;a i;aj fldgdYhls' leuu

buysu ffu:qk fiajkdh ish i;ajhskag fmd ,CIKhla jk kuq;a ksid ;sika.; i;ajhdf.ka fjkia jkafka iqp; Oufhys yeis ixLHd; wdpdr YsCId moaO;shla ksid i;=j ;sfukah' tneka fuf,dj ksfil= jYfhka ckau,dNh ,enQ mqo.,hd Ou w: ldu fudCI hk fujdfhka ySk jkafka k Tyqf.a fuf,djg isjk fiajdj l=ulao@ "Oud:ldufudCIdKd - hiaffhfld'ms k oHf;a wcd.,ia;kfiHj - ;iH ckau ksr:l"41 ^ iqp; Ouh" jia;=j" lduh" fudCIh hk fudjqka w;=frka hful=yg tll=;a ke;af;a o Tyqf.a Wmam;a;sh tfokf.a f.f,ys jq ;kh fuka M,rys; f & tuksid ksid iudcfhys hy.=K Ouhkaf.ka hq;=j j;a h

hq;=h' iudc iS,Sj j;a ug wkHhkag Wmldr lsug ;ud i;=j jia;=jla ;sh hq;=h'tfia jia;= /ia lsu wdpdr Ou moao;shg reoaOj fkdl, hq;=h'iudc ikaoNh foi ne,Sf Okj;a W.;a YsCIdld mqoa.,hka jYfhka j;a ug fndfydafokd m%sh lrk nj fmfka' tfy;a Ok f,dNS;ajh yuqf Ok f,daNS mqoa.,hd iudchg lrk n,mEu w;s uy;ah' wkHfhl=g lsish wdldrhl wys;la lsu ;=<ska ;ud uyd Okfjf;= njg m;aj miqj iudcYS,s mqoa.,fhd jYfhka j;a jk iglmg mqoa.,fhd fldf;l=;a we;' ta ;=<ska yqf|la iudcdNsjDoah i|yd jk wdpdr Ou moaO;shg ydkshla fkdjkafka hehs flfia k lsj yelso' ijckdNs,dYh Okj;aj iSug k tu Okj;alug m;ajh yels wdldrdrh l%udkQl+,j ysf;damfoaYh ;=<ska uekka .%yflf' ta wkqj ta i|yd W.;a lu;a W.;a lka ,;a kh;a W.;alu yd kh hk lreK fol ksid .=Kj;a lu;a tu lreKq ish,a, ksid Okh ,eu;a is jk w;r ta

4' iqux., ys myuqfKa" ysf;damfoaY Y%S iqux., wNskj jHdLHdj ^iqyDoafNao l:dix.%yh&" iuhjOk" m%:u uqKh 1996" 3 msgqj ^kd.r&

9 wdldrhg Okh ,eu ;=<ska iqp; Oufhys yeisug;a yelshdj ,ef' ta ;=<ska iemj;a ;hlg u. jr u iudc mSvkhlska f;drj is jk nj meye<sh' "oHd ood;s khx - khdoHd;s md;%;d md;%;ajdoaOkudmafkda;s - OkOu ;;# iqL"5 ^ oHd f;dfuda yslsu fokakSh' yslau fya;=
1

fldg

f.k

jia;=j wdh ,efuys iqiq .=Kj;a njg mefKkafkah' .=Kj;a nj fya;= fldg f.k Okhg mefKa' Okhg meKSu fya;= fldg f.k iqp; Oufhys yeisu o ta Oufhys yeisu fya;=fldg f.k iemhg mefKa& f wdldrhg hfula Okh /ia lrkafka k Tyqf.ka ;udgj;a

iudchgj;a lsis ydkshla is fkdf' yqfola ta;=<ska iudcfhys wdpdr Ou moao;shg lsis ydkshla is fkdf' tfy;a ;ud ,o jia;=j ;ud mfNda. fkdfldg wkHkag;a fkd j;a jkafkak th iudchg lrk ,o uy;a widOdrkhls' m%{djka;hd ;ud i;= Okho mrd;h i|yd uqodykafkah' th iudc wdpdr Ou moao;sh wdrCId lsug bjy,ajkakls' "Okdks ;x ffpj mrdf: m%d{d W;aiDf;a"62 ^kqjke;a;d Okhkao ;ho wkqkaf.a hym; i|yd w;ay& iudcfhys f,dl=-l=vd nd,-uy <ud-;reK wd iudc ug

oHudk f' iudc ikaoNh;=< hy.=K Ou jOkh lsug f ish,a,kaf.u odhl;ajh ;sh hq;=h' jhiska Tjqfkdjqka w;r jhia Iu;djla ;snqK o fnfyka jeu,df.ka nd,hdg ksrka;r WmfoaYhka fokq ,enqj o we;e wjia:djka ;=< nd,hdf.ka jeysyshdg o Wmfoia .kakg isf' fndfydg we;e mqoa.,fhda nd,hl=iska lshk ,o jeo.;a idr.N jp ms<s.ekSug ue,s fj;s' fuys jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh hq;af;a jhiafNaoh fkdj lshk,o jpkfhys hqla;shqla;s Ndjhs' "nd,doms.DyS;jHx - hqla;uqla;x ukSIsNs# rfjrIfh lsx k - m%miH m%ldYk"73

5' tu 1 msgqj 6' iqux., y myuqfKa" ysf;damfoaY Y%S iqux., wNskj jHdLHdj^;%,dN l:d ix.%yh&" iuhjOk" m%:u uqKh 1996" 1msgqj ^kd.r& 7' iqux., ys myuqfKa" ysf;damfoaY Y%S iqux., wNskj jHdLHdj ^iqyDoafNao l:dix.%yh&" iuhjOk" m%:u uqKh 1996"

10 ^ lshk ,o hqla;s iy.; jpkh nd,fhl= flfrka jqj;a

kqjKe;a;ka iska ms<s.; hq;=h' ysref.a /ia fkdjefgk ia:dkfhys myk flfia wdf,dal fkdflfo@& jeysfhl= iudcfhys w;sYd, w;aoelS iNdrhla nd,fhl=g

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