ALDEHIDE

O R-C H R-C
+

O H

R - C - R1 O

METODELE DE OBINERE :
I. Oxidarea alcoolilor primari
R - CH2 - OH [O] R-C H OH OH - H2O O R-C H

II. Deshidratarea alcoolilor primari

R-C H OH H O R-C H + H2

III. Din halo onoderi!a"i

H-OH Cl R-C + Cl H-OH - 2 HCl H OH R-C OH H O R-C H + H2O

#RO#RIET$I %HIMI%E
I. Oxidare 1. H2O + Ag2O 2AgOH + 4NH3 2Ag(NH3)2OH
R 2. C O H C t O OH C

+
H

Ag2O

2 Ag O OH

2 Cu(OH)2

2CuOH

+ H2O

2CuOH Cu2O + H2O

rosu

II. Reac"iile r&p'rii car(onilice A. Hidrogenarea

R C O H OH

2H

Ni;Pt

H H

B. Aderarea apei
O R-C H + H2O R-C H OH OH
1

C. Aderarea alcoolilor
OR' R C O H

+ R' - OH
t

OH H OR'

Semiacetali R C O H

2 R' - OH

H2O

OR' H

acetali

D. Aderarea acidului cianinic

OH R C O H

+ HCN

CN H

oxinitril

E. Aderarea bisulfitului de Na
OH R C O H

+ HSO3Na

SO3Na H

F. Polimerizarea aldehidelor
R H R C H O C O R H R H O O R H O R H

C O

G. Condensarea aldolic
H CH3 C OH H H C O CH3 H C OH H C H H C O

+ HC
H

H. Condensarea esteric
H R C O H R' H

C O

Al(OH)3

C H

C O

R'

III. Reac"ii de s&(stit&"ie a oxi en&l&i

!ubstitu"ia cu halogeni# O 1. R C + PCl5 H Formarea compu"ilor amoniacali# 2. a). R b). H R NH R Aderarea aminelor# O H H H NH N H H2O H R C Cl Cl

+ POCl3

+
NH

+R
H N R H NH H

H C R H

R HN R

NH

O H

N = OH

H2N - OH

C
oxim

H2O

O H

+ H2N - NH - C6H5

N - NH - C6H5 H

+
NH

H2O

fenil i!ra"ona
O H N C O

+ H2N

NH

C O

NH2

NH2

semicar#a"on

I). Trans*ormarile radical&l&i

CH3 C O H

O CH2Cl C H

Cl2

HCl

). Reac"ii de condensare:
Condensarea cu fenoli#
3


O H-C 2 HO H

Cu reacti$ul %ar&us#
; H2SO !"#!. HO CH2 OH [O] - H2

- H2O

CH HO O

C HO HO OH O

SO3H HO HO SO3H SO3H HO HO SO3H HO3S HO3S CH2 + HC

Cu acid cromotropic#
HO3S O H HO3S SO3H HO2S OH OH [O] HO HO SO3H HO3S CH O OH + OH OH H2SO - H2O

Cu acid fu'insulfuric #

R-C

O H

H3 N

NHSO2H C

Cl -

NHSO2H SO3H Acid *&xins&l*&ric +incolor, NHSO2 - CH - R C OH NHSO2 - CH - R OH

H3 N

Cl -

Ro-& p&rp&ri& 4

.ol&tio /ormaldeh0di
H-C O H

!olu(ie de Formaldehid

IDENTI/I%ARE : toate reac"iile pentr& aldehide DO1ARE :

I. Iodometric I2 3 2NaOH 4 NaI 3 NaOI 3 H2O NaOI 3 NaOH 3 H%OH 4 H%OONa 3 NaI 3 H2O NaI 3 NaOI 3 H2.O5 4 Na2.O5 3 I2 3 H2O I2 3 2Na2.2O6 4 2NaI 3 Na2.5O7 ) I2ex. 8 ) Na2.2O5 9 )I2x : * 9 ;<2 II. Iodometric d&p' r="ia c& r.Nessler H%OH 3 >2H I5 3 6>OH 4 H%OO> 3 5>I 3 H ? 3 2H2O H 3 I2 4 H I2 H I2 32>I 4 >2H I5 I2 3 2Na2.2O6 4 2NaI 3 Na2.5O7 III. Oxidarea c& H2O2 -i netrali@area indirect' H%OH 3 H2O2 3 NaOH 4 H%OONa 3 2H2O 3 NaOH rest NaOH 3 H%l 4 Na%l 3 H2O I). Metoda s&l*hidric'
O H C H

+ Na2SO3 +

H2O

OH H SO3Na

+ NaOH

NaOH + HCl

NaCl + H2O

). Re*ractometric $ % (n & no)' (

)

Methenamin&m %etenamin N
N N N N CH2 N N CH2 CH2 N

Hexameth0lentetramin&m

;A6ABAC=tetraa@atriciclo =D6A6A;A;Edecan

METODELE DE OBINERE :
O 6 H C H

NH3

t - 6 H2O

(CH2)6N

IDENTI/I%ARE :
;. +%H2,7N5 3 7H2O 4 5NH6F 3 7%H2O 2. +%H2,7N5 3 2H2.O5 3 7H2O 4 2+NH5,2.O5 3 7%H2OF +NH5,2.O5 3 2NaOH 4 5NH6F 3 Na2.O5 3 2H2O

DO1ARE :
;. Ne&trali@are indirect' +%H2,7N5 3 2H2.O5 ex 3 7H2O 4 7H2O 3 2+NH5,2.O5 3 7%H2O 3 H2.O5 rest H2.O5 rest 3 2NaOH 4 Na2.O5 3 2H2O +ros& de metil, : * 9 G 2. Ne&trali@are c& H%l +%H2,7N5 3 H%l 4 +%H2,7N5 H H%l 6. Iodclorimetric' +%H2,7N5 3 2I%lex 4 +%H2,7N5 H 2I%l I%l 3 >I 4 I2 3 >%l I2 3 2Na2.2O6 4 2NaI 3 Na2.5O7 5. Ar intometric
2 (CH2)6N + 3 AgNO3 AgNO3 + NH NCS NH NCS + $%NH (SO )2 2 (CH2)6N

. 3 AgNO3

AgNCS + NH NO3 $%(NCS)3 + NH (SO )2 *

B. Iodometric
(CH2)6N + 2 &2 &2 + 2 Na2S2O (CH2)6N

.&

2 Na& + Na2S O6

7. Iodclorimetric
(CH2)6N + 2 &Cl &Cl + '& &2 + 2 Na2S2O (CH2)6N &2 + 'Cl 2 Na& + Na2S O6

. 2 &Cl

%hloral&m hidrat&m
OH C OH Cl3C H