Cu 1 : Trnh by s khi pht v thu ca my in bo truyn ch ?

S cu trc mch in.

a)Phn pht : in bo vin n mt nt th mt t m c la chn v c cu

khi ng lm vic . b v xy ra qu trnh bin i 5 bit t song song sang ni
tip . B hoc gp 5 bit tin vi n v khi u v n v dng to ra t m y
. Trong qu trnh 5 bt tin cha bin i ht t song song sang ni tip th b
m b b khi trt gi t m chn s lm vic khng b nhiu lon . Tn hiu
dng kt thc lm vic v a b khi v trng thi ban u . B m c gii
phng sn sang tip nhn mt t m t tc ng n phm tip theo . B nh
thi dung chun thi gian . B phn phi to ra th t thi gian ca 5 bit tin .
ngha ca chuyn i 5 bit t song song sang ni tip:

Chuyn t 5 knh truyn dn sang mt knh truyn dn . Do c ly truyn

kh xa nn phi truyn trn mt knh cho tit kim .

Vic chuyn i cn nhm phi hp tc gia ngi v my . V tc

x l ca my nhanh hn con ngi rt nhiu .


b)Pha thu : pha thu phi tip nhn cc bt ni tip chuyn i thnh 5 bit
song song , tin hnh gii m v in ra k t mch vo phi ghp tt vi knh
truyn dn nng t s S/N . B khi c khi ng bi n v khi ca t m
nhn c . B phn phi to ra th t thi gian b v xc nh ra gi tr bit v
ghi gi tr vo phn t nh ng vi th t bit c 5 phn t nh . B trch mu
chn thi im ct mu gia bit xc nh gi tr bit l 1 hay 0 . Vi sc xut
ng ln nht c th trong iu kin mo tn hiu in bo . B dng c khi
ng bi n v dng ca t m nhn c . B dng a b phn phi v trng
thi ban u , tc l my thu sn sng tip nhn t m mi . ng thi b dng tc
ng vo b khi ng vo b in dng in quy nh thi gian i vi t m va
c gii m xong Qa trnh my thu thc hin kiu dy chuyn sn xut ,
trong khi ang in 1 k t th ng thi thu t m tip .
Cu 2:Trnh by qu trnh m ha 1 khung s liu trn CD ( cho 2 k hiu m
tn:01100100 v 01100101 v sau khi m ha EFM ln lt l :
01000100100010 v 00000000100010?
Khung l cu trc c s nh nht ca d liu gip nhn dng cc loi d liu c
sp xp theo quy nh, nh vy c th phn bit d liu m thanh m sa li, m
ng b, m ph.
Qu trnh m ha mt khung s liu trn CD vi 2 k hiu m tn
01100100 v 01100101 c thc hin nh sau:

Mt khung c 6 chu k c ly mu,mi chu k ly mu m tn (stereo)

c 2 mu ,mi mu m ha bng 16 bit _ 2 k hiu m tn do vy 1 khung c 24 k
hiu m tn v c ( 96x2) bit ca 6 chu k ly mu. Vic ci xen c thc hin
theo k hiu m tn 8 bit.

Mt khung c 24 k hiu m tn c ci thm m ph tng ng 1 k

hiu v m parity tng ng 8 k hiu c 33 k hiu trong 1 khung.

Mi k hiu m tn 8 bit c m ha thnh t m EFM 14 bit v xen gia

2 t m EFM l 3 bit m nhm h tr ng b theo quy tc xc nh


Ngoi ra mi khung cn c m ng b 24 bit ( cng km theo 3 bit m )
Cui cng sau qu trnh m ha s bit trong khung l 588 bit

Qu trnh m ha mt khung s liu trn CD

3

( EFM l k thut m ha chuyn mi byte ( 8 bits thnh 1 chui 14 bits_gi l 1

symbol) trong s nh phn 1 phi c phn cch bi t nht l hai s nh nhn
0 .)

Cu 3: V s khi thit b nhn dng ting ni v nu chc nng cc khi ?

Cc khi chc nng:
Tch bin:
vic tch bin c thc hin nh thut ton so snh mc ngng nng lng.
bin ca t l im m tn hiu ting ni t mc ngng. thi hn ca t l thi
gian tn hiu ting ni vt trn ngng. khong lng gia cc t l thi gian tn
hiu di ngng.
Tch c trng:
cc c trng ca mu ting ni:
tng bnh phng bin l nng lng trong ca s tng ng
s ln ct 0 ca sng l du hiu phn bit nguyn m v ph m.
Thi gian gia cc nh cc i sng l chu k m c bn ca dao ng thanh i.
Tn s cng hng ca b lc m hc c xc nh theo xung m trong chu k
m c bn.

Chun ha:
to nh v di ngn khc nhau ca 1 t c pht m trong hon cnh khc nhau
lm kh khn cho vic nhn dng t . S chun ha lm cho cc t c pht
m trong cc hon cnh khc nhau tr thnh ging nhau ti a d nhn dng
ng. Sau chuan rhoas, t c kch thc mu.
nh gi tng quan
khi tin hnh nhn dng, b cc gi tr bit ca t cn nhn dng c so snh vi
N b gi tr bit trong b nh t mu. kt qu so snh l 1 bng lit k 1 s t theo
th t tng quan gim dn vi t cn nhn dng.

Cu 4: trnh by cu trc v phn loi bng t. qu trnh ghi m t, c im

ca 2 qu trnh c thin t v k c thin t?
Bng t gm 1 lp polyester, trn l lp keo bt t. cc ht t c kch thc
c 0,1 m. bng phi c un thch hp v c sc bn chu ko khng nh
hn 2,5KG. mt bng phi phng, nhn. bng phi n nh vi m v nhit.
Phn loi: c 1 s loi thng dng sau
Ch tiu
dy bng
i dy lp bt t
t d
Lc khng t

n v
m
m
Gauss
Oersted

C-60
18
6
1200
300

C-90
12
4
1300
330

C-120
8
2
1300
350

Qu trnh ghi m t: a tn hiu in vo cun dy-> xut hin cng t

trng H c to ra khp kn theo li dn t qua u t v phn tip xc vi bng
t. khi bng t dch chuyn qua khe t => b t ha => xut hin t d Bd cc
phn t bng t.
qu trnh ghi m khng thin t:
ta xt cch ghi s dng c tuyn t ha ban u ca vt liu bng t. dng in
m tn 500Hz vi u t ghi m: t= 50 s. vy trong t, t trng ghi hu
nh khng i, xung t ha l cc hnh thang y nh phng.

Ch c phn gia ca c tuyn Bd l kh thng v tng i dc. ch c cng tc

on ny, kt qu ghi kh tuyn tnh v ghi kh nhy. iu kin ghi k thin t ch
thch hp vi loi tn hiu c bin ln v di ng nh, tn hiu m tn c
di ng ln nn khng thch hp.
Ghi m c thin t:
Thin t l trng t ha tn s cao c a vo u t ghi m ci thin cht
lng ghi m. y l phng php c s dng rng ri.
V m tn c bin nh hn thin t nn bin v chiu ca dng m tn quyt
nh mc khng i xng v chnh lch ca trng lm vic u t ghi. Da
vo cch phn tch qu trnh t ha phn t bng t, ta thy t d ca phn t
bng t xt t l vi lch i xng, ngha l bin thin ph hp vi tn hiu m
tn em ghi.
So snh c tnh ng ghi trong trng hp c v khng c thin t: nh c thin
t nn mo phi tuyn gim, di ng m rng. mo tn s trong trng hp ghi c
hay khng c thin t u ging nhau, hiu ng khe t v hiu ng t kh t ca
bng t trong 2 trng hp u tn ti.
7

Cu 5 :Trinh bay nguyn ly-phn loai may FAX ?

a.Nguyn ly :
Fax (truyn anh tinh) la dich vu sao chep t xa vi tc cao nh tin hiu in
truyn dn trong mang in thoai.Tin hiu Fax la analog.
Bc anh gc cn truyn i se c chia thanh nhng phn t nguyn t
anh,tp hp thanh dong anh va manh anh nh trong T.V.Bn phat trc hin s bin
i ln lt sang trung binh cua mi phn t anh gc thanh mc tng ng ti l
cua tin hiu in.S ln lt vi quy lut xac inh cua cac phn t anh goi la quet
(quet dong,quet manh).H thng quang hoc c bit se tao ra vt sang quet.Tin
hiu in (tao ra khi quet anh gc bn may phat) c truyn dn ti may thu.Bn
thu thc hin bin i ngc tin hiu in thanh hinh anh trn vt mang tin. S
phn b bc sang trn anh nhn phai ti l vi s phn b bc sang trn anh gc.
i vi vn ban chi cn truyn net,thi chi cn mt bc sang cua net ni ln
trn bc sang cua nn la u.Cac thit bi truyn anh tinh loai truyn net la n gian
nht.Phc tap hn la loai Fax yu cu truyn nhiu cp sang. So vi truyn anh
ng (T.V),tc truyn tin cua truyn anh tinh thp hn nhiu.Nh vy co th
nh knh thoai truyn anh tinh.
in bao truyn anh tinh (Fax) khng nhng yu cu ni dung vn ban
(nh in bao truyn ch) ma con truyn ca cu truc khng gian cua vn ban
gc.Fax c dung truyn cac vn ban ma ban sao xa gi nguyn hinh thc
phap li cua no.Fax rt thun li truyn vn ban ch tng hinh.
b.Phn loai :
-theo ng dung :
+ Fax net :2 cp anh sang.
+Fax anh tinh : nhiu cp anh sang.
+ Fax truyn bao :kh rng net cao.
-theo ch quet :
+quet c hoc
+quet in t
-theo tin hiu : My fax c chia thnh 4 loi sau :
GI : Truyn dn tng t : FM , tn hiu mc trng 1300 Hz , tn hiu mc
en 2100Hz ; phn gii 96 dng /1in ; tc truyn 1 trang A4 mt 6
pht
GII ging nh GI , tc cao hn : 1 trang A4 mt 3 pht
GIII truyn dn s PCM , en / trng hoc n 32 cp sng . Dng k
thut PSK , QAM t tc n 9600 baud . phn gii 200 dng /1in
1 pht cho 1 trang A4
GIV c thit k cho ISDN , truyn dn s 56kbit/s . phn gii 400
dng /1in , tc : 5s cho 1 trang A4

Cu 6: Trinh bay chc nng va cac khi cua may in thoai ban ?
-

Chc nng cn ban cua may in thoai la :

phat va tip nhn bao hiu v Phat ma s thu bao bi goi.
Phat va thu tin hiu thoai noi chuyn.
Kh trc m,chng cac loai nhiu va iu chinh m lng m thu c la
d nghe nht.
May in thoai bao gm cac khi sau:
chung
chuyn mach nhc_t
Quay s
T hp (ng noi va tai nghe trn cu truc co tay cm)
Mach kh trc m,dit ting keng, clic, iu chinh m lng.
Ngoai cac khi c ban trn, may in thoai con co th co :h thng vi x ly,h
thng ghi m man hinh va cac h thng h tr truyn dn.
S khi cua may in thoai :

Bao v qua ap chng in ap cao do ng dy in thoai bi chp vao mang

in hay bi sm set anh hng.
Bao v ao cc in ap mt chiu t tng ai a n cac khi sau no co
cc tinh c inh.
Chung phan ng vi tin hiu chung do tng ai gi n (20Hz ,88V hay
25Hz,86V phat 2s ,ngt quang 4s).Mach chung co tinh chon loc tn s va tinh phi
tuyn sao cho no chi lam vic vi dong chung ma khng lin quan n dong mt
chiu,dong am thoai tin hiu quay s.
Chuyn mach nhc t : trang thai nghi, ti hp t trn vi tri quy inh, lam
cho chi mach chung c ni vao dy thu bao,con mach phia sau no (quay s
,am thoai )bi ngt khoi dy thu bao. trang thai lam vic,co ngi nhc t
9

hp ln khoi may ,mach chung bi ngt ,mach phia sau no c ni vi dy thu

bao.Chuyn mach nhc-t co th la c khi,t quangtuy thuc tng loai may.
Quay s bng ia quay s hay bng ban phim :ia quay s la mt cu kin c
khi.Khi quay mt s,tay ngi lam cun lo xo dung cu quay s,khi tha tay ra ia
uay tr v vi tri tinh nh lc gian cua lo xo.Nh vai tro cua mt c cu n inh tc
trong ia quay s ma tc quay v n inh.am bao nhng xung quay s co
b rng chun 38ms,c ly chun 62 ms,s xung ung bng s c quay(ring s
0 la 10 xung),tng s quay lai cach nhau mt khoang chun u ln tranh nhm
ln s.
Vn kh trc m: trc m la ting n ngi cm may va ting n ni t
may c thu qua micro (ng noi) ,sau o t mach in thoai tr lai phat ra loa
(tai nghe) cho chinh ngi noi phai nghe.Nu khng co mach kh trc m,thi trc
m c khuch ai ,lam kho chiu ngi dung in thoai,khin ngi o noi nho
i, kt qua u bn kia khng nghe ro.

10

Cu 7:trinh bay nguyn ly in bao truyn ch ?

in bao truyn ch thc hin vic truyn mt vn ban n ia chi nhn tin bng
s bin i tin tc trong vn ban gc thanh tin hiu in dang tin hiu s phia
phat, tin hiu nay c truyn dn trong mang thng tin, phia thu xay ra s bin
i ngc lai hoan nguyn vn ban trao cho ngi s dung.S n gian cua tin
hiu in bao va bng tn rt nho hep cua knh in bao la c im cua in bao
truyn ch.Trong in bao truyn ch, ngun tin la bang ch cai, 10 ch s va mt
s du, tng cng cac ki t la 60.Nu dung mt t ma tng ng vi mt ki t thi
mi t ma phai tng ng vi 6 n vi ma.Nhng in bao truyn ch chi dung 5
n vi ma, tng ng 25 =32 t hp.Tng t nh may ch mi t ma binh
thng ai din cho hai ki t thuc 2 nhom, nhom ki t ch va nhom ki t s va
du.Ngi ta qui c t ma 11111 bao hiu nhng t ma tip sau thuc nhom ki t
ch, t ma 11011 bao hiu nhng t ma tip sau thuc nhom ki t s va du.
S khi phat va thu:

Phia phat :in bao vin n mt phim thi mt t ma c chon va c cu khi

ng lam vic. b VA xay ra qua trinh bin i 5 bit t ma song song sang ni
tip.B Hoc gp 5 bit tin vi n vi khi va n vi dng tao ra t ma y u
.Trong qua trinh 5 bit tin cha bin i ht t song son sang ni tip thi b Ma bi
b khi cht gi t ma a chon;s lam vic khng bi nhiu loan.Tin hiu dng
kt thuc s lam vic,a b khi v trang thai ban u.B ma c giai phong

11

sn san tip nhn mt t ma t tac ng n phim tip theo.B inh thi dung
chun thi gian.B phn phi tao ra th t cua 5 bit tin.
Y nghia cua chuyn i 5 bit t song song sang ni tip
1)
chuyn t 5 knh truyn dn sang mt knh truyn dn.C ly lin lac in bao
kha xa nn phai truyn dn mt knh.
2)
dai t ma in bao 50 baud la 7,5 0 =150 ms la thi gian ti thiu c
in bao vin n mt phim.Nhng tc cua may cao hn kha nng thao tac cua
con ngi.Vy vic chuyn i con nhm phi hp tc o gia ngi va may.
Phn thu:
Phn thu phai tip nhn cac bit ni tip, chuyn i thanh 5 bit song song, tin
hanh giai ma va in ra ki t.Mach vao phi ghp tt vi knh truyn dn,nng S/N.
B khi c khi ng bi n vi khi cua t ma nhn c.B phn phi tao ra
th t thi gian b VA xac inh gia tri bit va ghi gia tri o vao phn t nh
tng ng th t bit.(co 5 phn t nh).B trich mu chon thi im ct mu
gia bit xac inh gia tri bit( la 1 hay 0)vi xac sut ung ln nht co th trong
iu kin meo tin hiu in bao.B dng c khi ng bi n vi dng cua t
ma nhn c.B dng a b phn phi v trang thai ban u, tc la may thu sn
sang tip nhn t ma mi.ng thi b dng tac ng vao b khi in dng in
quy inh thi gian in i vi t ma va c giai ma xong.QUA trinh may thu
thc hin theo kiu dy chuyn san xut trong khi dang in mt ki t thi ng thi
thu t ma tip.

12

Cu 8 : Trinh bay qu trnh x l k hiu m tn 8 bt CD (cho 2 k hiu m

tn : 01100100 v 01100101 v sau khi m ha EFM ln lt l :
01000100100010 v 00000000100010 ) ??
M ha EFM l k thut m ha chuyn mi byte ( 8 bits thnh 1 chui 14
bits_gi l 1 symbol) trong s nh phn 1 phi c phn cch bi t nht l hai
s nh nhn 0
K hiu m tn 8 bit sau khi m ha EFM thnh 14 bit v xen gia 2 t m EFM l
3 bit m nn thnh phn 1 chiu v h tr ng b theo quy tc xc nh . Sau
thc hin m ha theo m NRZ v NRZI tng ng to thnh cc pit tng ng
trn a, mi pit c chiu di 3 11 nhp ( 2 10 bit 0) tc l 0,87 3,18 m

Cu 9: trnh by hin tng di vang, thi gian di vang, di vang tng

ng?
Hin tng di vang:
Di vang l mt c tnh m thanh trong phng kn, hin tng di vang c
nhn bit khi tai ngi nhn bit c khong cch thi gian t gia trc m v tia
phn x u tin vi t>50ms. Hin tng ny xy ra do m thanh t ngun truyn
n tai ngi nghe khng ch theo ng thng m cn theo nhng ng gp
khc nhiu ln do phn x m thanh trong phng , m thanh khng mt ngay m
nng lng m gim dn trong qu trnh di vang. Hin tng di vang c nhn
bit r khi ngun m tt,. Cht lng tn hiu in thanh ph thuc r rt vo hin
tng di vang. iu kin di vang l trng m thanh khuch i.
Thi gian di vang (T)
L thi gian trong mt nng lng m trong studio gim 106 ln. Thc t,
mc nng lng m trung bnh trong studio bng 60dB, nn T tng ng vi thi

13

gian trung bnh suy gim mc n ngng ngng nghe c c th tnh c:

T =

0,0731V
0,4V S lg(1 )

, ng vi K= 4,05; C= 340m/s.

Thi gian vang c xc nh t thi im ngt ngun m n khi nng lng m

thanh gim xung 60dB.
Di vang tng ng:

Khi ngun m b ct thi im t =0. on t bin AB l do t ngt mt phn

nng lng trc tip t . on BC l qu trnh di vang, c trng bng p , im
E trn Bc tng ng vi t=0,2s ng thng AET l 1 qu trnh di c thi gian
di vang T xc nh. S cm th ca thnh gic v di vang ca 2 qu trnh ABC
v AET l nh nhau. Do vy, t xc nh theo qu trnh AET l thi gian di vang
tng ng ca qu trnh ABC. Bng cch , ta c th tnh c thi gian di
vang tng ng trong thc t.

Cu 10 :Trinh bay phng phap in laser ?

14

Ngun laser phat ra tia laser co cng khng i.Tia laser bi iu ch ngoai
bi mt ca chn m quang hoc.Ca nay tt va m chum tia bng gia tri bit 1/0
cua tin hiu iu ch.Mt gng phng i hng tia laser chiu vao mt gng
quay nhiu canh.Do o,tia laser bi lc nhanh,vt tia tao thanh quet dong trn b
mt mt trng cam quang theo chiu ng sinh.Trng quay chm dich cac
dong sit nhau trn toan b mt trng,tng ng quet manh.B mt trng phu mt
lp vt liu ban dn cam quang.in cc xoa lam cho toan b mt trng ng
in th.Chiu tac ng cua tia laser quet ma tia laser lai c iu ch,nn sau
o,hinh anh ban in di dang in th c tao ra.Mc c x ly bi hut hay
khng vao cac phn t anh tng ng vi gia tri bit 1/0.T y ta co hinh anh nhin
thy c trn mt trng.Giy c x ly tinh in sao cho khi giy ap vao b mt
trng thi hinh anh se chuyn sang giy. trang in c vinh cu thi ban in tip
tuc c x ly nhit.

15