B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC QUY NHN KHOA HA HC

Tiu lun: X l nc thi nhim du

Gio vin hng dn : ThS. Trng Thanh Tm Nhm SV thc hin : Nhm 6 Lp : Ha du K31

Quy nhn, thng 11 nm 2011

LI GII THIU Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca nn cng ghip nc ta, tnh hnh nhim mi trng cng gia tng n mc bo ng. Do c th ca nn cng nghip mi pht trin, cha c s quy hoch tng th v nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nh: iu kin kinh t ca nhiu x nghip cn kh khn, hoc do chi ph x l nh hng n li nhun nn hu nh cht thi cng nghip ca nhiu nh my cha c x l m thi thng ra mi trng. iu dn ti s nhim trm trng ca mi trng sng, nh hng n s pht trin ton din ca t nc, sc khe, i sng ca nhn dn cng nh v m quan ca khu vc. Mt trong nhng nghnh cng nghip mi nhn ca nc ta l cng nghip du kh hng nm cng pht thi ra mt lng ln cht thi c hi nh nc thi nhim du hay cc loi kh c hi : NOx , SOx Trong , nhim ngun nc l mt trong nhng thc trng ng ngi nht ca s hy hoi mi trng t nhin do nn vn minh ng thi. Vit Nam, du kh c pht hin vo ngy 26/6/1986, tn du u tin khai thc c t m du Bch H. Tip theo nhiu m du kh thm lc a pha Nam, i vo khai thc nh m i Hng, m Rng, m Rng ng, cc m kh nh Lan Ty Lan ... Nh nc ta bt u tin hnh xy dng nh my ch bin du u tin vi cng sut 6 triu tn nm. ng thi hng lot cc d n v s dng v ch bin kh ng hnh, cng nh chun b xy dng nh my ch bin du th hai ang c ph duyt. Nh vy ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh nc ta ang bc vo thi k mi, thi k m c nc ta ang thc hin mc tiu cng nghip ha, hin i ha.Chc chn s ng gp ca ngnh du kh trong cng cuc cng nghip ha t nc s rt c ngha, gp phn xy dng t nc sau vi thp nin ti c th snh ngang cc nc tin tin trong khu vc v trn th gii. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh ch bin du, mt trong nhng vn c mi ngi rt quan tm hin nay, l tnh trng nhim mi trng ca cc cht thi c nhim du. Cc hin tng trn du, r r kh du gy nn tnh trng nhim nghim trng cho mi trng, nh lm hy hoi h sinh thi ng thc vt, v gy nh hng trc tip n i sng ca con ngi. V vy vi mc tiu gp phn bo v mi trng, ngoi vic trnh cc hin tng r r kh du ra bn ngoi th vic x l nc thi nhim du ang l mt mi quan tm ln ca nhiu quc gia, nhiu t chc x hi v chnh bn thn mi cng ng dn c. Trong tiu lun X l nc thi nhim du ,vi phm vi nghin cu nh b,chng em trnh by khi qut v nguyn nhn, tc hi ca nc thi nhim du v mt s phng php p dng x l chng. Do kin thc cn hn ch cng nh thiu kinh nghim trnh by, din thuyt nn kh trnh khi nhng sai st, chng em rt mong c s hng dn v ng gp ca c Trng Thanh Tm v cc bn. Nhm SV thc hin.

1. CC NGUN PHT SINH HAY NGUYN NHN CA NC THI NHIM DU: Theo kho st, ngun nhim du thi ch yu pht sinh t cc s c trn du trn bin, r r ti cc kho xng du, nh my t v gia cng c kh... Trn du l mt trong nhng s c mi trng trn bin thng xy ra trong cc hot ng du kh v hng hi. i vi nhng nc c c s h tng hng hi cn lc hu nh nc ta, cc s c do tai nn hng hi thng hay gp phi v nhim thng l do du nhin liu hoc du thnh phm trn ra t cc tai nn m va, chm tu. T nm 1987 n nay, c trn 100 v trn du c ghi nhn vng bin Vit Nam, trong gn 50% l du trn khng r ngun gc. Chng thng xy ra vo thng 3-4 hng nm min Trung v thng 5-6 min Bc. Vi nhng v trn du ln khng r ngun gc, c din pht tn rng lin tnh th nng lc ng cu s c trn du thng thng khng p ng c. Ti vng bin ca Vit Nam chng ta, mi ngy c hng trm ngn tu thuyn loi va v nh x mt lng ln nc y tu nhim du ra mi trng khng h qua x l. Cc s c trn du trn bin lun thu ht s ch ca cc c quan qun l v truyn thng. Tuy nhin, nu thng k hng nm chng ta c th nhn thy, lng du thot ra mi trng t cc s c trn du li nh hn nhiu so vi tng lng du thi ra t hng trm ngn tu thuyn va v nh. Thc trng ny ang gy tn tht kinh t ln cho cc vng nui trng thy sn cng nh nh hng lu di ti h sinh thi v a dng sinh hc bin, nh hng tiu cc n s pht trin bn vng bin Vit Nam. Hot ng kinh doanh ca cc kho xng du thng bao gm cc cng on: nhp khu, tn tr trong kho xng du, vn chuyn, phn phi ti ngi tiu dng thng qua mng li ca hng xng du. Vi c th nh vy, hot ng kinh doanh xng du khc bit vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc, l khng s dng nc lm nguyn liu u vo cho qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh, v vy xt v nguyn tc th s khng c nc thi pht sinh trong hot ng kinh doanh xng du. Tuy nhin, thc t trong qu trnh vn hnh khai thc cc cng trnh xng du (kho, ca hng) c pht sinh nc thi nhim du cn phi x l do nhng nguyn nhn sau: - Xc ra b cha nh k ti cc kho xng du nhm m bo cht lng nhin liu. - X nc y b sau khi kt thc qu trnh nhp tu vo b cha trong kho. - S dng nc sch v sinh cng nghip nh k v sau khi kt thc sa cha cng ngh, thit b trong kho xng du.

- Nc ma ri trn khu vc nn bi c kh nng nhim du ti kho v CHXD. Trn c s phn tch ngun v nguyn nhn pht sinh cho thy khi lng trong hot ng kinh doanh xng du khng thng xuyn v u n, ph thuc vo cc quy nh lin quan ti xc ra b cha, tn xut nhp hng, v sinh cng nghip... cc thng s nhim c trng trong nc thi ti cc kho xng du gm: COD, cht rn l lng, du m khong. Theo tiu chun TCVN 5307:2002 Kho du m v sn phm du m Yu cu thit k v trn thc t, cc kho xng du u c hai h thng rnh thot nc thi, trong : - H thng thot nc quy c sch: nc sinh hot, nc ma ri trn cc khu vc nn bi khng lin quan n vic tn cha, xut nhp, bm rt xng du v khng c nguy c nhim bn xng du. H thng thot nc quy c sch c php x thng ra mi trng bn ngoi. - H thng thot nc thi nhim du l h thng thot nc cho cc ngun sau: nc ra nn nh xut nhp, nc thi ca nh ha nghim, nc x y v xc ra b, nc ma ri trn khu vc nn bi c nguy c nhim bn xng du. H thng ny thng c dn n b lng gn du trc khi a vo h thng x l nc thi. Cc cng on pht sinh nc thi nhim du cn c xem xt l: 1. Xc ra b cha: B cha thng c xc ra khi a b mi vo cha xng du; hoc thay i chng loi mt hng cha trong b; hoc trc khi a b vo sa cha, bo dng; hoc xc ra nh k theo quy nh m bo cht lng hng ho... Lng nc thi s ty thuc vo dung tch tng b, loi hng tn cha v phng php xc ra. Nc thi loi ny thng c hm lng du cao v pht sinh bn cn du (Cht thi nguy hi CTNH) 2. X nc y b khi xut nhp: Cc trng hp cn x nc y b l khi nc ln hng bm t tu vo b; hoc ty theo c im cng ngh v quy nh giao nhn ca tng kho, s phi bm nc y ht hng trong ng ng vo b o tnh. Trng hp nc ln hng bm t tu vo b th nc thi loi ny thng c s lng t; Trng hp ui nc trong ng th lng nc thi s ty thuc kch thc, di ng ng xut nhp. V c tnh nc thi: nc x y lun bao gm x cn lng y b, do pht sinh CTNH, tuy nhin hm lng du trong nc thi loi ny thng thp. 3. Nc v sinh cng nghip ln du: pht sinh trong qu trnh v sinh nn bn xut; bi van; nc v sinh thit b v cc phng tin; nc ra nn bi ti ca hng xng du. Lng nc thi ty thuc din tch, lng cht thi pht sinh ti cc v tr nu trn.

4. Nc ma ln du: Lng nc ma ln du cn x l c d bo cn c vo s liu kh tng thy vn ca tng khu vc. Nc ma ln du ch pht sinh ti nhng v tr d r, ri vi xng du, nh v tr x y h trong khu b, trong trng hp sau khi xc ra b, tch nc y b m khng v sinh kp thi; bn xut b trn vi xng du, bi van b r r m khng sa cha, v sinh kp thi; mt cu cng... Gn y, mt vn t ra l vic qun l ti cc trm xng du khu vc dn c cha trit , khin lng du thi v cht thi nhim du ln qua ng cng thot nc ti cc th ra cc sng ngi, knh rch gy nhim. c tnh s lng ngun thi t cc khu dn c c th ln ti 1,4 1,5 triu m3/ngy. Mt vn cng c t ra i vi nhiu thnh ph ln hin nay l nhim du thi t cc phng tin giao thng c gii. Ring ti TP. H Ch Minh hin c khong 4 triu phng tin xe c gii, trong c 2,5 triu xe my cc loi. c tnh tng lng du thi ca cc phng tin ng b ln ti 37.000 lt/ngy. Ngoi ra theo s liu bo co ca cc cng ty ti ch du, lng du thi c th nhp v trong ngy ln ti 90 150 tn/ngy t cc ngun thi ca cc tu ch du, bn cha xng du v cc trm bin th,... Trc nhng nguy c nhim mi trng do du thi, TP. H Ch Minh thi gian qua trin khai lin kt vi nhiu n v x l, ti ch du thi quc t, ng thi u t cng ngh cho cc nh my x l cht thi c hi. Tnh n nay, TP. H Ch Minh c 3 5 nh my ti ch du thi c cng sut bnh qun 40 50 tn/ngy vi cng ngh chng ct v lc. Tuy nhin, thc cht ch c khong 2 cng ty thc hin theo cam kt. Cc c s cn li hot ng trong cc khu dn c khng c giy php cha th thng k c. Ngoi ra, tt c cc thit b chng ct u ch to th s, cng sut ln nhng cht lng sn phm km. V qun l Nh nc, hin cc c s sn xut pht sinh du thi v cc nh my ti ch, x l cht thi nhim du c qun l bng h thng Chng t qun l cht thi v phi bo co nh k 2 nm mt ln vi s ln kim tra tng ng. Tuy nhin, hin s lng cn b v trang thit b kim tra rt hn ch, vic qun l cc c s sn xut chui l rt kh khn khi cc c s ny di chuyn lin tc. nhim du thi, c bit l nhng pht sinh t khu vc dn c ang l nhng vn au u ti nhiu th ln ti nc ta.

Mt s hnh nh v nc thi nhim du:

Du loang t mt gin khoan

C cht do nc thi nhim du

C cht do nhim du vng ven bin

Du my thi chy lnh lng khng c x l

2. CC TC NG I VI MI TRNG NC KHI X NC THI NHIM DU VO MI TRNG : - Mt phn cc sn phm du lng xung v phn hy tng y ngun nc lm nhim nc bi cc sn phm phn gii ha tan, mt phn khc li ni ln trn mt nc cng vi cc bt kh tch ra t y ngun nc. Cn cha du tch ly y sng, h l ngun gy nhim c nh i vi sng , gy c hi cho h sinh vt y - thc n ca c. - Khi ngun nc b nhim du, cc sn phm du ha tan v phn gii lm gim kh nng s lm sch ca ngun nc, bi cc sinh vt phiu sinh, sinh vt y tham gia vo cc qu trnh b cht i hoc gim v s lng hoc tham gia yu t. - Khi nc thi nhim du x vo ngun nc, lng d tr oxy ha tan trong nc ngun s gim i do oxy c tiu th cho qu trnh oxy ha cc sn phm du, lm cn tr qu trnh lm thong mt nc. - Khi hm lng du trong nc cao hn 0,2 mg/l, nc c mi hi khng dng c cho cc mc ch sinh hot (tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh trong ngun nc mt dng cp nc khng c du). - nhim du giu lu hunh cn c th gy cht c nu hm lng Na2S trong nc t n 3 : 4 mg/l. Mt s loi c nhy cm c th b cht khi hm lng Na2S nh hn 1 mg/l. - Ngoi ra, du trong nc cn c kh nng chuyn ha thnh cc ho cht c loi khc i vi con ngi v thy sinh nh phenol, cc dn xut clo ca phenol. Tiu chun phenol cho ngun cp nc sinh hot l 0.001 mg/l, ngng chu ng ca c l 10 - 4 mg/L. Kinh nghim nhiu nc trn th gii cho thy nhim ngun nc do du v cc sn phm phn hy ca du c th gy tn tht ln cho ngnh cp nc, thy sn, nng nghip, du lch v cc ngnh kinh t quc dn khc. Ngoi cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng nc mt nh nu, du trn hoc du ri vi t khu kho xng cng s c kh nng ngm vo t hoc b cun theo nc ma vo cc tng nc ngm v t kh nng gy nh hng n cht lng nc ngm c s hin din ca du, nc s c mi hi khng th dng cho mc ch n ung sinh hot.

3. CNG NGH X L NC THI NHIM DU 3.1. c trng ca nc thi nhim du: Nc thi nhim du cha thnh phn chnh l du khong, ngoi ra cn c rc, cn lng, t stChng pht sinh ch yu t cc qu trnh sau: sc ra, lm mt bn cha, v sinh my mc, thit b, ri vi xng du xung ngun nc, xy ra s cNu khng c bin php x l s gy n n tnh trng nhim nghim trng cho mi trng nh lm hy hoi h sinh thi ng thc vt, v gy nh hng trc tip n i sng ca con ngi. Nng nhim c trng ca nc thi nhim du th hin c th bng sau. Bng cht lng nc thi nhim du

3.2. MT S CNG NGH X L NC THI NHIM DU: 3.2.1 QUY TRNH PH BIN :

*THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH: Nc nhim du theo h thng thu gom chy vo b iu ha. Ti y, lp du th trn mt nc c thit b vt tch du loi ra khi nc v c a ti b cha du. Nc thi sau khi tch du c bm ln b phn ng. Ha cht keo t v ha cht hiu chnh mi trng c chm vo b vi liu lng nht nh v c kim sot cht ch bng my pH. Di tc dng ca h thng cnh khuy vi tc ln c lp t trong b, ha cht keo t v ha cht hiu chnh mi trng c ha trn nhanh v u vo trong nc thi. Trong iu kin mi trng thun li cho qu trnh keo t, ha cht keo t v cc cht nhim trong nc thi tip xc, tng tc vi nhau, hnh thnh cc bng cn nh li ti trn khp din tch v th tch b. Hn hp nc thi ny t chy qua b keo t to bng. Ti b keo t to bng, ha cht tr keo t c chm vo b vi liu lng nht nh. Di tc dng ca ha cht ny v h thng motor cnh khuy vi tc chm, cc bng cn li ti t b phn ng s chuyn ng, va chm, dnh kt v hnh thnh nn nhng bng cn ti b keo t to bng c kch thc v khi lng ln gp nhiu ln cc bng cn ban u, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh lng b tch du th ci tin. Hn hp nc v bng cn hu dng t chy sang b tch du th ci tin. B tch du th ci tin c thit k vi nhng tm vch nghing loi b nhng thnh phn cn th, ng thi to iu kin thun li cc ht du ni ln trn mt nc. Du ny c loi khi nc thi bng thit b tch du t ng. Phn cn du th ny cng c dn v b cha du. Phn cn lng xung y b c bm v b cha bn. Nc sau b tch du th ci tin t chy vo b trung gian. y l ni trung chuyn nc gia b tch du th ci tin v cng trnh x l du. cn bc 2: b lc p lc v b nano dng kh. Phn ln du th, cht rn l lng, BOD, COD. . c loi khi nc thi sau khi qua b iu ha, b phn ng, b keo t to bng, b tch du th ci tin. Phn cn li c x l ti b lc p lc v b nano dng kh. Nc c bm t b trung gian qua lp vt liu lc ca b lc p lc. Cn l lng c gi li trn lp vt liu lc, nc i ra khi b lc p lc i vo b nano dng kh tch phn du v cn cn st li trong nc thi. Vi sinh c loi ra khi nc ti b ny. y l cng ngh kh trng khng dng ha cht. Nc sau khi qua b nano t quy chun x thi theo quy nh ca php lut.

Bn cn t b iu ha v b tch du th ci tin c a v b cha bn v c cc c quan chc nng thu gom v x l nh k.

Mt h thng x l nc thi nhim du dt tiu chun.

3.2.2 GII PHP CA SOS MI TRNG X l ti ch bng vi lc du SOS-1: Vi lc du SOS-1 c sn xut t 100% soi ti ch ca ngnh cng nghip dt vi c tnh c o: Vi c kh nng lc sch du k c vng du rt mng ln trong nc thi bt k nc ngt hay nc mn vi lu tc ln. Kh nng lc du khng h b nh hng ngay khi vi ngp trong nc, du b ht vo s y nc ra khi si vi v chim ch.

SOS-1 c kh nng ht lng du gp 20 ln trng lng bn thn, cao hn so vi vt liu thm du ph bin bng polypropylene v vt xa loi vt liu ny c tnh c th cho ncchy qua vi lun tc ln. Sn phm ny mang li hiu qu kinh t cao do vi s dng c nhiu ln. Vi lc du SOS-1 s dng rt n gin: Cho nc nhim du chy qua vi. Vi lc du c s dng vi nhiu kiu cch hnh dng khc nhau: Dng ti lc bt vo u ng ra ca vi bm nc thi; Dng ti lc hnh tr hoc lp phng trm bn ngoi khung kim loi vi kch thc va lt vo gia cc vch ngn y tu ni t bm ht (Bm ht t bn trong khung. Khi bm hot ng, nc nhim du chy qua vi lc, du b vi gi li. Nc bm ra ngoi khng cn du). Dng th ni t do trong khoang nc y tu. Khi vi ngm no du, tch du ra bng phng php c hc (vt ly tm, p...), lm sch bng cch git thng thng v s dng li. Vi c kh nng lc sch vng du trong 4 ln u s dng, sau s dng nh vt liu thm du th ni trong nc y tu.

Sau thi gian di s dng v chu tc ng bi vic vt tch git gi, vi tr nn rch nt c th hy bng cch t cho nhit lng cao vi lng tro di 1%. Vi khng t b hng mc khi ngm trong nc m ch c th tiu hy bng cch t. Di y l kt qu phn tch mu nc thi nhim du ti Cng ty K thut my bay Ni Bi trc v sau khi lc bi vi lc du SOS-l.(Bng 1) Ti lc c th lc sch vng du trong 4 ln u. Sau 4 ln lc, vi vn c th s dng nh cht thm du th trong nc y tu gip lm gim lng du trong nc thi xung di 0.2kg/ngy. Nh vy, chi ph x l nc nhim du cho 1 tu/thuyn loi va v nh cha ti 6.000 ng/ngy, hoc 180.000 ng/thng. Vic t chc thu gom x l ti lc du cho cc tu thuyn nn thc hin qua mt n v dch v khi cc tu cp bn. Thay ti lc rt n gin, ch tu cng c th t thay, cho ti ngm no du vo bao ni lng kn ri giao cho n v dch v khi tu v b. Mi ln giao nhn lm sch, ti lc du c

bm 1 l. Khi nhn ti c ti 4 l bm th khng tip tc s dng lc na m ch th trong khoang nc thi ht du.

3.2.3 X L NC THI CHA DU BNG CNG NGH TUYN NI: Phng php tuyn ni da trn nguyn tc: cc phn t phn tn trong nc c kh nng t lng km, nhng c kh nng kt dnh vo cc bt kh ni ln trn b mt nc. Sau ngi ta tch bt kh cng cc phn t dnh ra khi nc. Thc cht y l qu trnh tch bt hay lm c bt. Ngoi ra, qu trnh ny cn tch cc cht ha tan nh cc hot ng b mt. Trong cng nghip, tuyn ni c p dng x l cht khong, ti sinh nguyn liu t nc ra, lm sch nc thi, x l bn v thu hi khong sn qu. Trong x l nc cp, qu trnh tuyn ni c kt hp vi qu trnh keo t to bng, c bit l i vi cht mn v to sau qu trnh keo t to bng c tch ra khi nc bng tuyn ni. Phng php ny c thc hin nh thi khng kh thnh bt nh vo trong nc thi. Cc bt kh dnh cc ht l lng lng km v ni ln trn mt nc. Khi ni ln cc bt kh tp hp thnh bng ht ln, ri to thnh mt lp bt cha nhiu ht bn. Tuyn ni bt nhm tch cc ht l lng khng tan v mt s cht keo hoc ha tan ra khi pha lng. K thut ny c th dng cho x l nc thi th v nhiu lnh vc cng nghip nh: ch bin du bo, dt thuc da, lc ha du, Ngoi ra, tuyn ni ion v phn t l mt phng php mi tch cc cht tan ra khi nc, c s dng trong nhng nm gn y . Hiu sut ca phng php tuyn ni ph thuc vo kch thc v s lng bong bng kh, kch thc cc tp cht trong nc thi. Do du tn ti nhiu dng nh, nn nu ch dng qu trnh lng t, th

ngay c khi qu trnh lng ko di, vic x l nc thi cha du cng khng m bo. V th, cc nh khoa hc thuc Vin Ha hc cng nghip (B Cng nghip), ng u l tin s Trn Quang Chc nghin cu v tm ra cng ngh tuyn ni x l loi nc thi ny. ng dng kt qu nghin cu vo thc t, x l nc thi cha du ti X nghip u my H-Lo, Yn Bi: Nc thi cha du, c thi ra t cc qu trnh khai thc, ch bin du kh; t cc nh my ho du; nh my sa u my xe la, t ...vv, ng dng kt qu nghin cu vo thc t, x nghip xy dng mt h thng x l nc thi cha du cho ngnh ng st, t ti x nghip u my H-Lo, Yn Bi. Trong nc thi cha du, lun lun c mt phn du ng k (n 1 -3 g/l), nm trng thi nh; phn cn li l nhng ht du ln, v cc cu t nng (mazt; nha ng; ..) c th ni ln hay chm xung di y. Cc nh du bo ton trng thi huyn ph ca n rt vng bn, c bit khi nng du thp (khng vt qu 1.000mg/l), hoc khi khng c cc cht hot ng b mt hay bt khong nh, cn tr s hp nht ca cc ht nh du. V vy, qu trnh tch du ra kh nc thi gp nhiu kh khn. Nu ch dng qu trnh lng t, ngay c khi s lng ko di, vic x l nc thi cha du cng khng m bo. V th, trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu nc s dng cng ngh tuyn ni x l nc thi cha du, x l nc thi cha du ti x nghip u my H-Lo, Yn Bi, x nghip cng theo hng ny. Nc thi ti x nghip u my H -Lo, Yn Bi l mt h thng phc tp nhiu thnh phn, gm ba pha: cht rn l lng (pha rn); nc cha du (pha lng); khng kh ho tan (pha kh). Trn c s cc nghin cu v thc nghim thc hin, x nghip chn "Tuyn ni p lc" x l loi nc thi ny. Trong thc t s l nc thi hoc lm sch cc cht lng bng tuyn ni, xut hin nhiu phng php khc nhau du hiu ny cng nh du hiu kia (tuyn ni vi s tch khng kh t dung dch; tuyn ni vi vic cho thng kh qua vt liu xp; tuyn ni vi s phn tn khng kh bng c kh; tuyn ni ho hc; tuyn ni sinh hc; tuyn ni ion; tuyn ni bng phng php tch phn on bt; tuyn ni bng phng php tch phn on bt ri phn hu bc x; ... vv), v vy vic la chn phng php cng gia vai tr quan trng. Trong mt vi trng hp, ch cn mt qu trnh tuyn ni cng thc hin c vic s l nc; nhng trong trng hp ny, ngoi qu trnh tuyn ni ta cn x dng thm cc qu trnh x l nc khc v h thng x l nc thi ti x nghip u my H-Lo, Yn Bi bao gm cc giai on sau: - To dung dch qu bo ho khng kh. - Gim p sut dung dch qu bo ho cc bt kh tch ra khi dung dch v lm ni cht bn. - Kt dnh bt kh c mang theo cht bn. - Lm cho bt bn v th hn.

- Tch lp bt bn v cn ra khi nuc trong b tuyn ni. Sau khi cng trnh hon thnh, lm gim hm lng du, m, khong trong nc thi t 120-150 mg/lt xung cn 0,8 mg/l . T thc t nay, x nghip a ra iu kin b xung thm v kim tra li cc gi thit, kt lun rt ra t nghin cu l lun, l: - tuyn ni phi to ra mt mi trng thch hp c v mt ln pH ca nc thi. - Phi to ra trong khi nc thi mt pha khc, l pha kh (khng kh); mun th phi thi khng kh vo v lm cho khng kh c mc phn tn cao. - To ra kh nng tip xc v va chm gia cc ht khong vt (du/cht rn l lng) bm cht ln ranh gii phn chia pha nc khng kh (khong ho cc bng kh). - Trong mt vi loi nc thi cn dng thuc tuyn ni lm cho b mt ht khong vt (du/cht rn l lng) cn ni tr thnh "s nc" v ci to b mt ht khong vt (du/cht rn l lng) khng cn lm ni tr thnh "ho nc". *Thi gian tuyn ni. Ngoi cc iu kin v: kch thc bt, p sut khng kh, lu lng khng kh, mc nc trong thit b tuyn ni, hiu qu tuyn ni cn ph thuc vo thi gian tuyn ni. Theo s liu thc nghim, kch thc bt 4-20 mm, p sut khng kh 2-5 ata; lu lng khng kh 40-70 m3/m2h; mc nc trong bung tuyn ni 1 ,5-2.0 m, thi gian tuyn ni phi t 20-30 pht. Phng php tuyn ni v ang gi vai tr quan trong trong vic x l nc thi nhm chng nhim mi trng v m bo an ton cho ngun nc.

B tuyn ni

3.2.4 X L NC NHIM DU BNG CNG NGH SINH HC ng dng cng ngh sinh hc vo k thut mi trng v ang l mt hng nghin cu rt c quan tm pht trin v ngy cng c nhiu ng dng thit thc vi u im hng u l thn thin vi mi trng. Chng hn nh Kho K99 (Cc Xng du, Tng cc Hu cn) l kho u ngun tr lng ln, lu lng tip nhn, cp pht hng trm tn xng, du, m cc loi mi nm. Bn cnh , kho cn t chc pha ch xng A80 cp pht cho cc n v ton qun. S lng xng, du, m lun chuyn ln nn nc thi nhim du ng k cn phi x l an ton bo m mi trng kho v khu vc xung quanh. T nm 2001, cng vi vic xy dng c bn, Kho K99 c u t ng b h thng cng ngh x l cht thi nhim du t tiu chun theo quy nh, bao gm h thng b cha, chuyn ti, b lng lc v b x l sinh hc. Ton h thng gm 7 b, thit b bm ht, no vt nhuyn th lng li sau lc. Cng ngh x l nc nhim du v h thng do Vin Khoa hc cng ngh sinh hc (B Khoa hc-Cng ngh) thit k, p dng cng ngh x l bng vi sinh a vo hot ng t nm 2002. Quy trnh x l gm: Bm nc t b thu vng ln thp, lng 24 gi; sau m van cho nc xung cc b t 1 n 4, khi nc vo y cc b, cch mt t 15cm n 20cm ng van x; cho ch phm sinh hc dng vin vo cc b cha, ngm x l t 7 n 10 ngy. Sau chuyn ti nc x l ln mt qua cc b cn li vi mc nc y 0,9m, tip tc rc cc ch phm sinh hc x l. Tip , s dng cc thit b khuy, sc kh tin hnh ti cc b, thi gian sc lin tc 36 gi, c 6 gi ngh khong 30 pht. Sau 24 gi tip tc b sung vo cc b cc ch phm sinh hc. Kt thc qu trnh sc kh, m van x nc ra b x l sinh hc ln cui; nc sau x l t cc thng s theo tiu chun quy nh ca B Khoa hc-Cng ngh, c th a ra mi trng xung quanh. Sau hn 5 nm vn hnh, h thng x l nc thi nhim du ca kho hot ng n nh. Vic p dng cng ngh sinh hc x l trit nc thi nhim du gp phn gip Kho K99 gim mc nhim mi trng, bo m an ton v sinh lao ng v sc khe cho b i v nhn dn.

B x l sinh hc trong h thng cng ngh x l.

KT LUN

Trn y chng em trnh by mt s phng php x l ph bin v t kt qu rt kh quan. Tm li, nc thi nhim du ngy cng chim s lng ln trong cc ngun nc thi v nu thi ra ngoi mi trng khng qua x l th s gy ra nhiu hu qu nghim trng i vi thin nhin cng nh con ngi. C rt nhiu phng php x l nc thi nhim du nh dng ha cht keo t, tuyn ni, vi lc du hay ng dng cng ngh sinh hc v.v... Tuy nhi n, d x l bng phng php no cng khng th x l trit ngun nc thi nhim du, cng nh khng th thu gom ht lng nc thi ny v mt lng ln c thi ra tc ng rt xu n mi trng ca chng ta khng nhng hin ti m s cn nhiu nh hng khng th lng ht trong tng lai. Do vy, thc v trch nhim ca con ngi l trn ht, trong cc hot ng khai thc, sn xut kinh doanh cn tun th cc quy nh v mi trng, khng v chy ua theo li nhun m nh ri chun mc o c con ngi. Bn cnh , chng ta cn coi trng, lm tt cng tc qun l mi trng, hn ch n mc thp nht c th ngun nc thi nhim du bo v mi trng sng ti p m to ha ban tng cho chng ta, vn v ang b e da nghim trng. i din nhm SV thc hin: Phm Thanh Qunh.

T LIU THAM KHO

1. 2. 3. 4.

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