The Use of ICT in Research

Burairah Hussin

1.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES This module is aimed to researchers across all disciplines. At the end of this chapter, researchers should be able to: 1) Understand the process and skills needed to successfully locate, access, and evaluate the information they need while doing research. 2) Identify tools that are relevant with research works.

2.0 INTRODUCTION It is well known that research methods have not changed much since the beginning until today. But consciously or not, information technology has and will change the research process. New information and communications technology landscape arising from the existence of new media like Cloud Computing and Web 2.0 technologies together with their applications will bring a big change to the world of research. For example, researchers are able to easily obtain information, connect with other researchers in various fields and publish their own articles within a short period of time. This quick research dissemination and other research activities that cannot be done in the past are seem simple these days. Thus, the ability to master the ICT skills related to the process of doing research is crucial for all researchers.

2.1

Who is a Researcher?

A researcher is someone who performs research, the search for knowledge or in general any systematic investigation to establish facts. industrial, government, or private institutions. Researchers can work in academic, Example of researcher are scientist,

postdoctoral researcher, research assistant, research associate, research supervisor, 1

research student. Each of these does have their own task and responsibility in their research work.

2.2

Reasons for Doing Research

There are many reasons why we do the research. Such reasons are:
Table 2.21 Reasons for doing research

Chris Freeman and Peter Tyrer, Royal College of Psychiatrists, Research Methods in Psychiatry, 3rd Edition

Knowing your motivation of doing research is important to lead you to the interesting result of the research.

2.3

Information Communication Technology (ICT)

Generally, ICT consists of hardware, software, networks, and media for collection, storage, processing, transmission, and presentation of information (voice, data, text, images).

However, Toomey (2001) gives the most comprehensive definition as generally relates to those technologies that are used for accessing, gathering, manipulating and presenting or communicating information. The technologies could include hardware (e.g. computers and other devices); software applications; and connectivity (e.g. Access to the Internet, local networking infrastructure, video conferencing). What is most significant about ICT is the increasing convergence of computer-based, multimedia and communications technologies and the rapid rate of change that characterizes both the technologies and their use.

A similar argument is also presented by (RRSG, 2002) that accessing the internet makes large demands on individuals literacy skills, however little is known about how to analyze or teach those skills. Thus, the challenges to the researchers is they should be confident, creative and be a productive users of new technologies, particularly information and communication technologies, and that they should understand the impact of those technologies on research, Margaret (2005). 2.4 Factors Affecting the Use of ICT for Research

Increasing networking and interoperability of information formats and access to the internet, will make collaboration between researcher become feasible and archiving of abundance of scientific information and data, (Atkins et al , 2003). The internet and the web were invented to support the work of researchers by enabling a) The rapid communication of ideas b) Sharing of resources c) Remote access to data.

2.5

ICT Challenges

Luecke and Katz (2003) stated clearly that "Innovation is generally understood as the successful introduction of a new thing or method . . . Innovation is the embodiment, combination, or synthesis of knowledge in original, relevant, valued new products, processes, or services. 3

Thus, the innovation in ICT is the emerging of new concepts and tools such as: a) Web 2.0 Technology Web 2.0 is the term used to describe a variety of web sites and applications that allow anyone to create and share online information or material they have created. A key element of the technology is that it allows people to create, share, collaborate & communicate. Web 2.0 differs from other types of websites as it does not require any web design or publishing skills to participate, making it easy for people to create and publish or communicate their work to the world. There are a number of different types of web 2.0 applications including wikis, blogs, social networking, folksonomies, podcasting & content hosting services. Many of the most popular websites are Web 2.0 sites such as Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, Flickr. Source: www.unimelb.edu.au/copyright- Wikis, Blogs & Web 2.0 technology

b) Open Source Generally, open source refers to a program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design. Open source code is typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve upon the code and share the changes within the community. Open source sprouted in the technological community as a response to proprietary software owned by corporations.

c) Open System Open systems are computer systems that provide some combination of interoperability, portability, and open software standards. It can also refer to specific installations that are configured to allow unrestricted access by people and/or other computers.

d) Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. ( NIST
Special Publication 800-145)

CC: Characteristics CC Storage & Share Universal Accessibility Collaborative Interaction

What does it means Data stored in the Cloud Data follows you & your devices Data accessible anywhere Data can be shared with others

2.6

New Theoretical Frameworks in ICT a) Open Access Open access (OA) is the practice of providing unrestricted access via the Internet to peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles. OA helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their institution does not subscribe to. One of the great beneficiaries of open access probably user may access the most recent journals. Lawrence (2001) stated that online articles are more highly cited because of easier availability.

2.7

The Challenge to Use ICT Tools in Research

ICT can be used to improve the quality of academic publications, (Camussone, 2010) technological improvements due to the innovation of ICT. It should differ from the conventional way of doing research. Thus, ICT implementation in this view should affect the structure of the university and the process to attain research output. The growing usage of the Internet, Web 2.0 applications, and the diffusion of open and collaborative paradigms, is raising concerns on the traditional model of producing, evaluating and disseminating science/academic knowledge.

3.0 ICT SKILLS NEEDED BY RESEARCHER Understand the research process, while doing the research is crucial to any researcher. However, understanding the use of suitable ICT tools in each of these processes is far more important as shown in Figure 3.1 below.

Figure 3.1: Research Framework : Process Diagram and ICT Tools

Hence, each researcher needs to equip themselves with ICT skill in: a) Accessing and exploring knowledge b) Managing research materials c) Structuring/Sensitizing research materials d) Communicating and collaboration e) Academic Writing f) Knowledge disseminating g) Statistical Analysis Software h) Presenting result i) Other related tools

3.1

Accessing and Exploring Knowledge

Nowadays, by the merging of the internet and the advancement of information technology, information can be accessed at any time anywhere. John Allan Paulos quotes internet as the world's largest library. It's just that all the books are on the floor Thus, it's up to the researcher to find and rearrange the content to fit with their needs. Research materials either in the form of paper proceeding, journal and books is uploaded continuously on the internet. This should give an advantage to a researcher to get the most current information about their research. The internet tool will help researcher customize the information that suited to their needs. This tool always refers to the search engines and alert mechanism while accessing and exploring the information. 3.1.1 Search Engines A good researcher should know the characteristics and the ability of the search engine used for finding their research materials. Below is several tips use to understand the search engine in a better way. i. Using the search engine, it tells us about the information sources where to locate the research materials. ii. Type of materials will tell us the extensions of the downloaded document. This gives the idea about the reader/player of such document extensions such as pdf, doc, ps and others. The example below shows the readers for each extension: a) pdf --> Adobe Acrobat b) doc --> Microsoft Word c) ps --> Ghostview iii. Types of retrieved documents will tell either the documents are free from open access, subscription based or for references only.

iv.

Topology of materials will gives us an idea about the downloaded document for further reference notations. The possible references could come from book, patent, thesis, dissertation, journal articles or conference proceeding.

v.

The significance of the materials is also provided by the search engines. The best example in this case is shown by the number of the cited document for the materials.

Therefore, to search the research materials as stated above, researcher need to be familiar with the academic search engines. Below in Table 3-1 are the selected academic search engines with their address:
Table 3-1 Web Address of Academic Search Engines Academic Search Engines Google Scholar (Google) Scirus (Elsevier) Academic (Microsoft) Network Digital Library for Thesis and Dissertation Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ) Cornell University Library Scopus Database A Researcher Story Web Address scholar.google.com www.scirus.com http://academic.research.microsoft.com http://www.ndltd.org/serviceproviders/ http://www.doaj.org http://www.arxiv.org www. scopus.com http://www.academicjoy.net/

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

3.1.2 How to Search Well Each researcher needs to know exactly, what kind of information they want to search. Below are the tips how they could do that. a) Please use the right keyword. Probably you might use different keyword with similar meanings. b) Know how to narrow or expand your search c) How to focus when you get too many results Figure 3.2 shows the main page of Google Scholar once you entered the website.

Figure 3.2 Main page of Google Scholar

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Google Scholar scholar.google.com Expected Learning Hours: 4 hours

The researchers can continue their search with Google Scholar by using the following tips: a) enter search keywords by priority example: condition, monitoring, condition monitoring b) only ten search terms allowed, while the rest will be ignored c) general words like 'a', 'to', 'for', 'the' and others will be ignored d) use the + operator that the resulting results include the word example: condition monitoring +maintenance e) use the - operators so as to make the search results do not include the word example: condition monitoring -maintenance f) use the phrase '' aims to search two keywords simultaneously example: ''condition monitoring g) use the OR operator aims to discover either one of the keyword in the search example: condition OR monitoring h) use the AND operator aims to find two keywords in the title simultaneously example: condition AND monitoring i) use the operator intitle: aims to search in a website which contains specific keywords condition monitoring example: intitle:condition monitoring

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j) use the operator filetype:ppt aims to find only files with "ppt" extension. Else such as doc, xls, pdf and etc. example: condition monitoring filetype:ppt k) use operator author: aims to search the author named burairah example author:burairah l) use custom range to find article publish in any predefined year example Since 2013, Since 2012 or Custom Range

3.1.3 Patent Search Other approach to get idea about the research is looking at the previous intellect property information. This will give researcher an insight about what is going on in a particular area especially while producing product. For that purpose, here is several address, the research can start with: Organizations Address

1. Patent Cooperation Treaty http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/search-adv.jsp Application (PCT) 2. United States Patent and http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html Trademark Office (USPTO) http://ep.espacenet.com/ 3. European Patent Office (EPO) 4. Intellectual Property Office of http://www.surfip.gov.sg/ Singapore http://www.patsnap.com/ 5. PatSnap Technologies 6. Perbadanan Malaysia Harta Interlek http://www.myipo.gov.my/

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Google Scholar

http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html

Expected Learning Hours: 4 hours

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3.1.4 Use Alert Mechanism Alerts mechanism is a content change detection and notification service, offered by search engine (provided by Google Scholar, Scopus, etc.) that automatically notifies users when new contents matches a set of search terms selected by the user and stored by the alert service (as shown in Figure 3.3). through email. Normally, the notifications are sent

Figure 3.3 Alerts mechanism icon in Google Scholar

The process 1. Find the keyword 2. Click to alert function 3. Enter your email The alert will send to our email automatically if they found that keyword in the new inserted materials in the database. Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Alert Google Scholar Expected Learning Hours: 1 hours

3.2

Managing Research Materials

Research materials as gathered during the literature review process must be managed properly. Before this, many researchers are using conventional way such as the file system, to manage the reference materials. This is an additional task for researchers to do so because: a. Literature materials are huge and extensive

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b. Researchers need to do a synthesis of all the information prior to taking as reference c. Researchers will cite research literature when writing academic publications

3.2.1 How Many Materials for Research? Research materials should cover the depth and breadth of the information needed in the research. The question, how much should researcher read while conducting the research is a bit abstract. In Table 3-2, an illustrate amount of reading materials is provided to determine the minimum number of reading material to be read carefully by researchers.
Table 3-2 Illustrate research amount of reading materials for research student Level Average Duration Time to make a review of the literature (proposal defends) Average read articles/week Expectations must-read article Expectations article should be read in (before proposal defend) Doctor of Philosophy 48 months (4 years) 12 months 1 48x4 =192 192/(12x4) = 4 articles/week ** Master of Research 24 months (2 years) 6 months 1 96 96/(6x4) = 4 articles/week **

** This is the minimum expectation to expect from the research candidate. Therefore, it is very important to manage the research materials. Conventional

methods may be used, but if the researchers able to use the intended reference management software application (as shown below), it will not only help researchers save time and effort, but most importantly, it helps the researcher during the writing phase of scientific documents. There are many software applications that can help manage the researchers materials. What is important, every researcher should have at least one of the software and have the knowledge to use it. Table 3-2 shows that there is some software that can be used by researchers.

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Table 3-2: References Management Software Reference Management Software i) ii) iii) iv) v) Mendeley Endnote Zotero Refworks Papers Address www.mendeley.com www.endnote.com www.zotero.org www.refworks.com www.papersapp.com

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Mendeley www.mendeley.com

Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

3.3

Structuring/Sensitizing Research Materials

Once you have identified a topic that looks feasible, make sure you are aware of all of the literature in the particular area. Generally, literature is so huge and extensive, thus to organize the conceptual idea, there are many ICT tools that can be used. One of them is using mindmap tools such as Mindminster, MindMaple or etc. This tool will give researchers the insight about the literature arrangement regarding their research topic.

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use MindMaple Lite www.mindmaple.com

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Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

3.4

Communicating and Collaboration

Virtual Research Environment (VRE) is an online tool to facilitate or enhance the research process. A VRE can aid with collaboration and communication amongst members of a research group. The researcher could have a discussion and collaboration group of similar research interest. Thus, in this group researchers are able to communicate and sharing ideas about their work. An example of communication and collaboration tools in VRE useful for research is Researchgate. Hands-on: For practical sessions, use ResearchGate www.researchgate.net

Expected Learning Hours: 2 hours

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3.5

Academic Writing

The researcher is requested to produce an outcome of the research in a form of writings. They should be able to write and publish their research output. The publication output could be: a. Journal b. Book c. Book Section d. Monograph e. Conference or Workshop Item -> Proceeding f. Thesis

There many word processor available to help the researcher to for writing purpose. Bear in mind that the tools is just your aids your writing, thus you need to explore the software. Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Microsoft Office: Word

Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

3.6

Knowledge Disseminating

Publishing the writing articles to disseminate the knowledge is crucial for all researchers, thus they need to carefully select the journals from a reputable publisher for their articles. One way of doing that is each researcher need to have knowledge on the bibliometric database of the reputable journals. In practice there are two bibliometric databases that usually referred in the research world namely Scopus and WoS. 16

Choosing a good journal increases the chance for the articles to be read and referred as many researchers usually refer to the top journals or proceedings. Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Scopus www.scopus.com

Expected Learning Hours: 2 hours

However, these two bibliometric database only provides the details about the reputable journals for researchers. good journal. They don't analyze it to the benefit of researchers. It is recommended to all researchers to have a one stop center or a portal references to find Scimagojr, www.scimagojr.com is identified to help researchers to carefully identify the domain area to publish the outcome of their research. Hands-on: For practical sessions, use scimagojr www.scimagojr.com

Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

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3.6.1 Journal Publication Measures Journal and articles have some indicators to tell researcher their value. There are many indicators of good journal have been developed in recent years and founded that all of these indicators are correlated closely with each other. There are a huge number of journals to choose from, and journal publication measures provide an objective measure of the overall quality of work published in that journal. Thus, as a guide for researcher, there are few measurements that can be considered and shown below. No. Publication Measures 1. Journal Impact Factor (JIF) 2. Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) 3. Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 4. Eigenfactor score (ES) and Article Influence Score (AIS) Data Source ISI Web of Science Scopus Scopus Can be found in Journal Citation Reports
required (example)

subscription

http://www.scimagojr.com/ free http://www.journalindicators.com/

free

ISI Web of Science

http://www.eigenfactor.org/ free

Example:

Generally, the higher the SJR value of a journal, the more prestigious it is considered to be. This could also apply for IF, SNIP and AIS. 18

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use scimagojr www.scimagojr.com

Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

3.6.2 Finding Good Journals Once your article is completed, the next task is to find the suitable journals. A researcher can do that by looking at the journals one to another for his/her targeted journal. However, with the auto finder for journal will gives great advantages to researcher to explore the new potential journal for publication. What the researcher needs to do is enter the abstract of their article and let the finder engines do the job. Hands-on: For practical sessions, use http://journalfinder.ersevier.com Expected Learning Hours: 1 hours

3.6.3 Findings Good Conferences The conference is the place where the researcher and other scholar meets to disseminate the research work and find network among them. Please avoid the bogus conferences. An example of good conferences is provided with their address sites in Table 3-3 below:
Table 3-3: Conferences List and their http addresses

http addresses a. Conference ranking by the http://core.edu.au/index.php/categories/conference% Australian CORE 20rankings

(COmputing Research and

Good Conferences

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Education)

b. IEEE Calendar c. ACM Calendar

Conference http://www.computer.org/portal/web/conferences/ho me Conference http://www.acm.org/conferences

d. Academic Research e. Alberta University

http://academic.research.microsoft.com/ http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~zaiane/htmldocs/Conf Ranking.html

3.6.4 Citation Index and h-index The researcher needs to have a knowledge related to general academic publication issues such as Citation index and h-index. 3.6.4.1 Citation Index A citation index in the bibliometric database refers to an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite in the earlier documents. Major citation indexing services included:

SciVerse Scopus, owned by Elsevier and available online by subscription ISI Web of Knowledge anchored by Thomson Scientific and available online by subscription Google Scholar powered by Google and freely available online

Example:

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Citation index is generally considered to be a useful indication of a papers impact and value to the wider scientific research community. Hands-on: For practical sessions, use http://scholar.google.com http://www.scopus.com Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

3.6.4.2 h-index The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the productivity and impact of the published work of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications.

3.6.5 Where are you in Academic World? The citation indexes and the h-index of an author is automatically calculated by the bibliometric database below. The address is shown as in Table 3-4 below:

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Table 3-4 Examples of bibliometric databases having the calculated citation index and h-index No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name Scopus ISI Google Scholar Publish or perish Academic Research Address http://www.scopus.com http://thompsonreuters.com http://scholar.google.com http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm http://academic.research.microsoft.com Remarks Subscribe Subscribe Free Download and install Publish or Perish in your computer (free) Free

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use http://scholar.google.com http://www.scopus.com Expected Learning Hours: 1 hours 3.7 Presenting Result

Presenting your result is important for the researcher especially during conference presentations. The usage of presentation tools such as PowerPoint or prezi will help to convince the audience about the result. 22

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Powepoint Presentation Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

Similarly, statistical software to present the numerical result in terms of paper publication is also important. Hence the ability to use the statistical software is expected to all researchers. 3.7.1 Statistical Data Analysis There are few types of software that might help researcher to analyze data and the popular software such as SPSS, Matlab, R, Atlas. ti and NVivo. a) SPSS With SPSS predictive analytics software, researchers can predict with confidence what will happen next so that they can make smarter decisions, solve problems and improve outcomes.

www.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss www.spss.co.in (subscribe)

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Statistical Analysis with SPSS Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

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b) Matlab MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, researcher can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math functions enable them to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java.

www.mathworks.com (subscribe)

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Introduction to Mathlab Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

c) R R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues. R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modelling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering) and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible.

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http://www.r-project.org (free)

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Introduction to R Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

d) Atlas.ti ATLAS.ti helps you to uncover the complex phenomena hidden in your data. ATLAS.ti offers a powerful and intuitive work environment designed to help researchers uncover and systematically analyze complex phenomena hidden in unstructured data (text, multimedia, geospatial). The program provides tools that let the user locate, code, and annotate findings in primary data material, to weigh and evaluate their importance, and to visualize the often complex relations between them. ATLAS.ti consolidates large volumes of documents and keeps track of all notes, annotations, codes and memos in all fields that require close study and analysis of primary material consisting of text, images, audio, video, and geo data. interpretative views on the material. In addition, it provides analytical and visualization tools designed to open new

www.atlasti.com (subscribe)

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Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Introduction to Atlas.Ti Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

e) NVivo NVivo is software that supports qualitative and mixed methods research. It lets user collect, organize and analyze content from interviews, focus group discussions, surveys, audio and social media data, YouTube videos and web pages. With NVivo, user can deeply analyze the data using powerful search, query and visualization tools. Uncover subtle connections, add user insights and ideas as they work, rigorously justify findings, and effortlessly share the work.

http://www.qsrinternational.com/products_nvivo. aspx (subscribe)

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Introduction to Nvivo Expected Learning Hours: 6 hours

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3.8

Other Related Tools

3.8.1 Tools for Plagiarism Check Plagiarism is considered unacceptable element in the academic world. It will be widely reported in the world of academia as the consequences of plagiarism. Since the publishing is an integral part of a prestigious academic career, an academic career can be ruined with plagiarism allegations. Losing the ability to publish is most likely means the end of an academic position and a destroyed reputation. There are a few tools that might help to check our research in order to avoid plagiarism as shown in Table 3-5.
Table 3-5 Few tools for plagiarism checker No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Name Turnitin Viper The Plagiarism Checker Plagiarisma Address www.turnitin.com www.scanmyessay.com http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker http://plagiarisma.net/ Remarks Subscribe Free Subscribe Free

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use www.turitin.com Expected Learning Hours: 2 hours

3.8.2 Tools for Save and Locate Your Files In order to ensure that our files in secure and able to open anywhere, we may save it using the Internet accessible application such as Dropbox, SugarSync and SkyDrive. The mentioned application is a free service that lets us bring our documents anywhere and share them easily.

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a) Dropbox

www.dropbox.com (free)

b) SugarSync

https://www.sugarsync.com (free)

c) SkyDrive

https://skydrive.live.com (free)

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use How to set Dropbox account www.dropbox.com Expected Learning Hours: 2 hours

3.8.3 Tools for English Grammar Checker While writing the thesis or article, researcher could check their English grammar using an application such as: 28

a) WhiteSmoke

www.whitesmoke.com (free/subscribe)

b) Ginger

http://www.gingersoftware.com (free)

Hands-on: For practical sessions, use Ginger Installation Expected Learning Hours: 2 hours

4.0 Conclusion Start from the beginning, the researcher is emphasized to use ICT in their research work. The softwares given during the discussion above is only a tip on ICT usage that can be implemented as an aid in their research process. It is hoped that, the researcher will explore more tool and share with the others.

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The African Story When a gazelle wakes up in the morning, it knows that it has to run fast, fas ter than the lion or else it will not survive the day. When the lion wakes up, it too knows that it must run faster, faster than the weakest gazelle or else it will starve and die. It doesnt matter if you are a lion or a gazelle. When the sun comes up, you better be running

References 1. L, Margaret (2005), Towards a definition of the integration of ICT in the classroom. In AARE 2005, AARE, Eds. Proceedings AARE '05 Education Research -Creative Dissent: Constructive Solutions, Parramatta, New South Wales. 2. Toomey, R. (2001). Schooling Issues Digest No 2: Information and Communication Technology for Teaching and Learning. 3. RAND Reading Study Group, RRSG, ( 2002), Reading for Understanding: Toward an R&D Program in Reading Comprehension, CA. 4. Atkins, D., E, Droegemeier, K. K., Garcia-Molina, H., Lein, M. L., Masserschmitt, D. G., Messina, P, (2003). National science foundation blue-ribbon advisory panel on cyberinfrastructure, revolutionalizing science and engineering through cyber-infrastructure, National Science Foundation, USA. 5. R Luecke and R Katz, (2003), Managing Creativity and Innovation, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, p. 174 6. S. Lawrence (2001), Nature, Online or invisible, Vol 411 (6837), p. 521. 7. P. F. Camussone, Cuel, R. And Ponte, D. (2010), Internet-Based Review Models for Scientific Knowledge: A Radical Innovation, Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Knowledge Management: Universidade Lusiada de Vila Nova de Famalico, Portugal 2-3 September 2010,p.182.

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