C++ For Real Programmers

xeqq Dnpxep
C CC C++ ++ ++ ++
BHBRHOTEKA RPOFPAMMHCTA
Copepauue
!"#$%&#'(%)*+......................................................................................................................................... 9
!"#!$%$!& !'! #()*% +),)..................................................................................................................... 9

,#)*- .. //0&0(+0 + 1'#*1+2 %!3%'............................................................................................ ..
$"#/# .. 3#,04 (56(# 070 %&(# 1(+$# % )++? .................................................................... .3
*-) .++......................................................................................................................................................... /3
+(! #%'!0!% !*%! .++................................................................................................................................ /5
0-0 1!+-+2 3+4 0$!,4 ................................................................................................................................ /6
$%.0)'20) .')# ) .+!'% 5(),(-66!()#-$!& ...................................................................................... /7
$"#/# 2. )+(*#1)+) )++ ...................................................................................................................... .9
5%(%6%$$7% ! 0)$.+-$+7 ........................................................................................................................ /9
const............................................................................................................................................................ 19
!"#$%&'# ( )(*+,(-#.$(# %/0#$"'....................................................................................................... 23
)8'-.+! *%9.+#!& ! :4$0;!!.................................................................................................................. 25
1/2+."( )#3."&(4.................................................................................................................................... 25
5#6#7689$+................................................................................................................................................. 28
:()(,%.";................................................................................................................................................. 29
+!57 ! )5%(-+)(7...................................................................................................................................... 33
<%*."68$"%6'.......................................................................................................................................... 33
=#."68$"%6'............................................................................................................................................ 40
56(.&+(&+*(# ............................................................................................................................................ 41
5#6#7689$+ %>#6+"%6%&............................................................................................................................ 46
$"#/# 3. 8#!"%(9 + !03%:#)(%)*- *+:%/............................................................................ 55
1+) +-0)% <-8')$7 ! "-1%6 )$! $4=$7? ............................................................................................. 55
56%/2#,'................................................................................................................................................... 55
1/?%)*'# 6#@#*(4.................................................................................................................................... 56
A+/2%*' 8.%&#6@#*."&%&+**'# ,+$6%.'........................................................................................ 56
.!$+-0.!. <-8')$)#................................................................................................................................ 57
5+6+,#"6(9%&+**'# "(>'...................................................................................................................... 57
5+6+,#"6(9%&+**'# B8*$C((................................................................................................................. 57
5+6+,#"6(9%&+**'# B8*$C(( $2+..%& ................................................................................................... 58
5#6#)+-+ >+6+,#"6+................................................................................................................................ 58
A+/2%*' . *#.$%2;$(,( >+6+,#"6+,(.................................................................................................. 59
=%2%3 &2%D#**'# >+6+,#"6(9%&+**'# "(>'!...................................................................................... 59
E+.2#)%&+*(#............................................................................................................................................. 59
0)68!$-;!! 5().+7> ! 5-(-6%+(!")#-$$7> +!5)# ......................................................................... 59
E#/#9%>+.*'# "(>' & %"$6'"'? /+9%&'? $2+..+? .............................................................................. 60
E#/#9%>+.*'# "(>' & 9+$6'"'? /+9%&'? $2+..+?................................................................................ 60
E#/#9%>+.*'# "(>' & >#6#,#**'? $2+..+ ............................................................................................. 60
$"#/# 4. +)1";,0(+<.......................................................................................................................... 63
4
)8(-8)+0- !.0'?1%$!9 # .+-$*-(+% ANSI ........................................................................................... 63
!(*"+$.(. (*(C((6%&+*(4 (.$2F-#*(3 .................................................................................................. 63
!(*"+$.(. >#6#?&+"+ (.$2F-#*(3.......................................................................................................... 66
<%*."68$"%6' ( )#."68$"%6'............................................................................................................... 67
$%.+-$*-(+$-& )8(-8)+0- !.0'?1%$!9 ............................................................................................... 69
4.')#$7% )8)"$-1%$!&............................................................................................................................. 69

,#)*- 2. 1%)/0((90 %!'#70(+< .................................................................................................. 7.
$"#/# 5. 54(90 51#3#*0"+............................................................................................................... 73
,'457% 40-"-+%'! ...................................................................................................................................... 73
46$7% 40-"-+%'! 0-0 !*!)6-................................................................................................................. 75
1>#6+"%6 - >............................................................................................................................................. 75
5+6+,#"6(9%&+**'# 8,*'# 8$+9+"#2(................................................................................................... 75
G#6+6?(4 8,*'? 8$+9+"#2#3 .................................................................................................................... 76
H6(B,#"(-#.$(# %>#6+C(( . 8$+9+"#24,(............................................................................................. 77
:% -"% %/?%)(".4 8,*'3 8$+9+"#2;?..................................................................................................... 78
5(!6%$%$!& ................................................................................................................................................. 78
I+9',#*%&+*(# 9*+-#*(4 NULL ............................................................................................................... 78
1"2+)$+ ( "6+..(6%&$+ ........................................................................................................................... 80
<J@(6%&+*(#.............................................................................................................................................. 82
$"#/# 6. /0&57+0 51#3#*0"+ + &0)1'+:*%'9..................................................................... 85
.%6-$+!0- #%*4@!> 40-"-+%'%9............................................................................................................ 85
<%*."68(6%&+*(# ...................................................................................................................................... 86
K*(-"%D#*(#............................................................................................................................................ 87
<%>(6%&+*(#............................................................................................................................................... 87
56(.&+(&+*(#............................................................................................................................................. 88
56%"%"(> @+/2%*+ &#)8L#7% 8$+9+"#24 ............................................................................................... 89
*%.0(!5+)(7 # C++..................................................................................................................................... 90
1+) =% 5)'41-%+.&? ................................................................................................................................... 90
5%).-#" %/0#$"%& .................................................................................................................................... 90
K$+9+"#2( "%2;$% )24 -"#*(4................................................................................................................. 92
K$+9+"#2( )24 -"#*(4/9+>(.(.................................................................................................................. 92
$"#/# 7. $'#(+ + &'5$+0 45&'90 51#3#*0"+......................................................................... 93
!$+%(:%9.$7% 40-"-+%'!......................................................................................................................... 93
=8/2(6%&+*(# (*"#6B#3.+ ....................................................................................................................... 93
M+.$(6%&$+ 8$+9'&+#,%7% %/0#$"+........................................................................................................ 94
G9,#*#*(# (*"#6B#3.+ ............................................................................................................................ 96
,(-$! ............................................................................................................................................................. 96
56#%/6+9%&+*(# 8$+9'&+#,%7% %/0#$"+ & 76+*;.................................................................................... 97
<6(."+22'................................................................................................................................................. 98
:+6(+C(( *+ "#,8 76+*#3......................................................................................................................... 99
G*$+>.824C(4 8$+9'&+#,%7% %/0#$"+................................................................................................... 102
56%&#6$+ 76+*#3...................................................................................................................................... 103
1/#.>#-#*(# .%72+.%&+**%."(............................................................................................................... 103
N6+*( ( &#)8L(# 8$+9+"#2(.................................................................................................................... 105
5%(%>)*$7% +!57 ..................................................................................................................................... /06
5%2(,%6B*'# 8$+9'&+#,'# %/0#$"'................................................................................................... 106
:'/%6 "(>+ 8$+9'&+#,%7% %/0#$"+ &% &6#,4 $%*."68(6%&+*(4 ....................................................... 107
G9,#*#*(# 8$+9'&+#,%7% %/0#$"+ &% &6#,4 &'>%2*#*(4 >6%76+,,'................................................ 107
5).(%*$!0!................................................................................................................................................ /07
:4$0+)(7.................................................................................................................................................... /08
$"#/# 8. 1%""01=++, 15')%'9 + +*0'#*%'9....................................................................... ...
6-..!#7 ! )5%(-+)( [ ] .......................................................................................................................... ///
5
56%&#6$+ 76+*(C ( >6(.&+(&+*(#........................................................................................................... 111
1>#6+"%6 [ ] . *#C#2',( +678,#*"+,(............................................................................................... 112
G,("+C(4 ,*%7%,#6*'? ,+..(&%&........................................................................................................ 112
M*%D#."&#**'# >#6#7689$( %>#6+"%6+ [ ] ........................................................................................ 113
:(6"8+2;*'3 %>#6+"%6 [ ] .................................................................................................................... 113
04(.)(7...................................................................................................................................................... //4
56%."%3 $2+.. 6+96#D#**%7% ,+..(&+................................................................................................. 114
<86.%6' ( 6+96#D#**'# ,+..(&'......................................................................................................... 115
1>#6+"%6' >6#%/6+9%&+*(4 ( %>#6+"%6 - >........................................................................................ 116
O"%-"% 9*+$%,%#................................................................................................................................ 117
!+%(-+)(7.................................................................................................................................................. //7
H$"(&*'# ("#6+"%6'............................................................................................................................ 118
5+..(&*'# ("#6+"%6' .......................................................................................................................... 118
O"% 28-@#? ............................................................................................................................................. 119
K/%7(#, *% 6+.>6%."6+*#**'# &+6(+*"' ............................................................................................ 119
P8-@(# &+6(+*"'................................................................................................................................... 120
G"#6+"%6 +/."6+$"*%7% ,+..(&+ ....................................................................................................... 121
)5%(-+)(7 0)''%0;!9............................................................................................................................. /23
64*(7% 04(.)(7 ! $-*%=$).+2 !+%(-+)()#....................................................................................... /24
O+."*'# $%>(( $%22#$C(3...................................................................................................................... 126
:*8"6#**(# ( &*#@*(# ("#6+"%6'...................................................................................................... 127
:6#,#**+4 >%,#"$+................................................................................................................................ 129
56(,#6..................................................................................................................................................... 131
$"#/# 9. *'#(3#1=++ + $0(+#"-(90 51#3#*0"+.............................................................. .37
+%($!.+7% 54+! *!"-9$-........................................................................................................................ /37
Q6+*9+$C((............................................................................................................................................... 137
1",#*+ .................................................................................................................................................... 138
R&+"("? .................................................................................................................................................. 138
)8(-"7 ! 40-"-+%'! ................................................................................................................................. /38
56%."%3 8$+9+"#2; %/6+9%& .................................................................................................................. 139
!"#$( %/6+9%&......................................................................................................................................... 140
1/6+9' +&"%,+"(-#.$(? %/0#$"%&...................................................................................................... 141
1/6+9' 8$+9+"#2#3................................................................................................................................. 144
<%,/(*+C(( ( &+6(+C(( ......................................................................................................................... 145
+(-$"-0;!! ! )+6%$-.............................................................................................................................. /45
Q6+*9+$C(( ( /2%$(6%&$( ....................................................................................................................... 146
<2+.. ConstPtr......................................................................................................................................... 147
<2+.. LockPtr .......................................................................................................................................... 149
!%9)+*(# ( 8*(-"%D#*(# %/0#$"%& ..................................................................................................... 150
K>6%L#**%# .%9)+*(# %/0#$"%&............................................................................................................ 151
1",#*+ .................................................................................................................................................... 152
#-(!-$+7 ................................................................................................................................................... /52
:2%D#**'# /2%$(6%&$(.......................................................................................................................... 152
:9+(,*'# /2%$(6%&$( ( %-#6#)(............................................................................................................ 153
M*%7%86%&*#&+4 %",#*+ ........................................................................................................................ 154
1>"(,(9+C(4 %/0#,+............................................................................................................................. 154
$%.0)'20) 5()@-'2$7> .')#................................................................................................................ /55

,#)*- 3. )(%/# % *+:#>..................................................................................................................... .57
$"#/# .0. 4(%60)*/0((#< :0'0&#,#....................................................................................... .59
,)6)6)(:$7% !%(-(>!! 0'-..)#......................................................................................................... /59
:9+(,%9+,#*4#,%."; >6%(9&%)*'? $2+..%&......................................................................................... 160
E%6,+2;*%# *+.2#)%&+*(#...................................................................................................................... 160
G*$+>.824C(4 >6%(9&%)*'? $2+..%&...................................................................................................... 161
6$)=%.+#%$$-& 5%(%*-1- ..................................................................................................................... /62
6
=&%3*+4 >#6#)+-+.................................................................................................................................... 163
N#"#6%,%6B*+4 )&%3*+4 >#6#)+-+........................................................................................................ 164
5#6#)+-+ /%2## &'.%$%7% >%64)$+......................................................................................................... 165
N68>>(6%&$+ >#6#)+- ( >6#%/6+9%&+*(4................................................................................................ 166
3+) %@% $% #.% ........................................................................................................................................... /67
$"#/# ... :'%+3/%&<7+0 ?5(1=++ + %!@01*9 1"#))%/ ............................................ .69
5()!"#)*&@!% :4$0;!!.......................................................................................................................... /69
make-B8*$C(( .......................................................................................................................................... 170
!(,&%2(-#.$(# $2+..' ( >#6#768D#**'# make-B8*$C(( .................................................................... 170
1>"(,(9+C(4 . >6(,#*#*(#, >6%(9&%)4L(? B8*$C(3......................................................................... 170
P%$+2(9%&+**%# (.>%2;9%&+*(# >6%(9&%)4L(? B8*$C(3...................................................................... 171
K*(-"%D+FL(# B8*$C(( ...................................................................................................................... 172
!*%&+ % )&%3*%3 >#6#)+-#: >6%,#D8"%-*'# /+9%&'# $2+..'............................................................ 172
E#" $%*."68$"%6+, $%>(3 ( %>#6+"%68 =!.................................................................................... 173
)8A%0+7 0'-..)#...................................................................................................................................... /73
G*B%6,+C(4 % $2+..#.............................................................................................................................. 174
SL# *#.$%2;$% .2%& %/ 8*(-"%D+FL(? B8*$C(4?............................................................................... 175
1>6#)#2#*(# $2+..+ >% %/0#$"8 ............................................................................................................ 176
5(%*.+-#!+%'!.......................................................................................................................................... /77
$"#/# .2. (0/+&+490 51#3#*0"+................................................................................................ .79
).$)#$7% 0)$;%5;!!.............................................................................................................................. /79
G*$+>.824C(4 8$+9+"#2#3 ( 8$+9'&+#,'? %/0#$"%&........................................................................... 180
56%(9&%)4L(# B8*$C(( .......................................................................................................................... 180
!.'2$( *+ 8$+9+"#2( .............................................................................................................................. 181
E#&#)8L(# 8$+9+"#2( ............................................................................................................................. 181
:#)8L(# 8$+9+"#2( ................................................................................................................................. 183
.$)#- ) *#)9$)9 5%(%*-1%..................................................................................................................... /84
K)&%#**+4 )&%3*+4 >#6#)+-+.................................................................................................................. 185
!+,%,%)(B($+C(4 ( >#6#?%)(,%.";.................................................................................................... 187
M*%D#."&#**+4 )&%3*+4 >#6#)+-+....................................................................................................... 189
5(!6%$%$!% $%#!*!67> 40-"-+%'%9................................................................................................... /89
<J@(6%&+*(#............................................................................................................................................ 189
I+.>6#)#2#**'# %/0#$"' ( >%.6#)*($( ............................................................................................... 189
E#"6(&(+2;*'# 6+.>6#)#2#**'# +6?("#$"86'................................................................................... 189

,#)*- 4. 5:'#/"0(+0 :#4<*-;.................................................................................................... .9.
$"#/# .3. :0'0$'531# %:0'#*%'%/ 5:'#/"0(+< :#4<*-;......................................... .93
5%(%,(4"0- )5%(-+)()# NEW ! DELETE................................................................................................... /93
56%."%3 .>(.%$ .&%/%)*%3 >+,4"(...................................................................................................... 193
E+.2#)%&+*(# %>#6+"%6%& new ( delete................................................................................................. 196
H678,#*"' %>#6+"%6+ new.................................................................................................................... 197
<%*."68(6%&+*(# . 6+9)#2#*(#, B+9.................................................................................................... 197
K*(-"%D#*(# . 6+9)#2#*(#, B+9.......................................................................................................... 198
0+) 45(-#'&%+ #7*%'%$!%6 5-6&+!?................................................................................................... /99
N2%/+2;*%# 8>6+&2#*(#............................................................................................................................ 199
:')#2#*(# ( %.&%/%D)#*(# >+,4"( & $2+..+?..................................................................................... 200
K>6+&2#*(# >+,4";F >%) 68$%&%)."&%, $2(#*"+............................................................................... 200
1/0#$"' $2+..%& ( >6%(9&%)4L(# B8*$C(( ......................................................................................... 200
K>6+&2#*(# >+,4";F . >6(,#*#*(#, &#)8L(? 8$+9+"#2#3................................................................. 200
5#6.>#$"(&'........................................................................................................................................... 204
$"#/# .4. %)(%/9 5:'#/"0(+< :#4<*-;.............................................................................. 205
.+()!+%'2$7% 8')0! ................................................................................................................................ 205
5%/2%-*%# %.&%/%D)#*(# >+,4"( ........................................................................................................ 205
7
!$6'"+4 (*B%6,+C(4 ............................................................................................................................ 208
!>(.$( .&%/%)*'? /2%$%&....................................................................................................................... 208
5)*.1%+ ..7')0........................................................................................................................................ 2/0
T+9%&'3 $2+.. . >%).-#"%, ..'2%$ ...................................................................................................... 210
K$9+"#2( . >%).-#"%, ..'2%$ .............................................................................................................. 211
:#)8L(# 8$+9+"#2( . >%).-#"%, ..'2%$ ............................................................................................. 211
=#.$6(>"%6' . >%).-#"%, ..'2%$ ....................................................................................................... 212
Q68)*%."( >%).-#"+ ..'2%$ ................................................................................................................. 213
5%).-#" ..'2%$ ( &#)8L(# 8$+9+"#2(.................................................................................................. 213
5().+(-$+.#- 5-6&+!............................................................................................................................. 2/4
=#2#*(# >% $2+..+,................................................................................................................................. 214
=#2#*(# >% 6+9,#68 ................................................................................................................................. 215
=#2#*(# >% .>%.%/8 (.>%2;9%&+*(4........................................................................................................ 215
=#2#*(# >% .6#)."&+, )%."8>+............................................................................................................. 215
56%."6+*."&+ ."#$+ ( $8-(.................................................................................................................. 216
$"#/# .5. 5:"%*(0(+0 :#4<*+..................................................................................................... 2.7
5)!.0 40-"-+%'%9.................................................................................................................................... 2/7
M+,+, %"$8)+ /#68".4 8$+9+"#2(? ...................................................................................................... 217
5%(.$ 8$+9+"#2#3 ................................................................................................................................... 220
*%.0(!5+)(7, 5)#.?*4 *%.0(!5+)(7.................................................................................................. 223
1/L## %>(.+*(# +6?("#$"86'.............................................................................................................. 223
:#)8L(# 8$+9+"#2(................................................................................................................................. 223
:+6(+C((.................................................................................................................................................. 227
1>"(,(9+C(4 & %.%/'? .("8+C(4?........................................................................................................ 229
-',)(!+6 8%90%(-.................................................................................................................................... 229
56%."6+*."&+ %/0#$"%&....................................................................................................................... 229
5%.2#)%&+"#2;*%# $%>(6%&+*(# ............................................................................................................ 232
:*#@*(# %/0#$"'................................................................................................................................... 233
H27%6(", T#3$#6+: 8?%) ( $%6,2#*(# & C++....................................................................................... 234
45')+$%$!% $- 6%.+%.............................................................................................................................. 236
T+9%&'3 $2+.. VoidPtr ............................................................................................................................ 236
582 &#)8L(? 8$+9+"#2#3 ........................................................................................................................ 237
G"#6+"%6 &#)8L(? 8$+9+"#2#3 ............................................................................................................ 238
H27%6(", 8>2%"*#*(4 ............................................................................................................................ 238
1>"(,(9+C(4........................................................................................................................................... 239
5%.2#)%&+"#2;*%# 8>2%"*#*(# *+ ,#."#............................................................................................. 239
5%(.5%0+!#7 ............................................................................................................................................. 239
$"#/# .6. )!%'1# 45)%'# ................................................................................................................. 24.
*).+45$).+2.............................................................................................................................................. 24/
5#6(,#"6 ................................................................................................................................................ 241
:*8"6( >#6(,#"6+ ................................................................................................................................. 242
H*+2(9 J$9#,>246%&................................................................................................................................. 243
5#6#/%6 76+B+ %/0#$"%& ....................................................................................................................... 244
.8)(0- 64.)(- 5) -',)(!+64 8%90%(-................................................................................................ 245
A+/2%* .2+/%7% )#.$6(>"%6+............................................................................................................... 245
A+/2%* .(2;*%7% )#.$6(>"%6+ ............................................................................................................. 245
G"#6+"%6' &#)8L(? 8$+9+"#2#3.......................................................................................................... 246
5#6#/%6 8$+9+"#2#3 ............................................................................................................................... 248
1>"(,(9+C(4........................................................................................................................................... 251
:*#@*(# %/0#$"'................................................................................................................................... 251
M*%D#."&#**'# >6%."6+*."&+........................................................................................................... 251
!/%6$+ ,8.%6+ ( 8>2%"*#*(# *+ ,#."# ................................................................................................ 251
E8D*% 2( &'9'&+"; )#."68$"%6'? .................................................................................................... 252
+)'20) *'& 5():%..!)$-'2$7> 0-.0-*%()# ..................................................................................... 252
<%*C#>C(( ,+"#6( &.#? %/0#$"%& .................................................................................................... 252
167+*(9+C(4 >+,4"( .............................................................................................................................. 253
8
5%(.$ >#6(,#"6+ .................................................................................................................................... 254
5#6#/%6 &*8"6( >#6(,#"6+................................................................................................................... 254
!/%6$+ ,8.%6+......................................................................................................................................... 255
5%.2#)%&+"#2;*+4 ./%6$+ ,8.%6+......................................................................................................... 255
!+),)#7% 5%(.5%0+!#7........................................................................................................................... 255
:'+"%60(+0. JAVA :'%*+/ C++ ..................................................................................................... 257

Enaropapuocfu
3BC DEFGC, DCD F HIJCK LMNGCK, OJKPCEC QROFS QNTUQBRORCEFUS QHFVDOS SEOGFS, WBOJX FY SOZEO JXHO
[UMUWFQHFB\ R OLEOS Q[FQDU. 0EFGC ]BO EUWBO JOH\VUU, WUS [MOQBO QBMCEF^X, [ODMXBXU PCJCREXSF
WUMEXSF PECWDCSF. 3BO QSUQ\ CH\BMNFPSC, CRBOMQDOGO ego F [UMROJXBEOGO DMFDC LNVF. 0MOSU BOGO, OEC
QXGMCHC PCSUBENI MOH\ R ZFPEF CRBOMC F UGO QUS\F. & GHNJODO JHCGOLCMUE QROU_ ZUEU .FELF F
QXEOR\KS $FDN, *ZU_-*ZUI F 8OJJF PC FY BUM[UEFU, [OLLUMZDN F [MOTUEFU, DOGLC [C[C EU SOG
NLUHKB\ FS LOQBCBOWEO RMUSUEF LHK FGM.
%QHF QWFBCB\ BUM[UEFU LOJMOLUBUH\I, BO QCSXU LOJMOLUBUH\EXU HILF, O DOBOMXY SEU FPRUQBEO,
MCJOBCIB R FPLCBUH\QBRU AP Professional. & R LOHGN [UMUL RQUSF, DBO Q QCSOGO ECWCHC [OLLUMZCH SOI
FLUI ]BO_ DEFGF F [MOLOHZCH ECZFSCB\ EC SUEK, WBOJX MCJOBC EU QBOKHC EC SUQBU. !EOGLC SEU DCZUBQK,
WBO EC SOI LOHI RX[CHC QCSCK HUGDCK WCQB\ BU[UM\ K OBLXYCI, C RX [XBCUBUQ\ [MOLCB\!
& OQOJUEEO JHCGOLCMUE *ZOEN +MNLO (John Trudeau) FP DOS[CEFF Apple Computer, DOBOMX_ R[UMRXU
[MULHOZFH SEU FPHOZFB\ EC JNSCGU QROF MCPMOPEUEEXU SXQHF F [UMUZFRCEFK R RFLU QUSFECMC LHK
O[XBEXY [MOGMCSSFQBOR .++. *CZU EU PECI, WBO K LOHZUE RXMCPFB\ SEOGFS QHNVCBUHKS ]BFY
QUSFECMOR, DOBOMXU [UMUZFHF MCEEFU RCMFCEBX ]BOGO DNMQC, [MUZLU WUS OE ECWCH [MFEFSCB\
PCDOEWUEEXU ÒMSX, BO HF JHCGOLCMEOQB\, BO HF QROF FQDMUEEFU FPRFEUEFK.
"C ]BF GOLX SEOGFU HILF [ORHFKHF EC SOU OBEOVUEFU D .++ F OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOSN
[MOGMCSSFMORCEFI. # GOHORN QMCPN ZU [MFYOLFB EUQDOH\DO FSUE $FH ,OHLQBU_E (Neal Goldstein),
'CMMF (OPUEVBU_E (Larry Rosenstein), 3MFD 8UMLCH (Eric Berdahl), *ZOE 8MIGGU (John Brugge), *]_R
.FSSOEQ (Dave Simmons) F *]_R 8\I]HH (Dave Buell). $FDBO FP EFY EU EUQUB OBRUBQBRUEEOQBF PC BO, Q
WUS RX EU QOGHCQFBUQ\ R ]BO_ DEFGU, EO FSUEEO OEF PCMOEFHF R SOI LNVN [UMRXU FLUF.
6OK JHCGOLCMEOQB\ MCQ[MOQBMCEKUBQK F EC EORXY DOHHUG FP Microsoft Corporation, DNLC K JXH [MFEKB,
DOGLC DEFGC JXHC [OWBF GOBORC BO UQB\ JXHF GOBORX [UMRXU 90 [MOÛEBOR F OQBCRCHOQ\ QLUHCB\
UTU 90 [MOÛEBOR. 3BC DEFGC EU JXHC EC[FQCEC [OL PECSUEUS Microsoft, [O]BOSN, [OZCHN_QBC, EU
OJRFEK_BU FY RO RQUS, WBO R EU_ EC[FQCEO. 0EFGC JXHC ECWCBC F [OWBF PCRUMVUEC LO BOGO, DCD K ECWCH
MCJOBCB\ EC Microsoft, F EFDBO FP MCJOBEFDOR Microsoft EU [OSOGCH SEU, EU [MOQSCBMFRCH DEFGN F EU
OLOJMKH UU.
*ZU_SQ 0O[HFE (James Coplien), SX EFDOGLC EU RQBMUWCHFQ\, EO BROK DEFGC Advanced C++
Programming Styles and Idioms ODCPCHC QCSOU JOH\VOU RHFKEFU EC SOU SFMOROPPMUEFU. 0EFGC
RUHFDOHU[EO MCQDMXRCUB BUSN EUBMFRFCH\EOGO FQ[OH\PORCEFK .++. $CLUIQ\, [O BROFS QHULCS [O_LNB F
LMNGFU CRBOMX.
$CDOEU^, YOWN [OJHCGOLCMFB\ 8\KMEC .BMCNQBMN[C (Bjarne Stroustrup) PC BO, WBO OE FPOJMUH BCDO_
QBMCEEX_ KPXD. ) [MOQBXY, [OQHULORCBUH\EXY KPXDCY BF[C SmallTalk EUFEBUMUQEO EU BO WBO [FQCB\, EO
LCZU LNSCB\. %QHF JX R .++ EU JXHO RQUY ]BFY BFYFY OSNBOR F PCGCLOWEXY [MCRFH, [MO[CHC JX
JHCGOLCBECK [OWRC LHK CRBOMOR, DOEQNH\BCEBOR F [MOWFY HFWEOQBU_ RMOLU RCVUGO [ODOMEOGO QHNGF.
8\KME, K HIJHI BRO_ KPXD 1UQBEOU QHORO, HIJHI DCD 1UMWFHH\ HIJFH LUSODMCBFI. .++
YNLVF_ OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEX_ KPXD EO OQBCH\EXU UTU YNZU.
Hseuueuun unu epope foro
"COLEO YOWN ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK QHNWCUS F FPRFEFB\QK [UMUL RQUSF, DOGO K OJFLUH R QROU_ DEFGU. 5OEKBFK
EU FSUI, DBO RX BCDFU, EO EC QROUS GOM\DOS O[XBU ([O LRNS QBCB\KS, O[NJHFDORCEEXS R ZNMECHU IEEE
Computer) K NPECH, DCD SEOGO HILU_ OJFZCUBQK EC EUQUM\UPEX_ [OLYOL D .#6;#9*%3 BUSU BCDO_ DCD
.0
.++. %QHF RX [MFECLHUZFBU D FY WFQHN, K QOZCHUI, WBO PCLUH RCVF WNRQBRC. 5NQB\ EU BCD QFH\EO,
WBOJX HFVFB\QK QEC, EO RQU ZU QOZCHUI.
& EU [MUBUELNI EC CRBOMQBRO FPHOZUEEXY R DEFGU FLU_. %QHF RX NRFLFBU R EU_ WBO-BO, [MFLNSCEEOU
RCSF FHF DUS-BO LMNGFS, QSUHO PCKRHK_BU, WBO ]BO RCVFY MND LUHO, Q[OMFB\ K EU QBCEN. 6CQBUMQBRO
EUBMFRFCH\EOGO FQ[OH\PORCEFK .++ MCQBUB OB QROJOLEOGO OJSUEC FLUKSF, C EU OB ÒMSCH\EOGO
FPNWUEFK, BCD WBO R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF OWUE\ BMNLEO OLEOPECWEO O[MULUHFB\, DBO, WBO F DOGLC QDCPCH. &
EC[FQCH ]BN DEFGN, WBOJX DCD SOZEO JOH\VU HILU_ QSOGHF JXQBMO F JUPJOHUPEUEEO [ORXQFB\ QROI
DRCHF`FDC^FI, [O]BOSN RO[MOQCS CRBOMQBRC FLU_ NLUHKHOQ\ RBOMOQBU[UEEOU REFSCEFU. %QHF RCS ]BO EU
EMCRFBQK, [MFSFBU SOF FQDMUEEFU FPRFEUEFK F EC[FVFBU QROI QOJQBRUEENI DEFGN.
. LMNGO_ QBOMOEX, K RPKH EC QUJK QSUHOQB\ FQ[OH\PORCB\ EORXU FSUEC LHK QBCMXY DOEÛ[^F_,
RXPXRCITFY EULOMCPNSUEFK, F EFQDOH\DO OJ ]BOS EU ZCHUI. +CDORC NZ RUHFDCK BMCLF^FK QOOJTUQBRC
.++, DOBOMOU [UMUFSUEORCHO [OWBF RQU OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEXU DOEÛ[^FF: .8/$2+.. ([MOFPROLEX_
DHCQQ), .8>#6$2+.. (JCPORX_ DHCQQ), ,#"%) (`NED^FK DHCQQC) F B.L. .BOMOEEFDF [UMUFSUEORCEFK EU
OJOVHF REFSCEFUS LCZU BCDFU BMCLF^FOEEXU DOEÛ[^FF ., DCD [OMCPMKLEX_ QLRFG (<< F >>). #CS EU
EMCRFBQK, WBO LHK QBCMXY FLU_ FQ[OH\PNIBQK EORXU FSUEC, [NQB\ LCZU R FEBUMUQCY KQEOQBF?
5MFKBUH\, RX OVFJHFQ\ Q RXJOMOS KPXDC.
& QLUHCH RQU ROPSOZEOU, WBOJX RQU `MCGSUEBX DOLC R ]BO_ DEFGU MCJOBCHF DCD [OHOZUEO, EO JUP
OVFJOD LUHO ECRUMEKDC EU OJOVHOQ\. *U_QBRN_BU BCD, QHOREO RCVC [MOGMCSSN NZU GOMFB QFEFS
[HCSUEUS, [MORUMK_BU, [MORUMK_BU F UTU MCP [MORUMK_BU SO_ DOL, [MUZLU WUS FQ[OH\PORCB\ UGO R
QROFY [MOGMCSSCY. 5OSEFBU: R ]BO_ DEFGU K LUSOEQBMFMNI MCPHFWEXU FLFOSX F DOEÛ[^FF, C EU
QOPLCI JFJHFOBUDN DHCQQOR. #QU FLFOSX R[OHEU MCJOBOQ[OQOJEX, EO LCH\VU RCS [MFLUBQK LU_QBRORCB\
QCSOQBOKBUH\EO.
=D#BB U2)D#6
V*&+6; 1998 7.
Beepeuue
u kpafku osop
# ]BO_ WCQBF K OBRUWCI EC GHCREX_ RO[MOQ: "CWUS JXHO [FQCB\ UTU OLEN
DEFGN O .++? *CHUU R GOHORODMNZFBUH\EOS BUS[U MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK
EUDOBOMXU EUBMFRFCH\EXU ROPSOZEOQBF KPXDC. #QU ]BO LUHCUBQK
FQDHIWFBUH\EO LHK [OLGOBORDF D QHULNITFS GHCRCS, [O]BOSN SCBUMFCH
SOZEO WFBCB\ FHF [MO[NQDCB\ R PCRFQFSOQBF OB BOGO, ECQDOH\DO NRUMUEEO
RX RHCLUUBU BUSF FHF FEXSF BOEDOQBKSF QFEBCDQFQC .++.
.
-acfu
3aer uyua
ee opua kuura o
C++?
5O [OQHULEFS LCEEXS, EC MXEDU [MOLCUBQK [O DMC_EU_ SUMU 2 768 942 DEFGF O .++, EU GOROMK NZU O
RQUROPSOZEXY DNMQCY, OJNWCITFY [MOGMCSSCY, ZNMECHCY F QUSFECMCY Q DODBU_HKSF. ! RQU ZU R ]BOS
FPOJFHFF ECJHILCUBQK NLMNWCITUU OLEOOJMCPFU. 5MOQSCBMFRCB\ [OHDN DEFG O .++ R DEFZEOS
SCGCPFEU EFWNB\ EU FEBUMUQEUU, WUS HFBUMCBNMN [O JNYGCHBUMFF. # QNTEOQBF, RQU DEFGF [UMUQDCPXRCIB
OLEO F BO ZU F OBHFWCIBQK MCPRU WBO [O RUQN F DOHFWUQBRN ^RUBOR R LFCGMCSSCY F BCJHF^CY. 5O SOFS
[OLQWUBCS, 2 768 940 FP EFY [MULECPECWUEX LHK EORFWDOR, OMFUEBFMORCEX EC DOEDMUBEX_ DOS[FHKBOM
FHF [MULQBCRHKIB QOJO_ Q[MCROWEFDF [O QFEBCDQFQN .++. *HK BUY, DBO NZU PECUB KPXD F ZUHCUB
[OLEKB\QK EC QHULNITF_ NMORUE\, QNTUQBRNITCK QFBNC^FK OJOMCWFRCUBQK Q[HOVEXSF
MCPOWCMORCEFKSF F MCQYOLCSF. 1BOJX NPECB\ WBO-BO EOROU, [MFYOLFBQK LUMGCB\ GHCRN OBQILC F MCPLUH
OBBNLC. *HK PECBODC .++ BCDCK BMCBC RMUSUEF EU[OPROHFBUH\EC.
3BC DEFGC QORQUS LMNGOU LUHO. 5MUZLU RQUGO, OEC [MUL[OHCGCUB, WBO RX NZU RHCLUUBU .++. #UMOKBEO,
RX [MOGMCSSFMORCHF EC .++ R BUWUEFU GOLC-LRNY FHF JOHUU. .BCR ECQBOKTFS CQOS, EC RO[MOQ O
LOHZEOQBF RX [UMUQBCHF QDMOSEO OBRUWCB\ 5MOGMCSSFQB; BU[UM\ RCV BFBNH QDHCLXRCUBQK FP QHOR
.BCMVF_, .[U^FCHFQB, #ULNTF_, (CPMCJOBWFD, 5MOUDBFMORTFD (MCQQBCR\BU R ENZEOS
[OMKLDU). #X NZU PECUBU, WBO [UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMC EU FSUUB EFDCDOGO OBEOVUEFK D BUHUÒEEO_
DOS[CEFF, C DHCQQ-DOHHUD^FK RORQU EU QJOMFTU `FHCBUHFQBOR. $C RCVU_ [OHDU QBOFB DEFGC
.BMCNQBMN[C Annotated C++ Reference Manual, DOBOMNI R [MOÙQQFOECH\EXY MCPGOROMCY RX WCQBO
QODMCTUEEO FSUENUBU ARM F LCZU EU QWFBCUBU ENZEXS MCQVF`MORXRCB\.
%QHF RX NPECHF QUJK, LOJMO [OZCHORCB\ ]BC DEFGC LHK RCQ. %U SOZEO JXHO JX UTU ECPRCB\ .++:
[NB\ GNMN. .++ R EU_ O[FQXRCUBQK QORQUS EU BCD, DCD R DEFGCY LHK ECWFECITFY. $C ]BOS NMOREU .++
EU QBOH\DO KPXD, QDOH\DO ÛHCK QNJDNH\BNMC QO QROFSF FLFOSCSF, [MFUSCSF F QBCELCMBEXSF
CMYFBUDBNMEXSF MUVUEFKSF, DOBOMXU EU QHULNIB OWURFLEXS OJMCPOS FP ÒMSCH\EOGO O[FQCEFK KPXDC.
)J ]BOS KPXDU RENBMF KPXDC MULDO N[OSFECUBQK Q DEFGCY F ZNMECHCY. )LEF [MOGMCSSFQBX
QCSOQBOKBUH\EO OJECMNZFRCIB RQU ]BF ROPSOZEOQBF F Q GOMLOQB\I QWFBCIB, WBO FPOJMUHF EUWBO
[OBMKQCITUU, [ODC EU RXKQEFBQK, WBO EUB EFWUGO EOROGO [OL QOHEÛS. *MNGFS RUPUB, F OEF
QBCEORKBQK NWUEFDCSF [OLHFEEXY SCQBUMOR .++ D QOZCHUEFI, BCDFU SCQBUMC RQBMUWCIBQK QHFVDOS
MULDO. # ]BO_ DEFGU K [O[XBCHQK [MOHOZFB\ BMUBF_ [NB\ FQBFEEOGO [MOQRUBHUEFK QCSOQBOKBUH\EOU
FPNWUEFU. 0MOSU BOGO, DEFGC [MULECPECWUEC LHK BUY, DBO NZU LOQBFG PCRUBEO_ ÛHF, EO YOWUB
[OOJTCB\QK, [OJOHBCB\ R LMNZUQDO_ DOS[CEFF F [OVURUHFB\ SOPGCSF ECL OWUMULEO_ GOHOROHOSDO_.
ao C++
.++ KPXD, DOBOMX_ FPNWCUBQK [OQBU[UEEO. 'FV\ [OQHU BOGO, DCD JNLUB QLUHCE [OQHULEF_ VCG,
MCPMOPEUEEXU [MFUSX F `MCGSUEBX QFEBCDQFQC ECWFECIB QDHCLXRCB\QK R OJTNI DCMBFEN. 5O-SOUSN,
FPNWUEFU .++ WUS-BO EC[OSFECUB [OLaUS EC HF`BU. *PXE\! #BOMO_ ]BCZ. .++ ]BO
NQORUMVUEQBRORCEEX_ RCMFCEB ., Q QFH\EO_ BF[FPC^FU_ (DOBOMNI, R[MOWUS, [MF ZUHCEFF SOZEO
OJO_BF) F NLOJEXSF DOSSUEBCMFKSF //. 'IJO_ [MOGMCSSFQB EC ., UQHF OE EU YOWUB [OLCRCB\QK R
SUEULZUMX, LOHZUE LRFGCB\QK LCH\VU C 8\KME .BMCNQBMN[ (,OQ[OLF, JHCGOQHORF UGO) [MFLNSCH LHK
]BOGO OBHFWENI ROPSOZEOQB\.
.
.4
*PXE\! +MUBF_ ]BCZ. .++ YOMOVF_, YOBK F EU [OBMKQCITF_ OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEX_ KPXD
[MOGMCSSFMORCEFK. $U Smalltalk, DOEUWEO, EO WUGO OZFLCB\ OB KPXDC, MCJOBCITUGO Q BCDO_
GOHORODMNZFBUH\EO_ QDOMOQB\I? .++ ]BO Cobol 90-Y, [OHFBFWUQDF RXLUMZCEEX_ KPXD, DOBOMXU
GCMCEBFMNUB `FECEQFMORCEFU RCVUGO [MOUDBC RXQVFS MNDOROLQBROS. - NZ UQHF .++ LOQBCBOWEO WCQBO
N[OSFECUBQK R [HCEU, SOZEO ECLUKB\QK EC NLROUEFU JILZUBC. 3BO BOZU YOMOVO, [OBOSN WBO EFDBO
BOHDOS EU NSUUB OÛEFRCB\ [MOUDBX EC .++ F N[MCRHKB\ FSF. - WBO DCQCUBQK FEQBMNSUEBCMFK GHCPC
MCPJUGCIBQK, EU [MCRLC HF?
*PXE\! 5OQHULEF_ ]BCZ, RQU RXYOLKB. $O [OPROH\BU, GLU ZU RQU? 'F`B [OWBF [NQB. .++ ]BO EC
QCSOS LUHU EU QBOH\DO KPXD, QDOH\DO FEQBMNSUEB LHK QOPLCEFK RCVFY QOJQBRUEEXY KPXDOR. %GO
]HUGCEBEOQB\ PCDHIWCUBQK OBEIL\ EU R [MOQBOBU (QHORC !++ F >6%."%"+ MUZNB QHNY QROFS KREXS
[MOBFROMUWFUS), C R UGO [OBUE^FCH\EXY ROPSOZEOQBKY. "C DCZLO_ NMOLHFRO_ [MOJHUSO_ [MKWUBQK
DCDCK-EFJNL\ NSECK FLFOSC, FPKTEX_ KPXDORO_ `FEB, JHCGOLCMK DOBOMOSN [MOJHUSC BCUB [MKSO EC
GHCPCY. 5MOJHUSC MUVCUBQK BCD ZU ]HUGCEBEO, DCD ]BO QLUHCH JX *+."%4L(3 KPXD BF[C Smalltalk FHF
Lisp, EO [MF ]BOS RCV [MOÛQQOM EU LXSFBQK OB EC[MKZUEFK, C EC 4OHH-.BMFB EU MCQBNB CD^FF
[MOFPROLFBUHU_ WF[OR [CSKBF. .++ ROOJTU EU KPXD. 3BO SFMOROPPMUEFU FHF ECMDOBFD, SUEKITF_
Q[OQOJ SXVHUEFK.
$O RUMEUSQK D QHORN ]HUGCEBEX_. # [MOGMCSSFMORCEFF EC .++ LU_QBRNUB [UMU`MCPFMORCEEX_
[MFE^F[ *CO: 1BOJX LOQBFW\ FQBFEEO_ ]HUGCEBEOQBF, ENZEO OBDCPCB\QK OB QBMUSHUEFK D
]HUGCEBEOQBF. .++ RO SEOGOS [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ . QHULNITUGO [ODOHUEFK. $C[FQCEEXU EC EUS
[MOGMCSSX ]`ÙDBFREO DOS[FHFMNIBQK F JXQBMO MCJOBCIB. )E OJHCLCUB OWUE\ BMCLF^FOEEO_ JHOWEO_
QBMNDBNMO_ F QODMCTUEEO_ PC[FQ\I LHK SEOGFY MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEXY O[UMC^F_ (EC[MFSUM, i++). # EUS
UQB\ QROF QNTUQBRFBUH\EXU, GHCGOHX, [MFHCGCBUH\EXU F QRO_ ZCMGOE:
cout << 17 << endl << flush;
(UREFBUHF WCQBOBX KPXDC WCQBO EC[CLCIB EC .++. )EF [OHCGCIB, WBO RXQVUU LOQBFZUEFU QORMUSUEEO_
^FRFHFPC^FF KPXD, [OQBMOUEEX_ FQDHIWFBUH\EO FP CBOSOR F QDOJOD. 5O SEUEFI ]BFY BUMMOMFQBOR
OB QFEBCDQFQC, UQHF [MOQBNI [UMUSUEENI Q [UMROGO RPGHKLC EUROPSOZEO OBHFWFB\ OB RXPORC `NED^FF
FHF SCDMOQC ]BO ROOJTU EU KPXD, C VCMHCBCEQBRO LHK MCPRHUWUEFK [MCPLEO_ BOH[X. 0 QOZCHUEFI,
BUOMFK MCQYOLFBQK Q [MCDBFDO_. # MUCH\EO_ ZFPEF BOH[C [HCBFB HFV\ PC BO, WBOJX RFLUB\ KPXDF, R
DOBOMXY MCPEXU FLUF &'724)4" [O-MCPEOSN. 5MOQBXU F [OQHULORCBUH\EXU KPXDF EFDOGLC EU
[OH\PORCHFQ\ OQOJXS NQ[UYOS PC QBUEDCSF CDCLUSF_, C KPXDF Q JHOWEO_ QBMNDBNMO_ ORHCLUHF SCQQCSF.
.BOFB HF ]BOSN NLFRHKB\QK? #UL\ DOS[\IBUMEXU KPXDF [MFYOLFBQK FPNWCB\ F PC[OSFECB\, C LHK ]BOGO
FQ[OH\PNUBQK BO ZU QUMOU RUTUQBRO, Q [OSOT\I DOBOMOGO SX FPNWCUS F PC[OSFECUS UQBUQBRUEEXU
KPXDF. 5O[MOJN_BU-DC ECPRCB\ YOBK JX OLFE UQBUQBRUEEX_ KPXD JUP QNTUQBRFBUH\EXY, GHCGOHOR F
QDOJOD! & JX EU MFQDENH. #QU ECVF [OPECEFK R HFEGRFQBFDU GOROMKB O BOS, WBO ]BF [HOYFU
OQOJUEEOQBF BOH\DO NQDOMKIB FPNWUEFU DOS[\IBUMEOGO KPXDC F LUHCIB UGO JOHUU [OEKBEXS. i++ RO
RQUY OBEOVUEFKY )#3."&("#2;*% [OEKBEUU, WUS i:=i+1, C x=17+29 WFBCUBQK HNWVU, EUZUHF (setq
x(+17, 29)). (UW\ FLUB EU O QBMOUEFF DOS[\IBUMEOGO KPXDC, C QDOMUU O *+@#, .%/."&#**%,
QBMOUEFF. #QU NMOLQBRC .++ ]BO R OQEOREOS ECVF NMOLQBRC. 0OGLC RX ECNWFBUQ\ [OEFSCB\ F HIJFB\
UGO QBMCEEOQBF, DOGLC [UMUQBCEUBU JUQ[ODOFB\QK O SCBUSCBFWUQDO_ QBMO_EOQBF, JNLUB QLUHCE RCV
[UMRX_ VCG D LOQBFZUEFI ]HUGCEBEOQBF R .++.
.++ ECMKLN Q Lisp, Smalltalk F LMNGFSF LFECSFWUQDFSF KPXDCSF (R OBHFWFU OB .) OJHCLCUB QMULQBRCSF
LHK EFPDONMOREURXY SCEF[NHK^F_ Q DOS[\IBUMOS. #X SOZUBU QOPLCB\ QRO_ QOJQBRUEEX_ BF[ LCEEXY F
[OLQNENB\ UGO DOS[FHKBOMN BCD, WBOJX OE [MFEKH ]BOB BF[ PC RQBMOUEEX_. #X SOZUBU N[MCRHKB\
RXPORCSF QROFY `NED^F_, OJMCTUEFKSF D [UMUSUEEXS DHCQQOR, RXLUHUEFUS F OQROJOZLUEFUS [CSKBF,
FEF^FCHFPC^FU_ F NLCHUEFUS OJaUDBOR F RQU ]BO (R OQEOREOS) [MOFQYOLFB JUP [OBUMF
]`ÙDBFREOQBF FHF JUPO[CQEOQBF BF[OR. $O R OBHFWFU OB LMNGFY KPXDOR, UQHF ]BC QFHC JNLUB [MFSUEUEC
EU[MCRFH\EO, [MOGMCSSC EC .++ GMOYEUBQK. - UQHF NQBOFB [MOGMCSSC, GMOYENBQK RCVF DOHHUGF-
[MOGMCSSFQBX UQHF RX EU [MFLNSCUBU, DCD [OKQEFB\ QROF ECSUMUEFK F FQ[OH\PORCB\ [MCRFH\ENI
FLFOSN LHK OQOJUEEO QHOZEXY SOSUEBOR. 0CD FPRUQBEO, *ULCH QO QROFS QXEOS !DCMOS JUZCH F
PCBOWUEFK EC 0MFBU Q [OSOT\I DMXH\UR, QLUHCEEXY FP [UM\UR F ROQDC. *ULCH, GHCREX_ CMYFBUDBOM F
FPOJMUBCBUH\, Q[ODO_EO [OMYCH GLU-BO REFPN. %GO JUPMCQQNLEX_ QXE [OLEKHQK QHFVDOS RXQODO D
QOHE^N F N[CH R SOMU. >SSS $UB, [OZCHN_, CECHOGFK [OHNWFHCQ\ EUNLCWECK. #UL\ FSUEEO *ULCH
[OQBMOFH 'CJFMFEB BCDO_ QHOZEX_, WBO R [O[XBDCY RXJMCB\QK FP EUGO HILF HFJO NSFMCHF, HFJO
[O[CLCHF EC OJUL D 6FEOBCRMN. 6OZUB, [O[MOJNUS JOHUU QORMUSUEENI CECHOGFI? !Q[OH\PNK
.5
EFPDONMOREURXU ROPSOZEOQBF .++, RX LU_QBRNUBU, DCD QNMORX_ LUBUDBFR Q UGO QCDMCSUEBCH\EO_
`MCPO_: *ORUM\QK SEU K PECI, WBO LUHCI. 0OS[FHKBOM PCDCBXRCUB GHCPC F JUPSOHREO [OLWFEKUBQK.
.++ FEBMFGNUB QROFSF KREXSF [MOBFROMUWFKSF. %GO GFJDOQB\ HUGDO [MURMCTCUBQK R GHCREX_ FQBOWEFD
OVFJOD. "C ROPSOZEOQBF UGO MCQVFMUEFK EU [MFYOLFBQK MCQ[HCWFRCB\QK QDOMOQB\I FHF OJaUSOS DOLC.
)E ]HUGCEBUE R OLEFY MNDCY F O[CQUE R LMNGFY, [MOQB F QHOZUE OLEORMUSUEEO. 5OQHU EUQDOH\DFY HUB
MCJOBX RX BCD F EU SOZUBU MUVFB\, ROQYFTCB\QK FS FHF [MODHFECB\. *C, ECQBOKTF_ PECBOD [OEFSCUB
RQU DOEÛ[^FF, HUZCTFU R OQEORU KPXDC F QDHOEKITFU WCVN RUQOR R UGO [OH\PN. 3BF DOEÛ[^FF EU
RFLEX Q [UMROGO RPGHKLC; WBOJX [OEKB\ FY, EUOJYOLFSO R BUWUEFU EUQDOH\DFY HUB [XBCB\QK MUVCB\
QORUMVUEEO MCPEXU PCLCWF. $UDOBOMXU CMYFBUDBNMEXU [CMCLFGSX HNWVU RQUGO QOOBRUBQBRNIB
DOEDMUBEXS KPXDORXS MUVUEFKS. !Y EU[MCRFH\EOU QOWUBCEFU OJUMEUBQK YCOQOS, C [MCRFH\EOU
]HUGCEBEOQB\I.
Tpu eenukue upeu C++
) EUBMFRFCH\EOS FQ[OH\PORCEFF C++ EC[FQCEO BCD SEOGO, WBO K LCZU EU PECI, Q WUGO ECWCB\. #CS
DOGLC-EFJNL\ [MFYOLFHOQ\ RFLUB\ QBUMUOGMCSSX? . [UMROGO RPGHKLC OEF [OYOZF EC QHNWC_EX_ NPOM, EO
[OQHU SULHUEEOGO F REFSCBUH\EOGO MCPGHKLXRCEFK EC EFY [MOKRHKUBQK QHOE, Q[FMCH\ FHF WBO-EFJNL\
UTU. 1BOJX NRFLUB\ QSXQH R BOWDCY F [KBECY, ENZEO MCQQSCBMFRCB\ FY R DOEBUDQBU OJaULFEKITU_
BUSX. !SUEEO PLUQ\ DMOUBQK OLEO FP QCSXY JOH\VFY MCPOWCMORCEF_ [MF FPNWUEFF CMYFBUDBNMX F FLFOS
C++. .ECWCHC DCZUBQK, WBO [UMUL RCSF OGMOSECK DNWC MCPMOPEUEEXY [MFUSOR F EF OLEOGO [MCRFHC
BOGO, DCD FSF [OH\PORCB\QK. 3BC DEFGC ECNWFB RCQ RFLUB\ QHOEC. .NTUQBRNUB SEOZUQBRO
DHCQQF`FDC^F_ EUBMFRFCH\EXY CQ[UDBOR C++, EO K MCPLUHFH FY EC EUQDOH\DO [MOQBXY BUS:
0OQRUEEXU OJMCTUEFK.
,OSOSOMÈXU FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR.
5MOQBMCEQBRC [CSKBF.
# OQEORU DCZLO_ BUSX HUZFB DOEDMUBEX_ QFEBCDQFQ F QMULQBRC C++, F FY QORSUQBEOU [MFSUEUEFU
[OPROHKUB MUVCB\ QCSXU MCPEXU PCLCWF. .NTUQBRNUB SEOGO LMNGFY [MFUSOR F [MFE^F[OR, DOBOMXU BOZU
QBOFHO JX RDHIWFB\ R ]BN DEFGN, EO ]BF BMF DCBUGOMFF [OSOGCIB OMGCEFPORCB\ OWUE\ JOH\VOU
DOHFWUQBRO BUS R HOGFWUQDF QBMO_ENI QBMNDBNMN.
# [UMRO_ WCQBF [MFRULUE OJPOM SEOGFY RCZEXY CBBMCD^FOEOR QFEBCDQFWUQDOGO ^FMDC C++. $C[MFSUM,
SEOGFU [MOGMCSSFQBX C++ EU FSUIB JOH\VOGO O[XBC MCJOBX Q [UMUGMNZUEEXSF O[UMCBOMCSF F HFV\
BUOMUBFWUQDF PECIB, DCD OEF [MFSUEKIBQK. )DCPXRCUBQK, JOH\VFEQBRO [MOGMCSSFQBOR EFDOGLC EU
FQ[OH\PNUB VCJHOEX FHF OJMCJOBDN FQDHIWUEF_ F HFV\ EUSEOGFU NSUIB [OH\PORCB\QK [OBODCSF
RROLC/RXROLC PC MCSDCSF [MOQBU_VFY OJMCTUEF_ D OJaUDBCS cout F cin. # WCQBF / QBCMCIQ\
RXMOREKB\ NMOREF [OLGOBORDF WFBCBUHU_, PC[OHEFB\ [MOJUHX R RCVFY PECEFKY C++ F [OLGOBORFB\QK D
FGMU. 1CQB\ / SOZEO WFBCB\ OB DOMDF LO, JUGHO [MOQSCBMFRCB\ FHF [MO[NQDCB\ ÛHXU MCPLUHX R
PCRFQFSOQBF OB BOGO, ECQDOH\DO YOMOVO RX PECDOSX Q EICEQCSF C++.
+UMSFE $%.&#**%# %/6+L#*(# (indirection) OBEOQFBQK D MCPEXS DOEDMUBEXS BUSCS, OLECDO RUPLU
FQ[OH\PNUBQK OLEC F BC ZU DOEÛ[^FK: DHFUEBQDF_ OJaUDB OJMCTCUBQK Q PC[MOQOS D LMNGOSN OJaUDBN,
DOBOMX_, R QROI OWUMUL\, [OMNWCUB MCJOBN BMUB\USN OJaUDBN. 0OQRUEEOQB\ QRKPCEC QO QMULEFS OJaUDBOS
R Û[OWDU. !EOGLC GOLFBQK QHXVCB\, WBO ]BO O[MULUHUEFU [OWBF QOR[CLCUB Q O[MULUHUEFUS
)#2#7(6%&+*(4 (delegation), OLEOGO FP DMCUNGOH\EXY DCSEU_ OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOGO
[MOGMCSSFMORCEFK. +US EU SUEUU, R C++ FLFOSX, FQ[OH\PNUSXU Q ]BO_ DOEÛ[^FU_, F UU KPXDORCK
[OLLUMZDC RXYOLKB LCHUDO PC MCSDF BOGO, WBO QWFBCUBQK LUHUGFMORCEFUS R LMNGFY KPXDCY. # ]BO_ DEFGU
WCQBO FQ[OH\PNUBQK BUMSFE 8$+9+"#2; (pointer); RX RQBMUBFBU UGO R DCZLO_ GHCRU. 4DCPCBUHF C++
Q[OQOJEX EC SEOGOU. )EF SOGNB O[MULUHFB\, GLU R [CSKBF, EC LFQDU FHF R QUBF ECYOLFBQK OJaUDB, EC
DOBOMX_ OEF QQXHCIBQK; DOGLC OE NEFWBOZCUBQK; FPSUEKUBQK HF OE FHF LOQBN[UE BOH\DO LHK WBUEFK; F
LCZU BO, QNTUQBRNUB HF OJaUDB FHF [MOQBO [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ EUDNI OJHCQB\ R CJQBMCDBEOS
[MOQBMCEQBRU [CSKBF F RQU ]BO [MOFQYOLFB JUP CDBFREOGO NWCQBFK QCSOGO OJaUDBC, DOBOMX_ SOZUB
EFWUGO EU PECB\ OJ ]BFY EFPDONMOREURXY O[UMC^FKY. #OPSOZEOQBF, WBO F GOROMFB\, R[UWCBHKITFU,
OLECDO OEF OQEORCEX EC EUQDOH\DFY OWUE\ [MOQBXY FLFOSCY.
) [MOUDBFMORCEFF FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR GOROMFHF RQU DOSN EU HUE\ OLEF [O LUHN, LMNGFU JOHBCHF OJ
FSFBC^FF OJaUDBOR MUCH\EOGO SFMC. 8OH\VFEQBRO CMGNSUEBOR R MCREO_ QBU[UEF OBEOQFBQK D HIJOSN
OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOSN KPXDN, F K RORQU EU ECSUMUE PCYHCSHKB\ DEFGN [O C++ QROFSF HFWEXSF
.6
RPGHKLCSF EC OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEX_ LFPC_E. +US EU SUEUU, OLFE DOEDMUBEX_ BF[ ECQHULORCEFK
7%,%,%6B*%# *+.2#)%&+*(# (homomorphic derivation) ODCPXRCUBQK FQDHIWFBUH\EO [OHUPEXS R
QOWUBCEFF QO Q[U^F`FWUQDFSF QMULQBRCSF C++. # GOSOSOMÈO_ FUMCMYFF RQU [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX
[OHNWCIB QRO_ OBDMXBX_ FEBUMÙ_Q OB EUDOBOMOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC-[MULDC. 0CD [MCRFHO, SCB\ RQUY
JCPORXY DHCQQOR LURQBRUEEO WFQBC OEC EU QOLUMZFB EF OLEO_ [UMUSUEEO_, C RQU UU `NED^FF
KRHKIBQK WFQBO RFMBNCH\EXSF. # C++ Q ]BO_ DOEÛ[^FU_ CQQO^FFMNIBQK SEOGFU [OHUPEXU FLFOSX
[MOUDBFMORCEFK F [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK.
"C DOEÛ[^FU_ >6%."6+*."&+ >+,4"( (memory space) DMOUBQK EUWBO JOH\VUU, WUS OJXWEOU N[MCRHUEFU
[CSKB\I. 5UMUGMNZCK R C++ O[UMCBOMX new F delete, RX O[MULUHKUBU, GLU QOPLCIBQK OJaUDBX F DCD
OEF NEFWBOZCIBQK. 0MOSU BOGO, SOZEO QOPLCRCB\ CJQBMCDBEXU DOHHUD^FF, R DOBOMXY EU RQUGLC [OEKBEO,
Q WUS RX FSUUBU LUHO Q ECQBOKTFS OJaUDBOS FHF Q CJQBMCD^FU_. $C GOMFPOEBU NZU RFLEX DOEBNMX
EORXY MCQ[MULUHUEEXY OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEXY QBMNDBNM, MCPMCJOBCEEXY BCDFSF `FMSCSF, DCD
Microsoft, Apple F Taligent. 5MCRLC, RCS [MFLUBQK [UMUQSOBMUB\ EUDOBOMXU JCPORXU [MULQBCRHUEFK O
BOS, GLU ECYOLKBQK OJaUDBX F DCD OEF [UMUSUTCIBQK R LMNGOU SUQBO RQU ]BF BUSX K RXLUHFH R
DCBUGOMFI [MOQBMCEQBR [CSKBF. 5MOQBMCEQBRC [CSKBF [OPROHKIB O[MULUHFB\ BF[ OJaUDBC RO RMUSK
RX[OHEUEFK [MOGMCSSX ROPSOZEOQB\, DOBOMO_ LO OJFLEOGO EU YRCBCUB R C++. 0OEUWEO, SX
[OGOROMFS F OJ N[MCRHUEFF [CSKB\I, EO ]BFS LUHO EU OGMCEFWFBQK.
Kak ufafu sfy kuury
5UMUL RCSF EU MNDOROLQBRO Q GOBORXSF MUÛ[BCSF LHK DOEDMUBEXY QFBNC^F_. .DOMUU ]BO QJOMEFD
BROMWUQDFY FLU_ F GOHOROHOSOD. %QHF D DOE^N DEFGF RX [OWNRQBRNUBU, WBO RCV CMQUECH [MFUSOR
[MOGMCSSFMORCEFK EC C++ MCQVFMFHQK, PECWFB, K LOQBFG QROU_ ÛHF, C NWFB\ RCQ, DOGLC F DCD
[OH\PORCB\QK ]BFSF [MFUSCSF, K EU QBCEN.
6CBUMFCH DCZLO_ OBLUH\EO_ GHCRX EUROPSOZEO & >%2*%3 ,#6# [OEKB\ JUP [MULRCMFBUH\EOGO PECDOSQBRC
QO RQUSF OQBCH\EXSF GHCRCSF. ! RQU ZU K [MFHOZFH SCDQFSNS NQFHF_, WBOJX SCBUMFCH HIJO_ GHCRX
JXH [OHUPUE EUSULHUEEO [OQHU PECDOSQBRC Q EU_ F WBOJX GHCRX HOGFWUQDF QHULORCHF LMNG PC LMNGOS, C
ECV ROOJMCZCUSX_ QHOE RXMFQORXRCHQK [OQBU[UEEO JFREF, NVF, YOJOB F B. L. 5OQHU [MOWBUEFK
DEFGC SOZUB [MFGOLFB\QK R DCWUQBRU Q[MCROWEFDC WBO-BO RMOLU HFWEO_ F OWUE\ DMCBDO_
]E^FDHO[ULFF [MFUSOR [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK F FLFOS C++.
"C SEOGFU GOLX FPNWUEFK F FQ[OH\PORCEFK C++ K NPECH, WBO LCZU N O[XBEXY [MOGMCSSFQBOR R
[OPECEFKY RQBMUWCIBQK [MOJUHX; R OQBCRVUSQK SCBUMFCHU WCQBF K [OQBCMCIQ\ RXMOREKB\ NMORUE\
[OLGOBORDF RQUY WFBCBUHU_. 3BO EU RQBN[FBUH\EOU O[FQCEFU KPXDC, C QDOMUU DMCBDCK QROLDC BUS,
DOBOMXU JNLNB FQ[OH\PORCEX R [OQHULNITFY GHCRCY. # GHCRU 2 SX QBMUSFBUH\EO [MOJUZFSQK [O
EUDOBOMXS OQOJUEEOQBKS KPXDC. ,HCRC 3 [OQRKTUEC VCJHOECS [OQBU[UEEO ]BC BUSC QBCEORFBQK RQU
JOHUU RCZEO_, [OQDOH\DN VCJHOEX [OLLUMZFRCIBQK RO RQU JOH\VUS WFQHU DOS[FHKBOMOR. # GHCRU 4
MCQQSCBMFRCUBQK OJMCJOBDC FQDHIWUEF_ EC OQEORU MUDOSUELORCEEOGO QBCELCMBC ANSI F [MFROLFBQK
[CMC PCSUWCEF_ O EUQBCELCMBEXY FQDHIWUEFKY, RQBMUWCITFYQK R MUCH\EOS SFMU.
1CQB\ 2 [OQRKTUEC MCPEXS BF[CS NDCPCBUHU_ OB GHN[XY LO GUEFCH\EXY. $C ]BOS `NELCSUEBU
[OQBMOUEC RQK DEFGC, F K NRUMUE, WBO ]BF QRULUEFK JNLNB [OHUPEX HIJOSN WFBCBUHI.
# WCQBF 3 MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK QBMNDBNMC F MUCHFPC^FK BF[OR F FUMCMYF_ DHCQQOR R C++. )QEOREOU
REFSCEFU NLUHUEO OLEOSN FP WCQBEXY QHNWCUR GOSOSOMÈXS FUMCMYFKS DHCQQOR. "COLEO SX
[OGOROMFS OJ OJaUDBCY DHCQQOR, [MULQBCRFBUHKY F LMNGFY HIJO[XBEXY BUSCY. 8OH\VFEQBRN WFBCBUHU_
QBOFB [MOWFBCB\ BMUB\I WCQB\ OB ECWCHC LO DOE^C, EO EFDBO EU PC[MUTCUB RCS [MOQSOBMUB\ UU F
OBOJMCB\ BUSX [O QROUSN RDNQN. ! YOBK RX JNLUBU [OHCGCB\, WBO PECUBU OJ NDCPCBUHKY RQU EC QRUBU, OEF
QORUMVUEEO EUOZFLCEEO QEORC ROPEFDENB R DOEBUDQBU GOSOSOMÈXY FUMCMYF_.
# WCQBF 4 ECQ [OLZFLCUB QCSCK NZCQECK BUSC C++ N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I. 4MORUE\ FPHOZUEFK
SUEKUBQK OB [MFSFBFREOGO LO EOMSCH\EOGO F QRUMYQHOZEOGO, EO OQEOREOU REFSCEFU NLUHKUBQK BUS
[MOJHUSCS, DOBOMXU SOGNB ROPEFDENB\ [MF [MOGMCSSFMORCEFF EC C++, F FY ROPSOZEXS MUVUEFKS EC
JCPU MCPEXY KPXDORXY QMULQBR. 'FWEO K QWFBCI, WBO ECWCH\EXU GHCRX ]BO_ WCQBF CJQOHIBEO
EUOJYOLFSX LHK QWCQBHFRO_ F [OHEOÛEEO_ ZFPEF R C++, EO UQHF RCQ, LO[NQBFS, QORUMVUEEO EU
FEBUMUQNUB [MOÛQQ QJOMDF SNQOMC OQBCR\BU [OQHULEII [CMN GHCR F PC_SFBUQ\ WUS-EFJNL\ JOHUU
[OHUPEXS LHK OJTUQBRC.
.7
Heckonuko cnoe o cfune nporparrupoeauun
#OB ]BF EUQDOH\DO QHOR: QBFH\ [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK SUEK EU ROHENUB. & LOQBCBOWEO DMCBOD? %QHF YOBK JX
[OHORFEC RMUSUEF, FPMCQYOLORCEEOGO EC [MCRFH\ENI MCQQBCEORDN `FGNMEXY QDOJOD, BMCBFHCQ\ EC
OJLNSXRCEFU [MOGMCSSX FHF UTU HNWVU EC OJTUEFU Q [OH\PORCBUHKSF, BO RQK OBMCQH\ MCJOBCHC JX
ECSEOGO ]`ÙDBFREUU. 0OEUWEO, ULFEQBRO QBFHK RUT\ YOMOVCK, EO K UTU EU RFLUH DEFGF FHF
MNDOROLQBRC [O QBFHI, DOBOMXU JX QBOFHF LCZU WCQOROGO QOJMCEFK GMN[[X R ECWCHU [MOUDBC. 0 BOSN ZU
EF OLEC DEFGC FHF MNDOROLQBRO [O QBFHI EU [MURMCBKB DOL EUCDDNMCBEOGO [MOGMCSSFQBC R EUWBO
OQSXQHUEEOU. # QNTEOQBF, QBFH\ WCQBO FQ[OH\PNUBQK DCD O[MCRLCEFU EULOQBCBDC REFSCEFK D QCSO_
[MOGMCSSU. $CDOEU^, K UTU EU RFLUH, WBOJX R Q[OMCY O QBFHU OLFE [MOGMCSSFQB R WUS-BO NJULFH
LMNGOGO, [O]BOSN HIJXU LFQDNQQFF EC ]BN BUSN QWFBCI JUQ[OHUPEO_ BMCBO_ RMUSUEF.
4 SUEK UQB\ QROF QOJQBRUEEXU [MFE^F[X F QRO_ QBFH\, EO R OQEOREOS K QOJFMCIQ\ OBDCPCB\QK OB QROUGO
[NBF F [OEUSEOGN [OH\PORCB\QK RQUSF QBFHKSF, Q DOBOMXSF SEU [MFYOLFHOQ\ RQBMUWCB\QK. 0EFGC
[OQRKTUEC KPXDORXS FLFOSCS, C EU MCQ[OHOZUEFI `FGNMEXY QDOJOD FHF MUGFQBMN QFSROHOR. $CLUIQ\,
SOU MUVUEFU JNLUB MCPLMCZCB\ RQUY WFBCBUHU_ R MCREO_ SUMU.
& BCDZU RUQ\SC ROH\EO OJOVUHQK Q [OLQBCRHKUSXSF (inline) `NED^FKSF DHCQQOR, OQOJUEEO Q
RFMBNCH\EXSF. # DCEOEFWUQDOS RCMFCEBU [OLQBCRHKUSXU `NED^FF LOHZEX RXGHKLUB\ QHULNITFS
OJMCPOS:
class Foo {
public:
void MemberFn();
};
inline void Foo::MemberFn()
{
...
}
# SOU_ DEFGU ]BOB `MCGSUEB JNLUB RXGHKLUB\ FECWU:
class Foo {
public:
void MemberFnO {...};
};
& OÒMSHKH DCD [OLQBCRHKUSXU LCZU RFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF DHCQQOR, YOBK OLEF DOS[FHKBOMX
OBRUMGCIB BCDO_ QFEBCDQFQ, C LMNGFU OJMCJCBXRCIB UGO EU[MCRFH\EO. *UHCHOQ\ ]BO LHK ]DOEOSFF SUQBC.
%QHF JX BUDQBX RQUY [OLQBCRHKUSXY `NED^F_ [MFROLFHFQ\ OBLUH\EO, DEFGC PCSUBEO RXMOQHC JX R
MCPSUMCY, C MCPMXRX QBMCEF^ WCTU [MFYOLFHFQ\ EC QUMULFEN HFQBFEGC. +CD WBO EU OBEOQFBUQ\ D
[OLQBCRHKUSXS `NED^FKS QHFVDOS QUM\UPEO.
.CLFBUQ\ R HIJFSOU DMUQHO, PCROLFBU YOMOVNI SNPXDN, QBCR\BU [OL MNDN WCVDN WCK F [O[XBC_BUQ\
[OHNWFB\ NLOROH\QBRFU!
Cuufakcuc C++
"C GOLX [MU[OLCRCEFK C++ K NPECH, WBO [OLCRHKITUU JOH\VFEQBRO [MOGMCSSFQBOR C++ (RDHIWCK
QCSXY O[XBEXY) MULDO [OH\PNUBQK EUDOBOMXSF ROPSOZEOQBKSF KPXDC. 0OEUWEO, LUHO ]BO QNGNJO
FELFRFLNCH\EOU, EO [MF RQU_ QHOZEOQBF F GHNJFEU C++ EUJOH\VO_ OJPOM EU [ORMULFB EFDOSN. # ]BO_ F
LRNY QHULNITFY GHCRCY K [OQBCMCIQ\ RXMOREKB\ NMORUE\ [OLGOBORDF WFBCBUHU_ [UMUL BUS, DCD [U-
MUYOLFB\ D LU_QBRFBUH\EO FEBUMUQEXS BUSCS. 3BC GHCRC EU PCSUEFB Annotated Reference Manual FHF
LMNGOU Q[MCROWEOU MNDOROLQBRO RX EU EC_LUBU R EU_ [OHEO_ Q[U^F`FDC^FF KPXDC. & HFV\
MCQQSOBMI EUDOBOMXU KPXDORXU QMULQBRC, DOBOMXU WCQBO [OEFSCIBQK EURUMEO FHF EU [OEFSCIBQK
RORQU. 5MFLUMZFBU VHK[N F [MFGOBOR\BUQ\ D QBMUSFBUH\EOSN OJHUBN QFEBCDQFQC C++!
Repereuuue u koucfaufu
8OHBOREI O BOS, WBO BCDOU [UMUSUEEXU F LHK WUGO OEF ENZEX, [MO[NQDCUS. $CVUGO REFSCEFK
PCQHNZFRCIB LRU BUSX: DOEQBCEBEOQB\ F QMCREUEFU LFECSFWUQDFY OJaUDBOR QO QBUDORXSF.
const
0HIWUROU QHORO const, DOBOMOU R MCPEXY DOEBUDQBCY [MFEFSCUB MCPEXU PECWUEFK, OLEO FP QCSXY
FEÒMSCBFREXY R C++. *C, SUZLN ]BFSF PECWUEFKSF UQB\ DOU-WBO OJTUU, EO RCS RQU MCREO [MFLUBQK
PC[OSEFB\ RQU DOEDMUBEXU QHNWCF.
Koucfaufuue nepereuuue
%QHF [UMUSUEECK OJaKRHUEC Q DHIWURXS QHOROS const, PECWFB, OEC EU LOHZEC SUEKB\QK. 5OQHU
O[MULUHUEFK DOEQBCEBEO_ [UMUSUEEO_ RX NZU EU QSOZUBU FPSUEFB\ UU PECWUEFU FHF [UMULCB\ UU R
DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBC `NED^FF, DOBOMCK EU GCMCEBFMNUB UU EUFPSUEEOQBF. (CQQSOBMFS [MOQBO_ [MFSUM Q
DOEQBCEBEO_ ÛHO_ [UMUSUEEO_.
const int j = 17; // !"#$% &'()*$(*$
j = 29; // +"#,-%, -($."(/" (" 0'#1(' 2"(%*,)%
const int i; // +"#,-%, '*)3*)*43"* ($.$#,('" -($."(/"
+MUB\K QBMODC EURUMEC, [OQDOH\DN R EU_ DOS[FHKBOMN [MULHCGCUBQK O[MULUHFB\ QHNWC_ENI [UMUSUEENI,
DOBOMNI EFDOGLC EU NLCQBQK FPSUEFB\, ]BCDF_ QBMCEEX_ GUEUMCBOM QHNWC_EXY ÛHXY DOEQBCEB.
#OOJTU GOROMK, RX QOOJTCUBU DOS[FHKBOMN, DCDO_ DOEQBMNDBOM OE LOHZUE FQ[OH\PORCB\ R DOEDMUBEOS
QHNWCU. %QHF JX [UMUSUEECK i OBEOQFHCQ\ D EUBMFRFCH\EOSN DHCQQN, BO [MF OJaKRHUEFF DOEQBCEBEOGO
]DPUS[HKMC [MFVHOQ\ JX KREO NDCPCB\ DOEQBMNDBOM F UGO CMGNSUEBX. int RXMOZLUEEX_ QHNWC_,
[OQDOH\DN EC QCSOS LUHU const int j=17; BO ZU, WBO F int j(17).
$O ROB DOS[FHKBOM NPECH, WBO EUWBO LOHZEO JXB\ DOEQBCEBEXS. )E [MOQX[CUBQK F ECWFECUB FQDCB\
OVFJDF EU BOH\DO `CDBFWUQDFU, EO F [OBUE^FCH\EXU. 0OS[FHKBOM EU MCPMUVFB FQ[OH\PORCB\ RCVU
DOEQBCEBEOU EUWBO R HIJOS EUDOEQBCEBEOS DOEBUDQBU, LCZU UQHF VUQBFHUBEF_ MUJUEOD MCPJUMUBQK R
[MOGMCSSU F LODCZUB, WBO R EU_ EUB EF OLEO_ OVFJDF.
const i = 17;
int& j = 1; // +"#,-%, 5'*'23 .*' 5'-0("" j 2'1"* /-2"(/*,)%
2
20
$U RCZEO, JNLUBU HF RX FPSUEKB\ RUHFWFEN, EC DOBOMNI QQXHCUBQK j. 0OS[FHKBOM [MUL[OHCGCUB, WBO
RCS 9+?%-#".4 ]BO QLUHCB\, F EC RQKDF_ QHNWC_ NQBMCEKUB FQDNVUEFU. !ECWU GOROMK, DOEQBCEBEOQB\
QRO_QBRO [UMUSUEEO_, C EU LCEEXY, [O]BOSN EUDOEQBCEBECK [UMUSUEECK EU SOZUB QQXHCB\QK EC
DOEQBCEBENI RUHFWFEN.
const u #define
*RU QHULNITFU QBMODF *# ]DRFRCHUEBEX:
const int i = 17;
#define i 17;
# [UMRO_ QBMODU O[MULUHKUBQK [UMUSUEECK, PCEFSCITCK EUDOBOMNI OJHCQB\ [CSKBF, C RO RBOMO_
SCDMOQ. )JXWEO OBHFWFK EUQNTUQBRUEEX, UQHF EU QWFBCB\ OLEOGO-LRNY HFVEFY BCDBOR, PCBMCWUEEXY EC
DCZLOU OJMCTUEFU D DOEQBCEBEO_ [UMUSUEEO_. )LECDO UQHF [UMUSUEECK KRHKUBQK GHOJCH\EO_ F
[MFECLHUZFB EUBMFRFCH\EOSN DHCQQN QO QROFS DOEQBMNDBOMOS, QFBNC^FK MUPDO SUEKUBQK.
*O[OHEFBUH\EXU QRULUEFK [MFRULUEX R MCPLUHU !EF^FCHFPC^FK GHOJCH\EXY OJaUDBOR ]BO_ GHCRX.
Koucfaufu e nepeucneuunx
5#6#-(.2#*(4 (#>(") EU OWUE\ VFMODO FQ[OH\PORCHFQ\ R KPXDU . [O OLEO_ [MOQBO_ [MFWFEU:
QFSROHFWUQDFU FSUEC DOEQBCEB FSUIB GHOJCH\ENI OJHCQB\ LU_QBRFK F JXQBMO PCYHCSHKIB
[MOQBMCEQBRO FSUE. # C++ ]BC [MOJHUSC FQWUPHC, [OQDOH\DN OJHCQB\ LU_QBRFK QFSROHFWUQDFY FSUE
OGMCEFWFRCUBQK DHCQQOS FHF QBMNDBNMO_.
class Foo {
public:
enum Status { kOpen = 1, kClosed };
};
// 60"-*' 4 57'87$22"
Foo::Status s = Foo::kOpen;
)JMCBFBU REFSCEFU OJHCQB\ LU_QBRFK LOHZEC JXB\ KREO NDCPCEC DCD R FSUEF BF[C, BCD F R
QFSROHFWUQDOS FSUEF. .HULORCBUH\EO, QFSROHFWUQDFU FSUEC kOpen F kClosed SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ R
[MOGMCSSU F LHK LMNGFY ÛHU_. 0OS[FHKBOM MCQQSCBMFRCUB QFSROHFWUQDFU FSUEC [UMUWFQHUEF_ DCD
SCDMOQX, C EU DCD DOEQBCEBEXU [UMUSUEEXU. 3BO OJQBOKBUH\QBRO SOZUB ODCPCB\QK RCZEXS [MF
FEF^FCHFPC^FF GHOJCH\EXY [UMUSUEEXY (QS, LCHUU R ]BO_ GHCRU).
Ykasafenu ua koucfaufy
. NDCPCBUHKSF LUHO OJQBOFB EUQDOH\DO QHOZEUU, [OQDOH\DN [MFYOLFBQK NWFBXRCB\ LRC PECWUEFK: CLMUQ
F QOLUMZFSOU [CSKBF [O ]BOSN CLMUQN. # QHULNITUS [MFSUMU 7 ]BO NDCPCBUH\ EC DOEQBCEBN;
ECYOLKTF_QK R NDCPCBUHU CLMUQ SOZUB FPSUEFB\QK, EO QOLUMZFSOU [CSKBF [O ]BOSN CLMUQN EUB.
const int* p;
int i = 17;
p = &i; // 9'1('
*p = 29; // +"#,-%
.DCPCEEOU BCDZU OBEOQFBQK D QBMNDBNMCS F OJaUDBCS.
class foo {
public:
int x;
};
const foo* f = new foo;
f->x = 17; // +"#,-%, 57/)4'"(/" .#"($2 &#$))$ (" 0'53)&$"*)%
2.
Koucfaufuu ykasafenu
. DOEQBCEBEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF RQU ECOJOMOB: CLMUQ FPSUEKB\ EUH\PK, EO PCBO SOZEO FPSUEKB\
QOLUMZFSOU [CSKBF [O ]BOSN CLMUQN.
int i = 17;
int j = 29;
int* const p; // +"#,-%! :'#1(' ;<*, -$0$(' ($.$#,('" -($."(/"
int* const p1 = &i; // ='7%0'&
*p1 = 29; // 9'1('; 4"#/./($, ($ &'*'73> ))<#$"*)% 3&$-$*"#,,
// 2'1"* /-2"(%*,)%
p1 = &j; // +"#,-%
Koucfaufuu ykasafenu ua koucfaufy
0OEQBCEBEX_ NDCPCBUH\ EC DOEQBCEBN ([O[MOJN_BU-DC BMFZLX JXQBMO [MOFPEUQBF ]BO RQHNY!) FPSUEFB\
ROOJTU EUH\PK. 3BO EUFPSUEKUSX_ CLMUQ EUFPSUEKUSO_ RUHFWFEX.
int i = 17;
int j = 29;
const int* const p; // +"#,-%. :'#1"( ;<*, -$0$( ($.$#,(<? $07")
const int* const p1 = &i; // 9'1('
*p1 = 29; // +"#,-%
p1 = &j; // +"#,-%
Koucfaufuue apryreufu qyukuu
0OEQBCEBEX_ CMGNSUEB `NED^FF LOHZUE [OLWFEKB\QK BUS ZU [MCRFHCS, WBO F HIJCK LMNGCK
DOEQBCEBECK [UMUSUEECK.
void f(const int* p)
{
*p = 17; // +"#,-%
int i = 29;
p = &i; // 9'1(', (' -$."2?
}
// 60"-*' 4 57'87$22"
int i = 17;
f(&i); // ='7%0'&, @$&*/.")&/? $7832"(* (" ';%-$( ;<*, &'()*$(*'?
)JMCBFBU REFSCEFU CMGNSUEB, NDCPCEEX_ [MF RXPORU `NED^FF, EU OJKPCE JXB\ DOEQBCEBEXS. 3BOB
RO[MOQ ÛHFDOS OQBCUBQK EC NQSOBMUEFU QBOMOEX-[OHNWCBUHK. 5UMULCWC [O QQXHDU OQNTUQBRHKUBQK [O
BUS ZU [MCRFHCS, WBO F [UMULCWC [O CLMUQN.
void f(const int& p)
{
p = 17; // +"#,-%
int i = 29;
p = i; // 9'1(' (($ 87$(/ @'#$)
}
// 60"-*' 8#3;'&' 4 57'87$22"
int i = 17;
f(i); // ='7%0'&
22
Hekoucfaufuue apryreufu qyukuu
%QHF ÒMSCH\EX_ CMGNSUEB `NED^FF OJaKRHUE EUDOEQBCEBEXS, BO F `CDBFWUQDF_ CMGNSUEB,
FQ[OH\PNUSX_ [MF RXPORU, BOZU LOHZUE JXB\ EUDOEQBCEBEXS.
void f(int*);
int i = 17;
const int* p = &i;
const int j = 29;
f(&i); // 9'1(', 5'*'23 .*' i (" &'()*$(*$
f(p); // +"#,-%
f(&j); // A'1" ("#,-%, 5'*'23 .*' j - &'()*$(*$
3BO UTU OLEO QMULQBRO, Q [OSOT\I DOBOMOGO DOS[FHKBOM QOJHILCUB [MFE^F[ ULFEOZLX DOEQBCEBEX_
RQUGLC OQBCUBQK DOEQBCEBEXS. *CZU UQHF `NED^FK f EC QCSOS LUHU EU FPSUEKUB PECWUEFK QROUGO
ÒMSCH\EOGO [CMCSUBMC, ]BO EF EC WBO EU RHFKUB.
Koucfaufuue qyukuuu knaccoe
# DOEQBCEBEXY `NED^FKY DHCQQOR [UMUSUEECK this FEBUM[MUBFMNUBQK DCD NDCPCBUH\ EC DOEQBCEBN.
0OS[FHKBOM LCQB RCS [O MNDCS, UQHF RX [O[MOJNUBU ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK [UMUSUEEO_ this LHK FPSUEUEFK
[UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC FHF EC_BF LHK EUU FEOU, EUDOEQBCEBEOU [MFSUEUEFU. .SXQH DHIWUROGO QHORC const
PCRFQFB OB UGO SUQBC R OJaKRHUEFF `NED^FF; LHK DOEQBCEBEXY `NED^F_ OEO, QHOREO JOMOLCRDC, BOMWFB
[OQHU QFGECBNMX `NED^FF.
class foo {
private:
int x;
public:
void f() const;
void g();
};
void h(int*);
void m(foo*);
void foo::f();
{
x = 17; // +"#,-%: /-2"(%"*)% 5"7"2"(($% &#$))$
this->g(); // +"#,-%: g ("&'*'7$% @3(&B/%
h(&x); // +"#,-%: h 2'1"* /-2"(/*, x
m(this); // +"#,-%: ("&'()*$(*(<? $7832"(* 4 m()
}
5UMRCK OVFJDC [O[XBDC FPSUEFB\ [UMUSUEENI DHCQQC WUMUP this. # DOEQBCEBEXY `NED^FKY DHCQQC
foo [UMUSUEECK this `CDBFWUQDF OJaKRHKUBQK DCD const foo* this;. #BOMCK OVFJDC QHOZEUU. !P
[MFRULUEEOGO `MCGSUEBC EUFPRUQBEO, FPSUEKUB HF `NED^FK g DCDFU-HFJO [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC foo, EO ]BO
F EU RCZEO; OLEO_ ROPSOZEOQBF LOQBCBOWEO, WBOJX RCV DOS[FHKBOM MCPMCPFHQK EUGOLNITFSF RO[HKSF.
!P DOEQBCEBEO_ `NED^FF DHCQQC EUH\PK RXPXRCB\ EUDOEQBCEBEXU `NED^FF WUMUP this. 5OYOZCK
QFBNC^FK ROPEFDCUB Q BMUB\U_ F WUBRUMBO_ OVFJDO_ DOS[FHKBOM [O[XBCUBQK Q[CQBF RCQ OB QCSOGO
QUJK F EU LO[NQBFB [OBUE^FCH\EO O[CQEXU QBMODF.
)LFE FP RUMEXY [MFPECDOR [MOÙQQFOECHC C++ DHIWURXU QHORC const, OJFH\EO MCPJMOQCEEXU [O
`NED^FKS DHCQQOR. 'IJCK `NED^FK DHCQQC, DOBOMCK GCMCEBFMORCEEO EU FPSUEKUB this, LOHZEC JUP
SCHU_VFY MCPSXVHUEF_ OJaKRHKB\QK DOEQBCEBEO_. #[MOWUS, DCD RFLEO FP [MFRULUEEOGO RXVU
`MCGSUEBC, ]BC QBMCBUGFK MCJOBCUB HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF RQU NWCQBEFDF DOSCELX QHULNIB RCVUSN
[MFSUMN F OJaKRKB DOEQBCEBEXSF .&%( `NED^FF, # [MOBFREOS QHNWCU ROPEFDCIB DCQDCLEXU OVFJDF.
1CQBO RXKQEKUBQK, WBO EULCREO DN[HUEECK JFJHFOBUDC DHCQQOR EU FQ[OH\PNUB DOEQBCEBEXU `NED^FF F
23
ECMNVCUB RCV [NMFBCEQDF_ QBFH\ DOLFMORCEFK. 6OMCH\: DOEQBCEBEXU `NED^FF DHCQQOR ENZEO
FQ[OH\PORCB\ HFJO Q [OHEXS `CECBFPSOS (ZUHCBUH\EO), HFJO EU FQ[OH\PORCB\ RORQU.
Cfekoeue u puuarueckue oLekfu
!EOGLC SEU DCZUBQK, WBO C++ HNWVU FPNWCB\ JUP [MULRCMFBUH\EOGO PECDOSQBRC Q C. # C++ WCQBO
FQ[OH\PNIBQK BU ZU BUMSFEX, WBO F R ., EO PC EFSF DMOIBQK QORUMVUEEO FEO_ QSXQH F [MCRFHC
[MFSUEUEFK. $C[MFSUM, ROP\SUS [MFSFBFREX_ ÛHX_ BF[.
int x = 17;
# C++ ]BO JNLUB ]DPUS[HKM RQBMOUEEOGO DHCQQC int. # . ]BO JNLUB... [MOQBO int. #QBMOUEEXU DHCQQX
FSUIB QROF DOEQBMNDBOMX. 4 DHCQQC int UQB\ DOEQBMNDBOM Q OLEFS CMGNSUEBOS, DOBOMX_
FEF^FCHFPFMNUB OJaUDB [UMULCRCUSXS PECWUEFUS. +UOMUBFWUQDF QNTUQBRNUB F LUQBMNDBOM, YOBK OE
EFWUGO EU LUHCUB F HFDRFLFMNUBQK RQUSF EOMSCH\EXSF MCPMCJOBWFDCSF DOS[FHKBOMOR R [MOÛQQU
O[BFSFPC^FF. #CZEO OQOPECB\, WBO RQBMOUEEXU BF[X PC OWUE\ MULDFSF FQDHIWUEFKSF [OLWFEKIBQK BUS
ZU JCPORXS [MCRFHCS, WBO F RCVF MCQVFMUEEXU BF[X.
#X LOHZEX [OEFSCB\ ]BN BUOMUBFWUQDNI OQOJUEEOQB\ C++, WBOJX [MCRFH\EO OBEOQFB\QK D QBUDORXS F
LFECSFWUQDFS OJaUDBCS F QRKPCEEXS Q EFSF [UMUSUEEXS.
Pasreeuue e cfeke
1BOJX RXLUHFB\ [CSKB\ LHK QBUDORO_ [UMUSUEEO_ R OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK JHODC, LOQBCBOWEO [MOQBO
OJaKRFB\ UU OJXWEXS OJMCPOS.
{
int i;
foo f(constructor_args);
// ="7"0 4<C'0'2 /- ;#'&$ 4<-<4$>*)% 0")*73&*'7< i / f
}
.BUDORXU OJaUDBX QNTUQBRNIB HFV\ R GMCEF^CY QOLUMZCTUGO FY JHODC. 5MF RXYOLU PC UGO [MULUHX
CRBOSCBFWUQDF RXPXRCUBQK LUQBMNDBOM. (CPNSUUBQK, [OHNWUEFU CLMUQC QBUDOROGO OJaUDBC LUHO
MFQDORCEEOU, UQHF BOH\DO RX CJQOHIBEO, QBO[MOÛEBEO EU NRUMUEX, WBO ]BOB NDCPCBUH\ EU JNLUB
FQ[OH\PORCE [OQHU RXYOLC PC [MULUHX OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK OJaUDBC. #QU `MCGSUEBX EC[OLOJFU
[MFRULUEEOGO EFZU RQUGLC QWFBCIBQK [OBUE^FCH\EO O[CQEXSF:
{
int i;
foo f;
SomeFunction(&f);
}
8UP FPNWUEFK `NED^FF SomeFunction EUROPSOZEO QDCPCB\, JUPO[CQUE HF ]BOB `MCGSUEB.
SomeFunction SOZUB [UMULCB\ CLMUQ LCH\VU FHF QOYMCEFB\ UGO R DCDO_-EFJNL\ [UMUSUEEO_, C [O
PCDOEN 6]M`F ]BOB CLMUQ ECRUMEKDC JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCE NZU [OQHU NEFWBOZUEFK OJaUDBC f. *CZU UQHF
QRUMYBTCBUH\EX_ CECHFP SomeFunction [ODCZUB, WBO CLMUQ EU QOYMCEKUBQK [OQHU RXPORC, WUMUP [CMN
HUB DCDO_-EFJNL\ EORX_ [MOGMCSSFQB SOLF`F^FMNUB SomeFunction, [MOLHFB QNTUQBRORCEFU CLMUQC
EC [CMN SCVFEEXY DOSCEL F 846!!! 'NWVU [OHEOQB\I FQDHIWFB\ BCDNI ROPSOZEOQB\ F EU
[UMULCRCB\ CLMUQC QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR.
uuarueckoe pasreeuue
1BOJX RXLUHFB\ [CSKB\ LHK OJaUDBC R DNWU (heap), ROQ[OH\PN_BUQ\ O[UMCBOMOS new new new new.
foo* f = new foo(constructor_args);
#MOLU JX RQU [MOQBO. )[UMCBOM new RXLUHKUB [CSKB\ F RXPXRCUB QOOBRUBQBRNITF_ DOEQBMNDBOM EC
OQEORCEFF [UMULCEEXY CMGNSUEBOR. $O DOGLC ]BOB OJaUDB NEFWBOZCUBQK? 5OLMOJEX_ OBRUB EC ]BOB
RO[MOQ PC_SUB [MFSUMEO BMUB\ DEFGF, EO K EU JNLN RLCRCB\QK R BUYEFWUQDFU LUBCHF F OBRUWN BCD: 0OGLC
24
DBO-EFJNL\ RXPORUB O[UMCBOM delete LHK UGO CLMUQC. .CS [O QUJU OJaUDB FP [CSKBF EU NLCHFBQK; RX
LOHZEX KREO QOOJTFB\ QROU_ [MOGMCSSU, DOGLC UGO QHULNUB NEFWBOZFB\.
Ykasafenu u ccunku
5O[XBDF QRKPCB\ NDCPCBUHF Q LFECSFWUQDFSF OJaUDBCSF WCQBO [MFROLKB D EULOMCPNSUEFKS. #
QNTEOQBF, OEF EU FSUIB LMNG Q LMNGOS EFWUGO OJTUGO. #X SOZUBU [OHNWFB\ CLMUQ QBUDOROGO OJaUDBC F
RX[OHEFB\ OJMCBEOU [MUOJMCPORCEFU, BO UQB\ MCPXSUEORCEFU (dereferencing) CLMUQC LFECSFWUQDOGO
OJaUDBC. ! EC BO, F EC LMNGOU SOZEO QOPLCB\ QQXHDN.
{
foo f;
foo* p = &f;
f.MemberFn(); // D)5'#,-3"* )$2 ';E"&*
p->MemberFn(); // D)5'#,-3"* "8' $07")
p = new foo;
foo& r = *p; // F)<#&$ ($ ';E"&*
r.MemberFn(); // A' 1", .*' / p->MemberFn()
}
0CD RFLFBU, RXJOM O[UMCBOMC . FHF -> PCRFQFB OB BF[C [UMUSUEEO_ F EU FSUUB OBEOVUEFK D CBMFJNBCS
QCSOGO OJaUDBC. (CP NZ SX PCGOROMFHF OJ ]BOS, [MCRFH\EXU ECPRCEFK ]BFY O[UMCBOMOR (. F ->)
.#2#$"%6' -2#*%& $2+..+ (member selectors). %QHF RX ECPORUBU FY BOWDO_ FHF QBMUHDO_ EC QUSFECMU
Q DODBU_HKSF, ECQBN[FB GMOJORCK BFVFEC, RQU [ORUMENBQK F [MUPMFBUH\EO [OQSOBMKB EC RCQ, C R LCH\EUS
NGHN DBO-EFJNL\ RXMOEFB QRO_ JODCH.
Hepocfafku cfekoeux oLekfoe
%QHF FQ[OH\PORCB\ O[UMCBOM delete LHK QBUDOROGO OJaUDBC, BO [MF JOH\VOS RUPUEFF RCVC [MOGMCSSC
[MOQBO GMOYEUBQK. - UQHF RCS (DCD F JOH\VFEQBRN FP ECQ) EU [ORUPUB, BO [MOGMCSSC ECWEUB RUQBF QUJK,
DCD MUREFRCK HIJOREF^C OEC JNLUB RXBROMKB\, RQKDFU GCLOQBF R MCPEXY SUQBCY [CSKBF, EO EU QDCZUB,
EC WBO ZU OEC MCPOPHFHCQ\. *UHO R BOS, WBO R JOH\VFEQBRU MUCHFPC^F_ C++ O[UMCBOM new PC[FQXRCUB
[CMN QDMXBXY JC_BOR [UMUL ROPRMCTCUSXS CLMUQOS. # ]BFY JC_BCY NDCPXRCUBQK MCPSUM RXLUHUEEOGO
JHODC. 5O EFS O[UMCBOM delete O[MULUHKUB, QDOH\DO [CSKBF PC NDCPCEEXS CLMUQOS QHULNUB OQROJOLFB\.
5MF RXLUHUEFF [CSKBF [OL QBUDORXU OJaUDBX O[UMCBOM new EU RXPXRCUBQK, [O]BOSN ]BF
LO[OHEFBUH\EXU LCEEXU OBQNBQBRNIB. %QHF RXPRCB\ O[UMCBOM delete LHK QBUDOROGO OJaUDBC, OE
ROP\SUB QOLUMZFSOU QBUDC ECL RCVU_ [UMUSUEEO_ F FEBUM[MUBFMNUB UGO DCD MCPSUM OQROJOZLCUSOGO
JHODC.
!BCD, SX PECUS [O DMC_EU_ SUMU LRU [MFWFEX, [O DOBOMXS QHULNUB FPJUGCB\ QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR UQHF
N RCQ EUB LU_QBRFBUH\EO RUQDFY LOROLOR R FY [OH\PN:
/. -LMUQ QBUDOROGO OJaUDBC SOZUB JXB\ QOYMCEUE F FQ[OH\PORCE [OQHU RXYOLC PC GMCEF^X OJHCQBF
LU_QBRFK OJaUDBC.
2. -LMUQ QBUDOROGO OJaUDBC SOZUB JXB\ [UMULCE O[UMCBOMN delete.
.HULORCBUH\EO, LHK QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR LU_QBRNUB YOMOVUU [MCRFHO: E($%7)+ *# >%28-+3"# (? +)6#.+
(2( +)6#.+ (? -2#*%&.
ocfouucfea cfekoeux oLekfoe
. LMNGO_ QBOMOEX, [CSKB\ R QBUDU RXLUHKUBQK Q GOHORODMNZFBUH\EO_ JXQBMOBO_ BCD ZU JXQBMO, DCD
DOS[FHKBOM RXLUHKUB [CSKB\ [OL LMNGFU CRBOSCBFWUQDFU [UMUSUEEXU (QDCZUS, ÛHXU). )[UMCBOM new
([O DMC_EU_ SUMU, UGO QBCELCMBECK RUMQFK) BMCBFB EUQDOH\DO BCDBOR EC BO, WBOJX MUVFB\, OBDNLC RPKB\
JHOD [CSKBF F GLU OQBCRFB\ LCEEXU LHK UGO [OQHULNITUGO OQROJOZLUEFK. 8XQBMOLU_QBRFU OLEC FP
RUQDFY [MFWFE R [OH\PN RXLUHUEFK [CSKBF FP QBUDC. 0CD RX RQDOMU NJULFBUQ\, QNTUQBRNUB EUSCHO
Q[OQOJOR NQDOMFB\ MCJOBN O[UMCBOMC new, BCD WBO ]BC [MFWFEC SUEUU RCZEC, WUS SOZUB [ODCPCB\QK Q
[UMROGO RPGHKLC.
25
-RBOSCBFWUQDOU NLCHUEFU RBOMOU JOH\VOU [MUFSNTUQBRO QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR, [O]BOSN
[MOGMCSSFQBX WCQBO QOPLCIB SCHUE\DFU RQ[OSOGCBUH\EXU QBUDORXU DHCQQX, DOBOMXU FGMCIB MOH\
OJUMBDF LHK LFECSFWUQDFY OJaUDBOR. # QHULNITUS PCJCREOS [MFSUMU LFECSFWUQDF_ DHCQQ Foo
N[CDORXRCUBQK R QBUDORX_ DHCQQ PFoo. 0OEQBMNDBOM RXLUHKUB [CSKB\ LHK Foo; LUQBMNDBOM
OQROJOZLCUB UU. %QHF RX EUPECDOSX Q O[UMCBOMCSF [MUOJMCPORCEFK, OJMCBFBUQ\ D QOOBRUBQBRNITUSN
MCPLUHN ]BO_ GHCRX. # LRNY QHORCY, `NED^FK operator Foo*() [OPROHKUB FQ[OH\PORCB\ DHCQQ PFoo RUPLU,
GLU LOHZUE FQ[OH\PORCB\QK Foo* EC[MFSUM, [MF RXPORU `NED^FF g().
class PFoo {
private:
Foo* f;
public:
PFoo() : f(new Foo) {}
~PFoo() { delete f; }
operator Foo*() { return f; }
}
void g(Foo*);
{
PFoo p;
g(p); // G<-<4$"* @3(&B/> operator Foo*() 0#% 57"';7$-'4$(/%
// H(/.*'1$"*)% p, $ -$ (/2 Foo
}
)JMCBFBU REFSCEFU, WBO ]BOB DHCQQ EU QORQUS JUPO[CQUE, [OQDOH\DN CLMUQ, ROPRMCTCUSX_ `NED^FU_
operator Foo*(), QBCEORFBQK EULU_QBRFBUH\EXS [OQHU NLCHUEFK RSUTCITUGO PFoo. 6X MCPJUMUSQK
Q ]BFS WNB\ [OPZU.
6X UTU EU MCP RQBMUBFSQK Q [OLOJEXSF ÒDNQCSF. #QK QOH\ PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO QBUDORXU OJaUDBX
SOGNB [MFGOLFB\QK [MOQBO FP-PC BOGO, WBO FY EU [MFYOLFBQK NLCHKB\ RMNWENI. #QDOMU K [ODCZN RCS, DCD
OMGCEFPORCB\ CRBOSCBFWUQDOU NLCHUEFU LFECSFWUQDFY OJaUDBOR, EO ]BC SUBOLFDC OWUE\ QHOZEC F RMKL
HF [MFGOLEC LHK [ORQULEUREOGO [MFSUEUEFK.
4 QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR UQB\ UTU OLEO [MUFSNTUQBRO UQHF RCV DOS[FHKBOM [OLLUMZFRCUB ANSI-
QORSUQBFSNI OJMCJOBDN FQDHIWUEF_ (exception). 0OGLC RO RMUSK MCQDMNBDF QBUDC [MOFQYOLFB
FQDHIWUEFU, LUQBMNDBOMX QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR RXPXRCIBQK CRBOSCBFWUQDF. *HK LFECSFWUQDFY OJaUDBOR
]BOGO EU QHNWCUBQK, F RCVC DNWC SOZUB [MURMCBFB\QK R ECQBOKTF_ YCOQ. (FQDNK [ORBOMFB\QK, K QDCZN,
WBO SX RUMEUSQK D ]BO_ BUSU [OPLEUU.
Onacfu pecfeun u qyukuuu
)LEO FP PECWFBUH\EXY [MUFSNTUQBR C++ ECL . ROPSOZEOQB\ OGMCEFWUEFK OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK
QFSROHFWUQDFY FSUE. #[MOWUS, ]BO [CHDC O LRNY DOE^CY, [OQDOH\DN [MCRFHC O[MULUHUEFK OJHCQBF
LU_QBRFK FEOGLC LOROH\EO PC[NBCEEX. 0MOSU BOGO, R C++ [OKRFHCQ\ [UMUGMNPDC `NED^F_ F DCD UU
MCQVFMUEFU [UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMOR. 5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO RX NZU PECDOSX Q CPCSF, [O]BOSN R QROUS
DMCBDOS OJPOMU K OGMCEFWNQ\ HFV\ EUDOBOMXSF EUBMFRFCH\EXSF OQOJUEEOQBKSF `NED^F_ F OJHCQBU_
LU_QBRFK.
Onacfu pecfeun
)JHCQB\ LU_QBRFK QOPLCUBQK QHULNITFSF DOEQBMND^FKSF:
DHCQQ;
QBMNDBNMC;
OJaULFEUEFU;
JHOD;
GHOJCH\EOU [MOQBMCEQBRO FSUE.
26
.FSROHFWUQDFU FSUEC, OJaKRHUEEXU R OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK, OBEOQKBQK BOH\DO D LCEEO_ OJHCQBF. )EF EU
OGMCEFWFRCIBQK [UMUWFQHUEFKSF F [MOQBXSF [UMUSUEEXSF. .BMNDBNMX, DHCQQX F `NED^FF BCDZU
SOGNB O[MULUHKB\QK R DOEDMUBEO_ OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK.
Knaccu
0HCQQ R C++ EUWBO JOH\VUU, WUS [MOQBCK QBMNDBNMC LCEEXY. 3BO CECHOG SOLNHK FP LMNGFY KPXDOR
[MOGMCSSFMORCEFK, QMULQBRO N[OMKLOWUEFK QFSROH\EXY FSUE.
class Foo {
public:
static int y; // 6#';$#,($% 5"7"2"(($%
static void GFn(); // 6#';$#,($% @3(&B/%
int x; // ="7"2"(($% &#$))$
Foo(); // I'()*73&*'7
void Fn(); // J3(&B/% &#$))$
typedef int (*IntFn)(); // A/5
enum Status { kOpen = 0, kClosed }; // :738'? */5
struct Bar { // G#'1"(($% )*73&*37$
int a;
int b;
static void BarFn();
}
private:
void Hn();
};
# ]BOS `MCGSUEBU [MFRULUEX EUDOBOMXU RCMFC^FF EC BUSN DHCQQOR. 5UMUSUEECK 3 GHOJCH\ECK
[UMUSUEECK, a GFn() GHOJCH\ECK `NED^FK, YOBK OJHCQB\ LU_QBRFK FY FSUE OGMCEFWFRCUBQK DHCQQOS
Foo. #O RQUY `NED^FKY DHCQQC Foo D EFS SOZEO OJMCTCB\QK [MOQBO [O FSUEF, EO PC UGO [MULUHCSF
EUOJYOLFSO FQ[OH\PORCB\ O[UMCBOM OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK :::
Foo::Foo()
{
GFn(); // 9< 31" ($C'0/2)% 4 ';#$)*/ 0"?)*4/% Foo
}
void f()
{
Foo::GFn(); // +"';C'0/2' -$0$*, ';#$)*, 0"?)*4/%
}
-ECHOGFWEO, O[MULUHUEFU BF[C IntFn, [UMUWFQHUEFU Status F LCZU RHOZUEENI QBMNDBNMN Bar BCDZU
SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ JUP NDCPCEFK OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK R `NED^FKY DHCQQC Foo, EO R HIJOS LMNGOS SUQBU
]BN OJHCQB\ EUOJYOLFSO PCLCB\. *HK RHOZUEEXY BF[OR Q OBDMXBO_ RFLFSOQB\I QFEBCDQFQ NDCPCEFK
OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK SOZUB [MFEKB\ EUQDOH\DO NQBMCVCITF_ RFL, DCD RFLEO FP QHULNITUGO [MFSUMC LHK
QBMNDBNMX G$r:
Foo::Bar b;
Foo::Bar::BarFn();
5O ]BO_ [MFWFEU RHOZUEEXU QBMNDBNMX HFJO LUHCIBQK BMFRFCH\EXSF, HFJO LOQBN[ D EFS
OGMCEFWFRCUBQK.
1HUEX DHCQQC C, Foo F Fn(), FSUIB QSXQH HFV\ R DOEBUDQBU DOEDMUBEOGO ]DPUS[HKMC (instance) ]BOGO
DHCQQC. *HK OJMCTUEFK D EFS FQ[OH\PNIBQK O[UMCBOMX-QUHUDBOMX WHUEOR DHCQQC, . F ->. <FMODFU
SCQQX (F, DCD K RXKQEFH EC QOJQBRUEEOS GOM\DOS O[XBU, LCZU MCPMCJOBWFDF DOS[FHKBOMOR C++) [OWBF
EU PECIB O BOS, WBO Q [OSOT\I QUHUDBOMOR SOZEO RXPXRCB\ QBCBFWUQDFU `NED^FF DHCQQC F OJMCTCB\QK
27
D QBCBFWUQDFS [UMUSUEEXS DHCQQC. .HULNITF_ `MCGSUEB RUMUE, YOBK JULEXU WFBCBUHF RCVU_
[MOGMCSSX [MFLNB R BCDOU PCSUVCBUH\QBRO, WBO [OLOJEOU SOZEO [MOLUHXRCB\ BOH\DO R [OQHULEF_ LUE\
[UMUL NROH\EUEFUS:
Foo f;
f.Gfn(); // A' 1", .*' / Foo::GFn();
Cfpykfypu
.BMNDBNMC R C++ [OWBF WBO [OHEOÛEEX_ DHCQQ. .O QBMNDBNMO_ SOZEO LUHCB\ RQU, WBO SOZEO LUHCB\
Q DHCQQOS. $C[MFSUM, QBMNDBNMX SOGNB NWCQBRORCB\ R ECQHULORCEFF; R EFY SOZEO OJaKRHKB\ QUD^FF
public, private, protected F LCZU RFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF. +US EU SUEUU, LHK QBMNDBNM LU_QBRNIB
EUQDOH\DO FEXU [MCRFHC: [O NSOHWCEFI RQU WHUEX QWFBCIBQK OBDMXBXSF (public), WBOJX GOBORXU
[MOGMCSSX EC . EU [MFYOLFHOQ\ [UMU[FQXRCB\ PCEORO [OL DCEOEX C++.
+UOMFK RUT\ YOMOVCK, EO LCRC_BU RUMEUSQK EC PUSHI. .BOFB HF LUSOEQBMFMORCB\ QROI DMNBFPEN F
OJaKRHKB\ QBMNDBNMN Q SEOZUQBRUEEXS ECQHULORCEFUS F RFMBNCH\EXSF `NED^FKSF? $C [MCDBFDU
QBMNDBNMX FQ[OH\PNIBQK RSUQBO DHCQQOR HFV\ [MF QOJHILUEFF QHULNITFY NQHORF_:
.BMNDBNMC EU QOLUMZFB RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_.
.BMNDBNMC EU KRHKUBQK [MOFPROLEO_ OB WUGO-HFJO, DMOSU MCPRU WBO LMNGO_ QBMNDBNMX.
.BMNDBNMC EU KRHKUBQK JCPORO_ LHK WUGO-HFJO, DMOSU MCPRU WBO LMNGO_ QBMNDBNMX.
$OMSCH\EXU [MOGMCSSFQBX C++ OJXWEO FQ[OH\PNIB QBMNDBNMX HFV\ LHK SCHUE\DFY NLOJEXY ECJOMOR
LCEEXY Q BMFRFCH\EXSF `NED^FKSF. # WCQBEOQBF, QBMNDBNMX WCQBO FQ[OH\PNIBQK R QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC
OJaUDB C++ LOHZUE JXB\ QORSUQBFS EC JFBOROS NMOREU Q REUVEU_ QBMNDBNMO_ LCEEXY (OQOJUEEO QO
QBMNDBNMCSF .). 5MF ]BOS SOZEO PC[MOQBO OJaKRHKB\ DOEQBMNDBOMX F EURFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF (OQO-
JUEEO BMFRFCH\EXU RQBMOUEEXU), [OQDOH\DN LHK EFY EU QOPLCUBQK v-BCJHF^C, DOBOMCK SOGHC JX
ECMNVFB\ JFBORNI QORSUQBFSOQB\.
OLepuueuun
)JaULFEUEFK C++ [OWBF EU OBHFWCIBQK OB OJaULFEUEF_ .. )EF [OPROHKIB Q]DOEOSFB\ EUQDOH\DO JC_B
PC QWUB ECHOZUEFK MCPHFWEXY QBMNDBNM LCEEXY [ORUMY LMNG LMNGC. )JaULFEUEFK SOGNB QOLUMZCB\
EURFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF, R BOS WFQHU DOEQBMNDBOMX F LUQBMNDBOMX, EO [MF ]BOS OEF LOHZEX
[OLWFEKB\QK LOROH\EO ZUQBDFS OGMCEFWUEFKS:
1HUEX OJaULFEUEFK EU SOGNB FSUB\ DOEQBMNDBOMOR (YOBK QCSO OJaULFEUEFU SOZUB).
)JaULFEUEFU EU SOZUB JXB\ [MOFPROLEXS OB WUGO-HFJO.
$FWBO EU SOZUB JXB\ [MOFPROLEXS OB OJaULFEUEFK.
*UQBMNDBOMX WHUEOR EU RXPXRCIBQK, YOBK LUQBMNDBOM QCSOGO OJaULFEUEFK, UQHF OE UQB\,
RXPXRCUBQK.
5OQDOH\DN OJaULFEUEFK EU NWCQBRNIB R FUMCMYFF ECQHULORCEFK, EUB QSXQHC OJaKRHKB\ R EFY
RFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF FHF PCTFTUEEXU WHUEX. 1HUEX OJaULFEUEF_ MCPMUVCUBQK OJaKRHKB\ PCDMXBXSF
(private) FHF OBDMXBXSF (public). )JaULFEUEFK [MFGOLKBQK HFV\ BOGLC, DOGLC RCS LU_QBRFBUH\EO
ENZEO Q]DOEOSFB\ [CSKB\, DOGLC RX EU QOJFMCUBUQ\ LUHCB\ OJaULFEUEFU [MOFPROLEXS FHF JCPORXS, C
BCDZU RDHIWCB\ R EUGO RFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF FHF DOEQBMNDBOMX. !ECWU GOROMK, [OH\PX OB EFY EU BCD
NZ SEOGO.
Enoku
#QU, WBO QBOFHO JX QDCPCB\ O JHODCY, NZU FPRUQBEO RCS FP . FHF FP [MULXLNTUGO O[FQCEFK QBUDORXY
OJaUDBOR.
Fnoanuuue npocfpaucfea ureu
,HOJCH\EXU [MOQBMCEQBRC FSUE C++ ECQBOH\DO QHOZEX, WBO R SOUS [MULQBCRHUEFF [MOÛQQ DOS[FHK^FF
GHOJCH\EXY DOEQBMND^F_ EC[OSFECUB SCGFWUQDF_ MFBNCH Q LXSOS JHCGOROEF_ F [UEFUS SCEBM. &
[OQBCMCIQ\ FPHOZFB\ ]BF [MCRFHC DCD SOZEO [MOTU. )JHCQB\ LU_QBRFK GHOJCH\EXY "(>%&
28
OGMCEFWFRCUBQK `C_HOS, R DOBOMOS OEF OJaKRHKIBQK. ,HOJCH\EXU >#6#,#**'# F B8*$C(( D BOSN ZU
[OLWFEKIBQK [MCRFHCS DOS[OEORDF LHK EUQDOH\DFY FQYOLEXY `C_HOR. (CQQSOBMFS QHULNITNI
QFBNC^FI:
// G @$?#" Foo.cpp
typedef int Symbol;
// G @$?#" Bar.cpp
typedef void (*Symbol)();
$FDCDOGO DOE`HFDBC EU ROPEFDEUB, UQHF BOH\DO [O SCPOYFQBQDFS QOOJMCZUEFKS RX EU RDHIWFBU OLFE
`C_H Q MCQVFMUEFUS .QMM R LMNGO_ LFMUDBFRO_ #include. .FSROHFWUQDOU FSK Symbol FPRUQBEO
DOS[FHKBOMN HFV\ R BUY FQYOLEXY `C_HCY, R DOBOMXY OEO RQBMUWCUBQK, [O]BOSN R MCPEXY FQYOLEXY
`C_HCY UGO SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ [O-MCPEOSN. .HULNITF_ `MCGSUEB EURUMUE, [OQDOH\DN EC ]BOB MCP
QFSROHFWUQDOU FSK QOOBRUBQBRNUB [UMUSUEEO_, C EU BF[N. !SK [UMUSUEEO_ LOHZEO JXB\ NEFDCH\EXS
LHK RQUY `C_HOR, [UMULCRCUSXY DOS[OEORTFDN.
// G @$?#" Foo.cpp
int Symbol;
// G @$?#" Bar.cpp
void (*Symbol)();
%LFEQBRUEEOU FQDHIWUEFU FP ]BOGO [MCRFHC OBEOQFBQK D [UMUGMNPDU `NED^F_, O DOBOMO_ JNLUB
MCQQDCPCEO R QHULNITUS MCPLUHU. 0OEUWEO, DOE`HFDBX FSUE WCQBO ROPEFDCIB R HIJOS LOQBCBOWEO
JOH\VOS [MOUDBU, R DOBOMOS EUQDOH\DO [MOGMCSSFQBOR MCJOBCIB ECL MCPEXSF FQYOLEXSF `C_HCSF.
)LEO FP ROPSOZEXY MUVUEF_ FQ[OH\PORCEFU QBCBFWUQDFY WHUEOR; LMNGOU OJaKRHUEFU GHOJCH\EXY
[UMUSUEEXY F `NED^F_ QBCBFWUQDFSF. %QHF [UMUSUEECK FHF `NED^FK OJaKRHKUBQK QBCBFWUQDO_, OEC
O[MULUHUEC HFV\ R GMCEF^CY FQYOLEOGO `C_HC.
// G @$?#" Foo.cpp
static int Symbol;
// G @$?#" Bar.cpp
static void (*Symbol)();
4RFLUR DHIWUROU QHORO static, DOS[FHKBOM [MOQHULFB PC BUS, WBOJX DOS[OEORTFD EU [UMU[NBCH LRU
MCPEXU RUMQFF OLEOGO QFSROHFWUQDOGO FSUEF [MF NQHORFF WBO FQYOLEXU `C_HX EU DOS[FHFMNIBQK
RSUQBU; JNLNB QGUEUMFMORCEX LRU MCPEXU [UMUSUEEXU.
0 HIJOSN QFSROHFWUQDOSN FSUEF, OJaKRHUEEOSN R GHOJCH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU FSUE, SOZEO OJMCBFB\QK Q
[OSOT\I O[UMCBOMC :: JUP NDCPCEFK OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK:
::Fn(); // G<-4$*, 8#';$#,(3> @3(&B/> ) -$0$((<2 /2"("2
int x = ::i; // =7/)4'/*, x -($."(/" 8#';$#,('? 5"7"2"(('?
::SomeType y; // D)5'#,-'4$*, 8#';$#,(' ';E%4#"((<? */5
&REO PCLCEECK OJHCQB\ LU_QBRFK RQUGLC OBSUEKUB RQU QFSROHFWUQDFU FSUEC, O[MULUHUEEXU HODCH\EO
EC[MFSUM, RENBMF JHODC FHF DHCQQC.
Reperpyska
# C++ QNTUQBRNUB EUQDOH\DO Q[OQOJOR SEOGODMCBEOGO FQ[OH\PORCEFK FSUE `NED^F_. # WCQBEOQBF,
[MOQBMCEQBRC FSUE `NED^F_ ÒMSFMNIBQK EC OQEORU DHCQQOR. )LEOFSUEEXU `NED^FF R DHCQQCY, EU
QRKPCEEXY LMNG Q LMNGOS, RX[OHEKIB QORUMVUEEO MCPEXU PCLCWF. 5UMUGMNPDC `NED^F_ MCPRFRCUB
RUHFDNI BMCLF^FI MCPLUHUEFK [MOQBMCEQBR FSUE `NED^F_ F [OPROHKUB SEOGODMCBEO FQ[OH\PORCB\
FSUEC `NED^F_ R GMCEF^CY OLEO_ OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK.
Apryreufu
*RU `NED^FF Q OLFECDORXSF FSUECSF QWFBCIBQK MCPEXSF, UQHF OEF OBHFWCIBQK [O DOHFWUQBRN,
[OMKLDN FHF BF[N CMGNSUEBOR.
void Fn();
29
void Fn(int);
void Fn(long); // 9'1(', ")#/ */5< long / int '*#/.$>*)% 7$-2"7'2
int Fn(int); // +"#,-% '*#/.$"*)% *'#,&' */5 4'-47$K$"2'8' -($."(/%
int Fn(char*); // 9'1(', '*#/.$>*)% $7832"(*<
void Fn(int, char*);
void Fn(char*, int); // 9'1(', $7832"(*< )#"03>* 4 0738'2 5'7%0&"
void Fn(char* s, int x, int y = 17); // 9'1(' *7/ $7832"(*$ 42")*' 043C
Fn(hello, 17); // LM/;&$ )'45$0$>* 04" )/8($*37<
5ODC CMGNSUEBX OBHFWCIBQK, DOS[FHKBOM EU ZCHNUBQK EC FPSUEUEFU ROPRMCTCUSOGO BF[C.
!EF^FCHFPC^FK [O NSOHWCEFI (BCDCK DCD 3=17) SOZUB [MFQNBQBRORCB\ [MF OJaKRHUEFF `NED^FF, YOBK
[OPLEUU OEC SOZUB QBCB\ [MFWFEO_ EUOLEOPECWEOQBF [MF RXPORU `NED^FF (DCD R [OQHULEU_ QBMODU
[MFSUMC).
Koucfaufuue qyukuuu
0OEQBCEBECK `NED^FK, CMGNSUEBX DOBOMO_ QOR[CLCIB Q CMGNSUEBCSF EUDOEQBCEBEO_ `NED^FF, BUS EU
SUEUU QWFBCUBQK LMNGO_ `NED^FU_. 0OS[FHKBOM RXPXRCUB DOEQBCEBENI FHF EUDOEQBCEBENI RUMQFI R
PCRFQFSOQBF OB BF[C [UMUSUEEO_, NDCPXRCITU_ FHF QQXHCITU_QK EC OJaUDB.
class Foo {
public:
void Fn();
void Fn() const; // :738$% @3(&B/%!
};
Foo* f = new Foo;
f->Fn(); // G<-<4$"*)% ("&'()*$(*($% 4"7)/%
const Foo* f1 = f;
f1->Fn(); // G<-<4$"*)% &'()*$(*($% 4"7)/%
Bupurocfu
# C++ QNTUQBRNUB [OLMOJECK (C [O SEUEFI EUDOBOMXY, LCZU QHFVDOS [OLMOJECK) QFQBUSC [MCRFH, [O
DOBOMXS SOZEO NPECB\, WBO RX RFLFBU [MKSO [UMUL QOJO_, C WBO RXVHO FP RCVUGO [OHK PMUEFK. 8CPORXU
[MCRFHC LHK OBDMXBXY PCTFTUEEXY F PCDMXBXY QFSROHFWUQDFY FSUE R DHCQQCY F QBMNDBNMCY ECQBOH\DO
[MOQBX, WBO K EU QBCEN FY [UMUQDCPXRCB\. $FZU [MFRULUEC DMCBDCK QROLDC ECFJOHUU DCRUMPEXY
RO[MOQOR, OBEOQKTFYQK D [OEKBFI RFLFSOQBF (visibility) R C++.
3akpufoe uacnepoeauue
5MF PCDMXBOS ECQHULORCEFF OB JCPOROGO DHCQQC RQU UGO PCTFTUEEXU F OBDMXBXU WHUEX QBCEORKBQK
PCDMXBXSF R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU; WHUEX PCDMXBOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC EULOQBN[EX LHK [OH\PORCBUHU_
[MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC. *OQBN[ D EFS ROPSOZUE HFV\ FP `NED^F_ JCPOROGO F [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC, C
BCDZU FP LMNPU_ [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC.
0MOSU BOGO, [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ EUH\PK [MUOJMCPORCB\ D OLEOSN FP UGO PCDMXBXY JCPORXY DHCQQOR FHF
ECLUKB\QK, WBO ]BO QLUHCUB DOS[FHKBOM.
class Mixin {
private:
int x;
protected:
int y;
public:
Mixin();
Void a();
};
30
class Foo : private Mixin {...};
class Bar : public Foo {...};
5UMUSUEECK C RFLEC HFV\ R `NED^FKY DHCQQC Mixin R DOEQBMNDBOMU F N(). 5UMUSUEECK N RFLEC
HFV\ R `NED^FKY DHCQQC Foo, DCD F `NED^FK Mixin::A(). #QU WHUEX Mixin EU RFLEX R DHCQQCY,
[MOFPROLEXY OB Foo (BCDFY DCD G$r R ]BOS `MCGSUEBU). #QU LMNP\K Foo RFLKB C F N(), C LMNP\K Bar
EUB.
RepeoLneneuue neuoe
>OBK O[FQCEECK QFBNC^FK ROPEFDCUB LOROH\EO MULDO, LO[NQDCUBQK [UMUOJaKRHUEFU RFMBNCH\EXY
`NED^F_ Q ÛH\I FPSUEUEFK FY CBMFJNBOR RFLFSOQBF [O OBEOVUEFI D JCPOROSN DHCQQN.
class Foo {
protected:
virtual void Fn();
};
class Bar : public Foo {
public:
virtual void Fn();
};
# DHCQQU Foo `NED^FK Fn() JXHC PCTFTUEEO_, EO R EOROS RCMFCEBU OEC OJaKRHUEC OBDMXBO_. *HK
[UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC FHF EURFMBNCH\EXY `NED^FF ]BO QLUHCB\ EUH\PK. 5UMUOJaKRHUEFU [UMUSUEEO_ FHF
EURFMBNCH\EO_ `NED^FF QDMXRCUB [MOBOBF[ FP JCPOROGO DHCQQC.
class Foo {
private:
int x;
public:
void Fn();
};
private:
int x; // G*'7$% 5"7"2"(($% ) *"2 1" /2"("2
public:
void Fn(); // G*'7$% @3(&B/%
};
// G &#/"(*)&'? 57'87$22"
Bar *b = new Bar;
b->Fn(); // G<-<4$"* Bar::Fn()
Foo* f = b; // 9'1(', 5'*'23 .*' Foo '*&7<*<? ;$-'4<? &#$))
f->Fn(); // G<-<4$"* Foo::Fn()
.NTUQBRNIB LRU MCPEXU [UMUSUEEXU Q OLEFS HODCH\EXS FSUEUS C. # OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK Foo
QFSROHFWUQDOU FSK C OPECWCUB Foo::C. # OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK Bar QFSROHFWUQDOU FSK C OPECWCUB G$r::C.
0OEUWEO, LHK OBDMXBO_ FHF PCTFTUEEO_ [UMUSUEEO_ C ]BO RXPORUB EURUMOKBENI [NBCEF^N, EO LHK
PCDMXBO_ [UMUSUEEO_ [OLOJEO_ LRNQSXQHUEEOQBF EU JNLUB. 5MFSUM Fn() [ODCPXRCUB, DCDO_ YCOQ
ROPEFDCUB [MF QDMXBFF OBDMXBO_ FHF PCTFTUEEO_ `NED^FF DHCQQC. 5MF [O[XBDU QDMXB\ OBDMXBNI FHF
PCTFTUEENI `NED^FI YOMOVF_ DOS[FHKBOM C++ RXLCUB [MULN[MUZLUEFU.
Bupurocfu neperpyeuuux u eupfyanuuux qyukuu knacca
%QHF R JCPOROS DHCQQU `NED^FK OJaKRHUEC EURFMBNCH\EO_, [MURMCTCB\ UU R RFMBNCH\ENI R [MOFPROLEOS
DHCQQU EU MUDOSUELNUBQK. )EC [ORULUB QUJK EU BCD, DCD RFMBNCH\ECK `NED^FK, F JUPECLUZEO PC[NBCUB
WFBCBUHU_ RCVU_ [MOGMCSSX. $O EC QFBNC^FI SOZEO RPGHKENB\ F [OL LMNGFS NGHOS. 4LFRFBUH\EO, EO
`CDB DHIWUROU QHORO virtual OJKPCEO [MFQNBQBRORCB\ BOH\DO R JCPOROS DHCQQU. %QHF OEO
3.
[MO[NTUEO R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU, DOS[FHKBOM LOHZUE FEBUM[MUBFMORCB\ RUMQFI `NED^FF R
[MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU BCD, QHOREO OEC F BCS JXHC OJaKRHUEC RFMBNCH\EO_. & HIJHI ECPXRCB\ [OLOJENI
HOGFDN MCJOBX DOS[FHKBOMC DWIMNIS: Do what I mean, not what I say (*UHC_ BO, WBO K
[OLMCPNSURCI, C EU BO, WBO K GOROMI). 0CD [MCRFHO, R C++ ]BC HOGFDC ECWFQBO OBQNBQBRNUB, [O]BOSN UU
MULDFU [MOKRHUEFK (DCD R LCEEOS QHNWCU) QSOBMKBQK EUUQBUQBRUEEO. # QHULNITUS [MFSUMU LHK OJOFY
NDCPCBUHU_ JNLUB RXPRCEC `NED^FK Bar::Fn():
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Fn();
};
class Bar {
public:
void Fn(); // G)" 7$4(' )./*$"*)% 4/7*3$#,('?
};
Bar* b = new Bar;
b->Fn(); // G<-<4$"* Bar::Fn()
Foo* f = b;
f->Fn(); // A$&1" 4<-<4$"* Bar::Fn()
5OLOJEXU QFBNC^FF EUZUHCBUH\EX [O LRNS [MFWFECS. #O-[UMRXY, DOS[FHKBOM SOZUB EU[MCRFH\EO
FEBUM[MUBFMORCB\ FY, F BOGLC R [OQHULEU_ QBMODU JNLUB RXPRCEC `NED^FK Foo::Fn(). #O-RBOMXY, RCVF
DOHHUGF EF PC WBO EU MCPJUMNBQK, [OWUSN R OLEOS SUQBU `NED^FK Fn() RFMBNCH\ECK, C R LMNGOS EUB.
5OQHU JUQQOEEO_ EOWF OEF SOGNB NQBMOFB\ [OGMOS R DOEBOMU.
%QHF R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU QOPLCUBQK `NED^FK Q BUS ZU FSUEUS, EO Q LMNGO_ QFGECBNMO_, OEC QDMXRCUB
&.# QFGECBNMX JCPOROGO DHCQQC LHK LCEEO_ `NED^FF, EO BOH\DO R OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC.
5OEKBEO? $UB? 1BO Z, RX EU OLFEODF.
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Fn();
virtual void Fn(char*);
};
class Bar {
public:
virtual void Fn(int); // 9'1(', (' (" 1"#$*"#,('
};
#UMOKBEO, SEOGFU EORFWDF-[MOGMCSSFQBX LO[OPLEC PCQFZFRCHFQ\ EC MCJOBU, [XBCKQ\ MCPOJMCB\QK R
[MOFQYOLKTUS. - [MOFQYOLFB QHULNITUU:
5MF [O[XBDU RXPRCB\ Fn() WUMUP G$r* LOQBN[EO_ JNLUB HFV\ OLEC QFGECBNMC, void Fn(int).
)JU RUMQFF JCPOROGO DHCQQC QDMXBX F EULOQBN[EX WUMUP Bar*.
5MF [MUOJMCPORCEFF Bar* R Foo* QBCEORKBQK LOQBN[EXSF OJU QFGECBNMX, OJaKRHUEEXU R Foo,
EO EU QFGECBNMC void Fn(int). 8OHUU BOGO, ]BO EU [UMUO[MULUHUEFU, [OQDOH\DN QFGECBNMC
Bar::Fn() OBHFWCUBQK OB RUMQFF JCPOROGO DHCQQC. *MNGFSF QHORCSF, DHIWUROU QHORO virtual
EFDCD EU RHFKUB EC MCJOBN ]BOGO `MCGSUEBC.
%QHF RCS DOGLC-EFJNL\ PCYOWUBQK QLUHCB\ EUWBO [OYOZUU, RQBCE\BU Q DMUQHC, SULHUEEO [MOGNHK_BUQ\
RODMNG LOSC, QLUHC_BU GHNJODF_ RLOY, QKL\BU PC DOS[\IBUM F [MFLNSC_BU WBO-EFJNL\ LMNGOU. %QHF NZ
[UMUGMNZCB\, BO [UMUGMNZC_BU RQU QFGECBNMX `NED^FF. $FDOGLC EU [UMUGMNZC_BU WCQB\ QFGECBNM F
EFDOGLC EU LOJCRHK_BU EORXU QFGECBNMX R [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ JUP [UMUO[MULUHUEFK RQUY QFGECBNM
`NED^FF JCPOROGO DHCQQC. %QHF ]BO [ODCZUBQK QHFVDOS QHOZEXS, PC[OSEFBU YOMOVUU [MCRFHO: DOGLC
[MF WBUEFF [MOGMCSSX ROPEFDCIB RO[MOQX, RUMOKBEO, RCVU MUVUEFU EUNLCWEOU.
32
pysun
'IJO_ DHCQQ SOZUB OJaKRFB\ WBO-EFJNL\ QROFS LMNGOS (friend). *MNP\K DOS[FHFMNIBQK OJXWEXS
OJMCPOS, PC FQDHIWUEFUS BOGO, WBO RQU PCTFTUEEXU F PCDMXBXU WHUEX LMNZUQBRUEEOGO DHCQQC RFLEX
BCD, QHOREO LMNG KRHKUBQK `NED^FU_ ]BOGO DHCQQC. *MNP\KSF SOZEO OJaKRHKB\ `NED^FF DCD
GHOJCH\EXU, BCD F WHUEX DHCQQOR. 0HCQQX BOZU SOGNB OJaKRHKB\QK LMNP\KSF LMNGFY DHCQQOR; R ]BOS
QHNWCU RO RQUY `NED^FKY DHCQQC-LMNGC RFLEX RQU WHUEX BOGO DHCQQC, LMNGOS DOBOMOGO OE KRHKUBQK.
class Foo;
class BarBar {
public:
int Fn(Foo*);
};
class Foo {
friend void GlobalFn(); // :731")*4"((<" 8#';$#,(<" @3(&B//
friend class Bar; // :731")*4"((<? &#$))
friend int BarBar::Fn(Foo*); // :731")*4"(($% @3(&B/% &#$))$
friend class DoesNotExist; // F2. +/1"
private:
int x;
struct ListNode {
ListNode* next;
void* datum;
ListNode() : next(NULL), datum(NULL) {}
} head;
protected:
int y;
public:
void G();
};
void GlobalFn()
{
Foo* f = new Foo;
f->x = 17; // O$-7"M$"*)% /---$ 0731")&/C '*('M"(/?
}
class Bar {
private:
Foo* f;
public:
Bar() : f(new Foo) {}
void WalkList();
};
void Bar::WalkList()
{
Foo::ListNode* n = f->head.next;
for (; n != NULL; n = n->next)
cout << n->datum << endl;
}
int BarBar::Fn(Foo* f)
{
return f->x;
}
33
*MNPU_ [MFEKBO OJaKRHKB\ QECWCHC, [UMUL WHUECSF DHCQQC F [UMUL DHIWURXSF QHORCSF public,
protected F private. 3BO OJaKQEKUBQK BUS, WBO EC LMNPU_ EU LU_QBRNIB OJXWEXU CBMFJNBX
RFLFSOQBF; EUWBO HFJO KRHKUBQK LMNGOS, HFJO EU KRHKUBQK. #UQ\ `MCGSUEB [MOGMCSSX [OQHU
O[MULUHUEFK DHCQQC Foo R[OHEU LO[NQBFS. *MNP\K FSUIB LOQBN[ DO RQUS WHUECS Foo, RDHIWCK
PCDMXBXU. # ]BOS [MFSUMU UQB\ OLEC LU_QBRFBUH\EO FEBUMUQECK QBMODC BC, R DOBOMO_ LMNGOS OJaKR-
HKUBQK EUQNTUQBRNITF_ DHCQQ DoesNotExist. 0CD EF QBMCEEO, OEC EU RXPORUB EF [MULN[MUZLUEFK, EF
OVFJDF DOS[FHKBOMC. )JaKRHUEFK LMNPU_ FGEOMFMNIBQK EC SOSUEB DOS[FHK^FF Foo. )EF
FQ[OH\PNIBQK HFV\ BOGLC, DOGLC JNLUB DOS[FHFMORCB\QK LMNG. *CZU DOGLC LMNGC EU QNTUQBRNUB,
DOS[FHKBOM OQBCUBQK R QWCQBHFROS EURULUEFF.
Tunu u onepafopu
+USX, MCQQSCBMFRCUSXU R ]BOS MCPLUHU, EC [UMRX_ RPGHKL EU DCZNBQK JHFPDFSF, OLECDO RQU OEF
RMCTCIBQK RODMNG OJTU_ DOEÛ[^FF CJQBMCDBEXY BF[OR LCEEXY.
Koucfpykfopu
0OEQBMNDBOM SOZEO MCQQSCBMFRCB\ LROKDO DCD `NED^FI, FEF^FCHFPFMNITNI OJaUDB, FHF, Q
[OPF^F_ SCBUSCBFDF, DCD OBOJMCZUEFU CMGNSUEBOR DOEQBMNDBOMC EC LOSUE DHCQQC. & [MUL[OWFBCI
RBOMO_ [OLYOL, [OQDOH\DN OE [OSOGCUB MCPOJMCB\QK Q EUDOBOMXSF KPXDORXSF QMULQBRCSF (EC[MFSUM,
O[UMCBOMCSF [MUOJMCPORCEFK).
. DOEQBMNDBOMCSF QRKPCEX OWUE\ QHOZEXU [MCRFHC, EO DCZLX_ [MOGMCSSFQB C++ LOHZUE LOQDOECH\EO
PECB\ FY, FECWU SFEFSNS BMF EOWF R GOLN USN [MFLUBQK [MOROLFB\ PC OBHCLDO_.
Koucfpykfopu es apryreufoe
%QHF R RCVUS DHCQQU FSUUBQK DOEQBMNDBOM, DOBOMX_ RXPXRCUBQK JUP CMGNSUEBOR, OE FQ[OH\PNUBQK [O
NSOHWCEFI R BMUY QHULNITFY QHNWCKY.
class Foo {
public:
Foo();
};
class Bar : public Foo { // 1. P$-'4<? &#$))
public:
Bar();
};
class BarBar {
private:
Foo f; // 2. ="7"2"(($% &#$))$
};
Foo f; // 3. F'-0$((<? Q&-"25#%7 Foo
Foo* f1 = new Foo; // 3. A' 1", .*' / 57"0<03K$% )*7'&$
%QHF R Q[FQDU FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR (QS. QHULNITF_ MCPLUH) DOEQBMNDBOMC Bar EU NDCPCE DCDO_-
EFJNL\ LMNGO_ DOEQBMNDBOM Foo, BO [MF DCZLOS QOPLCEFF ]DPUS[HKMC G$8 JNLUB RXPXRCB\QK
DOEQBMNDBOM Foo JUP CMGNSUEBOR. -ECHOGFWEO, UQHF f OBQNBQBRNUB R Q[FQDU FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR
DOEQBMNDBOMC BarBar, JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCE DOEQBMNDBOM Foo JUP CMGNSUEBOR. $CDOEU^, [MF DCZLOS
QOPLCEFF ]DPUS[HKMC Foo JUP NDCPCEFK DOEQBMNDBOMC [O NSOHWCEFI FQ[OH\PNUBQK DOEQBMNDBOM JUP
CMGNSUEBOR.
Koucfpykfopu c apryreufaru
0OEQBMNDBOMX, DCD F RQU OQBCH\EXU `NED^FF, SOZEO [UMUGMNZCB\. #X SOZUBU OJaKRFB\ QBOH\DO
QFGECBNM DOEQBMNDBOMOR, QDOH\DO RCS [OBMUJNUBQK. %LFEQBRUEEOU ECQBOKTUU OBHFWFU SUZLN
QFGECBNMCSF DOEQBMNDBOMOR F OJXWEXY `NED^F_ PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO DOEQBMNDBOMX EU FSUIB
ROPRMCTCUSOGO PECWUEFK F EU SOGNB OJaKRHKB\QK DOEQBCEBEXSF. %QHF RX OJaKRFBU DCDFU-HFJO
34
DOEQBMNDBOMX Q CMGNSUEBCSF, EO EU OJaKRFBU DOEQBMNDBOMC JUP CMGNSUEBOR, BO DOS[FHKBOM EU [OPROHFB
DOEQBMNFMORCB\ OJaUDBX ]BOGO DHCQQC, LCZU R DCWUQBRU JCPOROGO LHK LMNGOGO DHCQQC, Q FQ[OH\PORCEFUS
DOEQBMNDBOMC JUP CMGNSUEBOR.
class Foo {
public:
Foo(char*);
};

Foo f; // +"#,-% ("* &'()*73&*'7$ ;"- $7832"(*'4!
public:
Bar();
};
Bar::Bar()
{
// LM/;&$! +"* &'()*73&*'7$ Foo ;"- $7832"(*'4
}
Cnucku uuuuuanusauuu neuoe
1BOJX FPJCRFB\QK OB ]BO_ [MOJHUSX, R C++ ECYOLFBQK OWUMULEOU [MFSUEUEFU QFSROHN : LHK
QOPLCEFK Q[FQDOR FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR. +CD ECPXRCUBQK Q[FQOD Q[U^F`FDC^F_ DOEQBMNDBOMOR,
MCPLUHUEEXY PCEKBXSF F MCQ[OHOZUEEXY SUZLN QFGECBNMO_ DOEQBMNDBOMC F UGO BUHOS.
class Foo {
public:
Foo(char*);
};
public:
Bar(char*);
};
class BarBar {
private:
Foo f;
int x;
public:
BarBar();
};
Bar::Bar(char* s) : Foo(s) {...}
BarBar::BarBar : f(Hello), x(17) {...}
# DOEQBMNDBOMU Bar Q[FQOD FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR FQ[OH\PNUBQK LHK FEF^FCHFPC^FF JCPOROGO DHCQQC
Foo. 0OS[FHKBOM RXJFMCUB FQ[OH\PNUSX_ DOEQBMNDBOM EC OQEORCEFF QFGECBNMX, O[MULUHKUSO_ [O
`CDBFWUQDFS CMGNSUEBCS. 5MF OBQNBQBRFF Q[FQDC FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR QDOEQBMNFMORCB\ Bar JXHO JX
EUROPSOZEO, [OQDOH\DN DOS[FHKBOM EU SOG JX O[MULUHFB\, DCDOU PECWUEFU LOHZEO [UMULCRCB\QK
DOEQBMNDBOMN JCPOROGO DHCQQC Foo. # DOEQBMNDBOMU BarBar Q[FQOD FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR
FQ[OH\PORCHQK LHK FEF^FCHFPC^FF (BO UQB\ RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMOR) [UMUSUEEXY f F C. # QHULNITUS
RCMFCEBU DOEQBMNDBOM MCJOBCUB EU QBOH\ ]`ÙDBFREO (UQHF BOH\DO DOS[FHKBOM EU OBHFWCUBQK
QRUMYaUQBUQBRUEEXS FEBUHHUDBOS):
BarBar::BarBar() : f(Hello)
{
x = 17;
}
35
#O RBOMOS RCMFCEBU [UMUSUEECK Y QECWCHC FEF^FCHFPFMNUBQK PECWUEFUS 0 (QBCELCMBEOU BMUJORCEFU
C++) Q FQ[OH\PORCEFUS [O NSOHWCEFI DOEQBMNDBOMC int JUP CMGNSUEBOR, C PCBUS R BUHU DOEQBMNDBOMC
U_ [MFQRCFRCUBQK PECWUEFU /7. # [UMROS RCMFCEBU FSUUBQK RQUGO OLEC FEF^FCHFPC^FK F [OBOSN
]DOEOSFBQK OLFE-LRC SCVFEEXY BCDBC. # LCEEOS [MFSUMU ]BO EUQNTUQBRUEEO, [OQDOH\DN [UMUSUEECK
C ÛHCK, EO UQHF JX OEC OBEOQFHCQ\ D JOHUU QHOZEOSN DHCQQN Q DOEQBMNDBOMOS JUP CMGNSUEBOR F
[UMUGMNZUEEXS O[UMCBOMOS [MFQRCFRCEFK, BO MCPEF^C JXHC JX R[OHEU OTNBFSC.
.[FQDF FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR ENZEX BCS, GLU N JCPOROGO DHCQQC FHF [UMUSUEEO_ EUB DOEQBMNDBOMC JUP
CMGNSUEBOR (BOWEUU, UQB\ OLFE F JOHUU DOEQBMNDBOM Q CMGNSUEBCSF, EO EUB EF OLEOGO O[MULUHUEEOGO
[OH\PORCBUHUS DOEQBMNDBOMC JUP CMGNSUEBOR). .[FQDF FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR EU OJKPCBUH\EX R BUY
QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC RQU JCPORXU DHCQQX F [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC HFJO EU FSUIB DOEQBMNDBOMOR, HFJO FSUIB
[OH\PORCBUH\QDF_ DOEQBMNDBOM JUP CMGNSUEBOR.
Ropnpok eusoea koucfpykfopoe
%QHF DHCQQ EU QOLUMZFB QOJQBRUEEXY DOEQBMNDBOMOR, OE FEF^FCHFPFMNUBQK BCD, QHOREO DOS[FHKBOM
QOPLCH DOEQBMNDBOM JUP CMGNSUEBOR PC RCQ. 3BOB DOEQBMNDBOM RXPXRCUB DOEQBMNDBOMX JUP CMGNSUEBOR
JCPORXY DHCQQOR F [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC. 1UBDO O[MULUHUEEX_ [OMKLOD RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMOR EU PCRFQFB
OB BOGO, FQ[OH\PNIBQK DOEQBMNDBOMX QBCELCMBEXU FHF [UMUGMNZUEEXU, Q CMGNSUEBCSF FHF JUP:
/. .ECWCHC RXPXRCIBQK DOEQBMNDBOMX JCPORXY DHCQQOR R [OMKLDU FY [UMUWFQHUEFK R Q[FQDU
ECQHULORCEFK (UTU OLFE Q[FQOD, R DOBOMOS [OQHU QFSROHC : [UMUWFQHKIBQK JCPORXU DHCQQX,
MCPLUHUEEXU PC[KBXSF).
2. "CBUS RXPXRCIBQK DOEQBMNDBOMX [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC R [OMKLDU FY OJaKRHUEFK R OJaKRHUEFF
DHCQQC.
3. 5OQHU BOGO DCD JNLNB QDOEQBMNFMORCEX RQU JCPORXU DHCQQX F [UMUSUEEXU, RX[OHEKUBQK BUHO
RCVUGO DOEQBMNDBOMC.
)[FQCEEX_ [OMKLOD [MFSUEKUBQK MUDNMQFREO, BO UQB\ [UMRXS DOEQBMNFMNUBQK [UMRX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ
[UMROGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC... F B. L. )E EU PCRFQFB OB [OMKLDC, NDCPCEEOGO R Q[FQDU FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR.
%QHF JX LUHO OJQBOKHO FECWU, LHK MCPEXY [UMUGMNZUEEXY DOEQBMNDBOMOR SOG JX FQ[OH\PORCB\QK
MCPEX_ [OMKLOD DOEQBMNFMORCEFK. +OGLC DOS[FHKBOMN JXHO JX BMNLEO GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO LUQBMNDBOMX
JNLNB RXPXRCB\QK R [OMKLDU, OJMCBEOS [OMKLDN RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMOR.
Koucfpykfopu konu
0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ (copy constructor) O[MULUHKUBQK Q[U^FCH\EO_ QFGECBNMO_:
class Foo {
public:
Foo(const Foo&);
};
Foo::Foo(const Foo& f)...
0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ [MULECPECWUE LHK QOPLCEFK DO[F_ OJaUDBOR. 3BC PCLCWC SOZUB ROPEFDENB\ R QCSXY
MCPEXY OJQBOKBUH\QBRCY.
void Fn(Foo f) {...}
void Gn(Foo& f) {...}
Foo f;
Foo f1(f);
Foo f2 = f; // I'()*73/7'4$(/", $ (" 57/)4$/4$(/"!
Fn(f); // G<-<4$"* &'()*73&*'7 &'5/? 0#% 5"7"0$./ 5' ($-($."(/>
const Foo f3;
Gn(f3); // I'()*73&*'7 &'5/? /)5'#,-3"*)%
// 0#% )'-0$(/% ("&'()*$(*('? &'5//
*CRC_BU REFSCBUH\EO MCQQSOBMFS ]BOB `MCGSUEB. .BMODC Foo f1(f); QOPLCUB EORX_ ]DPUS[HKM DHCQQC
Foo, [UMULCRCK LMNGO_ ]DPUS[HKM DHCQQC Foo R DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBC. 3BO RQUGLC SOZEO QLUHCB\, UQHF
36
DHCQQ Foo EU QOLUMZFB WFQBO RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_. $U RCZEO, OJaKRFHF HF RX QRO_ QOJQBRUEEX_
DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_; UQHF EUB, DOS[FHKBOM [OQBMOFB UGO PC RCQ. $U RCZEO, UQB\ HF R Foo LMNGFU
[OH\PORCBUH\QDFU DOEQBMNDBOMX; R OBHFWFU OB DOEQBMNDBOMOR JUP CMGNSUEBOR, DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_
LOQBN[UE &.#7)+.
.BMODC Foo f2 = f RXGHKLFB DCD [MFQRCFRCEFU FP-PC [MFQNBQBRFK O[UMCBOMC =, EO EC QCSOS LUHU ]BO
CH\BUMECBFREX_ RCMFCEB RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMC DO[F_. 1BOJX [OEKB\, WUS [MFQRCFRCEFU OBHFWCUBQK OB
FEF^FCHFPC^FF, Q[MOQFBU QUJK: 8XH HF OJaUDB QDOEQBMNFMORCE PCMCEUU FHF ZU UGO QOPLCEFU KRHKUBQK
WCQB\I DOSCELX? %QHF OJaUDB NZU QNTUQBRNUB, RX FSUUBU LUHO Q [MFQRCFRCEFUS. %QHF OE QOPLCUBQK EC
SUQBU, DCD R [CVUS [MFSUMU, FQ[OH\PNUBQK DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_.
5MF RXPORU `NED^FF Fn() [MOFQYOLFB [UMULCWC [O PECWUEFI DO[FF Foo. 0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_
FQ[OH\PNUBQK LHK QOPLCEFK RMUSUEEO_ DO[FF, QNTUQBRNITU_ HFV\ RO RMUSK RX[OHEUEFK Fn(). 5OQHU
]BOGO RXPXRCUBQK LUQBMNDBOM DO[FF, DOBOMX_ NEFWBOZCUB UU.
#XPOR `NED^FF Gn(), RUMOKBEO, OVFJOWUE, F YOMOVF_ DOS[FHKBOM [MOWFBCUB RCS QNMORNI EOBC^FI O
QBFHU [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK EC C++ WBO-EFJNL\ RMOLU:
.OPLCUBQK RMUSUEECK EUDOEQBCEBECK DO[FK [ONWFQ\ [MOGMCSSFMORCB\, BN[F^C! 5O DMC_EU_ SUMU,
QO ,*%3 DOS[FHKBOMX OJXWEO [OQBN[CIB FSUEEO BCD. 5MOJHUSC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO CMGNSUEB
[UMULCUBQK [O QQXHDU, OLECDO `CDBFWUQDF_ CMGNSUEB KRHKUBQK DOEQBCEBEXS, C ÒMSCH\EX_ EUB. #QU
FPSUEUEFK CMGNSUEBC RENBMF Gn() REOQKBQK R DO[FI, C EU R OMFGFECH.
# QOPLCRCUSOS DOS[FHKBOMOS DOEQBMNDBOMU DO[F_ [O NSOHWCEFI FQ[OH\PNUBQK QBMOGO O[MULUHUEECK
[OQHULORCBUH\EOQB\ RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMOR DO[F_ JCPORXY DHCQQOR F [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC.
/. 0OEQBMNDBOMX DO[F_ JCPORXY DHCQQOR RXPXRCIBQK R BOS [OMKLDU, R DOBOMOS OEF OJaKRHUEX R
Q[FQDU ECQHULORCEFK.
2. 0OEQBMNDBOMX DO[F_ [UMUSUEEXY RXPXRCIBQK R BOS [OMKLDU, R DOBOMOS OEF OJaKRHUEX R
OJaKRHUEFF DHCQQC.
)[FQCEEX_ [OMKLOD [MFSUEKUBQK MUDNMQFREO, BO UQB\ [UMRXS DO[FMNUBQK [UMRX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ
[UMROGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC... F B. L. "RNWFB PECDOSO, EU [MCRLC HF? +OB ZU [OMKLOD, WBO F LHK HIJOGO
LMNGOGO DOEQBMNDBOMC.
. DOEQBMNDBOMCSF DO[F_, R OBHFWFU OB RQUY OQBCH\EXY, DOS[FHKBOM RULUB QUJK GOMLO F MUREFRO. %QHF
RX [UMUGMNPFBU DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ LHK EUDOBOMOGO DHCQQC, DOS[FHKBOM, `FGNMCH\EO RXMCZCKQ\,
NSXRCUB MNDF F OB[MCRHKUBQK LOSO_. 5MF OBQNBQBRFF KREOGO RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMOR DO[F_ JCPORXY
DHCQQOR F [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC R Q[FQDU FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR RCVUGO QOJQBRUEEOGO DOEQBMNDBOMC
DO[F_ DOS[FHKBOM JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCB\ $%*."68$"%6 /#9 +678,#*"%& LHK FEF^FCHFPC^FF JCPORXY
DHCQQOR F [UMUSUEEXY.
class Foo {...};
private:
Foo f;
public:
Bar(const Bar&);
};
// G"7'%*(', 'M/;&$
Bar::Bar(const Bar& b)
{
// F*'5! +"* )5/)&$ /(/B/$#/-$B// .#"('4
// P303* /)5'#,-'4$(< &'()*73&*'7< ;"- $7832"(*'4
// ;$-'4'8' &#$))$ / 5"7"2"(('?
}
// G"7'%*(', 'M/;&/ ("*
Bar::Bar(const Bar& b) : Foo(b), f(b.f) {...}
37
0OS[FHKBOM OWUE\ QFH\EO OJFLFBQK EC [UMRX_ DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ BCD QFH\EO, WBO OE Q[NQBFB RCVU
[MOFPRULUEFU R SNQOMO[MOROL F LCZU EU QOOJTFB OJ ]BOS. *HK FEF^FCHFPC^FF JCPOROGO DHCQQC F
[UMUSUEEO_ JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCE DOEQBMNDBOM Foo JUP CMGNSUEBOR. # 99 QHNWCKY FP /00 ]BO QORQUS EU BO,
WUGO RX LOJFRCHFQ\; OJXWEO BMUJNUBQK, WBOJX JCPORXU DHCQQX F [UMUSUEEXU BOZU DO[FMORCHFQ\.
#UMOKBEO, RBOMO_ RCMFCEB [MCRFHUE. 8CPORX_ DHCQQ F [UMUSUEECK [MFQNBQBRNIB R Q[FQDU
FEF^FCHFPC^FF WHUEOR, [O]BOSN JNLNB RXPRCEX FY DOEQBMNDBOMX DO[F_ (DOS[FHKBOM [MUOJMCPNUB b D
BF[N Foo R RXMCZUEFF Foo(b)).
# EUDOBOMXY QFBNC^FKY RCQ FEBUMUQNUB FSUEEO [ORULUEFU DOS[FHKBOMC [O NSOHWCEFI. # DCWUQBRU
[MFSUMC MCQQSOBMFS QHULNITF_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ, DOBOMX_ [MFQRCFRCUB NEFDCH\EX_ QUMF_EX_ EOSUM
DCZLOSN [MOFPROLEOSN OJaUDBN.
class Serialized {
private:
static int NextSerialNumber;
int serialNumber;
public:
Serialized(const Serialized&);
Serialized();
int SerialNumber();
};
// G Serialized.cpp
int Serialized::NextSerialNumber = 0;
Serialized::Serialized() : serialNumber(NextSerialNumber++)
{
}
Serialized::Serialized(const Serialized&) : serialNumber(NextSerialNumber++)
{
}
int Serialized::SerialNumber()
{
return serialNumber;
}
$ac EU FEBUMUQNUB, DCDO_ DOEQBMNDBOM JUP CMGNSUEBOR FHF DO[F_ RXJUMUB DOS[FHKBOM RO RMUSK
DOS[FHK^FF [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC, [OQDOH\DN SX [UMUGMNPFHF OJC DOEQBMNDBOMC, F OEF LUHCIB OLEO F
BO ZU.
3akpufue u saueuuue koucfpykfopu
0OEQBMNDBOMX WCQBO OJaKRHKIBQK PCDMXBXSF F PCTFTUEEXSF, WBOJX [OH\PORCBUHF EU SOGHF QOPLCRCB\
]DPUS[HKMX DHCQQC. %QHF DOEQBMNDBOM OJaKRHUE PCDMXBXS; BOH\DO OJXWEXU F QBCBFWUQDFU `NED^FF
DHCQQC SOGNB QOPLCRCB\ QBUDORXU ]DPUS[HKMX DHCQQC FHF FQ[OH\PORCB\ UGO R O[UMCBOMU new ([O DMC_EU_
SUMU, Q LCEEXS DOEQBMNDBOMOS). %QHF DOEQBMNDBOM OJaKRHUE PCTFTUEEXS, [OH\PORCBUH\ SOZUB
QOPLCRCB\ ]DPUS[HKMX JCPOROGO DHCQQC, [OQDOH\DN DOEQBMNDBOM JCPOROGO DHCQQC SOZUB RXPXRCB\QK FP
DOEQBMNDBOMC [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC. 5NQB\ LHK ]BOGO [OBMUJNUBQK EUDOBOMOU ROOJMCZUEFU, EO QUSCEBFDC
FSUEEO BCDORC. 4 ]BO_ HOGFDF UQB\ OLFE EULOQBCBOD - OEC EU QORQUS ECLUZEC. %QHF DOEQBMNDBOM
PCTFTUE, HIJCK `NED^FK JCPOROGO FHF [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC (RDHIWCK QBCBFWUQDFU) SOZUB QOPLCB\
]DPUS[HKM JCPOROGO DHCQQC.
class Foo {
protected:
Foo();
};

38
public:
Foo* Fn();
};
Foo Bar::Fn()
{
return new Foo; // O$;'*$"* 4'57"&/ 4)"2 4$M/2 3)/#/%2
}
#OPSOZEO, RX [OHCGCHF, WBO Foo CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ F UGO ]DPUS[HKMX QOPLCB\ EUROPSOZEO.
)DCPXRCUBQK, EFWUGO [OLOJEOGO! # QFQBUSU PCTFBX OBDMXRCUBQK PFKITCK LXMC. *MNP\K DHCQQOR Foo F
Bar BOZU SOGNB QOPLCRCB\ ]DPUS[HKMX Foo. %LFEQBRUEEX_ ZUHUPEX_ Q[OQOJ, DOBOMX_ QBO[MOÛEBEO
GCMCEBFMNUB EUROPSOZEOQB\ QOPLCEFK ]DPUS[HKMOR DHCQQC RDHIWUEFU R EUGO YOBK JX OLEO_ WFQBO
RFMBNCH\EO_ `NED^FF.
Auouuruue sksernnnpu
-EOEFSEXS ]DPUS[HKMOS (anonymous instance) ECPXRCUBQK OJaUDB, DOBOMX_... R[MOWUS, QU_WCQ NRFLFBU.
struct Point {
int X;
int Y;
Point(int x, int y) : X(x), Y(y) {}
};
double distance(Point p)
{
return sqrt(double(p.X) * double(p.X) + double(p.Y) * double(p.Y));
}
double d = distance(Point(17, 29));
-MGNSUEB `NED^FF distance() [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ CEOEFSEX_ ]DPUS[HKM. 6X EU QOPLCHF [UMUSUEEO_
LHK UGO YMCEUEFK. -EOEFSEX_ ]DPUS[HKM QNTUQBRNUB HFV\ RO RMUSK RXWFQHUEFK RXMCZUEFK, R DOBOMOS
OE RQBMUWCUBQK.
-EOEFSEXU ]DPUS[HKMX OJXWEO QRKPXRCIBQK Q [MOQBXSF QBMNDBNMCSF RMOLU Point, EO FY SOZEO
FQ[OH\PORCB\ LHK HIJOGO DHCQQC.
Huuuuanusauun rnoanuuux oLekfoe
# Q[U^F`FDC^FF KPXDC [OMKLOD DOEQBMNFMORCEFK GHOJCH\EXY OJaUDBOR RXGHKLFB LOROH\EO QHOZEO.
%QHF ZU NWUQB\ [MFWNLX DOSSUMWUQDFY DOS[FHKBOMOR C++, ]BOB [OMKLOD QBCEORFBQK F RORQU
EU[MULQDCPNUSXS. # QOOBRUBQBRFF QO Q[U^F`FDC^FU_ LOHZEX RXPXRCB\QK DOEQBMNDBOMX GHOJCH\EXY
OJaUDBOR, RDHIWCK DOEQBMNDBOMX QBCBFWUQDFY [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQOR F QBMNDBNM, OLECDO SEOGFU
DOS[FHKBOMX ]BOGO EU LUHCIB. %QHF RCS [ORUPHO F RCV DOS[FHKBOM QWFBCUB, WBO DOEQBMNDBOMX RCZEX
LHK GHOJCH\EXY [UMUSUEEXY, [OMKLOD DOEQBMNFMORCEFK GHOJCH\EXY OJaUDBOR PCRFQFB OB ROOJMCZUEFK
MCPMCJOBWFDC DOS[FHKBOMC. $FZU [UMUWFQHUEX EUDOBOMXU [MCRFHC, DOBOMXU BUOMUBFWUQDF LOHZEX
QOJHILCB\QK:
/. 5UMUL RX[OHEUEFUS DCDFY-HFJO O[UMC^F_ RQU GHOJCH\EXU [UMUSUEEXU FEF^FCHFPFMNIBQK
PECWUEFUS 0.
2. )JaUDBX, ECYOLKTFUQK R GHOJCH\EXY QBMNDBNMCY FHF SCQQFRCY, DOEQBMNFMNIBQK R [OMKLDU FY
[OKRHUEFK R QBMNDBNMU FHF SCQQFRU.
3. 0CZLX_ GHOJCH\EX_ OJaUDB DOEQBMNFMNUBQK LO UGO [UMROGO FQ[OH\PORCEFK R [MOGMCSSU.
0OS[FHKBOM QCS MUVCUB, QHULNUB HF RX[OHEFB\ FEF^FCHFPC^FI LO RXPORC `NED^FF main() FHF
OBHOZFB\ UU LO [UMROGO FQ[OH\PORCEFK OJaUDBC.
39
4. ,HOJCH\EXU OJaUDBX, ECYOLKTFUQK R OLEOS SOLNHU BMCEQHK^FF (OJXWEO `C_HU Q
MCQVFMUEFUS .QMM), FEF^FCHFPFMNIBQK R [OMKLDU FY [OKRHUEFK R ]BOS SOLNHU. # QOWUBCEFF Q
[MCRFHOS 3 ]BO OPECWCUB, WBO FEF^FCHFPC^FK SOZUB RX[OHEKB\QK [O SOLNHKS, [MF [UMROS
FQ[OH\PORCEFF DCZLOGO SOLNHK.
#OB F RQU. #EUVEU [MOQBCK [OQHULORCBUH\EOQB\ GHOJCH\EXY OJaKRHUEF_ EC QCSOS LUHU [OHEOQB\I
[OLWFEKUBQK RQUS DC[MFPCS MCPMCJOBWFDC DOS[FHKBOMC. )EC SOZUB [MFRUQBF D ENZEOSN MUPNH\BCBN FHF
QGOMUB\ QFEFS [HCSUEUS.
// G @$?#" file1.cpp
Foo foo;
Foo* f = &foo;
// G @$?#" file2.cpp
extern Foo* f;
Foo f1(*f); // D)5'#,-3"*)% &'()*73&*'7 &'5/?
%QHF JX RQU ]BO ECYOLFHOQ\ R OLEOS FQYOLEOS `C_HU, QFBNC^FK JXHC JX EOMSCH\EO_. .O QBMODO_ F''*
f = &foo; [MOJHUS EU ROPEFDCUB, [OQDOH\DN GHOJCH\EXU OJaUDBX OLEOGO FQYOLEOGO `C_HC PCRULOSO
(YU-YU) FEF^FCHFPFMNIBQK R [OMKLDU FY O[MULUHUEFK. *MNGFSF QHORCSF, DOGLC [MOGMCSSC LOJUMUBQK LO
]BO_ QBMODF, OJaUDB foo NZU JNLUB QDOEQBMNFMORCE. +US EU SUEUU, EFDBO EU GCMCEBFMNUB, WBO
GHOJCH\EXU OJaUDBX R `C_HU file/.cpp JNLNB FEF^FCHFPFMORCEX MCE\VU GHOJCH\EXY OJaUDBOR R `C_HU
file2.QMM. %QHF file2.cpp JNLUB OJMCJCBXRCB\QK [UMRXS, f ODCPXRCUBQK MCREXS 0 (NULL EC JOH\VFEQBRU
DOS[\IBUMOR), F [MF [O[XBDU [OHNWFB\ [O EUSN OJaUDB RCVC [MOGMCSSC GUMOFWUQDF NSMUB.
'NWVF_ RXYOL QLUHCB\ BCD, WBOJX [MOGMCSSC EU MCQQWFBXRCHC EC DOEDMUBEX_ [OMKLOD
FEF^FCHFPC^FF `C_HOR .QMM. *HK ]BOGO FQ[OH\PNUBQK QBCELCMBEX_ [MFUS R PCGOHOROWEOS `C_HU .h
O[MULUHKUBQK GHOJCH\EX_ OJaUDB QO QBCBFWUQDO_ [UMUSUEEO_, QOLUMZCTU_ DOHFWUQBRO
FEF^FCHFPFMORCEEXY `C_HOR .QMM. 5MF [UMUYOLU OB 0 D / RXPXRCUBQK `NED^FK, DOBOMCK FEF^FCHFPFMNUB
RQU GHOJCH\EXU OJaUDBX JFJHFOBUWEOGO `C_HC .QMM. 5MF [UMUYOLU OB / D 0 RQU OJaUDBX ]BOGO `C_HC
NEFWBOZCIBQK.
// G @$?#" Library.h
class Library {
private:
static int count;
static void OpenLibrary();
static void CloseLibrary();
public:
Library();
~Library();
};
static Library LibraryDummy;
inline Library::Library()
{
if (count++ == 0)
OpenLibrary();
}
inline Library::~Library()
{
if (--count == 0)
CloseLibrary();
}
// G Library.cpp
int Library::count = 0; // :"#$"*)% 5"7"0 4<5'#("(/"2 4<./)#"(/?
int aGlobal;
40
Foo* aGlobalFoo;
void Library::OpenLibrary()
{
aGlobal = 17;
aGlobalFoo = new Foo;
}
void Library::CloseLibrary()
{
aGlobal = 0;
delete aGlobalFoo;
aGlobalFoo = NULL;
}
0 ]BOSN ENZEO [MFRXDENB\. - [MOFQYOLFB QHULNITUU: `C_H .h DOS[FHFMNUBQK QO SEOZUQBROS LMNGFY
`C_HOR .QMM, OLFE FP DOBOMXY - Library.cpp. 5OMKLOD FEF^FCHFPC^FF GHOJCH\EXY OJaUDBOR,
RQBMUWCITFYQK R ]BFY `C_HCY, [MULQDCPCB\ EUROPSOZEO. +US EU SUEUU, DCZLX_ FP EFY JNLUB FSUB\
QROI QBCBFWUQDNI DO[FI LibraryDummy. 5MF DCZLO_ FEF^FCHFPC^FF `C_HC .QMM, R DOBOMX_ RDHIWUE
`C_H Library.h, DOEQBMNDBOM LibraryDummy NRUHFWFRCUB QWUBWFD. 5MF RXYOLU FP main() FHF [MF
RXPORU exit() `C_HX .QMM NEFWBOZCIB GHOJCH\EXU OJaUDBX F NSUE\VCIB QWUBWFD R LUQBMNDBOMU
LibraryDummy. 0OEQBMNDBOM F LUQBMNDBOM GCMCEBFMNIB, WBO OpenLibrary() F CloseLibrary()
JNLNB RXPRCEX MOREO OLFE MCP.
3BOB [MFUS [MF[FQXRCUBQK SEOGFS MCPEXS [MOGMCSSFQBCS, EO QCSX_ FPRUQBEX_ [MFSUM UGO
FQ[OH\PORCEFK RQBMUWCUBQK R JFJHFOBUDU iostream. +CS OE FEF^FCHFPFMNUB JOH\VFU QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY,
Q DOBOMXSF MCJOBCUB JFJHFOBUDC, MOREO OLFE MCP F HFV\ BOGLC, DOGLC ]BO BMUJNUBQK.
ecfpykfopu
*UQBMNDBOMX RXPXRCIBQK DCZLX_ MCP, DOGLC QBUDORX_ OJaUDB RXYOLFB FP OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK (RDHIWCK
CEOEFSEXU ]DPUS[HKMX F RMUSUEEXU OJaUDBX, QOPLCRCUSXU DOS[FHKBOMOS) FHF DOGLC LHK
LFECSFWUQDOGO OJaUDBC RXPXRCUBQK O[UMCBOM delete. 0 LUQBMNDBOMCS OBEOQFBQK MKL SCHOFPRUQBEXY
`CDBOR.
Ropnpok eusoea
*UQBMNDBOMX GCMCEBFMORCEEO RXPXRCIBQK R [OMKLDU, OJMCBEOS [OMKLDN RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMOR. 3BO
OPECWCUB, WBO QECWCHC RXPXRCUBQK BUHO DOEQBMNDBOMC OJaUDBC, PCBUS LUQBMNDBOMX [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC R
[OMKLDU, OJMCBEOS [OMKLDN FY [UMUWFQHUEFK R OJaKRHUEFF DHCQQC, F ECDOEU^ LUQBMNDBOMX JCPORXY
DHCQQOR, ECWFECK Q [OQHULEUGO R Q[FQDU ECQHULORCEFK F DOEWCK [UMRXS JCPORXS [UMROGO JCPOROGO F B.L.
Yuufoeuue rnoanuuux oLekfoe
%QHF OB MCPGOROMOR OJ FEF^FCHFPC^FF GHOJCH\EXY OJaUDBOR N RCQ PCDMNZFHCQ\ GOHORC, SOGN RCQ
OJMCLORCB\. %QHF MCPMCJOBWFD RCVUGO DOS[FHKBOMC Q[MCRFHQK QO QROU_ MCJOBO_, LUQBMNDBOMX
GHOJCH\EXY OJaUDBOR GCMCEBFMORCEEO RXPXRCIBQK R [OMKLDU, BOWEO OJMCBEOS [OMKLDN RXPORC
DOEQBMNDBOMOR.
,HOJCH\EXU OJaUDBX NEFWBOZCIBQK [MF RXYOLU FP OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK main() FHF [MF RXPORU exit().
Heeupfyanuuue pecfpykfopu
C++ RXJFMCUB RXPXRCUSX_ LUQBMNDBOM [O BF[N NDCPCBUHK EC OJaUDB. %QHF NDCPCBUH\ FSUUB BF[ base*
(NDCPCBUH\ EC JCPORX_ DHCQQ), ROPEFDENB [MOJHUSX, UQHF BOH\DO LUQBMNDBOM DHCQQC EU RFMBNCHUE.
class Foo {
public:
~Foo();
};

4.
private:
int* numbers;
public:
Bar() : numbers(new int[17]) {...}
~Bar();
};
Bar* b = new Bar;
delete b; // G<-<4$"* Bar::~Bar()
Foo* f = new Bar;
delete f; // L?! G<-<4$"*)% Foo::Foo()!
5MF NLCHUEFF f SCQQFR, EC DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK [UMUSUEECK numbers, [MURMCTCUBQK R EUDOU [OLOJFU
'UBNWUGO ,OHHCEL^C, OJMUWUEEOGO EC RUWEXU QDFBCEFK R [CSKBF. 1BOJX FPJUZCB\ JULX, LOQBCBOWEO
OJaKRFB\ OJC LUQBMNDBOMC RFMBNCH\EXSF; R ]BOS QHNWCU EUPCRFQFSO OB BF[C NDCPCBUHK (DMOSU, DOEUWEO,
void*) NEFWBOZUEFU JNLUB ECWFECB\QK Q Bar: :~G$8().
*MNGCK, JOHUU DORCMECK [MOJHUSC Q EURFMBNCH\EXSF LUQBMNDBOMCSF ROPEFDCUB [MF OMGCEFPC^FF
EUQBCELCMBEOGO N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I. 0OS[FHKBOM QOOJTCUB RCVUSN [UMUGMNZUEEOSN O[UMCBOMN
MCPSUM NEFWBOZCUSOGO OJaUDBC QIM[MFP! *HK EURFMBNCH\EOGO LUQBMNDBOMC ]BOB MCPSUM SOZUB
ODCPCB\QK EURUMEXS. 5MULQBCR\BU QUJU NLFRHUEFU RCVU_ [MOGMCSSX, DOGLC U_ QOOJTCB, WBO OJaUDB
FSUUB MCPSUM 20 JC_B, YOBK EC QCSOS LUHU OE MCRUE 220 JC_BCS! (CPMCJOBWFDF DOS[FHKBOMOR C++ HIJKB
[OYRCQBCB\QK [OLOJEXSF [MOLUHDCSF PC DMNZDO_ [FRC [OQHU MCJOBX.
6OMCH\: LUQBMNDBOMX QHULNUB LUHCB\ RFMBNCH\EXSF. !QDHIWUEFU QOQBCRHKIB QFBNC^FF, DOGLC RCV
DHCQQ FHF QBMNDBNMC EU FSUUB [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR FHF N RCQ EC_LNBQK WMUPRXWC_EO RUQDFU [MFWFEX
[OQBN[FB\ FECWU.
Rpnro eusoe pecfpykfopoe
*UQBMNDBOM SOZEO RXPRCB\ F EC[MKSNI, EU [MFJUGCK D O[UMCBOMN delete, [OQDOH\DN ]BO BCDCK ZU
`NED^FK, DCD F RQU OQBCH\EXU. #[MOWUS, LO BOGO, DCD SX PC_SUSQK EUQBCELCMBEXS N[MCRHUEFUS
[CSKB\I, RMKL HF ]BO JNLUB FSUB\ DCDO_-EFJNL\ QSXQH.
class Foo {
public:
~Foo();
};
Foo* f = new Foo;
f->Foo::~Foo();
5OPLEUU SX ROQ[OH\PNUSQK ]BO_ ROPSOZEOQB\I, C [ODC QOYMCEFBU UU R QROU_ DOHHUD^FF C++.
Rpuceaueauue
5MFQRCFRCEFU OLEOGO OJaUDBC LMNGOSN R C++ LUHO QUM\UPEOU. #[MOWUS, R OJFHFF PC[NBCEEXY [MCRFH
UQB\ F [OHOZFBUH\ECK QBOMOEC JHCGOLCMK FS RX [OQBOKEEO OQBCUBUQ\ ECWUDN F NLUHKUBU JOH\VU
REFSCEFK [MOGMCSSU.
Cuufakcuc u ceraufuka npuceaueauun
*HK [MFQRCFRCEFK OLEOGO OJaUDBC LMNGOSN FQ[OH\PNUBQK O[UMCBOM =.
Foo f;
Foo f1;
f1 = f;
5MFQRCFRCEFU RX[OHEKUBQK R BMUB\U_ QBMODU. %QHF JX f F f1 JXHF ÛHXSF FHF WUS-EFJNL\ QBOH\ ZU
[MOQBXS, QSXQH ]BO_ QBMODF JXH JX [MULUH\EO KQUE: QOLUMZFSOU OJHCQBF [CSKBF, EC DOBOMNI
42
QQXHCUBQK f, DO[FMNUBQK R OJHCQB\ [CSKBF, EC DOBOMNI QQXHCUBQK f1. +OH\DO F RQUGO. $O UQHF Foo
OBEOQFBQK D EUBMFRFCH\EOSN DHCQQN, R C++ RQU PCSUBEO NQHOZEKUBQK. # [MFRULUEEOS [MFSUMU
DOS[FHKBOM [MULOQBCRHKUB O[UMCBOM = [O NSOHWCEFI, DOBOMX_ RXPXRCUBQK LHK RX[OHEUEFK
`CDBFWUQDOGO DO[FMORCEFK. 0CD F Q DOEQBMNDBOMCSF DO[F_, RX SOZUBU Q[ODO_EO QFLUB\ F QSOBMUB\, DCD
DOS[FHKBOM RDCHXRCUB PC RCQ, FHF EC[FQCB\ QRO_ QOJQBRUEEX_ O[UMCBOM =. +O, WBO LUHCUB RUMQFK [O
NSOHWCEFI, RCS SOZUB F EU [OEMCRFB\QK, OQOJUEEO R SOSUEB OQROJOZLUEFK [CSKBF LUQBMNDBOMOS
DHCQQC.
class String {
private:
char* s;
public:
String(char*);
~String();
void Dump(ostream& os);
};
String::String(char* str) : s(NULL)
{
if (str == NULL) { // NULL '-($.$"* 53)*3> )*7'&3
s = new char[1];
*s = \0;
}
else {
s = new char[strlen(str) + 1];
strcpy(s, str);
}
}
String::~String()
{
delete s;
}
void String::Dump(ostream& os)
{
os << \ << s << \;
}
String* s1 = new String(Hello);
String* s2 = new String(Goodbye);
s2 = s1;
delete s1; // =$2%*, ')4';'0/#$),, 47'0" 4)" ('72$#,('...
s2->Dump(); // L;#'2! R$-C$-C$!
delete s2; // ='2'8/*", 3;/4$>*! R$-C$-C$!
5O NSOHWCEFI DOS[FHKBOM DO[FMNUB QOLUMZFSOU s2->s [ORUMY QOLUMZFSOGO s1->s. 5MF ]BOS
DO[FMNUBQK PECWUEFU NDCPCBUHK, C EU QFSROHX, [O]BOSN [OQHU [MFQRCFRCEFK ROPEFDCIB LRU JOH\VFU
[MOJHUSX. *RC MCPEXY OJaUDBC QQXHCIBQK EC OLEN OJHCQB\ [CSKBF, F EFDBO EU QQXHCUBQK EC DO[FI
Goodbye, QOPLCEENI DOSCELO_ String* s2 = new String( "Goodbye");. *CH\VU JOH\VU; [MF
NLCHUEFF s1 LUQBMNDBOM OQROJOZLCUB OJHCQB\ [CSKBF, EC DOBOMNI QQXHCUBQK s1. )LECDO EC ]BN [CSKB\
[MOLOHZCUB QQXHCB\QK NDCPCBUH\ s2->s. 5O[XBDC RXRUQBF s2->s LCUB QORUMVUEEO JUPNSEXU
MUPNH\BCBX. 0OSULFK OVFJOD LOQBFGCUB DNH\SFEC^FF [MF [O[XBDU NLCHFB\ s2, [OQDOH\DN SUEULZUM
[CSKBF [O[XBCUBQK OQROJOLFB\ MCEUU OQROJOZLUEENI OJHCQB\. 1UGO BOH\DO EU JXRCUB R C++!
43
(CPNSUUBQK, BC ZU [MOJHUSC ROPEFDCUB F [MF QOPLCEFF DO[F_. 0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ [O NSOHWCEFI
DO[FMNUB NDCPCBUH\, C EU LCEEXU, EC DOBOMXU OE QQXHCUBQK. 5O ]BO_ [MFWFEU DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F
O[UMCBOM = OJXWEO [UMUGMNZCIBQK OLEORMUSUEEO.
Rpuceaueauue u uuuuuanusauun
6X NZU OJQNZLCHF, WUS FEF^FCHFPC^FK OBHFWCUBQK OB [MFQRCFRCEFK, EO ]BC BUSC ECQBOH\DO RCZEC, WBO
K [ORBOMI UTU MCP. %QHF OJaUDB QHURC OB O[UMCBOMC = JXH QDOEQBMNFMORCE PCMCEUU, = OPECWCUB
[MFQRCFRCEFU. %QHF R ]BOS RXMCZUEFF OE DOEQBMNFMNUBQK R[UMRXU, MUW\ FLUB O DOEQBMNFMORCEFF F
DOEQBMNDBOMCY. # QHULNITUS [MFSUMU [UMRCK QBMODC Q QFSROHOS = RX[OHEKUB FEF^FCHFPC^FI F
RXPXRCUB DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_. #BOMCK QBMODC RX[OHEKUB [MFQRCFRCEFU F RXPXRCUB O[UMCBOM =.
Foo f;
Foo f1 = f; // D(/B/$#/-$B/%; f1 "K" (" )3K")*43"*
f1 = f; // =7/)4$/4$(/": ';E"&* f1 31" )&'()*73/7'4$(
Rpuceaueauue no yronauuk
)[UMCBOM = [O NSOHWCEFI, DCD F DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ [O NSOHWCEFI, RULUB QUJK WUBDO O[MULUHUEEXS
OJMCPOS. 0CD F DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_, DOBOMX_ MUDNMQFREO RXPXRCUB LMNGFU DOEQBMNDBOMX DO[F_,
O[UMCBOM = [O NSOHWCEFI EU OGMCEFWFRCUBQK [MOQBXS DO[FMORCEFUS JFBOR FP OLEOGO OJaUDBC R LMNGO_.
5OQHULORCBUH\EOQB\ UGO LU_QBRF_ RXGHKLFB BCD:
/. 5MFQRCFRCEFU LHK JCPORXY DHCQQOR RX[OHEKUBQK R [OMKLDU FY [UMUWFQHUEFK R Q[FQDU
ECQHULORCEFK. 5MF ]BOS FQ[OH\PNIBQK [UMUGMNZUEEXU O[UMCBOMX = JCPORXY DHCQQOR FHF R
QHNWCU FY OBQNBQBRFK O[UMCBOM = [O NSOHWCEFI.
2. 5MFQRCFRCEFU [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC RX[OHEKUBQK R [OMKLDU FY [UMUWFQHUEFK R OJaKRHUEFF
DHCQQC. 5MF ]BOS FQ[OH\PNIBQK [UMUGMNZUEEXU O[UMCBOMX = JCPORXY DHCQQOR FHF R QHNWCU FY
OBQNBQBRFK O[UMCBOM = [O NSOHWCEFI.
3BF [MCRFHC [MFSUEKIBQK MUDNMQFREO. 0CD F R QHNWCU Q DOEQBMNDBOMCSF, QECWCHC RX[OHEKUBQK
[MFQRCFRCEFU LHK [UMROGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC [UMROGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC F B. L.
Reperpyska onepafopa =
5UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMC = [MCDBFWUQDF EU OBHFWCUBQK OB [UMUGMNPDF RQUY OQBCH\EXY O[UMCBOMOR. 5ODC ECQ
FEBUMUQNUB QFGECBNMC O[UMCBOMC =, DOBOMCK RXGHKLFB BCD: R& X::operator=(const X&).
class String {
private:
char* s;
public:
String(char*);
~String();
String(const String&); // G'-2'1(', *'1" 7"M$"* 57';#"23
String& operator=(const String&);
void Dump(ostream& os);
};
String::String(char* s) : s(NULL)
{
if (str == NULL) { // NULL '-($.$"* 53)*3> )*7'&3
s = new char[1];
*s = \0;
}
else {
s = new char[strlen(str) + 1];
strcpy(s, str);
44
}
}
String::~String()
{
delete s;
}
String::String(const String& s1) : s(NULL)
{
s = new char[strlen(s1.s) + 1];
strcpy(s, s1.s);
}
String& String::operator=(const String& s1)
{
if (this == &s1) return *this;
delete s; // H(/.*'1/*, 57"0<03K"" -($."(/"
s = new char[strlen(s1.s) + 1];
strcpy(s, s1.s);
return *this;
}
void String::Dump(ostream& os)
{
os << \ << s << \;
}
0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F O[UMCBOM = RSUQBO [MOQBOGO DO[FMORCEFK CLMUQC BU[UM\ QOPLCIB DO[FI EORO_
QBMODF. *UQBMNDBOM QBCH JUPO[CQEXS, F SFMN EFWUGO EU NGMOZCUB.
$FZU [ODCPCE OJOJTUEEX_ RFL O[UMCBOMC =, DOBOMX_ QBOFB PCEUQBF R LOHGORMUSUEENI [CSKB\ (EU
DOS[\IBUMENI, C RCVN QOJQBRUEENI):
/. 4JULFBUQ\, WBO EU RX[OHEKUBQK [MFQRCFRCEFU RFLC x=x;. %QHF HURCK F [MCRCK WCQBF QQXHCIBQK
EC OLFE OJaUDB, LUHCB\ EFWUGO EU ECLO. %QHF EU [UMUYRCBFB\ ]BOB OQOJX_ QHNWC_, BO QHULNITF_
VCG NEFWBOZFB PECWUEFU LO BOGO, DCD OEO JNLUB QDO[FMORCEO.
2. 4LCHFBU [MULXLNTFU LCEEXU.
3. .DO[FMN_BU PECWUEFU.
4. #OPRMCBFBU NDCPCBUH\ *this.
)[UMCBOM = ROPRMCTCUB *this, WBOJX QBCHO ROPSOZEXS RHOZUEEOU [MFQRCFRCEFU RFLC $=b=). # C++,
DCD F R ., PECWUEFUS ]BOGO RXMCZUEFK KRHKUBQK [MFQRCFRCUSCK RUHFWFEC. #XMCZUEFU FEBUM[MUBFMNUBQK
Q[MCRC ECHURO, DCD $=(b=)).
- BU[UM\ [HOYFU EOROQBF. 0CD F R QHNWCU Q DOEQBMNDBOMCSF DO[F_, [MF [UMUGMNPDU O[UMCBOMC = C++
NSXRCUB MNDF F OB[MCRHKUBQK LOSO_. %QHF RX [UMUGMNPFHF O[UMCBOM =, BO EC RCQ HOZFBQK
OBRUBQBRUEEOQB\ PC RX[OHEUEFU [MFQRCFRCEFK LHK [UMUSUEEXY F JCPORXY DHCQQOR; [O NSOHWCEFI
JCPORXU DHCQQX F [UMUSUEEXU HUROQBOMOEEUGO OJaUDBC OQBCIBQK JUP FPSUEUEF_.
Rpuceaueauue pnn nepereuuux knacca
!EOGLC [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC OBEOQKBQK D [MOQBU_VFS BF[CS LCEEXY (EC[MFSUM, int), F BOGLC
[MFQRCFRCEFU RX[OHEKUBQK Q [OSOT\I O[UMCBOMC =, [MULOQBCRHUEEOGO DOS[FHKBOMOS. !EOGLC
(EC[MFSUM, LHK DHCQQC String) FY [MFYOLFBQK DO[FMORCB\ RMNWENI. # OQBCH\EXY QHNWCKY [UMUSUEEXU
OBEOQKBQK D DCDOSN-EFJNL\ EUBMFRFCH\EOSN DHCQQN. 'NWVF_ RXYOL FP [OHOZUEFK [MFQROFB\ WBO-
EFJNL\ BCDFS [UMUSUEEXS. 5MF ]BOS DOS[FHKBOM O[MULUHKUB, QNTUQBRNUB HF LHK [UMUSUEEO_
[UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM = FHF OE LOHZUE FQ[OH\PORCB\ QRO_ QOJQBRUEEX_ RCMFCEB [O NSOHWCEFI.
class Foo {
45
public:
Foo& operator=(const Foo&);
};
class Bar {
public:
// L5"7$*'7 = (" 5"7"8731"(
};
class FooBar {
private:
Foo f;
Bar b;
public:
FooBar& operator=(const FooBar&);
};
FooBar& FooBar::operator=(const FooBar& fb)
{
if (this == &fb) return *this;
f = fb.f; // D)5'#,-3"*)% 5"7"8731"((<? '5"7$*'7 = &#$))$ Foo
f = fb.b; // D)5'#,-3"*)% '5"7$*'7 = 5' 32'#.$(/>
return *this;
}
5MFSUEKK ]BN SUBOLFDN, RX EU PCJOBFBUQ\ O BOS, QNTUQBRNUB HF LHK [UMUSUEEO_ [UMUGMNZUEEX_
O[UMCBOM =. )J ]BOS LOHZUE LNSCB\ DOS[FHKBOM.
Rpuceaueauue pnn asoeux knaccoe
5MFQRCFRCEFU LHK JCPORXY DHCQQOR QO[MKZUEO Q EUDOBOMXSF QFEBCDQFWUQDFSF NYFTMUEFKSF. %QHF RX
EFDOGLC FY EU RFLUHF, RUMOKBEO, EC [OFQD [MCRFH\EO_ DOSJFEC^FF N_LUB EUSCHO RMUSUEF. #XGHKLFB
OEC BCD:
class Foo {...}
public:
Bar& operator=(const Bar&);
};
Bar& Bar::operator=(const Bar& b)
{
if (this == &b) return *this;
this->Foo::operator=(b); // S"8'-."8'?
return *this;
}
*MNGFU RCMFCEBX, DOBOMXU SOGNB [MFLBF R GOHORN (EC[MFSUM, *((Foo)this)=b;), EU MCJOBCIB
[ORUM\BU SEU EC QHORO. #QU OEF QOPLCIB RMUSUEEXU DO[FF. 5ODCPCEEX_ RCMFCEB MCJOBCUB, [OQDOH\DN
DOS[FHKBOM PECUB, DCD [MUOJMCPORCB\ Bar R Foo R CMGNSUEBU. )E MCJOBCUB EUPCRFQFSO OB BOGO,
[UMUGMNZCHF RX Foo::operator= FHF EUB. *CZU UQHF EU [UMUGMNZCHF, O[UMCBOM RQU MCREO
[MFQNBQBRNUB, F UGO SOZEO RXPRCB\ [O [OHEOSN FSUEF Foo::operator=.
pyrue curuafypu onepafopa =
)[UMCBOM = EU OGMCEFWUE OLEO_ QFGECBNMO_. %GO SOZEO [UMUGMNPFB\ BCD, WBOJX R [MCRO_ WCQBF
[MFQRCFRCEFK SOG QBOKB\ CMGNSUEB HIJOGO LMNGOGO BF[C. .FGECBNMC R& X::operator=(const R&)
RXLUHKUBQK EC OJTUS ÒEU BUS, WBO DOS[FHKBOM [MULOQBCRHKUB UU RUMQFI [O NSOHWCEFI F FQ[OH\PNUB
]BN QFGECBNMN R QBCELCMBEOS CHGOMFBSU MUDNMQFREOGO [MFQRCFRCEFK.
46
class String {
// I$& 7$(,M"
public:
String& operator=(const String&); // +'72$#,(<? 4$7/$(*
String& operator=(char*); // ="7"8731"((<? 4$7/$(*
String& operator=(int); // G<-<4$"* atoi()
};
# [ODCPCEEOS `MCGSUEBU QOPLCUBQK EUQDOH\DO [UMUGMNZUEEXY RCMFCEBOR O[UMCBOMC = LHK MCPHFWEXY
BF[OR LCEEXY R [MCRO_ WCQBF RXMCZUEFK. #BOMO_ RCMFCEB [OPROHKUB FPJUZCB\ DOEQBMNFMORCEFK
RMUSUEEOGO OJaUDBC String FP char* HFV\ LHK BOGO, WBOJX [MFQROFB\ UGO OJaUDBN R HURO_ WCQBF.
+MUBF_ RCMFCEB RX[OHEKUB [MUOJMCPORCEFU LMNGOGO MOLC. +US EU SUEUU, HFV\ [UMRX_ RCMFCEB
[UMUGMNZCUB (BO UQB\ PCSUEKUB) RUMQFI O[UMCBOMC [O NSOHWCEFI.
Reperpyska onepafopoe
)LEC FP [MFKBEXY OQOJUEEOQBU_ C++ ROPSOZEOQB\ MCQVFMUEFK QSXQHC O[UMCBOMOR. 3BO N[MOTCUB
WBUEFU [MOGMCSSX, [OQDOH\DN RCS NZU EU [MFLUBQK FPOJMUBCB\ LNMC^DFU FSUEC `NED^F_ RMOLU Add BCS,
GLU PECD + FSUUB QORUMVUEEO OWURFLEX_ QSXQH. +US EU SUEUU, FP HFWEOGO O[XBC K PECI LRU [MOJHUSX,
QRKPCEEXU Q [UMUGMNZUEEXSF O[UMCBOMCSF. #O-[UMRXY, FY WMUPSUMEOU [MFSUEUEFU [MURMCTCUB
[MOGMCSSN R YCOQ. #O-RBOMXY, JOH\VFEQBRO [MOGMCSSFQBOR EFDOGLC FY EU FQ[OH\PNUB. 5MFRULUEEX_
EFZU Q[FQOD EU [MUBUELNUB EC [OHEOBN, OLECDO OE [OSOZUB [OLGOBORFB\ [OHU LHK LCH\EU_VUGO
FPHOZUEFK SCBUMFCHC.
4yukuuouanuuan qopra onepafopoe
)[UMCBOMX (EC[MFSUM, +) FQ[OH\PNIBQK R LRNY RCMFCEBCY: DCD OQOJCK QFEBCDQFWUQDCK ÒMSC FHF DCD
`NED^FK. # C++ `NED^FOECH\ECK ÒMSC RQUGLC [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ DHIWUROU QHORO operator, PC
DOBOMXS QHULNUB QFSROH O[UMCBOMC.
class Foo {...}
Foo x, y, z;
z = x + y; // D(@/&)($% (('72$#,($%) @'72$
z = operator+(x, y); // J3(&B/'($#,($% @'72$ (4("M(%% @3(&B/%)
z = x.operator+(y); // J3(&B/'($#,($% @'72$ (@3(&B/% &#$))$)
. DOEÛ[BNCH\EO_ BOWDF PMUEFK BMF [OQHULEFU QBMODF ]DRFRCHUEBEX, YOBK EC [MCDBFDU, RUMOKBEO,
O[UMCBOM JNLUB O[MULUHUE HFJO R RFLU REUVEU_ `NED^FF, HFJO R RFLU `NED^FF DHCQQC, EO EU R OJOFY
RCMFCEBCY QMCPN. *HK JFECMEXY O[UMCBOMOR PECD O[UMCBOMC NDCPXRCUBQK SUZLN LRNY CMGNSUEBOR R
FE`FDQEO_ ÒMSU. # ÒMSU REUVEU_ `NED^FF OJC CMGNSUEBC [UMULCIBQK GHOJCH\EO_ `NED^FF. #
ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC OJaUDB, DOBOMOSN [MFECLHUZFB RXPXRCUSX_ O[UMCBOM, NDCPXRCUBQK QHURC, C
CMGNSUEB Q[MCRC OB PECDC O[UMCBOMC. 4ECMEXU O[UMCBOMX (BCDFU DCD ! F ~) BOZU SOGNB
[UMUGMNZCB\QK. :OMSC REUVEU_ `NED^FF RXPXRCUBQK Q OLEFS CMGNSUEBOS, C ÒMSC `NED^FF DHCQQC
RXPXRCUBQK JUP CMGNSUEBOR (O[UMC^FK RX[OHEKUBQK Q OJaUDBOS, ECYOLKTFSQK QHURC OB O[UMCBOMC . FHF
->).
$U MCPMUVCUBQK [UMUGMNZCB\ RQBMOUEEXU O[UMCBOMX (EC[MFSUM, O[UMCBOM ÛHOWFQHUEEOGO QHOZUEFK).
1BOJX OJUQ[UWFB\ RX[OHEUEFU ]BOGO NQHORFK, DOS[FHKBOM BMUJNUB, WBOJX YOBK JX OLFE CMGNSUEB
DCZLOGO [UMUGMNZUEEOGO O[UMCBOMC OBEOQFHQK D [OH\PORCBUH\QDOSN BF[N (OJXWEO D DHCQQN). #XJOM
OGMCEFWUE O[UMCBOMCSF, NZU O[MULUHUEEXSF R C++. #O RMUSK LOHGFY EOWEXY OBHCLOD SEU WCQBO YOBU-
HOQ\ QOPLCB\ O[UMCBOM Q FSUEUS #$%^&, EO C++ EC ]BOB QWUB EUNSOHFS.
5UMUGMNZUEEXU O[UMCBOMX ECQHULNIB [MFOMFBUBX F CBMFJNBX GMN[[FMORDF OB RQBMOUEEXY O[UMCBOMOR,
[O]BOSN RX EU SOZUBU, EC[MFSUM, FPSUEFB\ QBCELCMBEX_ [OMKLOD GMN[[FMORDF QHURC EC[MCRO LHK
O[UMCBOMC +. $U QNTUQBRNUB OGMCEFWUEF_ EC BF[ PECWUEFK, ROPRMCTCUSOGO [UMUGMNZUEEXS O[UMCBOMOS,
F OLFE O[UMCBOM SOZEO [UMUGMNZCB\ [MOFPROH\EOU WFQHO MCP [MF NQHORFF, WBO QFGECBNMX OQBCIBQK
NEFDCH\EXSF.
47
Reperpyska onepafopoe e qopre eueuuux qyukuu
1BOJX [UMUGMNPFB\ O[UMCBOM R ÒMSU REUVEU_ `NED^FF, EUOJYOLFSO O[MULUHFB\ GHOJCH\ENI
`NED^FI.
class String {
friend String& operator+(const String&, const String&);
private:
char* s;
public:
// I'()*73&*'7< / *.0.
}
String& operator+(const String& s1, const String& s2)
{
char* s = new char[strlen(s1.s) + strlen(s2.s) + 1];
strcat(s, s1.s, s2.s);
String newStr(s);
delete s;
return newStr;
}
String s1 = Hello;
String s2 = Goodbye;
String s3 = s1 + s2;
5UMUGMNZUEECK `NED^FK RXGHKLFB BCD ZU, DCD F HIJCK GHOJCH\ECK `NED^FK (UQHF EU QWFBCB\ QBMCEEOGO
FSUEF). !SUEEO LHK BCDFY QHNWCUR F JXHF [MFLNSCEX LMNP\K. %QHF JX SX EU OJaKRFHF `NED^FI
operator+ LMNGOS, BO OEC EU FSUHC JX LOQBN[C D [UMUSUEEO_ s, F SX ODCPCHFQ\ JX [UMUL RXJOMOS: BO
HF MCPMUVFB\ RQUS EC QRUBU LOQBN[ D char*, BO HF [UMU_BF D SUEUU ]`ÙDBFREO_ MUCHFPC^FF, [MF DOBO-
MO_ QBMODC DO[FMNUBQK [MF DCZLOS OJMCTUEFF D EU_. . DOEÛ[BNCH\EO_ BOWDF PMUEFK operator+
KRHKUBQK WCQB\I JFJHFOBUDF String, [O]BOSN EUB EFWUGO QBMCVEOGO R BOS, WBOJX OJaKRFB\ ]BN
`NED^FI LMNGOS F RMNWFB\ U_ DHIWF D RENBMUEEUSN NQBMO_QBRN String.
#EUVEFSF `NED^FKSF SOGNB [UMUGMNZCB\QK HIJXU O[UMCBOMX, DMOSU O[UMCBOMOR [MUOJMCPORCEFK, =,
[], () F -> RQU ]BF O[UMCBOMX LOHZEX [UMUGMNZCB\QK BOH\DO `NED^FKSF DHCQQC.
Reperpyska onepafopoe e qopre qyukuu knacca
.FEBCDQFQ EC[OSFECUB OJXWENI [UMUGMNPDN `NED^F_ DHCQQC, MCPRU WBO DOHFWUQBRO CMGNSUEBOR
NSUE\VCUBQK EC / [O QMCREUEFI Q ÒMSO_ REUVEU_ `NED^FF.
class String {
private:
char* s;
public:
// I'()*73&*'7< / *.0.
String& operator+(const String&) const;
};
String& String::operator+(const String& s1) const
{
char* s2 = new char[strlen(s1.s) + strlen(s) + 1];
strcat(s2, s1, s);
String newStr(s2);
delete s2;
return newStr;
}
48
String s1 = Hello;
String s2 = Goodbye;
String s3 = s1 + s2;
'IJO_ O[UMCBOM SOZUB JXB\ [UMUGMNZUE R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC. %QHF O[UMCBOM SOZUB [UMUGMNZCB\QK
DCD REUVEU_ `NED^FU_, BCD F `NED^FU_ DHCQQC, DCDNI FP LRNY ÒMS RXJMCB\? )BRUB: FQ[OH\PN_BU
[UMUGMNPDN R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC, UQHF BOH\DO N RCQ EU EC_LUBQK RUQDFY [MFWFE LHK [UMUGMNPDF
REUVEU_ `NED^FU_. !P ]BFY [MFWFE ECFJOHUU MCQ[MOQBMCEUEX QHULNITFU:
/. 5UMRX_ CMGNSUEB OBEOQFBQK D JCPOROSN BF[N (EC[MFSUM, int FHF double).
2. +F[ [UMROGO CMGNSUEBC O[MULUHUE R DOSSUMWUQDO_ JFJHFOBUDU, DOBOMNI EUZUHCBUH\EO
SOLF`F^FMORCB\.
0OS[FHKBOM FTUB [UMUGMNPDN R ÒMSU `NED^F_ DHCQQC, [MOQSCBMFRCK HURNI WCQB\ JFECMEXY
O[UMCBOMOR F ULFEQBRUEEX_ CMGNSUEB NECMEXY. %QHF RCV BF[ NDCPXRCUBQK Q[MCRC F RX YOBFBU
ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK [UMUGMNPDO_ R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC, RCS EU [ORUPHO. .CSX_ MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEX_
[MFSUM [UMUGMNPDF R ÒMSU REUVEU_ `NED^FF O[UMCBOM << R JFJHFOBUDU ostream.
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const String& s)
{
os << str.s; // =7"05'#$8$"*)%, .*' 0$(($% @3(&B/% %4#%"*)% 0738'2
return os;
}
5UMUGMNPDC LOHZEC OQNTUQBRHKB\QK R ÒMSU REUVEU_ `NED^FF, [OQDOH\DN RCV BF[, String, ECYOLFBQK
Q[MCRC UQHF, DOEUWEO, RX EU YOBFBU PCHUPB\ R GOBORXU PCGOHORDF iostream.h F RDHIWFB\ R DHCQQ
ostream [UMUGMNPDN R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC LHK QROUGO DHCQQC String. $CRUMEOU, RQU-BCDF EU YOBFBU.
5MFSUWCEFU: [MULXLNTF_ [MFSUM SOZUB EU MCJOBCB\ R RCVUS DOS[FHKBOMU, UQHF `NED^FF strlen F
strcat, DCD ]BO WCQBO JXRCUB, [O EULOQSOBMN MCPMCJOBWFDOR [OHNWCIB char* RSUQBO const char*.
#X SOZUBU MUVFB\, WBO FGMC EU QBOFB QRUW, F OJaKRFB\ `NED^FI EUDOEQBCEBEO_, EO ]BO RXGHKLFB
QHFVDOS ZUQBODO. 'NWVU FPJCRFB\QK OB DOEQBCEBEOQBF [OQMULQBROS [MUOJMCPORCEFK BF[OR, UQHF RX
CJQOHIBEO NRUMUEX, WBO JFJHFOBUWECK `NED^FK EU SOLF`F^FMNUB QROF CMGNSUEBX, F GOBORX QSFMFB\QK
Q [MULN[MUZLUEFKSF DOS[FHKBOMC.
String& String::operator+(const String& s1) const
{
char* s2 = new char[strlen((char*)s1.s) + strlen(s) + 1];
strcat(s2, (char*)s1.s, s);
String newStr(s2);
delete s2;
return newStr;
}
#FLFBU, WBO [MOFQYOLFB, UQHF DBO-BO PCJXRCUB O DOEQBCEBEOQBF?
Onepafopu npeopasoeauun
)[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK OQOJX_ QHNWC_. %QHF DOEQBMNDBOM [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ OBOJMCZUEFU
CMGNSUEBOR EC LOSUE RCVUGO DHCQQC, BO O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK LUHCUB [MKSO [MOBFRO[OHOZEOU: [O
]DPUS[HKMN RCVUGO DHCQQC OE QOPLCUB LMNGO_ BF[ LCEEXY.
class String {
private:
char* s;
public:
operator long(); // D)5'#,-3"* atol 0#% 57"';7$-'4$(/% & */53 long
};
String::operator long()
49
{
// G"7'%*(', -0"), )#"03"* 57'4"7/*,, .*' )*7'&$
// 57"0)*$4#%"* )';'? ./)#', 57/($0#"1$K"" & 0/$5$-'(3 0#/((<C B"#<C
return atoll(s);
}
String s(1234);
long x = s; // G<-<4$"*)% @3(&B/% operator long()
)[UMCBOMX [MUOJMCPORCEFK LOHZEX JXB\ `NED^FKSF DHCQQC. 0CD RFLEO FP [ODCPCEEOGO `MCGSUEBC,
O[UMCBOMX [MUOJMCPORCEFK YOMOVF BUS, WBO DOS[FHKBOM OJXWEO QCS SOZUB O[MULUHFB\, DOGLC OEF
LOHZEX RXPXRCB\QK. %QHF USN [OECLOJFBQK LHFEEOU ÛHOU, OE FTUB O[UMCBOM long(). %QHF USN
[OECLOJFBQK OJaUDB Foo, OE FTUB R DHCQQU Foo HFJO DOEQBMNDBOM Q CMGNSUEBOS String, HFJO
operator Foo(). #OPEFDCUB FEBUMUQEX_ RO[MOQ: UQHF O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK LUHCUB `CDBFWUQDF BO
ZU, WBO F DOEQBMNDBOM, [OWUSN JX EU OJO_BFQ\ WUS-EFJNL\ OLEFS? 5MUFSNTUQBRO DOEQBMNDBOMOR
QOQBOFB R BOS, WBO OEF OJUQ[UWFRCIB FEDC[QNHK^FI MUPNH\BFMNITUGO DHCQQC. 1BOJX QDOEQBMNFMORCB\
OJaUDB LMNGOGO DHCQQC, O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK LOHZUE OWUE\ SEOGO PECB\ O EUS. #OB [OWUSN LHK
[UMUYOLC OB OLEOGO BF[C D LMNGOSN OJXWEO FQ[OH\PNIBQK DOEQBMNDBOMX. - UQHF OQNTUQBRHKUBQK
[UMUYOL D JCPOROSN BF[N RMOLU int? #MKL HF RX JNLUBU BMUJORCB\, WBOJX DOS[FHKBOM QOPLCRCH LHK int
EORXU DOEQBMNDBOMX, DOBOMXU PECIB O QNTUQBRORCEFF RCVFY [OH\PORCBUH\QDFY BF[OR. - UQHF F JNLUBU,
BO EU MFQDEUBU [MFPECB\QK R ]BOS RQHNY. +OH\DO O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK SOZUB CRBOSCBFWUQDF
[UMU_BF D JCPOROSN BF[N. *CZU UQHF MUPNH\BFMNITF_ BF[ EU KRHKUBQK JCPORXS, OE SOZUB JXB\ WCQB\I
GOBORO_ JFJHFOBUDF, DOBOMNI EUZUHCBUH\EO SOLF`F^FMORCB\. ! QEORC O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK
Q[MCRHKUBQK Q PCLCWU_.
)[UMCBOMX [MUOJMCPORCEFK SOZEO OJaKRHKB\ LHK HIJXY BF[OR LCEEXY. )EF RXPXRCIBQK JUP
CMGNSUEBOR, C BF[ ROPRMCTCUSOGO PECWUEFK O[MULUHKUBQK [O FSUEF O[UMCBOMC. )[UMCBOMX
[MUOJMCPORCEFK, DCD F RQU OQBCH\EXU O[UMCBOMX, JXRCIB DOEQBCEBEXSF FHF EUDOEQBCEBEXSF. 1CQBO
O[MULUHKUBQK DCD DOEQBCEBECK, BCD F EUDOEQBCEBECK RUMQFF OLEOGO O[UMCBOMC. 0CD [MCRFHO, DOEQBCEBECK
RUMQFK MCJOBCUB JOHUU ]`ÙDBFREO, [OQDOH\DN EUDOEQBCEBECK RUMQFK OJXWEO RX[OHEKUB DO[FMORCEFU
LCEEXY.
class String {
private:
char* s;
public:
operator const char*() const { return s; }
operator char*():
};
String::operator char*()
{
char* newStr = new char[strlen(s) + 1];
strcpy(newStr, s);
return newStr;
}
0HFUEBQDF_ DOL, FQ[OH\PNITF_ EUDOEQBCEBENI RUMQFI, LOHZUE RPKB\ EC QUJK OBRUBQBRUEEOQB\ PC
NLCHUEFU LNJHFDCBC.
Ropnpok noucka u ueopuosuauocfu
%QHF RO RMUSK OJMCJOBDF [MOGMCSSX DOS[FHKBOM C++ ECYOLFB O[UMCBOM, OE RX[OHEKUB O[FQCEEXU
EFZU LU_QBRFK R NDCPCEEOS [OMKLDU, WBOJX MUVFB\, DCD UGO DOS[FHFMORCB\. )[FQCEFU OBEOQFBQK D
JFECMEOSN O[UMCBOMN, EO BC ZU QCSCK HOGFDC FQ[OH\PNUBQK F LHK NECMEXY O[UMCBOMOR:
/. %QHF OJC CMGNSUEBC OBEOQKBQK D JCPORXS BF[CS, FQ[OH\PNUBQK RQBMOUEEX_ O[UMCBOM.
50
2. %QHF QHURC NDCPCE [OH\PORCBUH\QDF_ BF[, DOS[FHKBOM FTUB [UMU[MNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM R ÒMSU
`NED^FF LCEEOGO DHCQQC, [OLYOLKTU_ LHK RQU_ QFGECBNMX [OLRXMCZUEFK O[UMCBOMC. %QHF BCDO_
O[UMCBOM JNLUB EC_LUE, OE FQ[OH\PNUBQK [MF DOS[FHK^FF.
3. %QHF RQU OQBCH\EXU RCMFCEBX FQ[MOJORCEX, DOS[FHKBOM FTUB [UMUGMNPDN R ÒMSU REUVEU_
`NED^FF.
$UOLEOPECWEOQB\ SOZUB ROPEFDENB\ HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF OEC [MFQNBQBRNUB R HUROQBOMOEEUS DHCQQU
FHF R GHOJCH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU, F EFDOGLC FP-PC QOR[CLUEFK [UMUGMNZUEEXY O[UMCBOMOR R ÒMSU
`NED^FF DHCQQC F REUVEU_ `NED^FF. 5MF ECHFWFF EUOLEOPECWEOQBF QOOJTUEFU OJ OVFJDU RXLCUBQK
HFV\ [OQHU RCVU_ [O[XBDF MUCH\EO FQ[OH\PORCB\ O[UMCBOM. +CD DOS[FHKBOM RENVCUB HOZEOU WNRQBRO
JUPO[CQEOQBF F ZLUB, [ODC RX NBMCBFBU JLFBUH\EOQB\, WBOJX OGMUB\ RCQ LNJFEO_ [O GOHORU.
Bupfyanuuue onepafopu
)[UMCBOMX DHCQQOR SOZEO OJaKRHKB\ RFMBNCH\EXSF, DCD F RQU OQBCH\EXU `NED^FF DHCQQOR.
0OS[FHKBOM LFECSFWUQDF OJMCJCBXRCUB [UMUGMNZUEEX_ HUROQBOMOEEF_ O[UMCBOM, DCD F HIJNI LMNGNI
`NED^FI DHCQQC. +CDCK ROPSOZEOQB\ OQOJUEEO [OHUPEC R QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC RX [XBCUBUQ\ QOPLCB\
QUSU_QBRO DHCQQOR, EO OBDMXRCUBU REUVEUSN SFMN HFV\ FY OJTF_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ. . BOWDF PMUEFK
QFEBCDQFQC RQU RXGHKLFB [MOQBO, EO HOGFDC [MOGMCSSX SOZUB QBCB\ LOROH\EO PC[NBCEEO_. #FMBNCH\EXU
O[UMCBOMX KRHKIBQK OLEO_ FP RCZEU_VFY BUS WCQBF 3, [O]BOSN QU_WCQ SX EU JNLUS RLCRCB\QK R
[OLMOJEOQBF.
Onepafop ->
)[UMCBOM -> PCEFSCUB OQOJOU SUQBO QMULF O[UMCBOMOR. *HK ECWCHC MCQQSOBMFS UGO JCPORX_ QFEBCDQFQ.
class Pointer {
private:
Foo* f;
public:
Pointer(Foo* foo) : f(foo) {}
Foo* operator->() const { return f; }
};
Pointer p(new Foo);
p->MemberOfFoo();
# [MFRULUEEOS `MCGSUEBU 7 FQ[OH\PNUBQK LHK DOQRUEEOGO RXPORC `NED^FF DHCQQC Foo. 0OS[FHKBOM
FEBUM[MUBFMNUB HIJO_ NDCPCBUH\ EC QBMNDBNMN FHF DHCQQ (*-[UMUSUEECK) DCD JCPORX_ BF[ >, C LHK RQUY
JCPORXY BF[OR NDCPCBUHU_ QNTUQBRNUB RQBMOUEEX_ O[UMCBOM ->. #QBMUBFR ->, DOS[FHKBOM QSOBMFB EC
HUROQBOMOEEUU RXMCZUEFU; UQHF OEO [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ NDCPCBUH\ [C QBMNDBNMN FHF NDCPCBUH\ EC DHCQQ,
LHK OJMCTUEFK D WHUECS FQ[OH\PNUBQK RQBMOUEEX_ O[UMCBOM ->. %QHF HUROQBOMOEEUU RXMCZUEFU
[MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ [OH\PORCBUH\QDF_ BF[, ]BOB BF[ LOHZUE [UMUGMNPFB\ O[UMCBOM ->. 5UMUGMNZUEEX_
RCMFCEB LOHZUE ROPRMCTCB\ HFJO NDCPCBUH\ EC QBMNDBNMN/DHCQQ, HFJO DCDO_-EFJNL\ LMNGO_
[OH\PORCBUH\QDF_ BF[, DOBOMX_ BCDZU [UMUGMNZCUB O[UMCBOM ->. %QHF ROPRMCTCUSOU PECWUEFU
OBEOQFBQK D [OH\PORCBUH\QDOSN BF[N, DOS[FHKBOM PCSUEKUB HUROQBOMOEEUU RXMCZUEFU ROPRMCTCUSXS
PECWUEFUS O[UMCBOMC -> (R ECVUS [MFSUMU Foo*) F [MOLOHZCUB QROF [O[XBDF LO BUY [OM, [ODC EU
LOJUMUBQK LO RQBMOUEEOGO NDCPCBUHK. +CDFS OJMCPOS, QHULNITUU LRNYVCGOROU DOQRUEEOU OJMCTUEFU
BCDZU JNLUB MCJOBCB\.
class Pointer2 {
private:
Pointer p;
public:
Pointer(Foo* foo) : p(foo) {}
Pointer operator->() const { return p; }
};
Pointer2 p(new Foo);
p->MemberOfFoo();
5.
"LUQ\ O[UMCBOM -> RXPXRCUBQK BMFZLX:
/. Pointer2::operator-> ROPRMCTCUB Pointer.
2. "CBUS Pointer::operator-> ROPRMCTCUB Foo.
3. 0OS[FHKBOM FEBUM[MUBFMNUB Foo* DCD JCPORX_ BF[ F RXPXRCUB UGO `NED^FI.
# OBHFWFU OB RQUY OQBCH\EXY O[UMCBOMOR, RX EU SOZUBU DOEBMOHFMORCB\ ROPRMCTCUSOU PECWUEFU FHF
[MOQBO OJMCBFB\QK D EUSN [OQHU RXYOLC FP O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF. )EO FQ[OH\PNUBQK FQDHIWFBUH\EO
QCSFS DOS[FHKBOMOS. 0OEÛ[^FK OJaUDBC, [UMUOLUBOGO NDCPCBUHUS, FSUUB `NELCSUEBCH\EOU PECWUEFU
LHK RQU_ DEFGF.
Onepafop []
)[UMCBOM [] SOZUB JXB\ [UMUGMNZUE, WBOJX [OHNWCB\ ULFEQBRUEEX_ CMGNSUEB [MOFPROH\EOGO BF[C F
ROPRMCTCB\ [MOFPROH\EX_ BF[ R DCWUQBRU QROUGO PECWUEFK.
class String {
private:
char* s;
public:
String(char*);
char operator[](int n) const; // n-? )/24'#
};
char String::operator[](int n)
{
// T0"), 0'#1($ 4<5'#(%*,)% 57'4"7&$ 0/$5$-'($
return s[n];
}
5OQDOH\DN O[UMCBOM [] SOZUB RXPXRCB\QK HFV\ Q OLEFS CMGNSUEBOS, LHK FSFBC^FF SEOGOSUMEXY
SCQQFROR WCQBO [MFSUEKIB CEOEFSEXU ]DPUS[HKMX.
struct Index3 {
int X, Y, Z;
Index3(int x, int y, int z) : X(x), Y(y), Z(z) {}
};
class Array3D { // A7"C2"7(<? 2$))/4 ';E"&*'4 String
private:
// +$)*'%K$% )*73&*37$ 0$((<C
public:
String& operator[](const Index3&);
};
String s = anArray[Index3(17, 29, 31)];
>OBK O[UMCBOM [] RXPXRCUBQK HFV\ Q OLEFS CMGNSUEBOS, ]BOB NSUMUEEO EUNDHIZF_ QFEBCDQFQ
[OPROHKUB QOPLCB\ [MOFPROH\EOU DOHFWUQBRO [QURLOCMGNSUEBOR.
Onepafop ()
$CRUMEOU, RX F EU [OLOPMURCHF, WBO ]BOB O[UMCBOM BOZU SOZEO [UMUGMNPFB\. %QHF N RCQ WCQBO ROPEFDCUB
EU[MUOLOHFSOU ZUHCEFU [MURMCBFB\ OJaUDB R `NED^FI, ROPSOZEO, RCVC [QFYFDC EUQBCJFH\EC F RCS
QBOFB QUM\UPEO [OLNSCB\ ECL QSUEO_ MOLC PCEKBF_. +US EU SUEUU, C++ Q [OEFSCEFUS OBEUQUBQK D RCVFS
[MOJHUSCS. 'UROQBOMOEEUU RXMCZUEFU O[UMCBOMC () [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ OJaUDB, DOBOMX_ LOHZUE
FEBUM[MUBFMORCB\QK DCD RXPXRCUSCK `NED^FK. -MGNSUEBX O[UMCBOMC [MULQBCRHKIB QOJO_ ÒMSCH\EXU
CMGNSUEBX, [UMULCRCUSXU OJaUDBN-`NED^FF [MF RXPORU.

52
class Function {
public:
int operator()(char*);
};
int Function::operator()(char* s)
{
cout << \ << s << \;
}
Function fn;
int x = fn(Hello); // G<4'0/* 4 cout )*7'&3 Hello
)[UMCBOM () SOZUB ROPRMCTCB\ HIJO_ BF[ F [MFEFSCB\ HIJXU CMGNSUEBX. 5MF ]BOS OE [OLWFEKUBQK
BUS ZU [MCRFHCS, WBO F HIJCK LMNGCK `NED^FK. )[UMCBOM () [UMUGMNZCUBQK BOH\DO R ÒMSU `NED^FF
DHCQQC.
Onepafop new
!POJMUBCK EORX_ KPXD, [MFYOLFBQK FPOJMUBCB\ QOJQBRUEEXU [MCRFHC. )LEO FP EORXY [MCRFH C++
GHCQFB, WBO FSK O[UMCBOMC EU OJKPCEO QOQBOKB\ FP OLEFY QHNZUJEXY QFSROHOR. !QDHIWUEFU QOQBCRHKIB
O[UMCBOMX new F delete. )[UMCBOM new RXPXRCUBQK RQKDF_ MCP, DOGLC DOS[FHKBOM QWFBCUB, WBO ECQBCHO
RMUSK RXLUHFB\ FP DNWF [CSKB\ LHK EOROGO OJaUDBC. !Q[OH\PNUSX_ PLUQ\ BUMSFE %/0#$" OBEOQFBQK D
HIJXS LFECSFWUQDFS LCEEXS, RDHIWCK int, char* F B.L., C EU BOH\DO D ]DPUS[HKMCS RCVFY DHCQQOR.
)[UMCBOM new [O NSOHWCEFI FSUUB QHULNITF_ FEBUMÙ_Q:
void* operator new(size_t bytes);
%LFEQBRUEEX_ CMGNSUEB DOHFWUQBRO RXLUHKUSXY JC_B, ROPRMCTCUSOU PECWUEFU CLMUQ RXLUHUEEO_
OJHCQBF. )[UMCBOM new EFDOGLC EU LOHZUE ROPRMCTCB\ NULL; RSUQBO ]BOGO [MF EUYRCBDU [CSKBF
FEF^FFMNUBQK FQDHIWUEFU (QS. GHCRN 4). (UCHFPC^FK O[UMCBOMC new [O NSOHWCEFI FPSUEKUBQK OB
[MOQBOGO RXPORC `NED^FF mall') FHF call') LO EUQBCELCMBEXY QMULQBR N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I,
[MFHCGCUSXY D DOS[FHKBOMN.
)[UMCBOM new SOZUB [UMUGMNZCB\QK DCD R ÒMSU REUVEU_ `NED^FF, BCD F R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC. 5MF
[UMUGMNPDU R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC OE ECQHULNUBQK, [O]BOSN RXLUHUEFU [CSKBF R [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQCY
JNLUB OQNTUQBRHKB\QK BCD ZU, DCD F R JCPOROS DHCQQU, [UMUGMNPFRVUS O[UMCBOM new.
class Foo {
public:
};
void* Foo::operator new(size_t bytes)
{
if (bytes < MAXBYTES)
// +")*$(0$7*('" 4<0"#"(/" 5$2%*/ 0#% ;#'&'4 2$#'8' 7$-2"7$
else return ::operator new(bytes);
}
(CPNSUUBQK, RQUOJTCK [UMUGMNPDC GHOJCH\EOGO O[UMCBOMC new PCBMNLEFB QOPLCEFU [UMUEOQFSOGO DOLC,
[O]BOSN OJXWEO [MUL[OWBFBUH\EXS RCMFCEBOS KRHKUBQK [UMUGMNPDC R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC. )EC
FSUUB LO[OHEFBUH\EXU [MUFSNTUQBRC: FP [UMUGMNZUEEO_ `NED^FF SOZEO RXPRCB\ O[UMCBOM new [O
NSOHWCEFI, DCD ]BO LUHCUBQK R [MULXLNTUS `MCGSUEBU. )[UMCBOM new BCDZU SOZUB [UMUGMNZCB\QK LHK
LMNGFY QFGECBNM. >OBK LO[OHEFBUH\EXU QFGECBNMX EU JNLNB RXPXRCB\QK DOS[FHKBOMOS CRBOSCBFWUQDF,
OEF ODCPXRCIB JOH\VNI [OSOT\ [MF MUCHFPC^FF EUQBCELCMBEOGO N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, R DOBOMO_
SOZEO RXPRCB\ DOEDMUBENI RUMQFI O[UMCBOMC new.
class Pool { // +")*$(0$7*(<? 53# 5$2%*/
public:
virtual void* Allocate(size_t bytes);
53
};
void* operator new(size_t bytes, Pool* p)
{
return p->Allocate(bytes);
}
extern Pool* DefaultPool;
Foo* f = new(DefaultPool) Foo;
*O[OHEFBUH\EXU CMGNSUEBX NDCPXRCIBQK SUZLN DHIWURXS QHOROS new F [UMUL FSUEUS DHCQQC Foo;
OEF [UMULCIBQK [UMUGMNZUEEOSN O[UMCBOMN [OQHU MCPSUMC JHODC, [MULOQBCRHUEEOGO DOS[FHKBOMOS.
Onepafop delete
)[UMCBOM delete OJXWEO [UMUGMNZCUBQK RSUQBU Q O[UMCBOMOS new LHK RX[OHEUEFK EUQBCELCMBEXY
O[UMC^F_ N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I. .NTUQBRNIB LRC FEBUMÙ_QC, CRBOSCBFWUQDF RXPXRCUSXU
DOS[FHKBOMOS [MF NLCHUEFF OJaUDBC:
1. void operator delete(void* address);
2. void operator delete(void* address, size_t bytes);
5UMRCK RUMQFK [MOQBO [UMULCUB RCS CLMUQ OQROJOZLCUSOGO JHODC; WBOJX O[MULUHFB\ UGO MCPSUM, RCS
[MFLUBQK QCSOQBOKBUH\EO PCGHKENB\ R YMNQBCH\EX_ VCM. #BOMCK RUMQFK RMOLU JX [UMULCUB MCPSUM
OQROJOZLCUSOGO JHODC, EO... OE SOZUB JXB\ SUE\VU FQBFEEOGO MCPSUMC! 5MOJHUSX ROPEFDCIB R
QHULNITFY QFBNC^FKY:
class Foo {
private:
int x;
public:
~Foo(); // +"4/7*3$#,(<? 0")*73&*'7
};
private:
int y;
public:
~Bar();
};
Bar* b = new Bar;
delete b; // =7$4/#,(<? 7$-2"7
Foo* f = new Bar;
delete f; // O$-2"7 Foo, $ (" Bar
0OS[FHKBOM O[MULUHKUB MCPSUM EC OQEORCEFF RXPXRCUSOGO LUQBMNDBOMC. %QHF EURFMBNCH\EX_
LUQBMNDBOM RXPXRCUBQK LHK NDCPCBUHK EC JCPORX_ DHCQQ, FQ[OH\PNUBQK MCPSUM JCPOROGO DHCQQC.
5MCRFH\EX_ MCPSUM JNLUB [UMULCRCB\QK [MF QOJHILUEFF HIJOGO FP BMUY NQHORF_:
/. *UQBMNDBOM KRHKUBQK RFMBNCH\EXS.
2. 4DCPCBUH\ QQXHCUBQK EC ECQBOKTF_ BF[ OJaUDBC.
3. +F[, EC DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK NDCPCBUH\, FSUUB BOB ZU MCPSUM, WBO F ECQBOKTF_ BF[.
5OQHULEUU NQHORFU QOJHILCUBQK HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU EU LOJCRHKUBQK EF
OLEO_ EORO_ [UMUSUEEO_, C JCPORX_ F [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQX OLEORMUSUEEO HFJO QOLUMZCB, HFJO EU
QOLUMZCB RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_ (F DCD QHULQBRFU, NDCPCBUHU_ v-BCJHF^X). $U[OEKBEO? +OGLC PC[OSEFBU
[MOQBOU [MCRFHO OJaKRHK_BU RCVF LUQBMNDBOMX RFMBNCH\EXSF.
)[UMCBOM delete, DCD F O[UMCBOM new, SOZEO [UMUGMNZCB\ DCD R ÒMSU `NED^FF DHCQQC, BCD F R ÒMSU
REUVEU_ `NED^FF. %QHF O[UMCBOM [UMUGMNZCUBQK `NED^FU_ DHCQQC, OE ECQHULNUBQK. # OBHFWFU OB
54
O[UMCBOMC new, LHK O[UMCBOMC delete EUH\PK QOPLCRCB\ LO[OHEFBUH\EXU QFGECBNMX. *RC RCMFCEBC,
[MFRULUEEXU RXVU, ]BO RQU, WBO N RCQ UQB\.
Lanouu u
esonacuocfu
funoe
>OBK QBCELCMBX VCJHOEOR O[NJHFDORCEX NZU LCREO, OEF RQU UTU MCQ[MOQBMCEUEX EULOQBCBOWEO
VFMODO. 0OEUWEO, BMNLEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ EUWBO, EU [OLLUMZFRCUSOU RCVFS DOS[FHKBOMOS, ECRUMEOU,
]BO [UMRCK [MFWFEC, [O DOBOMO_ JOH\VFEQBRO [MOGMCSSFQBOR C++ EU NSUUB MCJOBCB\ Q VCJHOECSF. 0
QWCQB\I, QU_WCQ RQU OQEOREXU DOS[FHKBOMX NZU ROVHF R LRCL^CBX_ RUD, BCD WBO ]BC [MOJHUSC NZU
OB[CHC. )QBCUBQK HFV\ [OEKB\, WBO BCDOU VCJHOE, DCD OJO_BF RQU QFEBCDQFWUQDFU HORNVDF, EO [MUZLU
RQUGO LHK WUGO OE RQU-BCDF ENZUE. 3BC GHCRC EU OGMCEFWFRCUBQK OJPOMOS QFEBCDQFQC. # EU_ BCDZU
MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK OQEORX JUPO[CQEOQBF BF[OR R C++, [MFWUS OQOJOU REFSCEFU NLUHKUBQK VCJHOECS.
-fo fakoe uanouu u saer ouu uyuu?
!EBUMÙ_Q [MOQBOGO DHCQQC-DOHHUD^FF (EC [MFSUMU QRKPCEEOGO Q[FQDC) RXGHKLFB BCD:
class ListNode {
private:
ListNode* next;
void* data;
public:
ListNode(void* d, ListNode* n = NULL) : next(n), data(d) {}
~ListNode() { delete next; }
void* Data() { return data; }
ListNode* Next() { return next; }
};
"CSUBFHF WBO-EFJNL\ OQOJUEEOU?
Rponeru
5MUZLU RQUGO, R GHCPC JMOQCIBQK RQU ]BF void*. ! RX, F K [MUDMCQEO PECUS, WBO EC QCSOS LUHU PC EFSF
DMOUBQK EUWBO QORUMVUEEO FEOU. ,LU-BO R DHFUEBQDOS DOLU [MFLUBQK QLUHCB\ WBO-EFJNL\ [OLOJEOU:
for (ListNode* n = listHead; n != NULL; n = n->Next())
f((Foo*)n->Data());
!ECWU GOROMK, RCS [MFLUBQK [OQBOKEEO [MFROLFB\ void* D DOEDMUBEOSN BF[N $O DCD NJULFB\QK R BOS,
WBO [OHNWUEEX_ NDCPCBUH\ LU_QBRFBUH\EO FSUUB BF[ Foo*? "LUQ\ [MFLUBQK MCQQWFBXRCB\ BOH\DO EC
QUJK, [OBOSN WBO DOS[FHKBOM QO QHORCSF $CLUIQ\, BX PECUV\, WBO LUHCUV\ NSXRCUB MNDF. *O[NQBFS,
RX NRUMUEX, WBO RCVU FQ[OH\PORCEFU DHCQQC ECLUZEO [O OBEOVUEFI D BF[CS. $O SOZEO HF
GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO LMNGO_ [MOGMCSSFQB EU RXDFEUB DCDNI-EFJNL\ GHN[OQB\ F EU PCEUQUB R DOHHUD^FI
OJaUDB LMNGOGO BF[C? %QHF RX QRKBO RUMFBU R ]BO, K MUDOSUELNI LUMZCB\QK [OLCH\VU OB MFQDORCEEXY
FERUQBF^F_ F RHOZFB\ LUE\GF R [MCRFBUH\QBRUEEXU JNSCGF, RMKL HF RCS [ORUPUB R ]BO_ ZFPEF.
3
56
#BOMCK [MOJHUSC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO ]HUSUEBX Q[FQDC EU PECIB, EC DCDO_ BF[ OEF NDCPXRCIB.
5MUL[OHOZFS, RCS YOWUBQK, WBOJX LUQBMNDBOM Q[FQDC NLCHKH EU BOH\DO QCSF NPHX, EO F LCEEXU, EC
DOBOMXU OEF QQXHCIBQK. $UH\PK [UMULCB\ O[UMCBOMN delete NDCPCBUH\ void* F ECLUKB\QK, WBO OE QCS
RXJUMUB ENZEX_ LUQBMNDBOM.
Oxopuue peueuun
)LEO FP ROPSOZEXY MUVUEF_ [OBMUJORCB\, WBOJX RQU OJaUDBX RCVU_ DOHHUD^FF [MOFQYOLFHF OB
OJTUGO [MULDC. # ]BOS QHNWCU void* SOZEO JNLUB PCSUEFB\ NDCPCBUHUS EC JCPORX_ DHCQQ, QOPLCRCK YOBK
JX RFLFSOQB\ [OMKLDC. %QHF LUQBMNDBOM JCPOROGO DHCQQC KRHKUBQK RFMBNCH\EXS, [O DMC_EU_ SUMU SX
QSOZUS [UMU[FQCB\ LUQBMNDBOM ListNode BCD, WBOJX [MF QCSONJF_QBRU OE NEFWBOZCH F QOLUMZFSOU
Q[FQDC. $O UQHF ]BOB JCPORX_ DHCQQ FSUUB [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX, RX ECRUMEKDC RUMEUBUQ\ D
EUOJYOLFSOQBF RX[OHEUEFK EUECLUZEXY O[UMC^F_ [MFRULUEFK D ]BFS [MOFPROLEXS BF[CS.
*MNGOU OJYOLEOU MUVUEFU QOPLCB\ Q[FQOD, MCQQWFBCEEX_ EC DOEDMUBEX_ BF[. .DCZUS, LHK RULUEFK
Q[FQDC OJaUDBOR DHCQQC Foo QOPLCUBQK DHCQQ-DOHHUD^FK ListOfFoos. # ]BOS QHNWCU RCS EU [MFLUBQK
RX[OHEKB\ [MFRULUEFK BF[OR, UQHF Foo EU FSUUB [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR. $O QBOFB HF [HOLFB\ DHCQQX-
LRO_EFDF, DOBOMXU OBHFWCIBQK BOH\DO BF[CSF, Q DOBOMXSF OEF MCJOBCIB? 0OEUWEO, RXMUPCEFU F
RQBCRDC R BUDQBORXY MULCDBOMCY PCSUWCBUH\ECK RUT\, C QÛECMFF OJMCJOBDF BUDQBOR [OSOGCIB
JXQBMO MCPSEOZFB\ DOL. $O UQHF RCS [OBMUJNUBQK FPSUEFB\ [MULQBCRHUEFU RQUY ]BFY Q[FQDOR, LUHO
EUFPJUZEO DOEWFBQK SCQVBCJEO_ GOHOREO_ JOH\I.
# [MOVHOS [OLOJEXU [MOJHUSX WCQBO MUVCHFQ\ Q [OSOT\I SCDMOQOR #define:
#define ListNode(Type) \
class ListNode##Type { \
private: \
ListNode##Type* next; \
Type* data; \
public: \
ListNode##Type(Type* d, ListNode* n = NULL) : next(n), data(d) {} \
~ListNode() { delete next; } \
void* Data() { return data; } \
ListNode* Next() { return next; } \
};
%QHF RX EUWCKEEO PCJNLUBU [OQBCRFB\ PECD \, DOS[FHKBOM MCPMCPFBQK GMOSDFSF EUGOLNITFSF RO[HKSF,
EO [MF LOHZEO_ OQBOMOZEOQBF ]BC SUBOLFDC MCJOBCUB. .FSROHX ## OPECWCIB DOEDCBUEC^FI.
0OEQBMND^FK QBCEORFBQK UTU NMOLHFRUU, EO Q ]BFS [MFYOLFBQK SFMFB\QK RX LOHZEX OJUQ[UWFB\
NEFDCH\EOQB\ FSUE BF[OR DOHHUD^F_. +CDCK SUBOLFDC OJHCLCUB SEOGOWFQHUEEXSF EULOQBCBDCSF. %QHF
`NED^FF DHCQQC EU KRHKIBQK [OLQBCRHKUSXSF (inline), RCS [MFLUBQK QOPLCRCB\ LHK EFY LO[OHEFBUH\EXU
SCDMOQX F QHULFB\, WBOJX OEF JXHF MUCHFPORCEX R OLEOS SOLNHU DOS[FHK^FF. 4 EUDOBOMXY
DOS[FHKBOMOR ROPEFDCIB [MOJHUSX QO QHFVDOS LHFEEXSF SCDMOQCSF. *FMUDBFRX #define EU SOGNB
JXB\ RHOZUEEXSF, [O]BOSN MUDNMQFREXU, JUPO[CQEXU [O OBEOVUEFI D BF[CS QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY
OB[CLCIB. >NZU RQUGO, WBO [MF OJECMNZUEFF OVFJDF R SCDMOQU OBHCLWFD QDHCLXRCUB MNDF F QOOJTCUB,
WBO 7)#-"% R SCDMOQU LO[NTUEC OVFJDC, EO EU NDCPXRCUB DOEDMUBEOGO EOSUMC QBMODF.
Lanouu ycoeepueucfeoeauuue rakpocu
$C QÛEN RXYOLFB SUYCEFPS VCJHOEOR NQORUMVUEQBRORCEEX_ SCDMO[MOÛQQOM LHK LFMUDBFR
#define. <CJHOEX [MULQBCRHKIB QOJO_ EFWBO FEOU, DCD SCDMOQX JUP RQUY [UMUWFQHUEEXY
OGMCEFWUEF_. )EF SOGNB JXB\ RHOZUEEXSF. #CS EU [MFLUBQK JUQ[ODOFB\QK O LNJHFMORCEFF FY
`NED^F_. 8OH\VFEQBRO OBHCLWFDOR C++ [MF ROPEFDEORUEFF OVFJDF [MCRFH\EO NDCPXRCUB QBMODN
VCJHOEC. (CPSUM VCJHOEC EU RXPORUB EFDCDFY [MOJHUS. $CDOEU^, RCS EU [MFLUBQK NMOLORCB\ QROI
[MUDMCQENI [MOGMCSSN PCDOMIWDCSF RMOLU \ F ##.
57
Cuufakcuc uanouoe
%QHF RX QOJFMCUBUQ\ FQ[OH\PORCB\ VCJHOEX, [MFRXDC_BU D BOSN, WBO R RCVU_ MUWF JNLUB WCQBO PRNWCB\
BUMSFE >+6+,#"6(9%&+**'3 (parameterized). <CJHOEX FQ[OH\PNIBQK LHK QOPLCEFK [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY
BF[OR (OJXWEO DHCQQOR) F [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY `NED^F_.
Raparefpusoeauuue funu
5CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ BF[ REUVEU [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ OJXWEOU OJaKRHUEFU DHCQQC, DOBOMOSN
[MULVUQBRNUB SCGFWUQDOU PCDHFECEFU template <c1ass Type>, GLU Type RXJMCEEOU RCSF
QFSROHFWUQDOU FSK (OQBCH\EXU ]HUSUEBX PCLCIBQK ZUQBDO). #QILN, GLU QFSROHFWUQDOU FSK Type (FHF
LMNGOU FSK) RQBMUWCUBQK R OJaKRHUEFF DHCQQC OEO FEBUM[MUBFMNUBQK DCD SCDMOQ, RSUQBO DOBOMOGO [MF
FQ[OH\PORCEFF DHCQQC [OLQBCRHKUBQK DOEDMUBEX_ BF[. 0HCQQ ListNode, [UMU[FQCEEX_ DCD
[CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ BF[, RXGHKLFB QHULNITFS OJMCPOS:
template <class Type>
class ListNode {
private:
ListNode<Type>* next;
Type* data;
public:
ListNode(Type* d, ListNode<Type>* n = NULL) : next(n), data(d) {}
~ListNode() { delete next; }
Type* Data() { return data; }
ListNode<Type>* Next() { return next; }
};
ListNode<Foo> list = new ListNode<Foo> (new Foo);
Foo* f = list->Data(); // G'-47$K$"* 57$4/#,(<? */5
# BUHU OJaKRHUEFK DHCQQC ÒMSCH\EX_ [CMCSUBM VCJHOEC MUPUMRFMNUB SUQBO, EC DOBOMOU [MF
FQ[OH\PORCEFF DHCQQC [OLQBCRHKUBQK `CDBFWUQDF_ [CMCSUBM. 5MF ]BOS DOS[FHKBOM JNDRCH\EO
GUEUMFMNUB [MCRFH\EX_, JUPO[CQEX_ [O OBEOVUEFI D BF[CS DOL.
Raparefpusoeauuue qyukuuu
5CMCSUBMFPORCEEXU `NED^FF OJaKRHKIBQK BOWEO BCD ZU [UMUL FY OJaKRHUEFKSF NDCPXRCUBQK
ÒMSNHC template.... .FEBCDQFQ VCJHOEC LOHZUE [ORBOMKB\QK DCD [MF OJaKRHUEFF, BCD F [MF
O[MULUHUEFF `NED^FF. 5OSEFBU, VCJHOEX EC QCSOS LUHU KRHKIBQK SCDMOQCSF, [O]BOSN OEF LOHZEX
ECYOLFB\QK R `C_HCY .h. %QHF O[MULUHUEFU JNLUB ECYOLFB\QK R `C_HU .QMM, [MOGMCSSC MCJOBCB\ EU JNLUB
(UQHF BOH\DO ]BO EU #)(*."&#**'3 `C_H .QMM, R DOBOMOS RXPXRCUBQK LCEECK `NED^FK).
// L;E%4#"(/" @3(&B//
Type* fn(Type* t);
// L57"0"#"(/" "" 7"$#/-$B//
Type* fn(Type* t) {
// A"#' @3(&B//, 4 &'*'7'2 /2% Type
// /)5'#,-3"*)% 4 &$.")*4" 5$7$2"*7$ 2$&7')$
}
Foo* f = fn<Foo>(new Foo);
)[MULUHUEFU GUEUMFMNUBQK DOS[FHKBOMOS [MF EUOJYOLFSOQBF, BO UQB\ [MF RXPORU `NED^FF. $C ]BOB MCP
[CMCSUBMFPORCEO FSK `NED^FF, C EU FSK DHCQQC.
58
Raparefpusoeauuue qyukuuu knaccoe
5CMCSUBMFPORCEEXU `NED^FF DHCQQOR O[MULUHKIBQK BCD ZU (MCPRU WBO RCS [OECLOJFBQK JOH\VU
NGHORXY QDOJOD < F >). *CRC_BU SOLF`F^FMNUS DHCQQ ListNode BCD, WBOJX UGO `NED^FF EU
O[MULUHKHFQ\ [MF OJaKRHUEFF DHCQQC.
class ListNode {
private:
ListNode<Type*> next;
Type* data;
public:
ListNode(Type* d, ListNode<Type>* n = NULL);
~ListNode();
Type* Data();
ListNode<Type>* Next();
};
ListNode<Type>::ListNode(Type* d, ListNode<Type>* n = NULL)
: next(n), data(d)
{
}
ListNode<Type>::~ListNode()
{
delete next;
}
Type* ListNode<Type>::Data()
{
return data;
}
ListNode<Type>* ListNode<Type>::Next()
{
return next;
}
5OSEFBU: RQU ]BO LOHZEO ECYOLFB\QK R `C_HU .h. !QDHIWUEFU QOQBCRHKIB QFBNC^FF, DOGLC `NED^FF
DHCQQC RXPXRCIBQK BOH\DO FP `C_HC .QMM, R DOBOMOS OEF O[MULUHKIBQK. # ]BOS QHNWCU O[MULUHUEFK
`NED^F_ DHCQQC LOHZEX [MULVUQBRORCB\ FY [UMROSN FQ[OH\PORCEFI.
Repepaa naparefpa
6EOGOWFQHUEEXU QFSROHX < F > RXPXRCIB FPMKLENI [NBCEF^N, [OQDOH\DN C++ EU RQUGLC
[OQHULORCBUHUE. #OOJTU GOROMK, <A37"> QHULNUB NDCPXRCB\ RUPLU, DMOSU BMUY SUQB R OJaKRHUEFKY
DHCQQOR FHF O[MULUHUEFKY FY `NED^F_:
/. "C DHIWURXS QHOROS class R QCSOS ECWCHU.
2. 5MF NDCPCEFF FSUEF DOEQBMNDBOMC.
3. 5MF NDCPCEFF FSUEF LUQBMNDBOMC.
-MGNSUEBX DOEQBMNDBOMOR F LUQBMNDBOMOR LOHZEX JXB\ [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXSF, DCD F RQU FQ[OH\PORCEFK
FSUEF DHCQQC PC FQDHIWUEFUS BMUY NDCPCEEXY QHNWCUR. 5MF HIJOS FQ[OH\PORCEFF [CMCSUBMFPORCEEOGO
59
BF[C FHF `NED^FF EUOJYOLFSO NDCPXRCB\ [CMCSUBM. 8XHO JX ECSEOGO [MOTU, UQHF JX C++ [MOQBO
BMUJORCH [MFQNBQBRFK [CMCSUBMC RO RQUY QHNWCKY, EO ]BO ZU C++... #LOJCROD SOZEO Q]DOEOSFB\
EUQDOH\DO QFSROHOR R FQYOLEOS BUDQBU [MOGMCSSX. # BMUY NDCPCEEXY QFBNC^FKY DOS[FHKBOM SOZUB
QLUHCB\ MCPNSEXU [MUL[OHOZUEFK [O [OROLN OBQNBQBRNITFY QFSROHOR.
Lanouu c ueckonukuru naparefparu
+F[ SOZUB FSUB\ JOHUU OLEOGO [CMCSUBMC, YOBK BCDFU QFBNC^FF RQBMUWCIBQK LOROH\EO MULDO. 4RFLUR
BCDO_ DHCQQ, K OJXWEO PCBURCI Q CRBOMOS LOHGNI JUQULN O [MFE^F[CY [OQBMOUEFK [MOGMCSS. +US EU
SUEUU, FEOGLC FQ[OH\PORCEFU SEOGOCMGNSUEBEXY VCJHOEOR JXRCUB O[MCRLCEEXS. .FEBCDQFQ RXGHKLFB
CECHOGFWEO, MCPRU WBO RSUQBO <c1ass Type> FQ[OH\PNUBQK Q[FQOD BF[C <c1ass Type1, class
Type2>. $CDOEU^, [CMCSUBM EU OJKPCE JXB\ DHCQQOS. )E SOZUB JXB\ QBMNDBNMO_ FHF UTU WUS-EFJNL\,
YOBK FSUEEO DHCQQX [MOWEO NLUMZFRCIB RULNTFU [OPF^FF EC MXEDU [CMCSUBMOR.
ono enoeuuue naparefpusoeauuue funu!
4RX, BCDCK ROPSOZEOQB\ QNTUQBRNUB, EO [OZCHN_QBC, [OH\PN_BUQ\ UI Q SCDQFSCH\EO_ OQBOMOZEOQB\I.
#HOZUEEXU VCJHOEX EU BOH\DO [HOYO WFBCIBQK, EO F GUEUMFMNIB OGMOSEOU DOHFWUQBRO DOLC [MF
MCQVFMUEFF. 5OSEFBU, WBO [MF FQ[OH\PORCEFF VCJHOEC QCSOGO RUMYEUGO NMOREK JNLNB MCQVFMUEX &.#
VCJHOEX.
class B {...};
class A {
B<A<Type>>* member; // U3*,!
};
5OQSOBMFBU EC ]BOB OSUMPFBUH\EX_ QFEBCDQFWUQDF_ SNQOM. 5MF RHOZUEFF [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY BF[OR
RQUGLC [MOFQYOLFB EUWBO [OLOJEOU. 5OPLEUU SX [OGOROMFS O BOS, DCD [UMULUHCB\ ]BOB `MCGSUEB; C [ODC
FPJUGC_BU RHOZUEEXY [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY BF[OR, DCD WNSX.
Hacnepoeauue
5CMCSUBMFPORCEEXU DHCQQX SOGNB JXB\ [MOFPROLEXSF OB LMNGFY DHCQQOR, [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY FHF EUB.
0MOSU BOGO, [CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ DHCQQ SOZUB RXQBN[CB\ R DCWUQBRU JCPOROGO; R ]BOS QHNWCU
[MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ BCDZU JNLUB [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXS Q BUS ZU ÒMSCBOS CMGNSUEBOR, WBO F R JCPOROS
DHCQQU. # [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU SOGNB LOJCRHKB\QK EORXU [CMCSUBMX, EO MUPNH\BCB EC[OSFECUB
QOMUREORCEFK [O [OROLN BOGO, DBO NSUQBFB R OLEO_ QBMODU JOH\VU APL-DOLC. *MNGFSF QHORCSF, EU
LUHC_BU ]BOGO. !P RQUY [UMUWFQHUEEXY SNBC^F_ WCTU RQUGO RQBMUWCUBQK ECQHULORCEFU
[CMCSUBMFPORCEEOGO BF[C OB EU[CMCSUBMFPORCEEOGO. 6X MCQQSOBMFS ]BO F LMNGFU QOWUBCEFK [MOQBXY F
[CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY BF[OR R QHULNITUS MCPLUHU.
Koruuauuu npocfux u naparefpusoeauuux funoe
5MUL[OHOZFS, N RCQ FSUUBQK [CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ DHCQQ, MUCHFPC^FK RQUY `NED^F_ DOBOMOGO PCEFSCUB
/000 QBMOD. 5MF DCZLOS UGO FQ[OH\PORCEFF LHK EOROGO BF[C DOS[FHKBOM MCLOQBEO RX[HURXRCUB
OWUMULEXU /000 QBMOD MCQVFMUEEOGO DOLC. *CZU [MF EXEUVEFY ÛECY EC [CSKB\ ]BO QHFVDOS RXQODCK
ÛEC PC JUPO[CQEOQB\ BF[C.
*O[NQBFS, RX [MOLCUBU JFJHFOBUDN DHCQQOR F EU YOBFBU [OQBCRHKB\ FQYOLEX_ BUDQB, C BOH\DO
FEBUMÙ_QX. %QHF JFJHFOBUDC QOLUMZFB [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXU `NED^FF, OEF LOHZEX ECYOLFB\QK R
OBDMXBOS LHK RQUGO SFMC `C_HU .h. )JFLEO.
*O[NQBFS, DBO-BO [UMULCUB RCS PCSUWCBUH\EX_, EO EUJUPO[CQEX_ [O OBEOVUEFI D BF[CS DHCQQ FHF
JFJHFOBUDN DHCQQOR. 6OZUB JXB\, OE JXH EC[FQCE EC DOS[FHKBOMU, DOBOMX_ EU [OLLUMZFRCUB VCJHOEX,
FHF CRBOM [MOQBO EU RUMFB R VCJHOEX. #CS YOWUBQK [OL[MCRFB\ DOL F QLUHCB\ UGO JUPO[CQEXS Q
[OSOT\I VCJHOEOR. $O YOBFBU HF RX [UMULUHXRCB\ RQU [OLMKL, RDHIWCB\ RUQ\ DOL MUCHFPC^FF R `C_HX
.h F LOJCRHKB\ R OJaKRHUEFK DHCQQC [CMCSUBMX F QFSROHX <>?
60
#O RQUY O[FQCEEXY QFBNC^FKY QBOFB FQ[OH\PORCB\ [CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ BF[ R QOWUBCEFF Q [MOQBXS,
EU[CMCSUBMFPORCEEXS BF[OS. 0OGLC ]BO JNLUB QLUHCEO, R 99 QHNWCKY FP /00 [CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ BF[
PCROMCWFRCUB [MOQBO_ BF[ R QFS[CBFWENI, SKGDNI F JUPO[CQENI [O OBEOVUEFI D BF[CS OJOHOWDN.
5MF ]BOS [MOQBO_ DHCQQ EU FPSUEKUBQK [MOQBO [CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ DHCQQ [OSUTCUBQK SUZLN EU-
JUPO[CQEXS DHCQQOS F [OH\PORCBUHUS. *HK BCDFY QFBNC^F_ QNTUQBRNUB MKL QBCELCMBEXY [MFUSOR F
SEOGOWFQHUEEXU FLFOSX, OQEORCEEXU EC ]BO_ FLUU.
Heesonacuue funu e ofkpufux asoeux knaccax
$U LUHC_BU ]BOGO. .UM\UPEO. %QHF RX [O[XBCUBUQ\ RRUQBF JUPO[CQEOQB\ BF[OR R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU Q
OBDMXBXS ECQHULORCEFUS, DHFUEB [OHNWFB [OHEX_ LOQBN[ DO RQUS EUJUPO[CQEXS QMULQBRCS JCPOROGO
DHCQQC. .NTUQBRNIB EURUMOKBEO FPOJMUBCBUH\EXU MUVUEFK ]BO_ [MOJHUSX (OQOJUEEO Q [MFSUEUEFUS
SUBOLOR, DOBOMXU JNLNB MCQQSOBMUEX R QHULNITFY GHCRCY), EO R HIJOS QHNWCU N RCQ RX_LUB WBO-BO
RMOLU [OLRUQEOGO SOQBC FP JNBXHOWEXY [MOJOD: GUEFCH\ECK MCJOBC [MF [HOYOS SCBUMFCHU.
Heesonacuue funu e sakpufux asoeux knaccax
#OB ]BO NZU JOH\VU [OYOZU EC FQBFEN. .CSX_ [MOQBO_ Q[OQOJ OJUQ[UWFB\ JUPO[CQEOQB\ BF[OR
QLUHCB\ EUECLUZEX_ DHCQQ PCDMXBXS JCPORXS DHCQQOS JUPO[CQEOGO VCJHOEC.
class UnsafeNode { // ListNode /- 57"0<03K"8' 57/2"7$
private:
UnsafeNode* next;
void* data;
public:
UnsafeNode(void* d, UnsafeNode* n);
virtual ~UnsafeNode();
UnsafeNode* Next();
void* Data();
};
class SafeNode : private UnsafeNode {
public:
SafeNode(Type* d, SafeNode* n) : UnsafeNode(d, n) {}
virtual ~SafeNode() { delete (Type*)Data(); }
SafeNode* Next() { return (SafeNode*)UnsafeNode::Next(); }
Type* Data() { return (Type*)UnsafeNode::Data(); }
6X LOJFHFQ\ WUGO YOBUHF JCPORX_ DHCQQ EULOQBN[UE LHK DHFUEBOR [MOFPROLEOGO VCJHOEC.
5MFRULUEEX_ [MFSUM LUSOEQBMFMNUB UTU OLFE [MFUS, QRKPCEEX_ Q [MOQBMCEQBRCSF FSUE C++. $UB
EUOJYOLFSOQBF QOPLCRCB\ R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU EORXU FSUEC LHK `NED^F_ Next() F Data() BOH\DO
[OBOSN, WBO OEF OBHFWCIBQK BF[OS ROPRMCTCUSOGO PECWUEFK; [OQDOH\DN EF OLEC FP ]BFY `NED^F_ EU
KRHKUBQK RFMBNCH\EO_, [MOFPROLECK RUMQFK QDMXRCUB JCPORNI OB DHFUEBOR. $UDOBOMXU DOS[FHKBOMX
[MF [O[XBDU QDMXBFK WHUEOR JCPORXY DHCQQOR NDOMFPEUEEO GMOPKB [CH\ÛS, EO LHK PCDMXBOGO
ECQHULORCEFK ]BO [MULN[MUZLUEFU CJQOHIBEO JUPOJFLEO. 5OQHU RQUY OGOMWUEF_, LOQBCRHKUSXY RCS
DOS[FHKBOMOS, JXRCUB [MFKBEO OB[HCBFB\ USN BO_ ZU SOEUBO_.
)LFE FP EULOQBCBDOR PCDMXBOGO ECQHULORCEFK EUOJYOLFSOQB\ LNJHFMORCEFK RQUY `NED^F_ JCPOROGO
DHCQQC, DOBOMXU SOGNB JUPO[CQEO FQ[OH\PORCB\QK DHFUEBCSF. #[MOWUS, ]BO [MOFQYOLFB EU BCD NZ WCQBO
F R HIJOS QHNWCU EU KRHKUBQK QHFVDOS RXQODO_ ÛEO_ PC LO[OHEFBUH\ENI JUPO[CQEOQB\. 5MFSUMOS
SOZUB [OQHNZFB\ ECVC MUCHFPC^FK `NED^F_ Next() F Data(), PC FQDHIWUEFUS BOGO, WBO FEBUMÙ_Q
FLUEBFWUE FEBUMÙ_QN PCDMXBOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC.
Heesonacuue funu e nepereuuux knacca
.HULNITFS Q[OQOJOS OJaULFEUEFK LRNY DHCQQOR KRHKUBQK LUHUGFMORCEFU: RX QOPLCUBU ]DPUS[HKM
EUJUPO[CQEOGO DHCQQC R DCWUQBRU [UMUSUEEO_ [CMCSUBMFPORCEEOGO DHCQQC F [OMNWCUBU USN RQI
6.
EUOJYOLFSNI MCJOBN. *HK OJUQ[UWUEFK JUPO[CQEOQBF BF[OR ]BC [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC LUHCUBQK EURFLFSO_
LHK [OH\PORCBUHK. !EOGLC ]BC PCLCWC EU MUVCUBQK BCD [MOQBO; QUSCEBFDC OJOHOWDF EUMULDO OBHFWCUBQK
OB QUSCEBFDF [UMUSUEEO_.
(CQQSOBMFS PECDOSX_ [MFSUM QO QRKPCEEXS Q[FQDOS UnsafeNode. #SUQBO PCDMXBOGO ECQHULORCEFK
SafeNode OB ]BOGO DHCQQC SOZEO QLUHCB\ UnsafeNode [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC SafeNode. )LECDO [O
FSUITUSNQK SafeNode RCS EU NLCQBQK [OHNWFB\ QHULNITF_ SafeNode R Q[FQDU! 5O[MOJN_BU QCSF.
0CZLX_ UnsafeNode QQXHCUBQK EC LMNGO_ UnsafeNode, C EU EC SafeNode. #OPSOZEOU MUVUEFU
FQ[OH\PORCB\ MCPENI QUSCEBFDN LHK OJOHOWDF F QOLUMZFSOGO.
// G SafeList.h
class UnsafeNode; // =7"04$7/*"#,('" ';E%4#"(/"
class SafeList { // P"-'5$)($% ';'#'.&$ 0#% UnsafeNode
private:
UnsafeNode* head;
public:
SafeList() : head(NULL) {}
~SafeList();
UnsafeNode* Cursor(); // :#% /*"7$B/?
Type* Next(UnsafeNode*&); // ="7"C'0 & )#"03>K"23 Q#"2"(*3
void DeleteAt(UnsafeNode*&); // H0$#"(/" Q#"2"(*$ 4 5'-/B// &37)'7$
void InsertFirst(Type*); // G)*$4&$ 4 ($.$#' )5/)&$
void InsertBefore(UnsafeNode*&); // G)*$4&$ 5"7"0 5'-/B/"? &37)'7$
void InsertAfter(UnsafeNode*&); // G)*$4&$ 5')#" 5'-/B// &37)'7$
};

// G SafeList.cpp
class UnsafeNode { // ListNode /- 57"0<03K"8' 57/2"7$
private:
UnsafeNode* next;
void* data;
public:
UnsafeNode(void* d, UnsafeNode* n);
virtual ~UnsafeNode();
UnsafeNode* Next();
void* Data();
};
)JaUDB SafeList [MULQBCRHKUB RUQ\ Q[FQOD, C EU OBLUH\EX_ ]HUSUEB. 8OH\VFEQBRO O[UMC^F_ (BCDFU
DCD InsertFirst) OBEOQKBQK D Q[FQDN R ÛHOS, C EU D OBLUH\EOSN ]HUSUEBN. *HK O[UMC^F_,
RX[OHEKUSXY Q OLEFS ]HUSUEBOS, ECS [OBMUJNUBQK EORCK [CMCLFGSC DNMQOM (SCMDUM [OPF^FF).
1BOJX [UMUSUTCB\QK [O Q[FQDN, RX PC[MCVFRCUBU N EUGO [OPF^FI DNMQOMC. 1BOJX [UMU_BF D
QHULNITUSN ]HUSUEBN, RX [UMULCUBU QQXHDN EC NDCPCBUH\ EC DNMQOM, DOBOMCK OJEORHKUBQK OJaUDBOS
SafeList. 1BOJX RX[OHEFB\ O[UMC^FI Q O[MULUHUEEO_ [OPF^FU_ Q[FQDC, RX [UMULCUBU DNMQOM,
O[MULUHKITF_ ]BN [OPF^FI. )JMCBFBU REFSCEFU: DHFUEBN EU ENZEO PECB\ OJ UnsafeNode EFWUGO,
DMOSU QCSOGO `CDBC UGO QNTUQBRORCEFK [MULRCMFBUH\EOGO OJaKRHUEFK ODCPXRCUBQK R[OHEU
LOQBCBOWEO. 0OEÛ[^FK DNMQOMC JNLUB [OLMOJEO MCQQSOBMUEC R QHULNITFY GHCRCY. - [ODC RX LOHZEX
[OEKB\, WBO JUPO[CQECK OJOHOWDC EU QROLFBQK D EUQDOH\DFS [CMCSUBMCS F QFSROHCS <>, MCPJMOQCEEXS
[O [MOGMCSSU, SX [UMUO[MULUHKUS QUSCEBFDN QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY. +CDCK QFBNC^FK BF[FWEC LHK
EUECLUZEXY, MUDNMQFREXY QBMNDBNM LCEEXY F WCQBO RQBMUWCUBQK R LMNGFY DOEBUDQBCY.
Hcknkeuun
%QHF RCVF [MOGMCSSX RQUGLC MCJOBCIB JUP SCHU_VFY [MOJHUS, SOZUBU QSUHO [MO[NQBFB\ ]BN GHCRN. -
UQHF EUB LCRC_BU [OGOROMFS O BOS, DCD OJMCJCBXRCB\ FQDHIWUEFK.
8CPORX_ [MFE^F[, EC DOBOMOS OQEORCEC OJMCJOBDC FQDHIWUEF_, ROQQBCEORHUEFU QOQBOKEFK F RXJOM
CH\BUMECBFREXY LU_QBRF_ R QHNWCU OVFJDF. 5MUL[OHOZFS, R RCVU_ [MOGMCSSU FSUUBQK EUDF_ JHOD F
RX EU NRUMUEX, WBO OE LOMCJOBCUB LO DOE^C. 5MF RX[OHEUEFF JHODC SOZUB ROPEFDENB\ EUYRCBDC [CSKBF,
FHF ECWENBQK [MOJHUSX Q DOSSNEFDC^FKSF, FHF EUYOMOVF_ DHFUEBQDF_ OJaUDB [UMULCQB EURUMEX_
[CMCSUBM. (CPRU EU YOBUHOQ\ JX EC[FQCB\ [MOGMCSSN R BCDOS RFLU:
if (;#'& ;30"* 7$;'*$*,) {
;#'&;
}
else {
)0"#$*, .*'-*' 0738'";
}
!ECWU GOROMK, RX PCGHKLXRCUBU R YMNQBCH\EX_ VCM. %QHF R EUS RFLUE `MCGSUEB [MOGMCSSX, DOBOMX_
GOMFB QFEFS [HCSUEUS, RX FPSUEKUBU JNLNTUU F OJYOLFBU ]BOB `MCGSUEB. $U QBOFB Q PCBCUEEXS
LXYCEFUS OZFLCB\ [OKRHUEFK BCDFY KPXDOR [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK R JHFZC_VUS JNLNTUS, EO EC RBOMOS
SUQBU QBOFB OJMCJOBDC FQDHIWUEF_. . [OSOT\I FQDHIWUEF_ RX LO[MCVFRCUBU [OLOPMFBUH\EX_
JHOD. %QHF R EUS OJECMNZFBQK OVFJDC, DOS[FHKBOM [OSOZUB ROQQBCEORFB\ QOQBOKEFU [UMUL
RX[OHEUEFUS JHODC F [MOLOHZFB\ MCJOBN.
Opaofka ucknkeuu e cfaupapfe ANSI
>OMOVCK EOROQB\: LHK OJMCJOBDF FQDHIWUEF_ QNTUQBRNUB QBCELCMB ANSI FHF, DCD ]BO RQUGLC JXRCUB
R C++, [MULHOZUEEX_ QBCELCMB. !EBUMUQEO, [OWUSN N ECQ BCD SEOGO [MULHOZUEEXY QBCELCMBOR F EF
OLEOGO MUCH\EOGO? .DOMUU RQUGO, LUHO R BOS, WBO ECVC ]DOEOSFDC EU SOZUB RSUQBFB\ RQUY JUPMCJOBEXY
WHUEOR DOSFBUBOR QBCELCMBFPC^FF. 'NWVU OQBCRFB\ FS PCEFSCBUH\EOU [OZFPEUEEOU YOJJF, [ODC SX
JNLUS RX[OHEKB\ QROI MCJOBN. #[MOWUS, K OBRHUDQK.
5HOYCK EOROQB\: QBCELCMBECK OJMCJOBDC FQDHIWUEF_ RQU UTU EU [OLLUMZFRCUBQK SEOGFSF
DOS[FHKBOMCSF C++. >OMOVCK EOROQB\: RQU JOH\VU F JOH\VU DOS[FHKBOMOR RXYOLFB EC [UMULORXU
[OPF^FF. 5HOYCK EOROQB\: OQBCHOQ\ EUSCHO QBCMOGO DOLC, [MULECPECWUEEOGO LHK QBCMXY DOS[FHKBOMOR.
4RX.
*CRC_BU QECWCHC [OGOROMFS O BOS, DCD RQU )%2D*% [MOFQYOLFB\, C NZU [OBOS PC_SUSQK BUSF
RCMFC^FKSF, DOBOMXU RQBMUWCIBQK R MUCH\EOS SFMU.
Cuufakcuc uuuuuupoeauun ucknkeuu
.HULNITCK `NED^FK VHU[EUB RCQ [O MNDCS, UQHF RXPRCB\ UU Q EURUMEXS [CMCSUBMOS. #SUQBO HFEU_DF
OEC ROQ[OH\PNUBQK QUD^FU_ throw. # ]BO_ `NED^FF SOGNB [MOFPO_BF LRU OVFJDF, [MULQBCRHUEEXU
DOEQBCEBCSF [UMUWFQHUEFK Gotcha.
enum Gotcha { kTooLow, kTooHigh };
void fn(int x) throw(Gotcha) {
4
64
if (x < 0)
throw kTooLow; // J3(&B/% -$4"7M$"*)% -0"),
if (x > 1000)
throw kTooHigh; // D#/ -0"),
// F0"#$*, .*'-*' ')2<)#"(('"
}
# [UMRO_ QBMODU O[MULUHKUBQK BF[ FQDHIWUEFK. !QDHIWUEFK SOGNB FSUB\ HIJO_ BF[: ÛHOU,
[UMUWFQHUEFU, QBMNDBNMC F LCZU DHCQQ. #O RBOMO_ QBMODU OJaKRHKUBQK FEBUMÙ_Q `NED^FF Q EORXS
[MFLCBDOS .>#C(B($+C(#3 (.$2F-#*(3, DOBOMX_ O[MULUHKUB, DCDFU FQDHIWUEFK SOGNB JXB\
[OHNWUEX OB `NED^FF RXPXRCITU_ QBOMOEO_. # LCEEOS [MFSUMU FEF^FFMNUBQK FQDHIWUEFU
ULFEQBRUEEOGO BF[C Gotcha. # WUBRUMBO_ F VUQBO_ QBMODU [ODCPCEO, DCD FEF^FFMNIBQK FQDHIWUEFK,
DOBOMXU LOHZEX JXB\ ]DPUS[HKMCSF OLEOGO FP BF[OR, NDCPCEEOGO R Q[U^F`FDC^FF FQDHIWUEF_ LCEEO_
`NED^FF. .[U^F`FDC^FF FQDHIWUEF_ LOHZEX [OLWFEKB\QK QHULNITFS [MCRFHCS.
OLneneuun u onpepeneuun
.[U^F`FDC^FK FQDHIWUEF_ R OJaKRHUEFF `NED^FF LOHZEC BOWEO QOR[CLCB\ QO Q[U^F`FDC^FU_ R UU
O[MULUHUEFF.
void Fn() throw(int); // L;E%4#"(/"
// 60"-*' 4 @$?#" .cpp
void Fn() throw(int) {
// O"$#/-$B/%
}
%QHF O[MULUHUEFU JNLUB OBHFWCB\QK OB OJaKRHUEFK, DOS[FHKBOM QDMUQBFB MNDF EC GMNLF F OBDCZUBQK
DOS[FHFMORCB\ O[MULUHUEFU.
4yukuuu es cneuuqukauuu ucknkeuu
%QHF `NED^FK EU FSUUB Q[U^F`FDC^FF FQDHIWUEF_, OEC SOZUB FEF^FFMORCB\ HIJXU FQDHIWUEFK.
$C[MFSUM, QHULNITCK `NED^FK SOZUB FEF^FFMORCB\ WBO NGOLEO F DOGLC NGOLEO.
void fn(); // 9'1"* /(/B//7'4$*, /)&#>."(/% #>;'8' */5$
4yukuuu, ue uuuuuupykue ucknkeuu
%QHF Q[FQOD BF[OR R Q[U^F`FDC^FF [NQB, `NED^FK EU SOZUB FEF^FFMORCB\ EFDCDFU FQDHIWUEFK.
(CPNSUUBQK, [MF YOMOVUS QBFHU [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK ]BN ÒMSN QHULNUB FQ[OH\PORCB\ RQILN, GLU RX
YOBFBU PCRUMFB\ RXPXRCITNI QBOMOEN R OBQNBQBRFF FEF^FFMNUSXY FQDHIWUEF_.
void fn() throw(); // +" /(/B//73"* /)&#>."(/?
4yukuuu, uuuuuupykue ucknkeuun ueckonukux funoe
# QDOJDCY SOZEO NDCPCB\ [MOFPROH\EOU DOHFWUQBRO BF[OR FQDHIWUEF_, MCPLUHFR FY PC[KBXSF.
void fn() throw(int, Exception_Struct, char*);
Repepaa ucknkeuu
%QHF PC QFGECBNMO_ `NED^FF EU NDCPCE EF OLFE BF[ FQDHIWUEFK, `NED^FK EU GUEUMFMNUB EORXU
FQDHIWUEFK, EO SOZUB [UMULCRCB\ LCH\VU FQDHIWUEFK, [OHNWUEEXU OB RXPXRCUSXY UI `NED^F_.
void fn() throw;
Hcknkeuun u curuafypu qyukuu
.[U^F`FDC^FK FQDHIWUEF_ EU QWFBCUBQK WCQB\I QFGECBNMX `NED^FF. *MNGFSF QHORCSF, EUH\PK FSUB\
LRU `NED^FF Q QOR[CLCITFS FEBUMÙ_QOS PC FQDHIWUEFUS (EUWCKEEX_ DCHCSJNM!) Q[U^F`FDC^FF
FQDHIWUEF_. *RU QHULNITFU `NED^FF EU SOGNB QOQNTUQBRORCB\ R [MOGMCSSU:
65
void f1(int) throw();
void f1(int) throw(Exception); // ='4*'7%>K$%)% )/8($*37$!
Cneuuqukauun ucknkeuu pnn eupfyanuuux qyukuu
# GHCRU 2 SX GOROMFHF (BOWEUU, K GOROMFH, C RX QHNVCHF) OJ OBHFWFKY SUZLN [UMUGMNPDO_ (overloading)
F [UMUO[MULUHUEFUS (overriding). %QHF RFMBNCH\ECK `NED^FK R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU OJaKRHKUBQK Q EORO_
QFGECBNMO_, OBQNBQBRNITU_ R JCPOROS DHCQQU, ]BC `NED^FK QDMXRCUB RQU OLEOFSUEEXU `NED^FF
JCPOROGO DHCQQC (UQHF RX R WUS-BO EU NRUMUEX, RUMEFBUQ\ D QOOBRUBQBRNITUSN MCPLUHN; ]BO RCZEO
[OEFSCB\). -ECHOGFWEX_ [MFE^F[ LU_QBRNUB F LHK Q[U^F`FDC^F_ FQDHIWUEF_.
class Foo {
public:
virtual Fn() throw(int);
};
public:
virtual Fn() throw(char*); // L)*'7'1('!
};
0OS[FHKBOM DOQO [OQSOBMFB EC RCQ, EO OBDOS[FHFMNUB. # MUPNH\BCBU BOB, DBO FSUUB LUHO Q Foo*, JNLUB
OZFLCB\ FQDHIWUEFK BF[C int, EU PECK, WBO EC QCSOS LUHU OE FSUUB LUHO Q OJaUDBOS G$r,
FEF^FFMNITFS EUWBO QORUMVUEEO FEOU.
6OMCH\ KQEC: EU FPSUEK_BU Q[U^F`FDC^FI FQDHIWUEF_ RFMBNCH\EO_ `NED^FF R [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQCY.
+OH\DO BCD RCS NLCQBQK QOYMCEFB\ DOEBMCDB SUZLN DHFUEBCSF F JCPORXS DHCQQOS, QOGHCQEO DOBOMOSN
LOHZEX FEF^FFMORCB\QK BOH\DO FQDHIWUEFK O[MULUHUEEOGO BF[C.
Henpepycrofpeuuue ucknkeuun
%QHF FEF^FFMORCEEOU FQDHIWUEFU OBQNBQBRNUB R Q[U^F`FDC^FF FQDHIWUEF_ REUVEU_ `NED^FF,
[MOGMCSSC [UMUÒMSCBFMNUB RCV ZUQBDF_ LFQD. <NBDC. $C QCSOS LUHU OEC RXPXRCUB `NED^FI Q
FSUEUS unexpected(). 5O NSOHWCEFI PCBUS RXPXRCUBQK `NED^FK terminate(), O DOBOMO_ JNLUB
MCQQDCPCEO EFZU, EO RX SOZUBU QLUHCB\ BCD, WBOJX RXPXRCHCQ\ RCVC QOJQBRUEECK `NED^FK.
.OOBRUBQBRNITFU FEBUMÙ_QX FP PCGOHOROWEOGO `C_HC except.h RXGHKLKB BCD:
typedef void (*unexpected_function)();
unexpected_function set_unexpected(unexpected_function excpected_func);
# QBMODU typedef... OJaKRHKUBQK FEBUMÙ_Q D RCVU_ `NED^FF. :NED^FK set_unexpected()
[OHNWCUB `NED^FI ]BOGO BF[C F OMGCEFPNUB UU RXPOR RSUQBO `NED^FF [O NSOHWCEFI. :NED^FK
set_unexpected() ROPRMCTCUB BUDNTF_ OJMCJOBWFD EU[MULNQSOBMUEEXY FQDHIWUEF_. 3BO [OPROHKUB
RMUSUEEO NQBCEORFB\ QRO_ OJMCJOBWFD BCDFY FQDHIWUEF_, C [OBOS ROQQBCEORFB\ [MUZEF_. #
QHULNITUS `MCGSUEBU [ODCPCEO, DCD FQ[OH\PNUBQK ]BOB [MFUS.
unexpected_function my_handler(void) {
// L;7$;'*$*, ("'1/0$(('" /)&#>."(/"
}
{ // 6'*'4/2)% )0"#$*, (".*' )*7$M('" / 3)*$($4#/4$"2 )4'? ';7$;'*./&
unexpected_function old_handler = set_unexpected(my_handler);
// :"#$"2 )*7$M('" / 4'-47$K$"2 )*$7<? ';7$;'*./&
set_unexpected(old_handler);
}
:NED^FK-OJMCJOBWFD EU SOZUB EOMSCH\EO ROPRMCTCB\ N[MCRHUEFU RXPXRCITU_ [MOGMCSSU, UQHF R EU_
RQBMUWCUBQK O[UMCBOM return FHF [MF RXYOLU FP OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK `NED^FF MUPNH\BCBX JNLNB
EUO[MULUHUEEXSF. +US EU SUEUU, FP `NED^FF SOZEO PC[NQBFB\ FQDHIWUEFU F [MOLOHZFB\ [OFQD
[UMUYRCBWFDC, [OLYOLKTUGO LHK EOROGO FQDHIWUEFK.
66
Cuufakcuc nepexeafa ucknkeuu
1BOJX [UMUYRCBFB\ FQDHIWUEFU, [OQBCR\BU [UMUL JHODOS DHIWUROU QHORO try F [OSUQBFBU [OQHU EUGO
OLEN FHF EUQDOH\DO QUD^F_ catch, DOBOMXU ECPXRCIBQK OJMCJOBWFDCSF (handlers).
try {
// J7$82"(*, &'*'7<? 2'1"* /(/B//7'4$*, /)&#>."(/%
}
catch (Exception_Type t) {
// G'))*$('4#"(/" 5')#" /)&#>."(/% */5$ Exception_Type
}
catch (...) {
// G'))*$('4#"(/" 5')#" /)&#>."(/? 4)"C ')*$#,(<C */5'4
}
0CZLX_ OJMCJOBWFD, PC FQDHIWUEFUS (O[KB\ EUWCKEEX_ DCHCSJNM) OJMCJOBWFDC Q SEOGOBOWFUS,
QOOBRUBQBRNUB OLEOSN DOEDMUBEOSN BF[N OVFJOD. %QHF FP `MCGSUEBC, ECPXRCUSOGO try-JHODOS,
FEF^FFMNUBQK FQDHIWUEFU, DOS[FHKBOM [MOQSCBMFRCUB Q[FQOD OJMCJOBWFDOR R [OMKLDU FY
[UMUWFQHUEFK F FTUB OJMCJOBWFD, [OLYOLKTF_ [O BF[N PC[NTUEEOGO FQDHIWUEFK. 6EOGOBOWFU
QOOBRUBQBRNUB FQDHIWUEFKS HIJOGO BF[C; UQHF BCDO_ OJMCJOBWFD [MFQNBQBRNUB, OE LOHZUE ECYOLFB\QK
[OQHULEFS R Q[FQDU.
#ENBMF OJMCJOBWFDC RX SOZUBU [MUL[MFEFSCB\ HIJXU LU_QBRFK LHK RXYOLC FP QFBNC^FF. .RULUEFK OJ
FQDHIWUEFF SOZEO [OHNWFB\ FP CMGNSUEBC catch DMOSU OJMCJOBWFDC Q SEOGOBOWFUS, DOBOMX_
[OEKBFK EU FSUUB, WBO OE LOHZUE [UMUYRCBXRCB\.
Bunonueuue nporparru nocne ucknkeuun
%QHF RX[OHEUEFU try-JHODC OJYOLFBQK JUP FQDHIWUEF_, [MOGMCSSC JHCGO[OHNWEO FGEOMFMNUB RQU
OJMCJOBWFDF F [MOLOHZCUB MCJOBN Q [UMROGO RXMCZUEFK PC [OQHULEFS OJMCJOBWFDOS. %QHF ZU
FQDHIWUEFU RQU ZU [MOFPOVHO, OEO JNLUB ULFEQBRUEEXS FP RQUGO Q[FQDC, F [OQHU UGO OJMCJOBDF
RX[OHEUEFU [MOGMCSSX [MOLOHZFBQK PC [OQHULEFS OJMCJOBWFDOS Q[FQDC. .NTUQBRNIB LRC FQDHIWUEFK
([OQHULEF_ EUWCKEEX_ DCHCSJNM): OJMCJOBWFD SOZUB QOLUMZCB\ RXPOR DMCSOH\EOGO goto FHF
PC[NQBFB\ FQDHIWUEFU. %QHF OJMCJOBWFD FEF^FFMNUB FQDHIWUEFU, OE SOZUB [MOLOHZFB\
MCQ[MOQBMCEUEFU BOGO ZU FQDHIWUEFK FHF QOPLCB\ EOROU.
catch(int exception) {
// F0"#$*, .*'-*', $ -$*"2
throw(Help!); // D(/B//73"*)% /)&#>."(/" */5$ char*
}
!EF^FFMORCEFU FQDHIWUEFK FP OJMCJOBWFDC EUSULHUEEO PCRUMVCUB RX[OHEUEFU RSUTCITU_ `NED^FF
FHF JHODC.
Ecnu ucknkeuue ue nepexeaeuo
%QHF LHK FQDHIWUEFK EU EC_LUBQK EF OLEOGO OJMCJOBWFDC, [O NSOHWCEFI RXPXRCUBQK GHOJCH\ECK
`NED^FK terminate(). 0CD RX LNSCUBU, WBO OEC LUHCUB? 5O NSOHWCEFI terminate() R DOEUWEOS
QWUBU RXPXRCUB JFJHFOBUWENI `NED^FI abort(), F LUHO DOEWCUBQK CRCMF_EXS PCRUMVUEFUS RQU_
[MOGMCSSX. #X SOZUBU RSUVCB\QK F NQBCEORFB\ QOJQBRUEENI `NED^FI PCRUMVUEFK Q [OSOT\I
JFJHFOBUWEO_ `NED^FF set_terminate(). .OOBRUBQBRNITF_ `MCGSUEB `C_HC except.h RXGHKLFB BCD:
typedef void (*terminate_function)();
termination_function set_terminate(terminate_function t_func);
# QBMODU typedef... OJaKRHKUBQK FEBUMÙ_Q D RCVU_ `NED^FF PCRUMVUEFK. :NED^FK
set_terminate() NQBCECRHFRCUB `NED^FI PCRUMVUEFK, DOBOMNI RSUQBO `NED^FF abort() RXPXRCUB
`NED^FK terminate(). :NED^FK set_terminate() ROPRMCTCUB BUDNTNI `NED^FI PCRUMVUEFK,
DOBOMNI [OPLEUU SOZEO ROQQBCEORFB\ [ORBOMEXS RXPOROS set_terminate().
67
#CVC `NED^FK PCRUMVUEFK %/49+*+ PCRUMVFB\ [MOGMCSSN F EU SOZUB FEF^FFMORCB\ LMNGFU
FQDHIWUEFK. )EC SOZUB RX[OHEFB\ EUOJYOLFSXU [OLGOBORFBUH\EXU LU_QBRFK, EO EFDOGLC EU
ROPRMCTCUB N[MCRHUEFU RXPXRCITU_ [MOGMCSSU.
Bnoeuuan opaofka ucknkeuu
*C, RHOZUEFU JHODOR try/catch MCPMUVCUBQK, YOBK [OH\PORCB\QK ]BO_ ROPSOZEOQB\I QHULNUB DCD
SOZEO MUZU, UQHF BOH\DO RX YOBFBU QOYMCEFB\ LMNZUQDFU OBEOVUEFK Q [UMQOECHOS QO[MOROZLUEFK
RCVU_ [MOGMCSSX.
{
try {
try {
try {
// +"($0"1(<? @7$82"(*
}
catch(...) {
}
}
catch(...) {
}
}
catch(...) {
}
}
.OPLCRCB\ [OLOJENI SUVCEFEN [MFYOLFBQK LOROH\EO MULDO, EO FEOGLC ROPEFDCUB EUOJYOLFSOQB\ R
MCPLUHUEFF QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR [O MCPEXS OJHCQBKS LU_QBRFK.
Bueuuue ucknkeuun ue nepexeafueakfcn!
#X SOZUBU [UMUYRCBFB\ HIJOU FQDHIWUEFU, FEF^FFMORCEEOU [OQMULQBROS throw. +US EU SUEUU,
QNTUQBRNIB F LMNGFU FQDHIWUEFK, DOBOMXU EU NLCUBQK [UMUYRCBFB\ [UMUEOQFSXSF Q[OQOJCSF.
$C[MFSUM, UQHF [OH\PORCBUH\ [MFSUEKUB LHK PCRUMVUEFK [MOGMCSSX DOSJFEC^FI DHCRFV Q [MCRXS
Ctrl, EUB GCMCEBFF, WBO O[UMC^FOEECK QFQBUSC QGUEUMFMNUB FQDHIWUEFU, DOBOMOU SOZUB JXB\
[UMUYRCWUEO RCVFSF OJMCJOBWFDCSF. #OOJTU GOROMK, OJMCJOBDC FQDHIWUEF_ OBEOQFBQK BOH\DO D
FQDHIWUEFKS, QGUEUMFMORCEEXS [MOGMCSSO_; RQU OQBCH\EOU EU[UMUEOQFSO.
Koucfpykfopu u pecfpykfopu
)LEO FP [MFE^F[FCH\EXY LOQBOFEQBR QBCELCMBEO_ QYUSX OJMCJOBDF FQDHIWUEF_ 6+.$68"$+ ."#$+
(unwinding the stack). 5MF PC[NQDU FQDHIWUEFK CRBOSCBFWUQDF RXPXRCIBQK LUQBMNDBOMX RQUY QBUDORXY
OJaUDBOR SUZLN throw F catch.
void fn() throw(int) {
Foo aFoo;
// S*'-*' (" *$&!
throw(bad_news);
}
0OGLC ROPEFDCUB FQDHIWUEFU, LO [UMULCWF QBUDC QOOBRUBQBRNITUSN OJMCJOBWFDN JNLUB RXPRCE
LUQBMNDBOM aFoo. +OB ZU [MFE^F[ LU_QBRNUB F LHK try-JHODC RXPXRCITU_ QBOMOEX.
{
try {
Bar b;
fn(); // G<-<4$"* /)&#>."(/"
}
68
catch(int exception) {
// ="7"0 *"2, &$& 2< 5'5$0"2 )>0$, ;30"* 4<-4$( 0")*73&*'7 b
}
}
#OOJTU GOROMK, GCMCEBFMNUBQK RXPOR LUQBMNDBOMOR RQUY QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR, QDOEQBMNFMORCEEXY Q
ECWCHC RX[OHEUEFK try-JHODC. 3BO SOZUB [MFGOLFB\QK LHK PCDMXBFK OBDMXBXY `C_HOR,
[MULOBRMCTUEFK NBUWDF [CSKBF FHF LHK LMNGFY ÛHU_. +US EU SUEUU, LUHO EU OJYOLFBQK JUP EUDOBOMXY
EICEQOR.
Yuufoaerue oLekfu
,CMCEBFMNUBQK RXPOR LUQBMNDBOMOR RQUY QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR, QDOEQBMNFMORCEEXY Q ECWCHC RX[OHEUEFK
try-JHODC, EO F BOH\DO. $C[MFSUM, LO[NQBFS, WBO D SOSUEBN ROPEFDEORUEFK FQDHIWUEFK JXH
QDOEQBMNFMORCE SCQQFR. *UQBMNDBOMX RXPXRCIBQK HFV\ LHK BUY OJaUDBOR SCQQFRC, DOBOMXU JXHF
QDOEQBMNFMORCEX LO ROPEFDEORUEFK FQDHIWUEFK.
*FECSFWUQDFU OJaUDBX (BO UQB\ QOPLCEEXU [OQMULQBROS O[UMCBOMC new) QORQUS LMNGOU LUHO. #CS
[MFLUBQK QCSOQBOKBUH\EO QHULFB\ PC EFSF. %QHF R DNWU MCPSUTCIBQK OJaUDBX, DOBOMXU LOHZEX
NEFWBOZCB\QK R MUPNH\BCBU FQDHIWUEFK, OJXWEO LHK EFY QOPLCUBQK OJOHOWDC R RFLU RQ[OSOGCBUH\EOGO
QBUDOROGO OJaUDBC.
class TempFoo {
private:
Foo* f;
public:
TempFoo(Foo* aFoo) : f(aFoo) {}
~TempFoo() { delete f; }
};
try {
TempFoo tf(new Foo);
// / *.0.
}
catch(...) {
// Foo 3(/.*'1$"*)% 0")*73&*'7'2 tf
}
Hcknkeuun eo epern koucfpyupoeauun
(CQQSOBMFS QHULNITF_ [MOÛQQ DOEQBMNFMORCEFK:
class Foo {...}
private:
A a;
B b;
public:
Bar();
};
Bar::Bar()
{
X x;
throw(bad_news);
Y y;
}
69
%QHF RO RMUSK DOEQBMNFMORCEFK OJaUDBC [MOFPO_LUB FQDHIWUEFU, LUQBMNDBOMX JNLNB RXPRCEX LHK BUY
DOS[OEUEBOR (JCPORXY DHCQQOR F [UMUSUEEXY), DOEQBMNDBOMX DOBOMXY JXHF RX[OHEUEX D SOSUEBN
ROPEFDEORUEFK FQDHIWUEFK. 0OEQBMNFMORCEFU G$r D ]BOSN SOSUEBN UTU EU PCRUMVUEO. +US EU SUEUU,
DOEQBMNDBOMX JCPORXY DHCQQOR (Foo) F [UMUSUEEXY ($ F b) NZU OBMCJOBCHF, [O]BOSN FY LUQBMNDBOMX
JNLNB RXPRCEX LO [UMULCWF FQDHIWUEFK OJMCJOBWFDN. 5O BUS ZU [MFWFECS JNLUB RXPRCE LUQBMNDBOM
HODCH\EO_ [UMUSUEEO_ x. *UQBMNDBOM N EU RXPXRCUBQK, [OQDOH\DN [UMUSUEECK UTU EU QDOEQBMNFMORCEC.
*UQBMNDBOM Bar BOZU EU RXPXRCUBQK, [OQDOH\DN DOEQBMNFMORCEFU OJaUDBC EU PCRUMVFHOQ\ D SOSUEBN
FEF^FFMORCEFK FQDHIWUEFK.
5MUL[OHOZFS, DOEQBMNDBOM b FEF^FFMNUB FQDHIWUEFU. # ]BOS QHNWCU RXPXRCIBQK LUQBMNDBOMX Foo F
$, EO EU LUQBMNDBOMX b, Bar F 3.
)LEF F BU ZU [MFE^F[X LU_QBRNIB DCD LHK QBUDORXY, BCD F LHK LFECSFWUQDFY OJaUDBOR. %QHF
FQDHIWUEFU ROPEFDCUB [MF DOEQBMNFMORCEFF LFECSFWUQDOGO OJaUDBC, RXPXRCIBQK BOWEO BU ZU
LUQBMNDBOMX, WBO F LHK QBUDORXY OJaUDBOR.
Ropnpok eusoea pecfpykfopoe
,CMCEBFMNUBQK, WBO [OMKLOD RXPORC LUQBMNDBOMOR JNLUB OJMCBEXS [OMKLDN RXPORC DOEQBMNDBOMOR. 3BO
OBEOQFBQK DCD D HODCH\EXS [UMUSUEEXS, BCD F D [UMUSUEEXS F JCPORXS DHCQQCS OJaUDBOR.
Hecfaupapfuan opaofka ucknkeuu
6EOGFU JFJHFOBUDF F EUDOBOMXU DOS[FHKBOMX OJMCJCBXRCIB FQDHIWUEFK EUQBCELCMBEXS OJMCPOS.
8OH\VFEQBRO FSFBFMNUB [CMCLFGSN try/catch Q [OSOT\I SCDMOQOR, EO EU OMGCEFPNUB [MCRFH\EO_
MCQDMNBDF QBUDC PC QWUB RXPORC LUQBMNDBOMOR DOEQBMNFMORCEEXY OJaUDBOR. $UDOBOMXU MUCHFPC^FF
OMFUEBFMORCEX EC DOEDMUBEXU BF[X DOS[\IBUMOR F O[UMC^FOEEXY QFQBUS.
0 QOZCHUEFI, SEOGFU DOS[FHKBOMX [MUBUELNIB EC QBCELCMBENI OJMCJOBDN FQDHIWUEF_, EO EU RO RQUS
QHULNIB DCEOEFWUQDFS [MCRFHCS. $C QROUS GOM\DOS O[XBU K NPECH, WBO OJMCJOBDN FQDHIWUEF_
ZUHCBUH\EO BUQBFMORCB\, UQHF RX LUHCUBU EUWBO YOB\ QDOH\DO-EFJNL\ EUQBCELCMBEOU (LCZU UQHF OEO
LOHZEO JXB\ QBCELCMBEXS). %QHF RX ODCZUBUQ\ R [OLOJEO_ QFBNC^FF, ODCZFBU NQHNGN RQUS ECS:
EC_SFBU MCPMCJOBWFDC BCDOGO DOS[FHKBOMC KDOJX LHK QUM\UPEOGO [MOUDBC F PCQBCR\BU UGO [FQCB\ F
OBHCZFRCB\ DOL OJMCJOBDF FQDHIWUEF_ LHK UGO QOJQBRUEEOGO DOS[FHKBOMC R BUWUEFU JHFZC_VFY [KBF
HUB. - UTU HNWVU, PCQBCR\BU UGO [UMUEUQBF R QRO_ DOS[FHKBOM DOL, FLUCH\EO MCJOBCITF_ EC LMNGOS
DOS[FHKBOMU.
%QHF [O DCDO_-HFJO [MFWFEU RCS [MFLUBQK PCEFSCB\QK EUQBCELCMBEO_ OJMCJOBDO_ FQDHIWUEF_, JOH\VU
RQUGO [MOJHUS RXPORUB OQROJOZLUEFU [CSKBF OB LFECSFWUQDFY OJaUDBOR, DOBOMXU JXHF QOPLCEX LO
ROPEFDEORUEFK FQDHIWUEFK F REUPC[EO QBCHF EULOQBN[EXSF [UMUSUEEXS. !SUEEO LHK ]BO_ ÛHF
FQ[OH\PNUBQK 99% OJMCJOBDF FQDHIWUEF_ R MUCH\EO_ ZFPEF, LC UTU FPMULDC BMUJNUBQK PCDMXB\
OBDMXBXU `C_HX. #X SOZUBU HFJO QOPLCB\ YFBMONSEXU QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY, DOBOMXU [UMUSUTCIB EORXU
LFECSFWUQDFU OJaUDBX EC RUMY QBUDC F, QHULORCBUH\EO, QOYMCEKIB FY LOQBN[EOQB\, HFJO
ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK SUBOLFDO_ QJOMDF SNQOMC, O[FQCEEO_ R [OQHULEU_ WCQBF DEFGF. )JC [OLYOLC RXGHKLKB
R MCREO_ QBU[UEF OBBCHDFRCITU, BCD WBO RXJFMC_BU QCSF.
Ycnoeuue oosuaeuun
# ]BO_ DEFGU K EU FQ[OH\PNI DHIWURXU QHORC throw F catch, C RQBCRHKI OJTFU DOSSUEBCMFF R BUY
SUQBCY, GLU SOZUB ROPEFDENB\ FQDHIWUEFU. +CDO_ [OLYOL N[MOTCUB MCJOBN Q [MOGMCSSO_, UQHF RCV
DOS[FHKBOM EU [OLLUMZFRCUB QBCELCMBENI OJMCJOBDN FQDHIWUEF_. %QHF RX NRFLFBU WBO-EFJNL\ RMOLU
QHULNITUGO `MCGSUEBC F MCQ[OHCGCUBU QBCELCMBEO_ OJMCJOBDO_ FQDHIWUEF_, SXQHUEEO [MURMCBFBU
DOSSUEBCMF_ R JHOD throw:
f()
{
if (pool->Allocate(size) == NULL)
// /)&#>."(/" ("C4$*&$ 5$2%*/
}
Koceeuuue
opaeuun
0OGLC NDCPCBUH\ EC QCSOS LUHU EU KRHKUBQK NDCPCBUHUS? 0OGLC RX
[MOGMCSSFMNUBU EC .++ F MCJOBCUBU Q NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF. )LEC FP
QCSXY JOGCBXY (F QCSXY EULOOÛEUEEXY) DOEÛ[^F_ .++ BO, WBO
OJaUDB SOZUB RX[OHEKB\ `NED^FF NDCPCBUHK. # ]BO_ WCQBF [OLMOJEO
MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK MCPHFWEXU Q[OQOJX, [OPROHKITFU ]BO QLUHCB\, C PCOLEO
F [MFSUMX [MCDBFWUQDOGO [MFSUEUEFK O[FQCEEXY FLFOS. 3BC WCQB\ EU
QJOMEFD MUÛ[BOR, C QDOMUU ECJOM EORXY FEQBMNSUEBOR LHK RCVU_
SCQBUMQDO_. (NDF [MFHOZFB\ RQU MCREO [MFLUBQK, EO Q YOMOVFSF
FEQBMNSUEBCSF MCJOBC [O_LUB GOMCPLO HUGWU.
2
-acfu
Yruue ykasafenu
"CJNL\BU RQU, WBO RCS FPRUQBEO O . F [MFSFBFREXY O[UMCBOMCY ->, F RPGHKEFBU EC [MOJHUSN [OL EORXS
NGHOS. (CQQSOBMFS QHULNITF_ `MCGSUEB:
class Foo {
public:
void MemberOfFoo();
};
Foo* aFoo = new Foo;
aFoo->MemberOfFoo();
5MULQBCR\BU, WBO RQBMOUEEX_ O[UMCBOM -> [MFSUEKUBQK D RQBMOUEEOSN DHCQQN NDCPCBUHK CLMUQN,
YMCEKTUSNQK R aFoo. C++ [MULOQBCRHKUB BCDO_ O[UMCBOM LHK HIJOGO OJaUDBC, FSUITUGO BF[ NDCPCBUHK
EC QBMNDBNMN, NDCPCBUHK EC DHCQQ FHF NDCPCBUHK EC OJaULFEUEFU. #QBMOUEEXU O[UMCBOMX ->
OQNTUQBRHKIB LOQBN[ D WHUECS, NDCPCEEXS Q[MCRC (R LCEEOS [MFSUMU MemberOfFoo()). :CDBFWUQDF
RX QQXHCUBUQ\ EC WHUEC OJaUDBC (Foo) Q [OSOT\I LMNGOGO OJaUDBC F UGO O[UMCBOMC ->. +O, WBO LMNGO_
OJaUDB KRHKUBQK NDCPCBUHUS RQUGO HFV\ WCQBEX_ QHNWC_; RSUQBO EUGO SOG JX FQ[OH\PORCB\QK RCV
QOJQBRUEEX_ DHCQQ Q EC[FQCEEXS RCSF EUQBCELCMBEXS O[UMCBOMOS ->.
!SUEEO BCD QHULNUB [OLYOLFB\ D O[UMCBOMN -> R C++, [OQDOH\DN OE, DCD F RQU OQBCH\EXU O[UMCBOMX
(DMOSU O[UMCBOMC .), SOZUB [UMUGMNZCB\QK. .FEBCDQFQ JXH R OJTFY WUMBCY OJMFQORCE R GHCRU 2, OLECDO
UGO [OQHULQBRFK LHK [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK OGMOSEX, F FY OJQNZLUEFU PC_SUB ]BN F EUQDOH\DO QHULNITFY
GHCR.
Fnynue ykasafenu
# C++ [MULNQSOBMUEO EUSCHO RQBMOUEEXY BF[OR LCEEXY EC[MFSUM, int, double F NDCPCBUHF.
8OH\VFEQBRO ]BFY RQBMOUEEXY BF[OR NLCUBQK OBEOQFBUH\EO HUGDO N[CDORCB\ R MCPMCJOBCEEXU RCSF
DHCQQX. $C[MFSUM, UQHF [MOQBO_ BF[ int EULOQBCBOWEO YOMOV LHK RCQ, SOZEO QOPLCB\ QORSUQBFSX_
DHCQQ Integer, DOBOMX_ RXGHKLFB [MFSUMEO BCD:
class Integer {
private:
int value;
public:
Integer() : value(0) {}
Integer(int v) : value(v) {}
operator int() { return value; }
Integer operator+(Integer i) { return Integer(value + i.value); }
Integer operator+=(Integer i) { value += i.value; return *this; }
// D *.0. 0#% ')*$#,(<C $7/@2"*/.")&/C '5"7$*'7'4
};
int f(int);
f(Integer(17)); // O$;'*$"* ;#$8'0$7% '5"7$*'73 int()
5
74
0OEQBMNDBOMX [OPROHKIB QOPLCRCB\ ]DPUS[HKMX Integer FP EFWUGO, [O QNTUQBRNITUSN int FHF
LMNGOSN ]DPUS[HKMN Integer. #OPSOZEO, QBOFB QOPLCB\ LO[OHEFBUH\EXU DOEQBMNDBOMX LHK [CMCSUBMC
char* (Q [MUOJMCPORCEFUS atoi()) F LMNGFY WFQHORXY BF[OR. +CD DCD Integer FEOGLC [MFLUBQK
FQ[OH\PORCB\ RSUQBO int (EC[MFSUM, [MF RXPORU `NED^FF Q CMGNSUEBOS int), SX [MULNQSOBMUHF
O[UMCBOM int() LHK RX[OHEUEFK CRBOSCBFWUQDFY [MUOJMCPORCEF_. .DNWECK WUMULC MCPEXY O[UMCBOMOR
ROQ[MOFPROLFB RQI QUSCEBFDN ÛHOWFQHUEEO_ CMF`SUBFDF. 4MC! )BEXEU RSUQBO int SOZEO [ORQILN
FQ[OH\PORCB\ Integer. 6X QOPLCHF EORX_ DHCQQ, DOBOMX_ [OHEOQB\I PCSUEKUB [MFSFBFREX_ int.
#X[U_BU WCVDN DOÙ.
4ZU RUMENHFQ\? 5MUL[OHOZFS, R QROUS QBMUSHUEFF D CJQBMCDBEXS BF[CS LCEEXY R C++ ([OHFBFWUQDF
[MCRFH\EX_ BUMSFE LHK DHCQQOR-OJOHOWUD) RX MUVFHF, WBO *-NDCPCBUHF RCQ NZU EU NQBMCFRCIB, F RX
YOBFBU Q[MKBCB\ FY R QROFY DHCQQCY (EU Q[MCVFRC_BU [OWUSN; K ZU QDCPCH, WBO ]BO JXHC RCVC FLUK!).
*CRC_BU [MOLUHCUS SXQHUEEX_ ]DQ[UMFSUEB F [OQSOBMFS, WBO LHK ]BOGO ENZEO. !BCD, [UMRCK [O[XBDC.
class PFoo {
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
PFoo() : foo(NULL) {}
PFoo(Foo* f) : foo(f) {}
operator Foo*() { return foo; }
PFoo operator+(ptr_diff offset) { return PFoo(foo + offset); }
PFoo operator+=(ptr_diff offset) { foo += offset; return *this; }
ptr_diff operator-(PFoo pf) { return foo - pf.foo; }
// D *.0. 0#% 4)"C ')*$#,(<C $7/@2"*/.")&/C '5"7$B/? ) 3&$-$*"#%2/
};
4MC! 4 RCQ [OKRFHQK EORX_ DHCQQ, QORSUQBFSX_ Q Foo*! . CMF`SUBFWUQDFSF O[UMCBOMCSF LUHO OJQBOFB
EUQDOH\DO QHOZEUU. $C[MFSUM, RCS ECRUMEKDC [MFVHOQ\ LODO[CB\QK R Q[MCROWEFDU, WBOJX NPECB\, WBO
ptr_diff KRHKUBQK [UMUEOQFSXS Q[OQOJOS O[FQCEFK MCPEOQBF SUZLN LRNSK CLMUQCSF [CSKBF. #QU ]BO
RXGHKLFB PCENLEO, [OQDOH\DN DHCQQ OMFUEBFMORCE EC Foo, EO PCBO BU[UM\ RX SOZUBU RQILN
FQ[OH\PORCB\ PFoo RSUQBO Foo*... $O BCD HF ]BO? 5OLOZLFBU SFENBDN F OQBCR\BU RBOMNI WCVDN DOÙ.
$CV RCMFCEB EU MCJOBCUB.
PFoo pf(new Foo*);
pf->MemberOfFoo(); // +"4"7('
((Foo*)pf)->MemberOfFoo(); // O$;'*$"*, (' 4<8#%0/* L9VOTDAVWX+L!
)[UMCBOM Foo*() [OPROHFB [UMULCRCB\ PFoo R DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBC `NED^FKS, DOBOMXU LOHZEX
[OHNWCB\ Foo*. +CDZU ROQ[MOFPROLKBQK RQU CMF`SUBFWUQDFU O[UMC^FF Q NDCPCBUHKSF, EO WCQB\
QUSCEBFDF RQU ZU BUMKUBQK, [OQDOH\DN O[UMCBOM -> EU MCJOBCUB R [MUZEUS RFLU. & ECPXRCI BCDFU
NDCPCBUHF GHN[XSF, BCD DCD OEF OWUE\ ECFREX F RULNB QUJK QORQUS EU BCD, DCD LOHZEX QUJK RUQBF
ECQBOKTFU NDCPCBUHF.
!BCD, [OWUSN EC[FQCB\ OJOHOWDN LHK NDCPCBUHU_ QHOZEUU, WUS LHK LMNGFY JCPORXY BF[OR?
/. 0OS[FHKBOM QOPLCUB OBLUH\EX_ BF[ NDCPCBUHK LHK DCZLOGO BF[C QBMNDBNMX, DHCQQC FHF
OJaULFEUEFK. 1BOJX QOPLCB\ OJOHOWDF LHK RQUY NDCPCBUHU_, RCS [MFLUBQK LNSCB\, DCD QLUHCB\
]BO LHK RQUY ROPSOZEXY BF[OR NDCPCBUHU_. )[FQCEEX_ RXVU DHCQQ PFoo MCJOBCUB HFV\ LHK
DHCQQC Foo F [MOFPROLEXY OB EUGO.
2. 5MFYOLFBQK NWFBXRCB\ F LMNGFU, RPCFSOQRKPCEEXU BF[X LCEEXY (EC[MFSUM, size_t F
ptr_diff). %QHF SX YOBFS [OHEOQB\I N[CDORCB\ NDCPCBUHF R ECV DHCQQ, [MFLUBQK QOPLCRCB\
]DRFRCHUEBX F LHK ]BFY BF[OR.
3. #QK QNB\ RQBMOUEEXY NDCPCBUHU_ OJMCTUEFU D WHUECS OJaUDBC Q FQ[OH\PORCEFUS O[UMCBOMC
->. *HK ROQ[MOFPRULUEFK ]BO_ QUSCEBFDF O[UMCBOMC [MUOJMCPORCEFK ODCPXRCUBQK EULOQBCBOWEO.
75
Yruue ykasafenu kak upuora
#OPEFDCITFU [MOJHUSX QBOFB MCPJFMCB\ [OQHULORCBUH\EO. *O CMF`SUBFWUQDFY O[UMC^F_ Q
NDCPCBUHKSF SX LOJUMUSQK [OPZU, [O]BOSN [ODC JNLUS [OH\PORCB\QK ptr_diff.
Onepafop ->
+U[UM\ RX PECUBU, [OWUSN O[UMCBOM -> JXH QLUHCE [UMUGMNZCUSXS. # [OHEOS QOOBRUBQBRFF Q
QFEBCDQFQOS, O[FQCEEXS R GHCRU 2, PFoo BU[UM\ OJPCROLFBQK QOJQBRUEEXS O[UMCBOMOS ->. )[UMCBOMC
[MUOJMCPORCEFK YRCBCUB LHK RXPORC REUVEFY `NED^F_. 5MFRULUEEX_ EFZU RXPOR `NED^FF f()
MCJOBCUB, [OBOSN WBO N DOS[FHKBOMC YRCBCUB NSC [OFQDCB\ O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK, QOOBRUBQBRNITF_
QFGECBNMU `NED^FF, F R LCEEOS QHNWCU O[UMCBOM Foo*() [MUDMCQEO [OLYOLFB.
class PFoo {
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
PFoo() : foo(NULL) {}
operator Foo*() { return foo; }
Foo* operator->() { return foo; }
};
void f(Foo*);
PFoo pf(new Foo);
f(pf); // O$;'*$"* ;#$8'0$7% @3(&B// operator Foo*()
pf->MemberOfFoo(); // O$;'*$"* ;#$8'0$7% @3(&B// operator->()
5MFWFEC, [O DOBOMO_ MCJOBCUB pf->MemberOfFoo(), SUEUU OWURFLEC. # HURO_ WCQBF O[UMCBOMC ->
NDCPCE [OH\PORCBUH\QDF_ BF[, [O]BOSN DOS[FHKBOM FTUB [UMUGMNZUEENI RUMQFI O[UMCBOMC ->. )E
ECYOLFB UU, RXWFQHKUB F PCSUEKUB pf ROPRMCTCUSXS PECWUEFUS, DOBOMOU [MURMCTCUBQK R EOROU
HUROQBOMOEEUU RXMCZUEFU O[UMCBOMC ->. 3BOB [MOÛQQ MUDNMQFREO [MOLOHZCUBQK LO BUY [OM, [ODC
HUROQBOMOEEUU RXMCZUEFU EU [MUOJMCPNUBQK D JCPOROSN BF[N. %QHF BCDFS JCPORXS BF[OS KRHKUBQK
NDCPCBUH\ EC QBMNDBNMN, NDCPCBUH\ EC DHCQQ FHF NDCPCBUH\ EC OJaULFEUEFU, DOS[FHKBOM OJMCTCUBQK D
NDCPCEEOSN WHUEN. %QHF ]BO WBO-BO FEOU (EC[MFSUM, int), DOS[FHKBOM PHOMCLEO YOYOWUB F RXLCUB
QOOJTUEFU OJ OVFJDU. # EUS OE OÛEFRCUB RCV FEBUHHUDB F [UMQ[UDBFRX JNLNTU_ MCJOBX EC
OQEORCEFF BOGO `CDBC, WBO RX [XBCUBUQ\ OJMCBFB\QK D WHUEN WUGO-BO, ROOJTU EU FSUITUGO WHUEOR. #
HIJOS QHNWCU [OFQD PCDCEWFRCUBQK [MF LOQBFZUEFF JCPOROGO BF[C. *HK QCSXY HIJO[XBEXY QOOJTCI,
WBO JOH\VFEQBRO DOS[FHKBOMOR, DOBOMXSF K [OH\PORCHQK, EU OBQHUZFRCUB FQBFEEO_ MUDNMQFF RFLC:
PFoo operator->() { return *this; }
"LUQ\ O[UMCBOM -> [OH\PORCBUH\QDOGO BF[C ROPRMCTCUB ]DPUS[HKM ]BOGO BF[C R DCWUQBRU QROUGO
PECWUEFK. 0OS[FHKBOMX C++ OJXWEO [MUL[OWFBCIB [OSNWFB\ RCQ R JUQDOEUWEOS ^FDHU.
!BCD, N ECQ [OKRFHQK DHCQQ-NDCPCBUH\, DOBOMX_ SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ RUPLU, GLU FQ[OH\PNIBQK NDCPCBUHF
Foo*: R DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBOR `NED^F_, QHURC OB O[UMCBOMC -> FHF [MF O[MULUHUEFF LO[OHEFBUH\EO_
QUSCEBFDF CMF`SUBFWUQDFY O[UMC^F_ Q NDCPCBUHKSF RQILN, GLU Foo* NWCQBRNUB R QHOZUEFF FHF
RXWFBCEFF.
Raparefpusoeauuue yruue ykasafenu
)LFE FP OWURFLEXY [OLYOLOR D QOPLCEFI NEFRUMQCH\EXY NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_ FQ[OH\PORCEFU
VCJHOEOR.
class SP {
private:
Type* pointer;
public:
76
SP() : pointer(NULL) {}
SP(Type* p) : pointer(p) {}
operator Type*() { return pointer; }
Type* operator->() { return pointer; }
};
void f(Foo*);
Ptr<Foo> pf(new Foo);
f(pf); // O$;'*$"* ;#$8'0$7% @3(&B// operator Type*()
pf->MemberOfFoo(); // O$;'*$"* ;#$8'0$7% @3(&B// operator->()
3BOB VCJHOE [OLO_LUB LHK HIJOGO DHCQQC, EU BOH\DO LHK DHCQQC Foo. 5UMUL RCSF OLEC FP JCPORXY
ÒMS NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_. )EC FQ[OH\PNUBQK LOQBCBOWEO VFMODO F LCZU SOZUB [MUOJMCPORCB\ NDCPCBUH\
EC [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ D NDCPCBUHI EC JCPORX_ DHCQQ [MF NQHORFF, WBO RX [OH\PNUBUQ\ YOMOVFS
DOS[FHKBOMOS.

>OMOVF_ DOS[FHKBOM C++ [MCRFH\EO OJMCJCBXRCUB BCDFU QFBNC^FF, MNDOROLQBRNKQ\ QHULNITU_
HOGFDO_:
/. .NTUQBRNUB HF DOEQBMNDBOM P<Foo>, DOBOMX_ [OHNWCUB O<G$r>? $UB. 5MOLOHZCUS [OFQDF.
2. .NTUQBRNUB HF R O<G$r> O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK operator P<Foo>()? $UB. !TUS LCH\VU.
3. .NTUQBRNUB HF [OH\PORCBUH\QDOU [MUOJMCPORCEFU OB O<G$r> D BF[N, DOBOMX_ [OLYOLFB [OL
QFGECBNMN DCDOGO-HFJO DOEQBMNDBOMC P<Foo>? *C! )[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK operator Bar*()
[MURMCTCUB O<G$r> R Bar*, DOBOMX_ SOZUB JXB\ [MUOJMCPORCE DOS[FHKBOMOS R Foo*.
:CDBFWUQDF RXMCZUEFU RXWFQHKUBQK DCD Ptr<Foo>pf2(Foo*(pb.operator Bar*())), GLU
[MUOJMCPORCEFU Bar* R Foo* RX[OHEKUBQK BCD ZU, DCD LHK HIJOGO LMNGOGO RQBMOUEEOGO
NDCPCBUHK.
0CD K NZU GOROMFH, RQU )%2D*% MCJOBCB\ FSUEEO BCD, EO NWBFBU EUDOBOMXU DOS[FHKBOMX
OJMCJCBXRCIB ]BN QFBNC^FI EU[MCRFH\EO. *CZU R YOMOVFY DOS[FHKBOMCY MUPNH\BCB RHOZUEFK
[OLQBCRHKUSO_ (inline) O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF operator Bar*() RO RQBMOUEEX_ P<Foo>(Foo*)
SOZUB JXB\ QORQUS EU BUS, EC DOBOMX_ RX MCQQWFBXRCHF; SEOGFU DOS[FHKBOMX QOPLCIB RXEUQUEEXU (C
QHULORCBUH\EO, SUEUU ]`ÙDBFREXU) DO[FF RQBMOUEEXY `NED^F_ DHCQQOR RSUQBO BOGO, WBOJX
GUEUMFMORCB\ RHOZUEEX_ DOL [OLQBCRHKUSO_ `NED^FF. 6OMCH\: BCDO_ VCJHOE )%2D#* LUHCB\ BO, WBO
RX YOBFBU, EO N DOS[FHKBOMC EC ]BOB QWUB SOZUB JXB\ LMNGOU SEUEFU.
Hepapxun yruux ykasafene
#SUQBO FQ[OH\PORCEFK VCJHOEOR SOZEO [OLLUMZFRCB\ [CMCHHUH\EXU FUMCMYFF NDCPCBUHU_ F OJaUDBOR,
EC DOBOMXU OEF NDCPXRCIB. *UHCB\ ]BO QHULNUB HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF RCV DOS[FHKBOM EU
[OLLUMZFRCUB VCJHOEX FHF [HOYO EC[FQCE.
class PVoid { // T$2"(%"* void*
protected:
void* addr;
public:
PVoid() : addr(NULL) {}
PVoid(void* a) : addr(a) {}
operator void*() { return addr; }
};
class Foo : public PVoid {
public:
PFoo() : PVoid() {}
PFoo(Foo* p) : PVoid(p) {}
operator Foo*() { return (Foo*)addr; }
Foo* operator->() { return (Foo*)addr; }
77
};
class Pbar : public PFoo {
public:
PBar() : PFoo() {}
PBar(Bar* p) : PFoo(p) {}
operator Bar*() { return (Bar*)addr; }
Bar* operator->() { return (Bar*)addr; }
};
pBar pb(new Bar);
pFoo pf(pb); // O$;'*$"*, 5'*'23 .*' PBar %4#%"*)% 57'/-4'0(<2 '* PFoo
pf->MemberOfFoo(); // O$;'*$"* ;#$8'0$7% PFoo::operator->
3BOB RCMFCEB JNLUB MCJOBCB\, UQHF RCQ EU OGOMWCIB SEOGOWFQHUEEXU DO[FMORCEFK/RQBCRDF BUDQBC F (R
PCRFQFSOQBF OB DOS[FHKBOMC) [MULN[MUZLUEFK O BOS, WBO OG$r::operator->() QDMXRCUB
PFoo::operator->(). 0OEUWEO, BCDOU MUVUEFU EU ECQBOH\DO ]HUGCEBEO, DCD RQBMOUEEXU BF[X
NDCPCBUHU_ VCJHOEC Ptr.
Apuqrefueckue onepauuu c ykasafennru
$FZU [ODCPCE [MFSUM CMF`SUBFWUQDFY O[UMCBOMOR, OJUQ[UWFRCITFY MCJOBN O[UMC^F_
QHOZUEFK/RXWFBCEFK LHK NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_. *HK [OHEO_, CJQOHIBEO QORSUQBFSO_ MUCHFPC^FF D EFS
QHULNUB LOJCRFB\ O[UMCBOMX ++ F --.
class Ptr {
private:
Type* pointer;
public:
Ptr() : pointer(NULL) {}
Ptr(Type* p) : pointer(p) {}
ptr_diff operator-(Ptr<Type> p) { return pointer p.pointer; }
ptr_diff operator-(void* v) { return ((void*)pointer) v; }
Ptr<Type> operator-(long index) { return Ptr<Type>(pointer index); }
Ptr<Type> operator-=(long index) { pointer -= index; return *this; }
Ptr<Type> operator+(long index) { return Ptr<Type>(pointer + index); }
Ptr<Type> operator+=(long index) { pointer += index; return *this; }
};
#CZEO [OEFSCB\, WUS ptr_diff OBHFWCUBQK OB ÛHOGO FELUDQC. 5MF RXWFBCEFF OLEOGO CLMUQC FP
LMNGOGO MUPNH\BCBOS KRHKUBQK QSUTUEFU, DCD [MCRFHO, RXMCZUEEOU R JC_BCY. # QHNWCU [MFJCRHUEFK
ÛHOGO D NDCPCBUHI CLMUQ FPSUEKUBQK EC MCPSUM OJaUDBC, NSEOZUEEX_ EC ÛHOU. 5OSEFBU: R C++, DCD F
R ., NDCPCBUH\ QQXHCUBQK EU EC OLFE OJaUDB, C EC BUOMUBFWUQDF_ SCQQFR OJaUDBOR. !ELUDQX R O[FQCEEXY
RXVU [UMUGMNZUEEXY O[UMCBOMCY [MULQBCRHKIB QOJO_ FELUDQX ]BOGO BUOMUBFWUQDOGO SCQQFRC, C EU
DOHFWUQBRC JC_B.
5OQHU RQUGO QDCPCEEOGO K JX EU QORUBORCH [NQDCB\QK EC ]BF YHO[OBX LHK NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_ EU FP-PC
HUEF, C [OBOSN, WBO R ]BOS QHNWCU RX OJMUDCUBU QUJK EC MUVUEFK, DOBOMXU EU RQUGLC ZUHCBUH\EX. %QHF
LCB\ [OH\PORCBUHI ROPSOZEOQB\ QDHCLXRCB\ F RXWFBCB\ NDCPCBUHF, RCS EUFPJUZEO [MFLUBQK
[OLLUMZFRCB\ FLUI, WBO NDCPCBUH\ RQUGLC FELUDQFMNUB ROOJMCZCUSX_ SCQQFR. 0CD RXKQEFBQK R
QHULNITFY GHCRCY, SEOGFU RCMFCEBX [MFSUEUEFK NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_ EU LOHZEX FHF LCZU EU SOGNB
[MCRFH\EO MCJOBCB\ Q [CMCLFGSO_ SCQQFRC.
78
Bo fo oxopufcn yruu ykasafenu?
)JaUDB DHCQQC, EU QOLUMZCTUGO RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_, PCEFSCUB QBOH\DO SUQBC, QDOH\DO EUOJYOLFSO
LHK YMCEUEFK RQUY UGO [UMUSUEEXY. # MCQQSOBMUEEXY RXVU NSEXY NDCPCBUHKY FQ[OH\PNUBQK RQUGO OLEC
[UMUSUEECK *-NDCPCBUH\; BO UQB\ MCPSUM NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK R BOWEOQBF QOR[CLCUB Q MCPSUMOS
RQBMOUEEOGO NDCPCBUHK. >OMOVF_ DOS[FHKBOM C++ LOHZUE Q[U^FCH\EXS OJMCPOS OJMCJCBXRCB\
BMFRFCH\EXU [OLQBCRHKUSXU `NED^FF, R BOS WFQHU F ECYOLKTFUQK R VCJHOEU NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK.
class Ptr {
private:
Type* pointer;
public:
Type* operator->() { return pointer; }
};
# WCQBEOQBF, FQ[OH\PORCEFU O[UMCBOMC -> FP ]BOGO VCJHOEC EU LOHZEO BMUJORCB\ EFDCDFY
LO[OHEFBUH\EXY RXWFQHUEF_ [O QMCREUEFI QO RQBMOUEEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF. 0CD RQUGLC, OJMCTC_BU
OQOJOU REFSCEFU EC QHORC ?%6%@(3 F )%2D*%. # YOMOVU_ MUCHFPC^FF O[FQCEEXU RXVU NSEXU
NDCPCBUHF EU BMUJNIB EFDCDFY LO[OHEFBUH\EXY MCQYOLOR. 5O DMC_EU_ SUMU, YNZU [ODC EU QBCHO.
Rpureueuun
4SEXU NDCPCBUHF QNTUQBRC EC MULDOQB\ [OHUPEXU, F SX [MORULUS EUSCHO RMUSUEF, FPNWCK FY
[MFSUEUEFU EC [MCDBFDU. *HK [MOQBXY NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_, MCQQSCBMFRCUSXY R ]BO_ GHCRU, ECYOLKBQK
QBOH\ ZU [MOQBXU, EO SOTEXU [MFSUEUEFK.
Pasureuoeauue suaeuun NULL
(CQQSOBMFS OLEN FP RCMFC^F_ EC BUSN NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_:
class SPN {
private:
Type* pointer;
public:
SPN() : pointer(NULL) {}
SPN(Type* p) : pointer(p) {}
Type* operator->()
{
if (pointer == NULL) {
cerr << Dereferencing NULL! << endl;
pointer = new Type;
}
return pointer;
}
5MF [O[XBDU RXPRCB\ O[UMCBOM -> LHK NDCPCBUHK pointer, MCREOGO NULL, R [OBOD stderr RXROLFBQK
QOOJTUEFU OJ OVFJDU, [OQHU WUGO QOPLCUBQK `FDBFREX_ OJaUDB F NSEX_ NDCPCBUH\ [UMUROLFBQK EC EUGO,
WBOJX [MOGMCSSC SOGHC YMOSCB\ LCH\VU.
79
.NTUQBRNUB QBOH\DO MCPEXY MUVUEF_, QDOH\DO EC_LUBQK [MOGMCSSFQBOR, LOQBCBOWEO GHN[XY LHK
[O[XBOD MCPXSUEORCEFK PECWUEFK NULL. #OB HFV\ EUQDOH\DO FP EFY.
Hcnonusoeauue #indef
%QHF RCQ MCPLMCZCIB LO[OHEFBUH\EXU RXWFQHUEFK, QRKPCEEXU Q ]BO_ HOGFDO_, [MOTU RQUGO ODMNZFB\
if-JHOD LFMUDBFRCSF #ifdef, WBOJX DOL OJMCJOBDF OVFJOD GUEUMFMORCHQK BOH\DO R OBHCLOWEXY
RUMQFKY [MOGMCSSX. 5MF DOS[FHK^FF MCJOWU_ RUMQFF [UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM -> QEORC QMCREFRCUBQK
[O JXQBMOLU_QBRFI QO RQBMOUEEXS NDCPCBUHUS.
Huuuuupoeauue ucknkeuu
#XLCWC QOOJTUEF_ OJ OVFJDCY SOZUB RXPRCB\ [MOJHUSX R EUDOBOMXY GMC`FWUQDFY [MOGMCSSCY.
#SUQBO ]BOGO SOZEO FEF^FFMORCB\ FQDHIWUEFU:
class Ptr {
private:
Type* pointer;
public:
enum ErrorType { DereferenceNil };

Type* operator->() throw(ErrorType)
{
if (pointer == NULL) throw DereferenceNil;
return pointer;
}
};
($C [MCDBFDU ErrorType PCSUEKUBQK GHOJCH\EXS BF[OS, FQ[OH\PNUSXS LHK MCPHFWEXY RFLOR OVFJOD;
[MFRULUEEX_ `MCGSUEB HFV\ LUSOEQBMFMNUB OJTF_ [MFE^F[.) 3BO MUVUEFU SOZUB OJaULFEKB\QK Q
LMNGFSF. $C[MFSUM, [MOGMCSSC SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\ `FDBFREX_ OJaUDB R OBHCLOWEOS RCMFCEBU F
FEF^FFMORCB\ FQDHIWUEFU R MCJOWU_ RUMQFF.
Cfykau
%TU OLFE RCMFCEB YMCEFB\ R QBCBFWUQDO_ [UMUSUEEO_ Q[U^FCH\EX_ OJaUDB, DOBOMX_ K ECPXRCI
QBNDCWOS (screamer). .BNDCW ZLUB, [ODC DBO-EFJNL\ EU [O[XBCUBQK RX[OHEFB\ MCPXSUEORCEFU
PECWUEFK NULL.
class AHHH {
private:
Type* pointer;
static type* screamer;
public:
AHHH() : pointer(NULL) {}
AHHH(Type* p) : pointer(p) {}
Operator Type*() { return pointer; }
Type* operator->()
{
if (p == NULL) return screamer;
return pointer;
80
}
};
$N F WBO BCDOGO? Q[MOQFBU RX. 5MUL[OHOZFS, screamer EC QCSOS LUHU EU [MFECLHUZFB D BF[N
Type* C OBEOQFBQK D [MOFPROLEOSN DHCQQN, RQU `NED^FF DOBOMOGO ([MUL[OHOZFBUH\EO RFMBNCH\EXU)
RXROLKB QOOJTUEFK OJ OVFJDCY R [OBOD )"rr [UMUL RXPOROS QROFY [MOBOBF[OR JCPOROGO DHCQQC. +U[UM\
RX EU BOH\DO NLUMZFBU QROI [MOGMCSSN EC [HCRN, EO F QSOZUBU QHULFB\ PC [O[XBDCSF RXPORC `NED^F_
`FDBFREOGO OJaUDBC.
Ofnapka u fpaccupoeka
4SEXU NDCPCBUHF BCDZU SOGNB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK LHK ECJHILUEFK PC OJaUDBCSF, EC DOBOMXU OEF
NDCPXRCIB. 5OQDOH\DN RQU OJMCTUEFK D OJaUDBN RX[OHEKIBQK WUMUP O[UMCBOMENI `NED^FI operator
Type*() FHF operator->(), N RCQ [OKRHKIBQK LRU DOEBMOH\EXU BOWDF LHK ECJHILUEFK PC
[MOFQYOLKTFS RO RMUSK MCJOBX [MOGMCSSX. #OPSOZEOQBF OBHCLDF JUPGMCEFWEX, K [MFRULN HFV\ OLFE
FP [MFSUMOR.
Ycfauoeka foek npepueauun
.CSOU [MOQBOU [MFSUEUEFU N[OSKENBXY DOEBMOH\EXY BOWUD QLUHCB\ ]BF `NED^FF RXEUQUEEXSF (out-
of-line) R OBHCLOWEO_ RUMQFF F MCQQBCRFB\ BOWDF [MUMXRCEFK R FY MUCHFPC^FF.
class PTracer {
private:
Type* pointer;
public:
PTracer() : pointer(NULL) {}
PTracer(Type* p) : pointer(p) {}
operator Type*();
Type* operator->();
};
#ifdef DEBUGGING
inline
#endif
PTracer<Type>::operator Type*()
{
return pointer; // T0"), 3)*$($4#/4$"*)% *'.&$ 57"7<4$(/%
}
#ifdef DEBUGGING
inline
#endif
Type* PTracer<Type>::operator->()
{
return pointer; // T0"), 3)*$($4#/4$"*)% *'.&$ 57"7<4$(/%
}
. EU[CMCSUBMFPORCEEXSF RUMQFKSF NDCPCBUHU_ ]BO QLUHCB\ EUQDOH\DO [MOTU, [OQDOH\DN EU RQU QMULX
MCPMCJOBDF [OPROHKIB NQBCECRHFRCB\ BOWDF [MUMXRCEFK R [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY `NED^FKY.
Tpaccupoeka
)[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK F O[UMCBOM -> SOGNB RXROLFB\ LFCGEOQBFWUQDNI FEÒMSC^FI R [OBOD cout
FHF cerr, R PCRFQFSOQBF OB QFBNC^FF.
8.
Bepeuue cfafucfuku knacca
+CDZU EUQHOZEO OMGCEFPORCB\ ECDO[HUEFU QBCBFQBFDF OJ FQ[OH\PORCEFF O[UMCBOMOR Type* F -> R
QBCBFWUQDFY [UMUSUEEXY [CMCSUBMFPORCEEOGO DHCQQC.
class SPCS {
private:
Type* pointer;
static int conversions;
static int members;
public:
SPCS() : pointer(NULL) {}
SPCS(Type* p) : pointer(p) {}
operator Type*() { conversions++; return pointer; }
Type* operator->() { members++; return pointer; }
int Conversions() { return conversions; }
int Members() { return members; }
};
,HOJCH\EXU [UMUSUEEXU LOHZEX JXB\ GLU-BO O[MULUHUEX. )JXWEO ]BO LUHCUBQK R `C_HU Foo.cpp:
// G @$?#" Foo.cpp
int Ptr<Foo>::conversions = 0;
int Ptr<Foo>::members = 0;
(CPNSUUBQK, RX SOZUBU ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK LFMUDBFRCSF #ifdef, WBOJX ]BO OBEOQFHOQ\ BOH\DO D
OBHCLOWEO_ RUMQFF.
Bepeuue cfafucfuku oLekfa
6X [OLOVHF D JOHUU QHOZEO_ BUSU. #OPSOZEO, UU QHULNUB OBHOZFB\ LO PECDOSQBRC Q RULNTFSF
NDCPCBUHKSF (master pointers), OLECDO NSEXU NDCPCBUHF BCDZU SOGNB RUQBF QBCBFQBFDN [O OBLUH\EXS
OJaUDBCS, C EU [O DHCQQN R ÛHOS. "CLCWC EU QROLFBQK D BOSN, WBOJX QLUHCB\ BOH\DO WBO [ODCPCEEXU
[UMUSUEEXU EUQBCBFWUQDFSF (BO UQB\ [O OLEOSN ]DPUS[HKMN [UMUSUEEXY EC NDCPCBUH\), [OQDOH\DN SX
([ODC) EU SOZUS OJUQ[UWFB\ OLEOPECWEOU QOOBRUBQBRFU SUZLN NDCPCBUHKSF F OJaUDBCSF. #SUQBO ]BOGO
QBCBFQBFDN [MFLUBQK YMCEFB\ R QCSFY OJaUDBCY. $FZU [MFRULUE [OHUPEX_ RQ[OSOGCBUH\EX_ DHCQQ,
DOBOMX_ SOZEO QOPLCB\ EC OQEORU SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK DCD [MOFPROLEX_ OB DHCQQC
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC F OB DHCQQC NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK, PECITUGO O UGO QRO_QBRCY. )JaKRHKK NDCPCBUH\
LMNGOS, RX [MULOQBCRHKUBU USN LOQBN[ D PCTFTUEEXS WHUECS DHCQQOR, [MOFPROLEXY OB Counter.
class Counter {
protected:
Counter() : conversions(0), members(0) {}
Counter(const Counter&) : conversions(0), members(0) {}
Counter& operator=(const Counter&) { return *this; }
public:
int conversions;
int members;
int Conversions() { return conversions; }
int Members() { return members; }
};
class SPOP {
private:
Type* pointer;
82
public:
SPOS() : pointer(NULL) {}
SPOP(Type* f) : pointer(f) {}
operator Type*() { pointer->conversions++; return pointer; }
Type* operator->() { pointer->members++; return pointer; }
};
$C ]BN BUSN QNTUQBRNUB MKL RCMFC^F_, Q EUDOBOMXSF FP EFY SX [OPECDOSFSQK [MF FPNWUEFF RULNTFY
NDCPCBUHU_.
Ksuupoeauue
!EOGLC EUH\PK LCZU ECQBCFRCB\, WBOJX OJaUDB `FPFWUQDF ECYOLFHQK R [CSKBF RQU RMUSK, [ODC D EUSN
ENZUE LOQBN[. # QHULNITUS [MFSUMU [MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO `NED^FK ReadObject() NSUUB FQ[OH\PORCB\
LCEEXU O SUQBOECYOZLUEFF OJaUDBC EC LFQDU, WBOJX QOPLCB\ ]DPUS[HKM F PCEUQBF UGO CLMUQ R NDCPCBUH\
pointer. %QHF [MF RXPORU O[UMCBOMOR OJaUDB OBQNBQBRNUB R [CSKBF, OE CRBOSCBFWUQDF QWFBXRCUBQK Q
LFQDC.
typedef unsigned long DiskAddress; // T$2"(/*, (31(<2/ 0$((<2/
class CP {
private:
DiskAddress record_number;
Type* pointer;
void ReadObject(); // F./*<4$"* ';E"&* ) 0/)&$
public:
CP(DiskAddress da) : pointer(NULL), record_number(da) {}
CP(Type* f) : pointer(f), record_number(f->RecordNumber()) {}
operator Type*()
{
if (pointer == NULL) this->ReadObject();
return pointer;
}
Type* operator->()
{
if (pointer == NULL) this->ReadObject();
return pointer;
}
};
5OLMOJEO GOROMFB\ O D]VFMORCEFF [MUZLURMUSUEEO, [OQDOH\DN [MFYOLFBQK NWFBXRCB\ SEOZUQBRO
[MOJHUS, D DOBOMXS SX UTU EU GOBORX. %QHF RX YOBFBU GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO WFBCUBQK HFV\ OLEC DO[FK
OJaUDBC EUPCRFQFSO OB BOGO, QDOH\DO MCPHFWEXY OJaUDBOR EC EUU QQXHCUBQK, FHF WBOJX OJaUDB
NEFWBOZCHQK QMCPN [OQHU PCRUMVUEFK MCJOBX O[UMCBOMOR, RCS [MFLUBQK [OLOZLCB\ QHULNITFY GHCR,
[OQRKTUEEXY RULNTFS NDCPCBUHKS F N[MCRHUEFI [CSKB\I. +US EU SUEUU, R [MOQBXY QFBNC^FKY Q OLEFS
QWFBXRCEFUS, R DOBOMXY SOZUB QNTUQBRORCB\ EUQDOH\DO DO[F_ OJaUDBC, BCDCK SUBOLFDC LOQBCBOWEO
YOMOVO MCJOBCUB F Q [MOQBXSF NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF.
0]VFMNITFU NDCPCBUHF FQ[OH\PNIB OLFE MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEX_ [MFUS OEF ]DOEOSKB EUQDOH\DO JFB PC
QWUB OJaULFEUEFK LFQDOROGO CLMUQC F CLMUQC [CSKBF R OLEO_ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC. 5MF ]BOS
FQ[OH\PNIBQK LRC N[MOTCITFY [MUL[OHOZUEFK:
/. (CPSUM CLMUQC [CSKBF EU JOHUU WUS EC OLFE JFB [MURXVCUB MCPSUM LFQDOROGO CLMUQC.
2. .MULQBRC N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, FQ[OH\PNUSXU O[UMCBOMOS new, EFDOGLC EU ROPRMCTCIB
EUWUBEX_ CLMUQ.
83
%QHF OJC [MUL[OHOZUEFK RUMEX, LHK YMCEUEFK OJOFY CLMUQOR SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ OLEN [UMUSUEENI
DHCQQC. %QHF SHCLVF_ JFB NQBCEORHUE (BO UQB\ UQHF CLMUQ WUBEX_), OQBCH\EXU 3/ JFB O[MULUHKIB
LFQDORX_ CLMUQ. 0OGLC SHCLVF_ JFB QJMOVUE, RQU 32 JFBC O[MULUHKIB CLMUQ [CSKBF. %QHF RCS
[OBMUJNUBQK EU BOH\DO QWFBXRCEFU, EO F PC[FQ\, OJaUDBN HNWVU PECB\ QRO_ QOJQBRUEEX_ LFQDORX_
CLMUQ, [OQDOH\DN CLMUQ, YMCEKTF_QK R NDCPCBUHU, [MF QWFBXRCEFF [OMBFBQK.
"C LXSORO_ PCRUQO_ D]VFMNITFY NDCPCBUHU_ [MKWUBQK FEBUMUQECK DOEÛ[^FK: NSEXU NDCPCBUHF SOGNB
FQ[OH\PORCB\QK DCD OJTUU QMULQBRO LHK LOQBN[C D OJaUDBCS *#9+&(.(,% %" "%7%, 7)# *+?%)(".4 %/0#$"
( .8L#."&8#" 2( %* &%%/L#. 4GHNJHKKQ\ R LZNEGHF C++, SX JNLUS MCQQSCBMFRCB\ ]BN DOEÛ[^FI [OL
MCPEXSF NGHCSF, [ODC OEC EU [MURMCBFBQK R OLFE FP [MFE^F[OR *CO, O DOBOMXY K N[OSFECH RO
RQBN[FBUH\EO_ GHCRU.
Bepyue
ykasafenu u
peckpunfopu
5OQHU QORQUS EU[MOLOHZFBUH\EOGO PECDOSQBRC Q NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF SX NQ[UHF ECBDENB\QK EC ÛHX_
MKL `NELCSUEBCH\EXY [MOJHUS. 6EOGFU FP EFY QRKPCEX Q BUS `CDBOS, WBO EC OLFE OJaUDB SOZUB
QQXHCB\QK HIJOU DOHFWUQBRO NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_. 0CD R ]BOS QHNWCU NPECB\, DOGLC SOZEO NLCHFB\
OJaUDB? 0BO RULUB QBCBFQBFDN FQ[OH\PORCEFK OJaUDBC F OJMCTCUBQK D EU_ [MF EUOJYOLFSOQBF (UQHF RCS
RLMNG [OECLOJFBQK BCDCK ROPSOZEOQB\)? 0BO QOPLCUB OJaUDB? 1BO OPECWCUB [MFQRCFRCEFU OLEOGO NSEOGO
NDCPCBUHK LMNGOSN? "CFGMCUB HF ECDOEU^ R ]BOS QUPOEU ECVC HIJFSCK DOSCELC FHF OEC QEORC MCPOJ\UB
ECVF QUML^C? $FZU RX EC_LUBU OBRUBX EC ]BF F SEOGFU LMNGFU FEBMFGNITFU RO[MOQX.
Ceraufuka eepyux ykasafene
5MF MCJOBU Q NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF FSUUBQK OLFE RCZEX_ WCQBEX_ QHNWC_ DOGLC LRC NSEXY NDCPCBUHK
EU LOHZEX OLEORMUSUEEO QQXHCB\QK EC OLFE OJaUDB. 6UZLN NDCPCBUHUS F OJaUDBOS, EC DOBOMX_ OE
QQXHCUBQK, QNTUQBRNUB OLEOPECWEOU QOOBRUBQBRFU (PC FQDHIWUEFUS OQOJOGO QHNWCK NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_,
QQXHCITFYQK EC NULL). %QHF R [MOGMCSSEOS LFPC_EU LU_QBRNUB BCDOU OGMCEFWUEFU, GOROMKB, WBO
MUCHFPNUBQK QUSCEBFDC &#)8L(? 8$+9+"#2#3 (master pointers).
0OEUWEO, SOZEO [MOQBO OJaKRFB\ WUMUP SUQBENI GCPUBN, WBO NDCPCBUHF LOHZEX FQ[OH\PORCB\QK BCDFS F
BOH\DO BCDFS OJMCPOS. - SOZEO PCTFBFB\ RCVFY [OH\PORCBUHU_ OB QCSFY QUJK F [OLDMU[FB\
QUSCEBFWUQDFU [MCRFHC KPXDORXSF QMULQBRCSF C++. %QHF RX SNLMO RXJUMUBU RBOMO_ RCMFCEB, [MFLUBQK
NWUQB\ QHULNITUU:
/. 4DCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX LOHZEX QOPLCRCB\QK NDCPCBUHKSF R DOEQBMNDBOMCY.
2. *UQBMNDBOM NDCPCBUHK LOHZUE NLCHKB\ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
3. 0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ LOHZUE QOPLCRCB\ BOWENI DO[FI NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
4. )[UMCBOM [MFQRCFRCEFK operator= LOHZUE NLCHKB\ BUDNTF_ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB,
ECYOLKTF_QK QHURC OB EUGO, F PCSUEKB\ UGO DO[FU_ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC Q[MCRC.
0MOSU BOGO, JXHO JX 6+98,*% QLUHCB\ UTU LRU RUTF:
5. )GMCEFWFB\ LOQBN[ D DOEQBMNDBOMCS DHCQQC NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
6. .OPLCRCB\ NDCPCBUHF Q [OSOT\I >6%(9&%)4L(? B8*$C(3 (factory functions).
)JU MUDOSUELC^FF JNLNB [OLMOJEO MCQQSOBMUEX R [OQHULNITFY MCPLUHCY. 5MOBOBF[ RULNTUGO
NDCPCBUHK, DOBOMX_ SX QOJFMCUSQK RO[HOBFB\, RXGHKLFB BCD:
class MP {
private:
Type* t;
public:
6
86
MP(); // F'-0$"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
MP(const MP<Type>&); // I'5/73"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
~MP(); // H0$#%"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
MP<Type>& operator=(const MP<Type>&); // H0$#%"* #"4')*'7'((/? ';E"&*,
// &'5/73"* 57$4')*'7'((/?
Type* operator->() const;
};
Koucfpyupoeauue
5MUL[OHOZFS, RX MCPMUVFHF [OH\PORCBUHKS QOPLCRCB\ QOJQBRUEEXU NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX F [UMULCRCB\
FY RULNTFS NDCPCBUHKS RO RMUSK DOEQBMNFMORCEFK.
class MP {
private:
Type* t;
public:
MP() : t(NULL) {}
MP(Type* pointer) : t(pointer) {}
~MP() { delete t; }
// D *.0.
};
Foo* foo = new Foo;
MP<Foo> mp1(foo);
MP<Foo> mp2(foo); // L;#'2!
$CQDOH\DO [MOTU JXHC JX ZFPE\ JUP BCDFY [OH\PORCBUHU_! 0OGLC mp1 NLCHKUBQK, [MO[CLCUB F foo. #
FBOGU mp2 ECWFECUB NDCPXRCB\ EUFPRUQBEO DNLC. "CWUS DOSN-EFJNL\ [OBMUJNUBQK RXBROMKB\ BCDOU?
Q[MOQFBU RX. 0CD GOROMFHOQ\ R OLEOS MUDHCSEOS MOHFDU: "CWUS Q[MCVFRCB\ "CWUS? %QHF RX
OQBCRFBU BCDNI LXMN, SOZUBU EU QOSEURCB\QK: DBO-EFJNL\ DOGLC-EFJNL\ FPOJMUBUB L\KROH\QDF_ [HCE,
FQ[OH\PNUB UU F OJRFEFB RO RQUY QSUMBEXY GMUYCY RCVN [MOGMCSSN.
5OH\PORCBUH\ [MKSO-BCDF DMFWFB: *UMZFBU SUEK, [ODC K EU ECBROMFH JUL. *HK ]BOGO QNTUQBRNUB
ECLUZEX_ Q[OQOJ: OBOJMCB\ N EUGO DHIWF OB DOEQBMNDBOMOR DHCQQC NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
class Foo {
friend class MP<Foo>;
protected:
Foo(); // A"5"7, 0')*35 & &'()*73&*'73 /2""* *'#,&' MP<Foo>
public:
// L)*$4M$%)% .$)*, /(*"7@"?)$
};
class MP {
private:
Type* t;
public:
MP() : t(new Type) {}
// D *.0.
};
AGa, NZU HNWVU. 5MF QOPLCEFF NDCPCBUHK UGO DOEQBMNDBOM BCDZU DOEQBMNFMNUB F NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
)JaKRHKK NDCPCBUH\ LMNGOS, SX SOZUS QLUHCB\ DOEQBMNDBOMX Foo PCDMXBXSF FHF PCTFTUEEXSF F
87
QOYMCEFB\ LOQBN[ D EFS FP DOEQBMNDBOMOR NDCPCBUHK. +U[UM\ DHFUEB EFDCD EU QSOZUB LOJMCB\QK LO Foo,
DMOSU DCD WUMUP MP<Foo>. 6X UTU EUOLEODMCBEO RUMEUSQK D RO[MOQN O BOS, DCD, DOGLC F GLU QOPLCRCB\
NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX, C [ODC LCRC_BU EUSEOGO OBRHUWUSQK.
%QHF DOEQBMNDBOMX Foo RXPXRCIBQK Q CMGNSUEBCSF, QNTUQBRNIB LRU CH\BUMECBFRX:
/. #SUQBO BOGO WBOJX [OH\PORCB\QK NEFRUMQCH\EXS VCJHOEOS RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK, QOPLC_BU LHK
Foo EUQBCELCMBEX_ DHCQQ RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK MPFoo. *HK DCZLOGO DOEQBMNDBOMC Foo QOPLC_BU
DOEQBMNDBOM MPFoo Q BOWEO BCDO_ ZU QFGECBNMO_ F [UMULC_BU UGO CMGNSUEBX DOEQBMNDBOMN Foo.
2. #OQ[OH\PN_BUQ\ JUPCMGNSUEBEXS DOEQBMNDBOMOS LHK QOPLCEFK OJaUDBC F [MULOQBCR\BU
OBLUH\ENI `NED^FI FEF^FCHFPC^FF, DOBOMCK SOZUB RXPXRCB\QK DHFUEBOS [OQHU
DOEQBMNFMORCEFK.
#BOMO_ RCMFCEB RXGHKLFB BCD:
class Foo {
friend class MP<Foo>;
protected:
Foo(); // V0/()*4"((<? &'()*73&*'7
public:
Initialized(int, char*);
// L)*$4M$%)% .$)*, /(*"7@"?)$
};
MP<Foo> mpf;
mpf->Initialize(17, Hello); // T$4"7M/*, &'()*73/7'4$(/"
+CDOU MUVUEFU RXGHKLFB LOROH\EO EUNDHIZU, EO OEO [OPROHKUB MCJOBCB\ Q NEFRUMQCH\EXS VCJHOEOS
RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK. .NTUQBRNIB F LMNGFU [MFWFEX LHK FQ[OH\PORCEFK FEF^FCHFPFMNITFY `NED^F_, O
DOBOMXY JNLUB MCQQDCPCEO R QHULNITFY GHCRCY. 'IJO_ FP ]BFY RCMFCEBOR R[OHEU [MFUSHUS LHK
MUVUEFK ECVFY BUDNTFY PCLCW.
Yuufoeuue
$UB EFWUGO [MOTU: R LUQBMNDBOMU RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK NLCHKUBQK F NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
class MP {
private:
Type* t;
public:
~MP() { delete t; }
};
Konupoeauue
)_! )[KB\ ]BF [MODHKBXU [OH\PORCBUHF...
MP<Foo> mpf1; // F'-0$"* Foo, ($ &'*'7<? ))<#$"*)% 3&$-$*"#,
MP<Foo> mpf2 = mpf1; // +"30$.$!
5NQB\ PECD MCRUEQBRC EU RROLFB RCQ R PCJHNZLUEFU PLUQ\ [MOFQYOLFB DOEQBMNFMORCEFU, F ]BC QBMODC
]DRFRCHUEBEC QBMODU MP<Foo> mpf2(mpfl);. %QHF EU [UMUGMNPFB\ DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F MCPMUVFB\
DOS[FHKBOMN C++ REUQBF QROI HU[BN, SX [OHNWFS LRC RULNTFY NDCPCBUHK, DOBOMXU QQXHCIBQK EC OLFE
F BOB ZU OJaUDB Foo. 5O NSOHWCEFI DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_, GUEUMFMNUSX_ DOS[FHKBOMOS, MCLOQBEO DO[F-
MNUB QOLUMZCTF_QK R [UMUSUEEO_ CLMUQ FP QBCMOGO NDCPCBUHK R EORX_. 5MOJHUSC MUVCUBQK
OBEOQFBUH\EO [MOQBO.
class MP {
88
private:
Type* t;
public:
MP(); // +'72$#,(<?
MP(const MP<Type>& mp) : t(*(mp.t)) {} // I'()*73&*'7 &'5/?
};
3BOB DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ QOPLCUB LNJHFDCB NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, FQ[OH\PNK LHK ]BOGO DOEQBMNDBOM
DO[F_ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. 5OHNWCUBQK EU OWUE\ ]`ÙDBFREO, EO MCJOBCUB. # EUDOBOMXY QFBNC^FKY, Q
DOBOMXSF SX QBOHDEUSQK [OPZU, HNWVU ROOJTU PC[MUBFB\ DO[FMORCEFU. 5MOTU RQUGO LHK ]BOGO
OJaKRFB\ DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ PCDMXBXS F EU ECPECWCB\ USN EFDCDFY LU_QBRF_.
class MP {
private:
Type* t;
MP(const MP<Type>&) : t(NULL) {} // +/&'80$ (" ;30"* 4<-<4$*,)%
public:
MP();
};
+US QCSXS SX [MULOBRMCTCUS EU[MULECSUMUEEOU DO[FMORCEFU R QFBNC^FKY RMOLU QHULNITU_:
void f(MP<Foo>);
MP<Foo> mpf;
f(mpf); // F'-0$"*)% 47"2"(($% &'5/%
*HK [MULOBRMCTUEFK DO[FMORCEFK BCDZU SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK LUQDMF[BOMCSF, O DOBOMXY JNLUB
MCQQDCPCEO EFZU.
Rpuceaueauue
-CCCC! 3BF PHORMULEXU [OH\PORCBUHF DOGLC-EFJNL\ NGOSOEKBQK?!
MP<Foo> mpf1;
MP<Foo> mpf2;
mpf2 = mpf1; // +"*, *'#,&' (" Q*'...
# [MFRULUEEOS `MCGSUEBU ROPEFDCIB QMCPN LRU [MOJHUSX. #O-[UMRXY, NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB, QOPLCEEX_
DOEQBMNDBOMOS mpf2, EFDOGLC EU NLCHKUBQK. )E [MURMCTCUBQK R 'UBNWUGO ,OHHCEL^C, OJMUWUEEOGO EC
RUWEXU QDFBCEFK R ODUCEU [CSKBF. #O-RBOMXY, O[UMCBOM =, FQ[OH\PNUSX_ DOS[FHKBOMOS [O NSOHWCEFI,
DO[FMNUB CLMUQ, ECYOLKTF_QK R t, FP OLEOGO NDCPCBUHK R LMNGO_, WBO [MFROLFB D [OKRHUEFI LRNY
RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_, QQXHCITFYQK EC OLFE OJaUDB. # FQ[MCRHUEEOS RCMFCEBU [UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM
= NLCHKUB OJaUDB, EC DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK HUROQBOMOEEF_ NDCPCBUH\, F PCSUEKUB UGO DO[FU_ OJaUDBC, EC
DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK [MCROQBOMOEEF_ NDCPCBUH\.
class MP {
private:
Type* t;
public:
MP(); // +'72$#,(<? &'()*73&*'7
MP<Type>& operator=(const MP<Type>& mp)
{
if (&mp != this) {
delete t;
t = new Type(*(mp.t));
89
}
return *this;
}
};
(CPNSUUBQK, UQHF RX ROOJTU EU YOBFBU [OLLUMZFRCB\ [MFQRCFRCEFU, LOQBCBOWEO OJaKRFB\ O[UMCBOM =
PCDMXBXS.
Rpofofun uanoua eepyero ykasafenn
$FZU [MFRULUE DOEUWEX_ MUPNH\BCB ECVFY NQFHF_. 5OLQBCRHKUSXU `NED^FF [UMUSUQBFHFQ\ EC
[MFRXWEOU SUQBO [OQHU OJaKRHUEFK DHCQQC. 5CMCSUBM, DHCQQ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, LOHZUE
NLORHUBROMKB\ QHULNITFS BMUJORCEFKS:
/. )E LOHZUE FSUB\ JUPCMGNSUEBEX_ DOEQBMNDBOM.
2. )E LOHZUE HFJO [UMUGMNZCB\ DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_, HFJO [MULOQBCRHUEEX_ DOS[FHKBOMOS
DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ [O NSOHWCEFI LOHZUE [OLYOLFB\ LHK FQ[OH\PORCEFK R VCJHOEU RULNTUGO
NDCPCBUHK.
%QHF YOBK JX OLEO FP ]BFY BMUJORCEF_ EU RX[OHEKUBQK, [MFLUBQK REUQBF FPSUEUEFK R DHCQQ
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC FHF RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK, FHF R OJC DHCQQC QMCPN. 5OSEFBU: R MUCHFPC^FF
DOEQBMNDBOMC DO[F_ F O[UMCBOMC [MFQRCFRCEFK RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK DOEQBMNDBOM
DO[F_ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC (BO UQB\ [CMCSUBMC VCJHOEC).
class MP {
private:
Type* t;
public:
MP(); // F'-0$"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
MP(const MP<Type>&); // I'5/73"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
~MP(); // H0$#%"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
MP<Type>& operator=(const MP<Type>&);
};
inline MP<Type>::MP() : t(new Type)
{}
inline MP<Type>::MP(const MP<Type>& mp) : t(new Type(*(mp.t)))
{}
inline MP<Type>::~MP()
{
delete t;
}
inline MP<Type>& MP<Type>::operator=(const MP<Type>& mp)
{
if (this != &mp) {
delete t;
t = new Type(*(mp.t));
}
return *this;
90
}
inline Type* MP<Type>::operator->() const
{
return t;
}
eckpunfopu e C++
!BCD, [OQHU EUJOH\VOGO [OLOGMURC NSEXU NDCPCBUHF [MURMCBFHFQ\ R RULNTFU. +U[UM\ R ECVUS RCMURU
[OKRHKUBQK UTU OLFE FEGMULFUEB LUQDMF[BOMX (handles) C++. $U [NBC_BU ]BOB BUMSFE Q
LUQDMF[BOMCSF, FQ[OH\PNUSXSF R O[UMC^FOEEXY QFQBUSCY Macintosh F Windows. $UDOBOMOU QYOLQBRO
QNTUQBRNUB, EO FLFOSC LUQDMF[BOMOR C++ FSUUB QOJQBRUEENI NEFDCH\ENI QUSCEBFDN F ECJOM [MCRFH.
)QEORECK FLUK PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBOJX FQ[OH\PORCB\ NSEXU NDCPCBUHF LHK QQXHOD EC RULNTFU
NDCPCBUHF. 3BF LO[OHEFBUH\EXU NDCPCBUHF F ECPXRCIBQK LUQDMF[BOMCSF. )QEORC, EC DOBOMO_ SX JNLUS
QBMOFB\ DHCQQ LUQDMF[BOMOR, R [UMROS [MFJHFZUEFF RXGHKLFB BCD:
class H {
private:
MP<Type>& ptr; // F)<#&$ ($ 4"03K/? 3&$-$*"#,
public:
H() : ptr(*(new MP<Type>)) {} // F2. +/1"
H(MP<Type>& mp) : ptr(mp) {}
MP<Type>& operator->() const { return ptr; }
};
8UPCMGNSUEBEX_ DOEQBMNDBOM + QOPLCUB EORX_ RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\. 3BOB RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\, R QROI
OWUMUL\, QOPLCUB NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB. .NTUQBRNUB RBOMO_ DOEQBMNDBOM, DOBOMX_ [OHNWCUB RULNTF_
NDCPCBUH\ F FEF^FCHFPFMNUB FS [UMUSUEENI ptr. 0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F O[UMCBOM = [O NSOHWCEFI
GOLKBQK, [OQDOH\DN HIJOSN RULNTUSN NDCPCBUHI SOZUB QOOBRUBQBRORCB\ EUQDOH\DO LUQDMF[BOMOR.
(CJOBC O[UMCBOMC -> OQEORCEC EC MUDNMQFREOS CHGOMFBSU, FQ[OH\PNUSOS DOS[FHKBOMOS: O[UMCBOM ->
LUQDMF[BOMC ROPRMCTCUB RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\; PCBUS O[UMCBOM -> RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK ROPRMCTCUB
NDCPCBUH\ Type* DOBOMX_ KRHKUBQK OLEFS FP JCPORXY BF[OR DOS[FHKBOMC.
5MFRULUEEOU MUVUEFU EU ECPORUV\ FPKTEXS RHOZUEEXU VCJHOEX [OMOZLCIB [NBCEF^N, D BOSN ZU
QORUMVUEEO EUKQEO, DOGLC F DCD NLCHKB\ RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF. 0MOSU BOGO, QHULNUB HF MCPMUVFB\
[OH\PORCBUHI EC[MKSNI QOPLCRCB\ F NEFWBOZCB\ RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF FHF ZU PCDHIWFB\ FY RENBMF
LUQDMF[BOMOR BCD, DCD SX PCDHIWFHF NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX RENBMF RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_? $UNZUHF SX
BMNLFHFQ\ ECL MUVUEFUS ]BFY [MOJHUS LHK NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR HFV\ PCBUS, WBOJX QBOHDENB\QK Q
EFSF QEORC LHK RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_? +UM[UEFU R QROU RMUSK SX EC_LUS OBRUB EC ]BF F SEOGFU
LMNGFU RO[MOQX.
-fo e nonyaefcn?
6X ECWEUS Q [MOQBOGO [MFSUMC RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ F NQORUMVUEQBRNUS UGO LO NMOREK, DOBOMX_
NLORHUBROMFH JX F JOHUU BMUJORCBUH\ENI CNLFBOMFI. $C ]BO_ QBCLFF UTU BMNLEO [OEKB\ RQI [OH\PN
LUQDMF[BOMOR, EO R QHULNITFY GHCRCY OEF JNLNB FGMCB\ OWUE\ RCZENI MOH\.
Ropcef oLekfoe
*O[NQBFS, RX YOBFBU QHULFB\ PC DOHFWUQBROS QOPLCEEXY FHF ECYOLKTFYQK R [CSKBF OJaUDBOR
EUDOBOMOGO DHCQQC. )LEO FP ROPSOZEXY MUVUEF_ YMCEFB\ ]BF QRULUEFK R QBCBFWUQDFY [UMUSUEEXY
QCSOGO DHCQQC.
class CountedStuff {
private:
9.
static int current;
public:
CountedStuff() { current++; }
CountedStuff(const CuntedStuff&) { current++; }
CountedStuff& operator=(const CountedStuff&)
{} // +" 2"(%*, )."*./& 0#% 57/)4$/4$(/%
~CountedStuff() { current--; }
};
. ]BFS [MFSUMOS UTU SOZEO [OROPFB\QK F NHNWVFB\ UGO, EO DCD JX RX EF QBCMCHFQ\, [MFLUBQK
FPSUEKB\ DOL ÛHUROGO DHCQQC YOBK JX LHK BOGO, WBOJX PCQBCRFB\ UGO ECQHULORCB\ OB ECVUGO DHCQQC.
+U[UM\ [MUL[OHOZFS, WBO NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB RYOLFB R DOSSUMWUQDNI JFJHFOBUDN. )JFLEO, LC?
'IJXU FPSUEUEFK EUZUHCBUH\EX, C QDOMUU RQUGO, [MOQBO EUROPSOZEX. $O ROB EC QÛEN RXYOLFB DHCQQ
RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK.
class CMP {
private:
static int current;
Type* ptr;
public:
CMP() : ptr(new Type) { current++; }
CMP(const CMP<Type>& cmp) : ptr(new Type(*(mp.t))) { current++; }
CMP<Type>& operator=(const CMP<Type>& cmp)
{
if (this != &cmp) {
delete ptr;
ptr = new Type(*(cmp.ptr));
}
return *this;
}
~CMP() { delete ptr; current--; }
Type* operator->() const { return ptr; }
Static int Current() { return current; }
};
+U[UM\ RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ RX[OHEKUB RQU [OLQWUBX PC RCQ. )E EU BMUJNUB REUQUEFK FPSUEUEF_ R DHCQQ
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. 3BOB VCJHOE SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK LHK 2F/%7% DHCQQC [MF NQHORFF, WBO RCS
NLCQBQK RBFQENB\ RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF SUZLN DHFUEBOS F NDCPXRCUSXS OJaUDBOS. *CZU UQHF RX EU
ROPMCZCUBU [MOBFR SOLF`FDC^FF FQYOLEOGO DHCQQC NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, OJUQ[UWFB\ BCDO_ NMORUE\
SOLNH\EOQBF JUP RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ JXHO JX DMC_EU QHOZEO (EC[MFSUM, UQHF JX RX [O[XBCHFQ\
LU_QBRORCB\ WUMUP JCPORX_ DHCQQ, BO R MUPNH\BCBU [OHNWFHF JX OLEN QBCBFWUQDNI [UMUSUEENI current
EC RQU [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX).
3BOB [MFSUM BMFRFCHUE, EO LCZU OE LUSOEQBMFMNUB RCZEX_ [MFE^F[ [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK EC C++,
Q[MCRULHFROQB\ DOBOMOGO QO RMUSUEUS QBCEORFBQK OWURFLEO_: [OH\PN_BUQ\ NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF, LCZU
UQHF QECWCHC DCZUBQK, WBO OEF EU ENZEX. %QHF [MOGMCSSC EC[FQCEC LHK NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_, RQU
FPSUEUEFK REOQKBQK HUGDO F JXQBMO. %QHF ZU RCS [MFLUBQK [UMULUHXRCB\ GOBORNI [MOGMCSSN F
PCSUEKB\ RQU O[UMCBOMX * NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF, [MFGOBOR\BUQ\ D EOWEXS JLUEFKS.
# GHCRU /4 RCMFC^FF EC BUSN [OLQWUBC JNLNB FQ[OH\PORCEX LHK MUCHFPC^FF [MOQBO_, EO R BO ZU RMUSK
SOTEO_ QYUSX N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I QJOMDF SNQOMC Q [OLQWUBOS QQXHOD.
92
Ykasafenu fonuko pnn feuun
5MUL[OHOZFS, RX YOBFBU QLUHCB\ BCD, WBOJX EUDOBOMX_ OJaUDB EFDOGLC EU OJEORHKHQK (FHF, [O DMC_EU_
SUMU, EU OJEORHKHQK OJXWEXSF DHFUEBCSF). 3BC PCLCWC HUGDO MUVCUBQK Q [OSOT\I RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_
LOQBCBOWEO QLUHCB\ O[UMCBOMENI `NED^FI operator->() DOEQBCEBEO_ `NED^FU_ DHCQQC.
class ROMP {
private:
Type* t;
public:
ROMP(); // F'-0$"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
ROMP(const ROMP<Type>&); // I'5/73"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
~ROMP(); // H0$#%"* 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
ROMP<Type>& operator=(const ROMP<Type>&);
const Type* operator->() const;
};
4DCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB PC[UMB BCD ECLUZEO, WBO LO EUGO EU LOJUMUBQK LCZU ;(4. # [MFE^F[U, BO ZU QCSOU
SOZEO JXHO QLUHCB\ Q [OSOT\I JOHUU [MOQBXY NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_, EO RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF OJUQ[UWFRCIB
QBO[MOÛEBENI PCTFBN, BCD DCD DHFUEB EFDOGLC EU [OHNWCUB [MKSOGO LOQBN[C D NDCPXRCUSOSN OJaUDBN.
Ykasafenu pnn feuun/sanucu
#O SEOGFY QFBNC^FKY QNTUQBRNUB O[BFSCH\EOU [MULQBCRHUEFU OJaUDBC, DOBOMOU LU_QBRFBUH\EO HFV\
LHK O[UMC^F_ WBUEFK. %QHF DHFUEB YOWUB FPSUEFB\ OJaUDB, [MULQBCRHUEFU [MFYOLFBQK FPSUEKB\.
3BO JXHO JX HUGDO QLUHCB\ [MF ECHFWFF LRNY [UMUGMNZUEEXY RUMQF_ O[UMCBOMC ->, OLEC FP DOBOMXY
ROPRMCTCUB Foo*, C LMNGCK const Foo*. 0 QOZCHUEFI, MCPEXU ROPRMCTCUSXU BF[X EU OJUQ[UWFRCIB
NEFDCH\EOQBF QFGECBNM, [O]BOSN [MF [O[XBDU OJaKRFB\ LRC O[UMCBOMC -> DOS[FHKBOM OB LNVF
[OQSUUBQK. 5MOGMCSSFQBN [MFLUBQK PCMCEUU RXPRCB\ `NED^FI, DOBOMCK OQNTUQBRHKUB [UMUYOL OB OLEOGO
[MULQBCRHUEFK D LMNGOSN.
)LEO FP ROPSOZEXY [MFSUEUEF_ ]BO_ QYUSX MCQ[MULUHUEEXU OJaUDBX. %QHF DO[FF OJaUDBC EU
OJEORHKIBQK HODCH\EXSF DHFUEBCSF, OEF SOGNB JXB\ MCPJMOQCEX [O RQU_ QUBF. .ORQUS LMNGOU LUHO
DOOMLFEC^FK OJEORHUEF_ EUQDOH\DFY ]DPUS[HKMOR. 6OZEO NQBCEORFB\ [MCRFHO, QOGHCQEO DOBOMOSN
LO[NQDCUBQK QNTUQBRORCEFU HIJOGO DOHFWUQBRC DO[F_ BOH\DO LHK WBUEFK, EO HFV\ OLEC GHCRECK DO[FK.
1BOJX OJEORFB\ OJaUDB, EUOJYOLFSO [MULRCMFBUH\EO [OHNWFB\ GHCRENI DO[FI N UU BUDNTUGO
RHCLUH\^C. 0OEUWEO, [MFYOLFBQK NWFBXRCB\ SEOGFU EICEQX (R WCQBEOQBF, [MOÛLNMN QSUEX RHCLUH\^C
GHCREO_ DO[FF), OLECDO [MCRFH\EOU [MFSUEUEFU RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ [OPROHKUB MUCHFPORCB\ ]BN
DOEÛ[^FI EC NLFRHUEFU [MOQBO F EUPCSUBEO LHK DHFUEBOR.
Fpauu u ppyrue
ryppue ykasafenu
%QHF [UMUHOZFB\ ]BN GHCRN EC SNPXDN, OEC JX ECPXRCHCQ\ #CMFC^FF EC BUSN NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_. #
LRNY [MULXLNTFY GHCRCY K [MULQBCRFH JCPORXU DOEÛ[^FF NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK DHCQQC, PCSUEKITUGO
RQBMOUEEXU *-NDCPCBUHF, F RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK, LHK DOBOMOGO QNTUQBRNUB OLEOPECWEOU QOOBRUBQBRFU
Q NDCPXRCUSXS OJaUDBOS. # ]BO_ GHCRU SX [MOLOHZFS ]BN BUSN F LOJCRFS R SUHOLFI UTU EUQDOH\DO
GCMSOEFWEXY EOB.
Hufepqecuue ykasafenu
$CRUMEOU, RX QWFBCHF, WBO FEBUMÙ_Q DHCQQC [OHEOQB\I O[MULUHKUBQK OJaKRHUEFUS DHCQQC, EO R
LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF HIJO_ DHCQQ SOZUB FSUB\ EUQDOH\DO MCPEXY FEBUMÙ_QOR R PCRFQFSOQBF OB DHFUEBC.
0HCQQ F UGO LMNP\K RFLKB OLFE FEBUMÙ_Q, RDHIWCITF_ RQUY WHUEOR DHCQQC F RQUY PCTFTUEEXY
F OBDMXBXY WHUEOR UGO JCPORXY DHCQQOR.
5MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX RFLKB BOH\DO PCTFTUEEXY F OBDMXBXY WHUEOR DHCQQC F UGO JCPORXY
DHCQQOR.
#QU OQBCH\EXU DHFUEBX RFLKB BOH\DO OBDMXBXY WHUEOR DHCQQC F UGO JCPORXY DHCQQOR.
%QHF NDCPCBUH\ EC OJaUDB [MUOJMCPNUBQK D NDCPCBUHI EC UGO JCPORX_ DHCQQ, FEBUMÙ_Q
OGMCEFWFRCUBQK BOH\DO OBDMXBXSF WHUECSF JCPOROGO DHCQQC.
)BDMXBXU, PCDMXBXU F PCTFTUEEXU WHUEX; OBDMXBOU F PCDMXBOU ECQHULORCEFU; [OHFSOM`FPS F LMNZJC
RQU ]BO HFV\ GMNJXU QFEBCDQFWUQDFU [MFJHFZUEFK JOHUU OJTU_ DOEÛ[^FF LFPC_EC: OLFE OJaUDB
SOZUB FSUB\ SEOGO Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEXY FEBUMÙ_QOR.
ynupoeauue uufepqeca
*CRC_BU [OQSOBMFS, SOZEO HF OJOJTFB\ ]BN DOEÛ[^FI Q [OSOT\I UTU JOHUU NSEXY (ECPORUS FY
SNLMXSF) NDCPCBUHU_ (smarter pointers). *HK ECWCHC ECS [MFLUBQK EC EUDOBOMOU RMUSK [ODFENB\
QROUGO QBCMOGO LMNGC, O[UMCBOM ->. )LEO FP OGMCEFWUEF_ O[UMCBOMC - -- -> >> > PCDHIWCUBQK R QHULNITUS:
WBOJX FQ[OH\PORCB\ NDCPCBUH\, DHFUEB BCDZU LOHZUE PECB\ RQU OJ FEBUMÙ_QU NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
class Foo {
// D(*"7@"?)($% .$)*,, &'*'73> ;< 4$2 C'*"#'), )57%*$*, 5'0$#,M"
};
Ptr<Foo> pf(new Foo);
>SSS. 1BOJX DHFUEB SOG [OH\PORCB\QK NDCPCBUHUS, ECS [MFLUBQK MCQQDCPCB\ USN RQU WBO BOH\DO SOZEO
OJ NDCPXRCUSOS OJaUDBU Foo. $U YOBUHOQ\ JX. $FZU [ODCPCE CH\BUMECBFREX_ RCMFCEB. +UM[UEFU RQU
EU BCD QBMCVEO, DCD DCZUBQK EC [UMRX_ RPGHKL.
class Foo {
friend class Pfoo;
protected:
Foo();
public:
7
94
void DoSomething();
void DoSomethingElse();
};
class PFoo {
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
PFoo() : foo(new Foo) {}
PFoo(const PFoo& pf) : foo(new Foo(*(pf.foo))) {}
~PFoo() { delete Foo; }
PFoo& operator=(const PFoo& pf)
{
if (this != &pf) {
delete foo;
foo = new Foo(*(pf.foo));
}
return *this;
}
void DoSomething() { foo->DoSomething(); }
void DoSomethingElse() { foo->DoSomethingElse(); }
};
5MOFPOVHO QHULNITUU: SX ROQ[OH\PORCHFQ\ NLOJEXSF QMULQBRCSF DO[FMORCEFK/RQBCRDF BUDQBC RCVU_
QMULX [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK F [MOLNJHFMORCHF R NDCPCBUHU FEBUMÙ_Q NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. 1BOJX EU
HUEFB\QK F EU RPRCHFRCB\ RQI BKZUHNI MCJOBN [O LUHUGFMORCEFI EC O[UMCBOM - -- -> >> >, SX MUVFBUH\EO
MUCHFPORCHF RQU `NED^FF DHCQQC BCD, WBO DCZLCK FP EFY [UMUEC[MCRHKUB RXPOR `NED^FF-[MOBOBF[N
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. 4DCPCBUHF, ROQ[MOFPROLKTFU FEBUMÙ_Q NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, ECPXRCIBQK
(*"#6B#3.*',( 8$+9+"#24,( (interface pointers).
Mackupoeka ykasueaeroro oLekfa
5OECWCHN DCZUBQK, WBO MUCH\EO SX EFWUGO EU LOJFHFQ\. 1BOJX [OLQBCRHKUSXU `NED^FF MCJOBCHF,
FEBUMÙ_Q DHCQQC Foo RQU MCREO LOHZUE ECYOLFB\QK R `C_HU .h [UMUL OJaKRHUEFUS DHCQQC PFoo. +US EU
SUEUU, QSFMFRVFQ\ Q EUJOH\VFSF LO[OHEFBUH\EXSF RXWFQHUEFKSF LHK ECVFY NDCPCBUHU_, SX
[OHNWCUS JXQBMX_ F OTNBFSX_ MUPNH\BCB.
class Foo1; // G)", .*' &#/"(* 4/0/* / -($"* ' Foo
class PFoo1 {
private:
Foo1* foo;
public:
PFoo1();
PFoo1(const PFoo1& pf);
~PFoo();
PFoo1& operator=(const PFoo1& pf);

void DoSomething();
};
class Foo1 {
friend class PFoo1;
protected:
Foo1();
95
public:
void DoSomething();
};

PFoo1::PFoo1() : foo(new Foo1)
{}

PFoo1::PFoo(const PFoo1& pf) : foo(new Foo1(*(pf.foo)))
{}

PFoo1::~PFoo()
{
delete foo;
}

PFoo1& PFoo1::operator=(const PFoo1& pf)
{
if (this != &pf) {
delete foo;
foo = new Foo1(*(pf.foo));
}
return *this;
}

void PFoo1::DoSomething()
{
foo->DoSomething();
}

void PFoo1::DoSomethingElse()
{
foo->DoSomethingElse();
}

Foo1::Foo1()
{
}

void Foo1::DoSomething()
{
cout << Foo::DoSomething() << endl;
}

void Foo1::DoSomethingElse()
{
cout << Foo::DoSomethingElse() << endl;
}
96
#FLFBU, WBO PLUQ\ [MOFQYOLFB? *HK DHFUEBC DHCQQ Foo [UMUQBCUB QNTUQBRORCB\. *HK RQUY [MCDBFWUQDFY
ÛHU_ NDCPCBUH\ ."+2 QCSFS OJaUDBOS. . BCDFS ZU NQ[UYOS SX SOGHF RQU [UMUFSUEORCB\, NJMCB\ O
[UMUL NDCPCBUHUS F PCSUEFB\ FSK Foo WUS-EF6NL\ JOHUU PCDMXBXS F PCGCLOWEXS. %LFEQBRUEEOU, WBO
GOROMFB O QNTUQBRORCEFF RBOMOGO DHCQQC, [MULRCMFBUH\EOU OJaKRHUEFU class Foo;.
;UEC RQUGO [MOFQYOLKTUGO RXPOR EU [OLQBCRHKUSXY (noninline) `NED^F_ R DCZLO_ `NED^FF DHCQQC
NDCPCBUHK. *HK EUDOBOMXY EUSEOGOWFQHUEEXY [MFHOZUEF_ F DHCQQOR LCZU ]BC SCHCK ÛEC SOZUB QBCB\
EU[MFUSHUSO_. # BCDFY QHNWCKY QNTUQBRNIB LRU CH\BUMECBFRX LHK [ORXVUEFK QDOMOQBF:
FQ[OH\PORCEFU NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_ EC JCPU O[UMCBOMC -> F FQ[OH\PORCEFU FEBUMÙ_QEXY NDCPCBUHU_ Q
PCEUQUEFUS OJaKRHUEFK DHCQQC NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC R `C_H .h F OBDCPOS OB RQUY [MUFSNTUQBR
FEDC[QNHK^FF. 0CD RX NJULFBUQ\ R OQBCRVU_QK WCQBF ]BO_ GHCRX, RBOMO_ RCMFCEB RQU ZU FSUUB
EUDOBOMXU LOQBOFEQBRC.
Hsreueuue uufepqeca
)LEO FP [MUFSNTUQBR FEBUMÙ_QEXY NDCPCBUHU_ R BOS, WBO OEF `CDBFWUQDF [OPROHKIB FPSUEFB\
FEBUMÙ_Q NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC JUP REUQUEFK FPSUEUEF_ R UGO DHCQQ. !EBUMÙ_Q, [MULQBCRHUEEX_
FEBUMÙ_QEXS NDCPCBUHUS, ECYOLFBQK [OHEOQB\I R RCVUS MCQ[OMKZUEFF; RX SOZUBU FQDHIWFB\ FP EUGO
EUDOBOMXU `NED^FF NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, FPSUEFB\ QFGECBNMX, LOJCRFB\ RCVF QOJQBRUEEXU LO[OHEF-
BUH\EXU `NED^FF F [MOQBO YOMOVO [MORUQBF RMUSK, PCEORO FPOJMUBCK NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
Fpauu
6EOGFU JFJHFOBUDF DHCQQOR (OQOJUEEO QRKPCEEXU Q GMC`FWUQDFS FEBUMÙ_QOS [OH\PORCBUHK) QOLUMZCB
JOH\VFU DHCQQX FP LUQKBDOR, C BO F QOBUE `NED^F_. #FPNCH\ECK WCQB\ ]DMCEC R EFY ECPXRCUBQK [O-
MCPEOSN &()%,, %$*%, FHF >+*#2;F. $FZU [ODCPCE BF[FWEX_ ECJMOQOD DHCQQC, DOBOMX_ [MULQBCRHKUB
]BO OBOJMCZCUSOU EUWBO, DCD JX OEO EF ECPXRCHOQ\.
class View { // +$ 57$&*/&" ;30"* 57'/-4'0(<2 '* 0738'8' &#$))$
protected:
// S$)*,, 57"0($-($."(($% *'#,&' 0#% 57'/-4'0(<C &#$))'4 4/0$
public:
// J3(&B// &'()*73/7'4$(/% / /(/B/$#/-$B//
// J3(&B// 3(/.*'1"(/% / 0"$&*/4/-$B//
// L;K/" @3(&B// ';E"&*$
// L;7$;'*&$ )';<*/?
// J3(&B// '*';7$1"(/%
// 6"'2"*7/% (80" )7$;'*$#$ 2<M,?)
// H57$4#"(/" /"7$7C/"? 4/0'4
};
0CZLX_ [OLMCPLUH SOZUB ECQWFBXRCB\ LO EUQDOH\DFY LUQKBDOR `NED^F_. (CPJFMCB\QK R ]BFY `NED^FKY
RQU MCREO WBO JHNZLCB\ R PUMDCH\EOS HCJFMFEBU; DNLC JX RX EF [ORUMENHFQ\, RFLEUIBQK
JUQWFQHUEEXU OBMCZUEFK OLEOGO F BOGO ZU DHCQQC. 0OEUWEO, BCDO_ DHCQQ SOZEO JXHO JX OMGCEFPORCB\ F
JOHUU MCPNSEO EC[MFSUM, RXLUHFB\ DCZLOU QUSU_QBRO FEBUMÙ_QOR R QOJQBRUEEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ F
PCBUS OJaULFEFB\ ]BF DHCQQX Q [OSOT\I SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK. !HF [OQBMOFB\ DOS[HUDQ FP
OJaUDBOR, QORSUQBECK MCJOBC DOBOMXY OQEORCEC EC RPCFSEOS LUHUGFMORCEFF. #QU ]BF RCMFCEBX
OJHCLCIB QROFSF EULOQBCBDCSF.
5OH\PORCBUHF LOHZEX [OSEFB\, DCD OJaULFEKIBQK RQU `MCGSUEBX DCZLOGO QOQBCREOGO DHCQQC.
#X NRUMUEX, WBO LU_QBRFBUH\EO YOBFBU ]BOGO?
0OGLC `MCGSUEBX OJaULFEKIBQK R OJTF_ DHCQQ, OB DOBOMOGO PCBUS QOPLCIBQK [MOFPROLEXU
DHCQQX, [MOJHUSC ROPEFDCUB PCEORO EC LMNGOS NMOREU FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR.
$UHUGDO PCQBCRFB\ OLFE JCPORX_ DHCQQ [MCRFH\EO MCJOBCB\ Q LMNGFS, DOGLC ]BF LRC DHCQQC EU
FSUIB EFWUGO OJTUGO LO FY OJaULFEUEFK R DOEBUDQBU EUDOBOMOGO QOQBCREOGO DHCQQC.
5MOUDBFMORCEFU JOH\VFY DOS[HUDQOR RPCFSOLU_QBRNITFY OJaUDBOR PCEKBFU EU LHK
QHCJOEUMREXY.
97
6OZEO HF MCPJFB\ BCDO_ DHCQQ EC QOQBCRHKITFU, EU [MFJUGCK D QHOZEOQBKS QOPLCEFK [MOFPROLEXY
DHCQQOR FHF LUHUGFMORCEFK? 0OEUWEO SOZEO, UQHF ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK BUYEOHOGFU_ SNLMXY NDCPCBUHU_.
*OQBCBOWEO QOPLCB\ LHK OLEOGO OJaUDBC EUQDOH\DO NDCPCBUHU_, DCZLX_ FP DOBOMXY OBRUWCUB PC
EUDOBOMX_ CQ[UDB LUKBUH\EOQBF ]BOGO OJaUDBC.
class ViewEvents {
private:
View* view;
public:
// J3(&B//, '*(')%K/")% & ';7$;'*&" )';<*/?
};

class ViewDrawing {
private:
View* view;
public:
// J3(&B//, '*(')%K/")% & 87$@/.")&'23 4<4'03
};
// D *.0.
0CZLX_ FP ]BFY SNLMXY NDCPCBUHU_ ROQ[MOFPROLFB FEBUMÙ_Q D EUDOBOMOSN [OLSEOZUQBRN `NED^F_
DHCQQC View F [UMUEC[MCRHKUB RXPORX `NED^FKS-[MOBOBF[CS OJaUDBC RFLC. .CS OJaUDB RFLC SOZUB
JXB\ NQBMOUE DCD NGOLEO: EC OQEORU OLFEOWEOGO F SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK, LUHUGFMORCEFK R
DOS[HUDQU OJaUDBOR FHF R ÒMSU OLEOGO GFGCEBQDOGO DOEGHOSUMCBC; DHFUEBOR ]BO ROHEORCB\ EU LOHZEO.
& ECPXRCI BCDFU FEBUMÙ_QEXU NDCPCBUHF, OGMCEFWFRCITFU DHFUEBC [OLSEOZUQBROS [OHEOGO
FEBUMÙ_QC, 76+*4,( (facets).
3BC JCPORCK FLUK NDOMUEFHCQ\ DCD SFEFSNS R OLEO_ DOSSUMWUQDO_ BUYEOHOGFF DOS[OEUEBEO_
SOLUHF OJaUDBC (.)6, Component Object Model) DOS[CEFF Microsoft, DOBOMCK ECPXRCUB ]BF NDCPCBUHF
(*"#6B#3.+,(. )LFE FP SUHDFY MCPMCJOBWFDOR, DOS[CEFK Quasar Knowledge Systems, [MULHOZFHC
CECHOGFWENI FLUI LHK OJaUDBOR SmallTalk F ECPRCHC BCDFU NDCPCBUHF $%,>2#$.+,( (suites). 0CD JX OEF
EF ECPXRCHFQ\, ]BO_ FLUU QNZLUEO QBCB\ OLEO_ FP RCZEU_VFY FLFOS LFPC_EC OJaUDBEO-
OMFUEBFMORCEEOGO [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK JNLNTUGO, [OQDOH\DN OEC OJHCLCUB [ORXVUEEO_ GFJDOQB\I F
SOLNH\EOQB\I [O QMCREUEFI Q `NED^FOECH\EXS LUHUEFUS EC OQEORU ECQHULORCEFK F LUHUGFMORCEFK.
5MF RQU_ [MOQBOBU DOEÛ[^FF OEC JNLUB [MCRFH\EO MCJOBCB\ HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF [OPCJOBFB\QK O
SEOGOWFQHUEEXY BUYEFWUQDFY LUBCHKY. *CRC_BU MCQQSOBMFS FY OLEN PC LMNGO_, EU ZCHUK RMUSUEF.
Rpeopasoeauue ykasueaeroro oLekfa e rpauu
!BCD, RX YOBFBU [OHNWFB\ GMCE\ [O FSUITUSNQK NDCPXRCUSOSN OJaUDBN. *HK ]BOGO QNTUQBRNUB SEOGO
Q[OQOJOR, OLECDO ECFJOHUU QOOBRUBQBRNITF_ QBFHI C++ PCDHIWCUBQK R FQ[OH\PORCEFF O[UMCBOMOR
[MUOJMCPORCEFK.
class View {
public:
operator ViewEvents() { return new ViewEvents(this); }
operator ViewDrawing() { return new ViewDrawing(this); }
};
*MNGO_ RCMFCEB MCPMUVFB\ [OH\PORCBUHI EC[MKSNI FQ[OH\PORCB\ DOEQBMNDBOMX DHCQQC GMCEF:
ViewEvents ve(aView);
)J FY LOQBOFEQBRCY F EULOQBCBDCY SOZEO Q[OMFB\ LOHGO, EO HFWEO K [MUL[OWFBCI [UMRX_ Q[OQOJ [O
[MFWFECS, O DOBOMXY SX RQDOMU [OGOROMFS. .NTUQBRNUB UTU OLFE Q[OQOJ, DOBOMX_ BOZU PCQHNZFRCUB
N[OSFECEFK [MFQROFB\ DCZLOSN BF[N GMCEF NEFDCH\EX_ FLUEBF`FDCBOM F PCBUS QOPLCB\ ULFENI,
SEOGOÛHURNI `NED^FI GUEUMC^FF GMCEU_ LHK RQUY DHCQQOR. +CDCK `NED^FK [OHNWCUB FLUEBF`FDCBOM
BF[C GMCEF R DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBC F ROPRMCTCUB GMCE\, UQHF OEC [OLLUMZFRCUBQK OJaUDBOS, F NULL - R
98
[MOBFREOS QHNWCU. +U FP RCQ, DOSN [MFYOLFHOQ\ [OH\PORCB\QK BUYEOHOGFKSF .)6 F OLE DOS[CEFF
Microsoft, NPECIB PECDOSNI `NED^FI QueryInterface, [OLLUMZFRCUSNI RQUSF OJaUDBCSF.
Kpucfannu
%QHF N RCQ FSUUBQK OLEC GMCE\ F RX YOBFBU [OHNWFB\ LMNGNI GMCE\ BOGO ZU OJaUDBC, ECFJOHUU
[MKSOHFEU_EX_ [OLYOL BCDZU PCDHIWCUBQK RO RDHIWUEFF O[UMCBOMOR [MUOJMCPORCEFK R GMCE\.
4[MOTUEEX_ [OLYOL RXGHKLFB BCD:
class ViewEvents {
private:
View* view;
public:
operator ViewDrawing() { return ViewDrawing(*view); }
// D *.0. 0#% 0738/C 87$("?
};
# ]BOS SCHUE\DOS .++-FPSU MCJOBC [OMNWCUBQK O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF operator ViewDrawing()
ÛHUROGO RFLC. 5MF SCHOS DOHFWUQBRU GMCEU_ BCDOU MUVUEFU R[OHEU [MFUSHUSO. . MOQBOS DOHFWUQBRC
GMCEU_ WFQHO O[UMCBOMOR [MUOJMCPORCEFK ROPMCQBCUB R DRCLMCBFWEO_ PCRFQFSOQBF, [OQDOH\DN DCZLCK
GMCE\ LOHZEC [MUOJMCPORXRCB\ DO RQUS OQBCH\EXS. .HULNITCK SOLF`FDC^FK ROPRMCTCUB PCLCWN D
[OMKLDN n, GLU n DOHFWUQBRO GMCEU_. 5MOLOHZCK QROI OBDMORUEEO QHCJNI SUBCÒMN, K ECPXRCI
OJaUDB, DOBOMX_ QOJFMCUB F RXLCUB GMCEF, $6(."+22%, (gemstone).
class View;
class ViewEvents;
class ViewDrawing;
class ViewGemstone {
private:
View* view;
public:
ViewGemstone(View* v) : view(v) {}
bool operator!() { return view == NULL; }
operator ViewEvents();
operator ViewDrawing();
// D *.0.
};

class ViewEvents {
friend class ViewGemstone;
private:
View* view;
ViewEvents(View* v) : view(v) {}
public:
operator ViewGemstone();
};

class ViewDrawing {
friend class ViewGemstone;
private:
View* view;
ViewDrawing(View* v) : view(v) {}
99
public:
operator ViewGemstone();
};
4 ECQ UQB\ OLFE OJaUDB, DMFQBCHH, DOBOMX_ NSUUB GUEUMFMORCB\ RQU GMCEF; DCZLCK GMCE\, R QROI
OWUMUL\, PECUB, DCD EC_BF DMFQBCHH. 0MFQBCHH KRHKUBQK ULFEQBRUEEXS OJaUDBOS, DOBOMX_ SOZUB
QOPLCRCB\ GMCEF, BCD DCD [OQHULEFU FSUIB PCDMXBXU DOEQBMNDBOMX F LMNZCB Q DMFQBCHHOS. 0OEÛ[^FK
DMFQBCHHC WMUPRXWC_EO GFJDC OE SOZUB JXB\ QCSOQBOKBUH\EXS OJaUDBOS, CJQBMCDBEXS JCPORXS
DHCQQOS OJaUDBC F LCZU OLEO_ FP GMCEU_.
. [UMROGO RPGHKLC DCZUBQK, WBO BCDOU MUVUEFU QOPLCUB FPHFVEFU EUNLOJQBRC LHK [OH\PORCBUHK,
DOBOMOSN [MFYOLFBQK RX[OHEKB\ LRC [OQHULORCBUH\EXY [MUOJMCPORCEFK BF[C. $CRUMEOU, DOSN-EFJNL\
PCYOWUBQK QLUHCB\ DHCQQ ViewGemstone JCPORXS LHK RQUY OQBCH\EXY. +CDO_ RCMFCEB ROPSOZUE, EO
BOGLC FQWUPENB EUDOBOMXU RCZEXU [MUFSNTUQBRC. 5MFRULUEECK RXVU SOLUH\ KRHKUBQK CJQOHIBEO
[HOQDO_; SUZLN GMCEKSF EU QNTUQBRNUB OBEOVUEF_ ECQHULORCEFK. 8HCGOLCMK ]BOSN ROPEFDCUB OGMOSECK
QBU[UE\ QROJOLX R MUCHFPC^FF LHK [OLLUMZCEFK ]BFY FEBUMÙ_QOR SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\
ECQHULORCEFU, LUHUGFMORCEFU F CGMUGFMORCEFU (REULMUEEXU [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC). #QU ]BO Q HFYRO_
ODN[CUB OLEO HFVEUU [MUOJMCPORCEFU BF[C.
Bapuauuu ua fery rpaue
,MCEF SOZEO MUCHFPORCB\ EUQDOH\DFSF Q[OQOJCSF. # QORODN[EOQBF OEF OJMCPNIB ECLSEOZUQBRO BUY
ROPSOZEOQBU_, DOBOMXU R C++ [OLLUMZFRCIBQK Q [OSOT\I ECQHULORCEFK F [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC.
Fpauu ruoecfea nopqyukuu
.CSCK [MOQBCK ÒMSC GMCEF BC, DOBOMCK [MULOQBCRHKUB FEBUMÙ_Q D [OLSEOZUQBRN `NED^F_
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
// G @$?#" Pointee.h
class Pointee;
class Facet {
friend class PointeeGemstone;
private:
Pointee* pointee;
Facet(Pointee* p) : pointee(p) {}
public:
void Fn1();
int Fn2();
void Fn17();
};

class PointeeGemstone {
private:
Pointee* pointee;
public:
PointeeGemstone(Pointee* p) : pointee(p) {}
Operator Facet();
};

// G @$?#" Pointee.cpp
class Pointee {
public:
void Fn1();
.00
int Fn2();
void Fn3();
char Fn4();
// D *.0.
void Fn17();
};
"LUQ\ GMCE\ [MOQBO OBJMCQXRCUB RQU `NED^FF, DOBOMXU EU RYOLKB R UU DOS[UBUE^FI. 0HFUEB FSUUB LUHO
Q OJaUDBOS, DOBOMX_ ECSEOGO HUGWU RQUGO NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, EO PC DNHFQCSF RQU MCREO [MKWUBQK
[OHEX_ OJaUDB.
Fpauu nepereuuue knacca
,MCE\ SOZUB [MULQBCRHKB\ QOJO_ FEBUMÙ_QEX_ NDCPCBUH\ EC [UMUSUEENI DHCQQC. 3BO [OPROHKUB
SEOGODMCBEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ GMCE\ R MCPHFWEXY DMFQBCHHCY FHF LHK OMGCEFPC^FF FEBUMÙ_QC D
OBLUH\EOSN ]DPUS[HKMN. %QHF NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB FSUUB [UMUSUEENI DHCQQC Bar, GMCE\ SOZUB
[MULQBCRHKB\ QOJO_ [MOQBO_ FEBUMÙ_QEX_ NDCPCBUH\ EC Bar.
class BarFacet {
private:
Bar* bar;
public:
BarFacet(Bar* b) : bar(b) {}
// D(*"7@"?)< & @3(&B/%2 &#$))$ Bar
};

private:
Pointee* p;
public:
operator BarFacet();
// D *.0.
};

class Pointee {
private:
Bar bar; // G("07"(($% 5"7"2"(($% &#$))$ Pointee
public:
// D *.0.
};

PointeeGemstone::operator BarFacet()
{
return BarFacet(&p->Bar); // 67$(, 5"7"2"(('?
}
#QU [MUDMCQEO MCJOBCUB, UQHF RCS YRCBCUB OBEOQFBUH\EO [MOQBXY [MCRFH QOGHCQORCEEOQBF C++.
#UMOKBEO, R JOHUU OJTUS QHNWCU QBOFB ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK [MFUSCSF, O[FQCEEXSF LCHUU, R MCPLUHU
)JUQ[UWUEFU QOGHCQORCEEOQBF. # WCQBEOQBF, OLEC FP [MOJHUS BCDOGO N[MOTUEEOGO [OLYOLC
.0.
PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO RX SOZUBU [UMU_BF OB DMFQBCHHC D GMCEF BarFacet, EO EU QSOZUBU RX[OHEFB\
OJMCBEOU [MUOJMCPORCEFU [O FEÒMSC^FF, LOQBN[EO_ R GMCEF.
Fpauu asoeue knaccu
,MCEF BCDZU SOGNB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK LHK QOPLCEFK ]DRFRCHUEBC RQBMOUEEOGO [MUOJMCPORCEFK BF[C OB
[MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC D JCPOROSN.
class FooFacet {
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
FooFacet(Foo* f) : foo(f) {}
// D(*"7@"?)< & @3(&B/%2 &#$))$ foo
};

private:
Pointee* p;
public:
operator FooFacet();
// D *.0.
};

class Pointee : public Foo {
public:
// D *.0.
};

PointeeGemstone::operator FooFacet()
{
return FooFacet(p); // I'25/#%*'7 57"';7$-3"* p & Foo*
}
0CD F R QHNWCU Q GMCEKSF-[UMUSUEEXSF, ]BO SOZUB [OPROHFB\ RCS SEOGODMCBEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ OLEF F BU
ZU GMCEF Foo LHK JCPORXY DHCQQOR, [UMUSUEEXY FHF OBLUH\EXY OJaUDBOR, YOBK LHK OJUQ[UWUEFK JOHUU
QBMOGFY [MCRFH QOGHCQORCEEOQBF, O[FQCEEXY EFZU, [OBMUJNUBQK JOHUU NPDCK Q[U^FCHFPC^FK. $C[MFSUM,
[MF BCDOS [OLYOLU RX QSOZUBU RX[OHEFB\ [MUOJMCPORCEFU OB DMFQBCHHC D GMCEF FooFacet, EO EU
QSOZUBU QEORC RUMENB\QK D DMFQBCHHN.
Fpauu penerafu
#O RQUY BMUY O[FQCEEXY RCMFCEBCY (GMCEF R DCWUQBRU [OLSEOZUQBRC FEBUMÙ_QOR, [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC F
JCPORXY DHCQQOR) [OLMCPNSURCUBQK OJaULFEUEFU EUQDOH\DFY OJaUDBOR R OLFE. #OPSOZEO F LMNGOU
MUVUEFU FQ[OH\PORCB\ QUB\ RPCFSOLU_QBRNITFY OJaUDBOR F FSUB\ OLEN GMCE\ LHK DCZLOGO OJaUDBC R
QUBF. .FBNC^FK OWUE\ [OYOZC EC RCMFCEB Q GMCEKSF-[UMUSUEEXSF, YOBK CLMUQ, EC DOBOMX_ NDCPXRCUB
GMCE\, EU REULMKUBQK `FPFWUQDF R NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB DCD [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC.
class BarFacet {
private:
Bar* bar;
.02
public:
BarFacet(Bar* b) : bar(b) {}
// D(*"7@"?)< & @3(&B/%2 &#$))$ Bar
};

private:
Pointee* p;
public:
operator BarFacet();
// D *.0.
};

class Pointee {
private:
Bar* bar; // H1" (" 4("07"(($% 5"7"2"(($% &#$))$
public:
// D *.0.
};

PointeeGemstone::operator BarFacet()
{
return BarFacet(&p->Bar);
}
+CDOU MUVUEFU QBMCLCUB EULOQBCBOWEO_ QOGHCQORCEEOQB\I, DCD F MUVUEFU Q GMCEKSF-[UMUSUEEXSF.
Koruuauuu u eapuauuu
%QHF EC RCQ ECDCBFB OQOJUEEO BROMWUQDOU ECQBMOUEFU, SOZEO QOPLCB\ GMCEF, R DOBOMXY FQ[OH\PNIBQK
DOSJFEC^FF ]BFY WUBXMUY [OLYOLOR. $C[MFSUM, OLEC GMCE\ SOZUB RDHIWCB\ [OLSEOZUQBRO
FEBUMÙ_QEXY `NED^F_ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC; OLEN FEBUMÙ_QENI `NED^FI, LUHUGFMNITNI
[UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC; LMNGNI, LUHUGFMNITNI JCPOROSN DHCQQN; F BMUB\I, MCJOBCITNI Q LUHUGCBOS
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. $C 0C[FBOHF_QDOS YOHSU BCDCK QFBNC^FK JXHC R[UMRXU [MULQBCRHUEC R -DBU O
#QUQBOMOEEUS 5MFSUEUEFF !LFOS C++ OB /995 GOLC.
Hukancynnuun ykasueaeroro oLekfa
(CP RQK ]BC JNMECK LUKBUH\EOQB\ QDOEÛEBMFMORCEC RODMNG OJaUDBC View, BO DCD NJMCB\ UGO [OLCH\VU OB
GHCP VFMODO_ [NJHFDF? .OJQBRUEEO, ]BO QWFBCHOQ\ OLEFS FP LOQBOFEQBR FEBUMÙ_QEXY NDCPCBUHU_, EU
[MCRLC HF? %TU MCP [OQSOBMFBU EC DMFQBCHH RFLC. +CD HF NZ EUOJYOLFSO [OH\PORCBUHI RFLUB\
NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB [MF FQ[OH\PORCEFF ]BO_ QBMCBUGFF? # LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF USN YRCBFB ROPSOZEOQBF
QOPLCRCB\ DMFQBCHHX, DOBOMXU, R QROI OWUMUL\, JNLNB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK LHK [OHNWUEFK EUOJYOLFSXY
GMCEU_. 0OGLC ]BO JNLUB QLUHCEO, GMCEF F DMFQBCHHX SOZEO [OSUQBFB\ R `C_H .h F QDMXB\ NDCPXRCUSX_
OJaUDB R `C_HU .QMM.
+CDO_ RCMFCEB OQOJUEEO YOMOVO MCJOBCUB R QOWUBCEFF Q LMNGFSF FLFOSCSF. . [UMUYOLEXSF BF[CSF
NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX SOZEO SUEKB\ RO RMUSK RX[OHEUEFK [MOGMCSSX. ,OSOSOMÈXU FUMCMYFF
DHCQQOR [OPROHKIB FQ[OH\PORCB\ OLFE ECJOM GMCEU_ LHK OMGCEFPC^FF FEBUMÙ_QC D LUMUR\KS QUSU_QBR
[MOFPROLEXY FHF [UMUDOS[OEORCEEXY (recomposed) DHCQQOR NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR. #ULNTFU
NDCPCBUHF [OSOGCIB QOJHIQBF EUDOBOMXU FP [MCRFH QOGHCQORCEEOQBF, O DOBOMXY JNLUB MCQQDCPCEO
[OPZU.
.03
Rpoeepka rpaue
*CRC_BU UTU EUSEOGO MCQVFMFS ]BN FLFOSN F [MUL[OHOZFS, WBO EUDOBOMCK GMCE\ SOZUB
[OLLUMZFRCB\QK FHF EU [OLLUMZFRCB\QK OJaUDBOS. ) BOS, [OWUSN F DCD ]BO SOZUB [MOFPO_BF, SX
[OGOROMFS RO RMUSK FPNWUEFK [UMUYOLEXY BF[OR LCHUU R ]BO_ GHCRU, C [ODC OBRUBFS EC RO[MOQ: DCD
DHFUEB SOZUB O[MULUHFB\, [OLLUMZFRCUBQK HF EUDOBOMX_ OJaUDB EUDOBOMO_ GMCE\I? (UVUEFU
[OQBMOUEO EC LMNGOS .++-FPSU [UMUGMNPDU O[UMCBOMC !.
class ViewEvents {
private:
View* view;
public:
ViewEvents(View* v) : view(v) {}
// D *.0.
};

// G &#/"(*)&'2 &'0"
ViewEvents ve(aViewGemstone);
if (!ve) {
cerr << G/0 (" ';7$;$*<4$"* )';<*/?! << endl;
throw interface_error;
}
5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO aViewGemstone OBEOQFBQK D DMFQBCHHCS RFLC, O DOBOMXY GOROMFHOQ\ RXVU, F
QOLUMZFB O[UMCBOMENI `NED^FI operator ViewEvents(). 0HIWURCK QBMODC ViewEvents
ve(aViewGenistone) MCJOBCUB R LRC ]BC[C: QECWCHC RXPXRCUBQK O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK operator
ViewEvents(), RX[OHEKITCK [MUOJMCPORCEFU, C PCBUS ve DOEQBMNFMNUBQK Q [OSOT\I DOEQBMNDBOMC
DO[F_ ViewEvents. %QHF DMFQBCHH RFLC MUVCUB, WBO LCEEX_ RFL EU OJMCJCBXRCUB QOJXBF_, OE SOZUB
QDOEQBMNFMORCB\ ]DPUS[HKM ViewEvents Q view, MCREXS NULL. "CBUS O[UMCBOM ! [MORUMKUB
ROPRMCTUEENI GMCE\. :NED^FF GMCEF BCDZU SOGNB [MORUMKB\ ECHFWFU OJaUDBC [UMUL BUS, DCD [XBCB\QK
WBO-BO LUHUGFMORCB\ USN.
Void ViewEvents::DoSomething()
{
if (!*this) // *' ")*, if (view == NULL)
// D(/B//7'4$*, /)&#>."(/"
view->DoSomething();
}
Oecneeuue cornacoeauuocfu
# OLEFY OBEOVUEFKY C++ EU[MOEF^CUS, DCD GMCEFBECK QDCHC, R LMNGFY LXMKR, DCD MUVUBO. )LEC FP
BCDFY LXM EUQOGHCQORCEEX_ [OLYOL D [MUOJMCPORCEFI BF[OR. #X SOZUBU [OHNWFB\ CLMUQ
[UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC, EO [O ]BOSN CLMUQN EUH\PK JUPO[CQEO [UMU_BF D OJaUDBN, DOBOMOSN [MFECLHUZFB
[UMUSUEECK. 4 DOS[FHKBOMC YRCBCUB NSC LHK CRBOSCBFWUQDOGO [MFRULUEFK NDCPCBUHK EC [MOFPROLEX_
DHCQQ D NDCPCBUHI EC JCPORX_, EO RUMENB\QK D NDCPCBUHI EC [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ OE NZU EU QSOZUB.
5MFLUBQK RX[OHEKB\ EUJUPO[CQEOU KREOU [MUOJMCPORCEFU, [OH\PNITUUQK LNMEO_ QHCRO_. 8OH\VFEQBRO
[MOGMCSSFQBOR F [MOUDBFMORTFDOR HFV\ FQ[NQDCUB GHNJODF_ RPLOY, OJXWEO [MFJUMUGCUSX_ LHK
QN[MNZUQDFY QQOM, F ZFRUB Q ]BFSF EUQOOBRUBQBRFKSF. )LECDO JHCGOLCMK FLFOSU GMCEU_ OBDMXRCUBQK
NEFDCH\ECK ROPSOZEOQB\ FQ[MCRFB\ ]BOB CQ[UDB C++. .NTUQBRNIB BMF QRO_QBRC, DOBOMXU R QO-
RODN[EOQBF OJUQ[UWFRCIB OBQNBQBRNITNI R C++ QBU[UE\ QOGHCQORCEEOQBF. # QHULNITUS O[FQCEFF
RXMCZUEFU $=>b OPECWCUB, WBO GMCEF BF[C - QOLUMZCB O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK, LCITF_ GMCE\ BF[C B;
C F b KRHKIBQK DOEDMUBEXSF ]DPUS[HKMCSF BF[OR - F # QOOBRUBQBRUEEO. >OBK ]BF [MCRFHC OBEOQKBQK D
Q[U^F`FDU C++ F GMCEU_, OEF BCDZU KRHKIBQK WCQB\I QBCELCMBEO_ LFQ^F[HFEX [MOUDBFMORCEFK,
FQ[OH\PNUSO_ R BUYEOHOGFF .)6 DOS[CEFF Microsoft:
.04
/. !(,,#"6(-*%.";. %QHF C=>b, BO b=>C. 5OQHULQBRFK: GMCE\ [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC LOHZEC NSUB\
ROQQBCECRHFRCB\ RSUTCITF_ OJaUDB, FP DOBOMOGO OEC [OHNWUEC, C GMCE\ JCPORX_ DHCQQ
LOHZEC NSUB\ JUPO[CQEO ROPRMCTCB\QK D [MCRFH\EOSN [MOFPROLEOSN DHCQQN.
2. Q6+*9("(&*%.";. %QHF C=>b, C=>Q F b=>c2, BO Q F Q2 LOHZEX JXB\ ]DRFRCHUEBEX; BOWEUU, OEF
LOHZEX JXB\ GMCEKSF OLEOGO OJaUDBC, OJUQ[UWFRCITFSF FLUEBFWEXU ECJOMX `NED^FOECH\EXY
QMULQBR. 5MF ]BOS `FPFWUQDF OEF SOGNB JXB\ MCPEXSF GMCEKSF.
3. K."%3-(&%."; 76+*#3. 5ODC GMCE\ QNTUQBRNUB, OEC LOHZEC MCJOBCB\ DOMMUDBEO. !ECWU GOROMK,
[MF NLCHUEFF NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC RQU QQXHCITFUQK EC EUGO GMCEF [OQHU RX[OHEUEFK
O[UMCBOMC ! ECWFECIB ROPRMCTCB\ false F FEF^FFMORCB\ FQDHIWUEFK [MF RXPORU `NED^F_. 3BO
[OHOZUEFU SOZEO JXHO JX QÒMSNHFMORCB\ F JOHUU QBMOGO NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB EU LOHZUE
NEFWBOZCB\QK LO BUY [OM, [ODC LHK EUGO QNTUQBRNUB YOBK JX OLEC GMCE\. # WCQBEOQBF, ]BO
[MCRFHO FQ[OH\PNUBQK R BUYEOHOGFF .)6.
5UMRXU LRC [MCRFHC RX[OHEFB\ EUQHOZEO, YOBK PC ]BO EUMULDO [MFYOLFBQK MCQ[HCWFRCB\QK OJaUSOS F
JXQBMOLU_QBRFUS. 5OQFLFBU [CMN RUWUMOR, ECJU_BU ZFROB ZFMEO_ [F^Û_, F RX ECRUMEKDC QCSF
[MFLNSCUBU, DCD OJUQ[UWFB\ RX[OHEUEFU ]BFY LRNY [MCRFH. $UDOBOMXU MUDOSUELC^FF [MFRULUEX EFZU.
4QBO_WFROQB\ GMCEU_ QORQUS LMNGOU LUHO; SX DOEQBCBFMNUS [MOJHUSN QU_WCQ, EO OBDHCLXRCUS
MUVUEFU LO QHULNITFY GHCR.
Currefpuuocfu
.CSX_ [MOQBO_ Q[OQOJ RX[OHEFB\ ]BO BMUJORCEFU RDHIWFB\ R DHCQQ GMCEF LRU [UMUSUEEXU. # OLEO_
YMCEFB\ CLMUQ QOQBCREOGO OJaUDBC, FQ[OH\PNUSOGO GMCE\I, C R LMNGO_ CLMUQ DMFQBCHHC FHF FQYOLEOGO
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
class BarFacet {
private:
Bar* bar;
PointeeGemstone* gemstone;
public:
BarFacet(Bar* b, PointeeGemstone* agg) : bar(b), gemstone(agg) {}
operator PointeeGemstone() { return *gemstone; }
// D(*"7@"?)< & @3(&B/%2 Bar
};
$CHFWFU OJMCBEOGO NDCPCBUHK OJUQ[UWFRCUB QFSSUBMFWEOQB\; [O DMFQBCHHN SOZEO .[OHNWFB\ GMCE\, C [O
GMCEF DMFQBCHH. )QEORECK [MOJHUSC QOQBOFB R BOS, WBO BarFacet EU GOLFBQK LHK [ORBOMEOGO
FQ[OH\PORCEFK, UQHF #CG KRHKUBQK DOS[OEUEBOS MCPHFWEXY DMFQBCHHOR; LHK DCZLOGO FQ[OH\PORCEFK
[MFYOLFBQK QOPLCRCB\ OBLUH\ENI GMCE\.
Tpausufueuocfu
$C QCSOS LUHU QOJHILUEFU ]BOGO [MFE^F[C PCRFQFB OB LFQ^F[HFEX [MOUDBFMORCEFK. +MCEPFBFREOQB\
ECMNVCUBQK R QFBNC^FKY EC[OLOJFU QHULNITU_:
class Foo {
private:
Blob* blob;
Bar* bar;
};

class Bar {
private:
Blob* another_blob;
};
.05
%QHF OJMCBFB\QK D DHCQQN Foo Q PC[MOQOS EC [OHNWUEFU Glob, OE RUMEUB RCS BO, EC WBO QQXHCUBQK UGO
QOJQBRUEECK [UMUSUEECK. %QHF PC[MOQFB\ Bar, C PCBUS N Bar PC[MOQFB\ Blob, RX [OHNWFBU LMNGO_
OJaUDB BOB, EC DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK Bar.
+CDCK QFBNC^FK OJXWEO RQBMUWCUBQK [MF SEOZUQBRUEEOS ECQHULORCEFF F SEOGODMCBEOS (YOBK F
DOQRUEEOS) ECQHULORCEFF OB OLEOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC. %QHF [UMUMCJOBCB\ [MFRULUEEX_ RXVU `MCGSUEB,
BN ZU [MOJHUSN SOZEO HUGDO ROQQOPLCB\ Q [MFSUEUEFUS ECQHULORCEFK:
class Blob { ... };
class Foo : public Blob { ... };
class Bar : public Foo, public Blob { ... };
# ]BOS `MCGSUEBU PCHOZUEC EUOLEOPECWEOQB\. 5MF [MUOJMCPORCEFF BF[C Bar* R Blob* EU[OEKBEO,
DCDO_ ZU Blob FSUUBQK R RFLN: EU[OQMULQBRUEEO JCPORX_ LHK Bar FHF BOB, OB DOBOMOGO [MOFQYOLFB
Foo? *CZU UQHF RCS NLCQBQK Q[MCRFB\QK Q EUOLEOPECWEOQB\I, BMCEPFBFREOQB\ RQU MCREO ECMNVCUBQK.
0CD ZU FPJUZCB\ [OLOJEXY [MOJHUS? & SOG JX [NQBFB\QK R PCSXQHORCBXU OJaKQEUEFK, EO RQU QROLFBQK
D OLEOSN: QHULFBU PC QOJO_. $U ECQHULN_BU %"$6'"% OB OLEOGO DHCQQC EUQDOH\DO MCP R FUMCMYFWUQDOS
LUMURU EUDOBOMOGO DHCQQC (Q PCDMXBXS ECQHULORCEFUS [MOJHUS OJXWEO EU ROPEFDCUB, [OQDOH\DN EUH\PK
RX[OHEFB\ [MUOJMCPORCEFU D BF[N PCDMXBOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC). $U REULMK_BU ]DPUS[HKMX OLEOGO DHCQQC
R DCWUQBRU [UMUSUEEXY JOHUU WUS OLEOGO DOS[OEUEBC, C UQHF NZ RX ]BO QLUHCHF EU [MULOQBCRHK_BU
FEBUMÙ_QX JOHUU WUS D OLEOSN FP EFY.
Ycfoueocfu rpaue
# ]BCHOEEOS C++ ]BC [MOJHUSC ROPEFDCUB, EC[MFSUM, [MF [OHNWUEFF CLMUQC [UMUSUEEO_ FHF JCPOROGO
DHCQQC F [OQHULNITUS NLCHUEFF RSUTCITUGO OJaUDBC. 4DCPCBUH\ EC [UMUSUEENI FHF JCPORX_ DHCQQ
[MURMCTCUBQK R SNQOM. 5MOJHUSC OJUQ[UWUEFK QOGHCQORCEEOQBF R BCDO_ EUMCPJUMFYU EU MUVCUBQK PC
OJULOS R BUWUEFU OLEOGO LEK. 4QFHUEECK ÒMSNHFMORDC (NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX LOHZEX QNTUQBRORCB\
LO BUY [OM, [ODC LHK EFY QNTUQBRNIB GMCEF) OBDHCLXRCUBQK LO BO_ WCQBF DEFGF, DOBOMCK [OQRKTUEC
N[MCRHUEFI [CSKB\I. .HCJCK ÒMSNHFMORDC HUGDO OJUQ[UWFRCUBQK Q [OSOT\I RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_.
%QHF GMCE\ MCJOBCUB Q OJaUDBOS WUMUP RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\, BO N RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK SOZEO Q[MOQFB\: -
NDCPXRCUV\ HF BX QU_WCQ EC QNTUQBRNITF_ OJaUDB? %QHF OBRUB JNLUB OBMF^CBUH\EXS, O[UMCBOM !
ROPRMCTCUB true, F `NED^FF ECWFECIB FEF^FFMORCB\ FQDHIWUEFK. 5MCRLC, OQBCUBQK LMNGCK [MOJHUSC
DOGLC F DCD NLCHKB\ RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF. %U BCDZU HNWVU MCQQSCBMFRCB\ [MF OJQNZLUEFF MCPHFWEXY
QBMCBUGF_ N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I.
Fpauu u eepyue ykasafenu
0OEÛ[^FF GMCEU_ F DMFQBCHHOR YOMOVO QOWUBCIBQK Q DOEÛ[^FU_ RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. .NTUQBRNIB
LRC OQEOREXY [OLYOLC.
Bepyu ykasafenu e cepepuue
+MCLF^FOEEX_ RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ (RUMOKBEO, Q FQ[OH\PORCEFUS O[UMCBOMC ->) RQBCRHKUBQK SUZLN
NDCPXRCUSXS OJaUDBOS F GMCE\I. # ]BOS QHNWCU GMCEF [MURMCTCIBQK R MCPEORFLEOQB\ LUQDMF[BOMOR,
DOQRUEEO OJMCTCITFYQK D WHUECS NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC WUMUP RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\. #ULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\
LOHZUE NSUB\ YOBK JX GUEUMFMORCB\ DMFQBCHH, DOBOMX_ PCBUS JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK DHFUEBCSF LHK
GUEUMC^FF LMNGFY GMCEU_. %QHF RUQ\ LOQBN[ D OJaUDBN OQNTUQBRHKUBQK WUMUP GMCEF, [OLNSC_BU O BOS,
WBOJX QLUHCB\ O[UMCBOM -> RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK PCDMXBXS, C GMCEF OJaKRFB\ LMNP\KSF.
Rpeepaeuue kpucfanna e eepyu ykasafenu
0MFQBCHHN [MFQRCFRCIBQK `NED^FF RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK. "CBUS DMFQBCHH GUEUMFMNUB GMCEF F
[OLLUMZFRCUB QUSCEBFDN RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK LHK DOEQBMNFMORCEFK F NEFWBOZUEFK. ,MCEF [OHNWCIB
LOQBN[ D NDCPXRCUSOSN OJaUDBN -#6#9 $6(."+22. 1BOJX RCS JXHO NLOJEUU, SOZEO [MULOQBCRFB\
PCDMXBX_ O[UMCBOM -> R DMFQBCHHU F QLUHCB\ GMCEF LMNP\KSF DMFQBCHHC. ,MCEF `CDBFWUQDF
[MURMCTCIBQK R LUQDMF[BOMX F [OHNWCIB LOQBN[ D NDCPXRCUSOSN OJaUDBN DOQRUEEO, WUMUP DMFQBCHH.
.06
Repexopuue funu
)QEORECK FLUK [UMUYOLEOGO BF[C (malleable type) - DHCQQ, ]DPUS[HKMX DOBOMOGO DCD JX FPSUEKIB QRO_
BF[ RO RMUSK RX[OHEUEFK [MOGMCSSX. 0OEUWEO, ÒMSCH\EO # C++ BCDOGO [MOFQYOLFB\ EU SOZUB
FECWU RCS [MFVHOQ\ JX RQUM\UP F ECLOHGO [OLMNZFB\QK Q OBHCLWFDOS. +US EU SUEUU, WNLUQC
QORMUSUEEXY NDCPCBUHU_ [OPROHKIB LOJFB\QK [OWBF BOGO ZU ]`ÙDBC.
Ronuropquue ykasueaerue oLekfu
# JCPOROS RCMFCEBU RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK [MFQNBQBRNUB [UMUSUEECK Q BF[OS Pointee*. $o DBO QDCPCH,
WBO OJaUDB, EC DOBOMX_ OEC QQXHCUBQK, LOHZUE JXB\ ECQBOKTFS Pointee, C EU DCDFS-EFJNL\ DHCQQOS,
[MOFPROLEXS OB Pointee?
// G @$?#" Foo.h
class Foo {
protected:
Foo();
public:
// S#"(< Foo
};

class Pfoo { // G"03K/? 3&$-$*"#,
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
PFoo();
Foo* operator->() const { return foo; }
// L)*$#,(<" .#"(<, C$7$&*"7(<" 0#% 4"03K/C 3&$-$*"#"?
};

// G @$?#" Foo.cpp
class DerivedFromFoo : public Foo {
private:
// T$&7<*<" .#"(< 57'/-4'0('8' &#$))$
public:
DerivedFromFoo(); // J3(&B/% '*&7<*$%, (' )57%*$(($% 4 @$?#" .cpp
// ="7"'57"0"#"(/% @3(&B/? &#$))$ Foo
};

PFoo::PFoo() : foo(new DrivedFromFoo)
{
}
'ORDOQB\ MND F EFDCDOGO SOVUEEFWUQBRC! #ULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ [OLQNENH RSUQBO Foo EUWBO QORUMVUEEO
FEOU, C DHFUEBX EFWUGO EU PCSUWCIB. -GC! +U[UM\ RX [OEFSCUBU, [OWUSN DOEQBMNDBOM Foo OJaKRHKHQK
PCTFTUEEXS, C EU PCDMXBXS! 0HCQQ PFoo NZU SOZEO EU OJaKRHKB\ LMNGOS; LOQBN[ D DOEQBMNDBOMCS
Foo ENZUE BOH\DO DOEQBMNDBOMN DerivedFromFoo.
# WCQBF 3 SX [OGOROMFS O BOS, DCDOU ECQHULORCEFU ENZEO, WBOJX ]BC QYUSC MCJOBCHC (C FSUEEO, WBOJX
RQU DHCQQX, [MOFPROLEXU OB Foo, FSUHF BOB ZU OBDMXBX_ FEBUMÙ_Q, WBO F QCS Foo). - [ODC [MOLOHZFS
FPNWUEFU NDCPCBUHU_ F RQUGO, WBO Q EFSF QRKPCEO.
.07
Buop funa ykasueaeroro oLekfa eo epern koucfpyupoeauun
%QHF ECV RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ SOZUB QOPLCB\ OJaUDB [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC RO RMUSK DOEQBMNFMORCEFK,
[OWUSN JX EU MCPMUVFB\ USN QROJOLEO RXJMCB\ ENZEX_ BF[ FP EUQDOH\DFY [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR?
// G @$?#" Foo.cpp
class DeirvedFromFoo : public Foo { ... };
class AlsoDerivedFromFoo : public Foo { ... };
PFoo::PFoo(bool x) : foo(x ? new DerivedFromFoo : new AlsoDerivedFromFoo) {}
#OOJTU GOROMK, FEBUMÙ_QEX_ NDCPCBUH\ SOZUB RXJMCB\ HIJO_ [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ EC OQEORCEFF
QRULUEF_, LOQBN[EXY RO RMUSK DOEQBMNFMORCEFK. 0HFUEB OJ ]BOS EFWUGO EU PECUB, [OQDOH\DN RQU
[MOFQYOLKTUU QDMXRCUBQK PC FEBUMÙ_QEXS NDCPCBUHUS.
Hsreueuue ykasueaeroro oLekfa eo epern eunonueuun nporparru
5MF ZUHCEFF FEBUMÙ_QEX_ NDCPCBUH\ SOZUB QSUEFB\ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB [MKSO RO RMUSK
RX[OHEUEFK [MOGMCSSX.
class Foo;
class PFoo {
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
PFoo();
void DoSomething(bool x);
// :738/" @3(&B// &#$))$
};

void PFoo::DoSomething(bool x)
{
if (x) {
delete foo;
foo = new DerivedFromFoo;
}
Foo->DoSomething();
}
5MFSUM NZU RQBMUWCHQK R [MULXLNTU_ GHCRU: [MF [O[XBDU EUDOEQBCEBEOGO OJMCTUEFK D NDCPXRCUSOSN
OJaUDBN NDCPCBUH\ RXJFMCH LMNGNI ÒMSN ]BOGO OJaUDBC. +CDO_ [OLYOL MCJOBCUB R[OHEU EOMSCH\EO,
UQHF EU LUHCB\ GHN[OQBU_ (EC[MFSUM, [OHNWCB\ CLMUQC WHUEOR NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC).
Rocpepuuku
!EBUMÙ_QEXU NDCPCBUHF BCDZU [OSOGCIB QDMXB\ BOB `CDB, WBO NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB ECYOLFBQK GLU-BO R
DFJUM[MOQBMCEQBRU, C EU QFLFB R [CSKBF [O QOQULQBRN. # MCQ[MULUHUEEXY OJaUDBEXY QFQBUSCY BCDOU
[MOFQYOLFB Q[HOV\ F MKLOS. 5UMRCK ÛH\ [MOUDBFMORTFDC LUMZCB\ DHFUEBQDFU OJaUDBX R
JHCZUEEOS EURULUEFF; OEF EU PECIB F PECB\ EU YOBKB, GLU ECYOLFBQK NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB EC
MCQQBOKEFF [HURDC FHF GLU-BO EC DMCI PUSHF. )JaUDB, DOBOMX_ PCSUEKUB LMNGO_, NLCHUEEX_ OJaUDB,
ECPXRCUBQK >%.6#)*($%, (proxy). $C ]BN BUSN BOZU QNTUQBRNUB EUSCHO RCMFC^F_, EO QCSCK [MOQBCK FP
EFY HODCH\EOU FQ[OH\PORCEFU FEBUMÙ_QEOGO OJaUDBC FHF GMCEF. "CBUS HODCH\EX_ [OQMULEFD SOZUB
ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK LFQBCE^FOEEXSF RXPORCSF FHF LMNGFS SUYCEFPSOS OB[MCRDF QOOJTUEF_,
[OLYOLKTFS LHK RPCFSOLU_QBRFK Q OMFGFECHOS.
3BC DOEÛ[^FK MCQ[MOQBMCEKUBQK F EC QFBNC^FF, R DOBOMXY NLCHUEEX_ OJaUDB ROOJTU EU KRHKUBQK
OJaUDBOS. 3BO SOZUB JXB\ ÛHOU [MFHOZUEFU, PCRUMENBOU [OQMULEFDOS R OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEENI
OJOHOWDN, FHF, LO[NQBFS, QOLUMZFSOU JCPX LCEEXY Q JFJHFOBUWEXSF `NED^FKSF DHCQQC.
.08
# QCSO_ FLUU REULMUEFK EU OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOGO DOLC R OJaUDBX .++ EUB EFWUGO EOROGO FHF
OMFGFECH\EOGO. $CQ R [UMRNI OWUMUL\ FEBUMUQNUB NMORUE\ FEDC[QNHK^FF. 1BO LOHZUE PECB\ DHFUEB O
MUCH\EO_ QFBNC^FF? 4SEXU NDCPCBUHF EC OQEORU O[UMCBOMOR -> [OLYOLKB [HOYO. 0HFUEB LOHZUE PECB\
FEBUMÙ_Q NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC; QHULORCBUH\EO, OE LOHZUE PECB\, QNTUQBRNUB HF NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB,
DCD NQBMOUE UGO FEBUMÙ_Q F B. L. !EBUMÙ_QEXU NDCPCBUHF, R BOS WFQHU GMCEF JOHUU NLCWEX_
RCMFCEB. %QHF RCVC [MOGMCSSC EC[FQCEC Q [MFSUEUEFUS FEBUMÙ_QEXY NDCPCBUHU_, RCS JNLUB ECSEOGO
[MOTU RQBCRFB\ EORX_ DOL, R DOBOMOS EUDOBOMXU FP ]BFY NDCPCBUHU_ MUCHFPNIBQK R RFLU [OQMULEFDOR.
5MOTU, YOBK F EU QORQUS EUPCSUBEO LHK DHFUEBC [ODC. 5OSEFBU JCPORNI ÒMSN FEBUMÙ_QEOGO
NDCPCBUHK Q OJKPCBUH\EXS [MULRCMFBUH\EXS OJaKRHUEFUS?
class Pointee; // =7"04$7/*"#,('" ';E%4#"(/"
class Interface {
private:
Pointee* pointee;
public:
// J3(&B// &#$))$
};
5MOJHUSC DMOUBQK R [UMUSUEEO_ pointee. 0HFUEB LOHZUE PECB\, WBO NDCPCBUH\ QQXHCUBQK EC *#-"%,
LCZU UQHF OE [OEKBFK EU FSUUB, EC WBO FSUEEO. # WCQBF 3 SX [O[MOJNUS NQBMCEFB\ LCZU ]BO
OGMCEFWUEFU, C [ODC JNLUS QWFBCB\ UGO LOQCLEO_ SUHOW\I.
# MUPNH\BCBU SX [MFYOLFS D DHCQQFWUQDOSN DOS[MOSFQQN: [OEFZUEFU JXQBMOLU_QBRFK FEBUMÙ_QEXY
NDCPCBUHU_ (Q RXEUQUEEXSF (outline) `NED^FKSF) PC ROPSOZEOQB\ DCMLFECH\EXY FPSUEUEF_ MUCHFPC^FF
JUP SOLF`FDC^FF DHFUEBQDOGO DOLC. # JOH\VFEQBRU [MOUDBOR F DHCQQOR MCQYOLX Q HFYRO_
DOS[UEQFMNIBQK NQDOMUEFUS ^FDHC MCPMCJOBDF.
4yukfopu
$C[OQHULOD SX [OPECDOSFSQK Q OLEO_ LFDORFEDO_ C++, DOBOMCK ECPXRCUBQK B8*$"%6%, (functor).
:NEDBOMX FGMCIB LHK `NED^F_ BN ZU MOH\, WBO F FEBUMÙ_QEXU NDCPCBUHF LHK OJaUDBOR. )LEC FP
[MOJHUS, RUWEO SNWFRVFY [MOGMCSSFQBOR EC . BO, WBO RQU `NED^FF ECYOLKBQK R GHOJCH\EOS
[MOQBMCEQBRU FSUE, BO UQB\ RXPRCEECK `NED^FK FSUUB LOQBN[ BOH\DO D LCEEXS, YMCEKTFSQK R UU
CMGNSUEBCY, F GHOJCH\EXS [UMUSUEEXS. %QHF [UMULCB\ CLMUQ `NED^FF UTU DOSN-BO, BO [MF RXPORU
`NED^FF [O CLMUQN OEC EU JNLUB [OSEFB\, DCD RXGHKLUH ODMNZCITF_ SFM RO RMUSK [OHNWUEFK UU
CLMUQC.
# BCDFY KPXDCY, DCD 5CQDCH\, ]BC [MOJHUSC FPKTEO MUVCUBQK [OHNWUEFUS 9+,'$+*(4 (closure) EC
SOSUEB [OHNWUEFK CLMUQC `NED^FF.
procedure p(n: integer);
var
procedure fn;
begin
do_something(n);
end;
begin
callback(@fn);
end;
# DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBC [MOÛLNMC )$llbackfn [OHNWCUB CLMUQ LMNGO_ [MOÛLNMX. # LCEEOS [MFSUMU U_
[UMULCUBQK CLMUQ fn. 5MF RXPORU fn FP callbackfn [UMRCK (,##" )%."8> $ >#6#,#**',,
*+?%)(&@(,.4 & ."#$# & ,%,#*" >%28-#*(4 +)6#.+. # ECVUS [MFSUMU fn PECUB PECWUEFU [UMUSUEEO_ n
EC SOSUEB RXPORC )$llbackfn.
"CSXDCEFK WMUPRXWC_EO [OHUPEX LHK OJMCJOBDF OJMCBEXY RXPOROR (callback), [OQDOH\DN `NED^FK
OJMCBEOGO RXPORC DOU-WBO PECUB O BOS, [OWUSN OEC JXHC RXPRCEC. # . RHOZUEEXY `NED^F_ EU
QNTUQBRNUB, C QHULORCBUH\EO, PCSXDCEFK EUROPSOZEX FY SUQBO PCEFSCIB `NEDBOMX.
.09
class Fn {
private:
int number;
public:
f(int n) : number(n) {}
void operator() () { do_something(number); }
};

void callbackfn(Fn);

void p(int n)
{
callbackfn(Fn(n));
}

void callbackfn(Fn fn)
{
// S*'-*' 0"#$"2
fn(); // G<-4$*, @3(&B/> fn ) 5'2'K,> @3(&B// operator()
}
#UQ\ QUDMUB DMOUBQK R LRNY RXMCZUEFKY. :NED^FK callbackfn(Fn(n)) [UMULCUB `NED^FF CEOEFSEX_
]DPUS[HKM DHCQQC Fn. -MGNSUEB UGO DOEQBMNDBOMC QOLUMZFB FEÒMSC^FI, RDHIWCUSNI R
[QURLOPCSXDCEFU, DOBOMOU [OLLUMZFRCUBQK [UMUSUEEXSF DHCQQC Fn. #XMCZUEFU fn(); SOZUB
[ODCPCB\QK OJXWEXS RXPOROS `NED^FF, EO EC QCSOS LUHU R EUS RXPXRCUBQK O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK
operator() DHCQQC Fn. # QROI OWUMUL\, ]BC `NED^FK RXPXRCUB GHOJCH\ENI `NED^FI do_something Q
FQ[OH\PORCEFUS LCEEXY PCSXDCEFK. ! DOSN [OQHU ]BOGO ENZUE 5CQDCH\?
)[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK operator() SOZUB RXPXRCB\QK Q [MOFPROH\EXS ECJOMOS CMGNSUEBOR. 1BOJX
LOJCRFB\ EORXU CMGNSUEBX, NDCZFBU FY RO RBOMXY QDOJDCY R OJaKRHUEFF DHCQQC. +CDZU MCPMUVCUBQK
SEOGODMCBECK [UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMC () Q MCPEXSF QFGECBNMCSF. $FZU [MFRULUE BOB ZU [MFSUM, R
DOBOMOS OLEC FP RUMQF_ O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF operator() RXPXRCUBQK Q CMGNSUEBOS.
class Fn {
private:
int number;
public:
void operator() () { do_something(number); }
void operator() (char* s)
{
do_something(number);
cout << S*'-*' 0"#$> ) << s << endl;
}
};


void p(int n)
{
callbackfn(Fn(n));
}
..0

{
// S*'-*' 0"#$"2
fn(callbackfn);
}
3BC SCHUE\DCK FLFOSC RXGHKLFB LOROH\EO FPKTEO, OLECDO BOGO ZU ]`ÙDBC SOZEO LOJFB\QK F JUP
O[UMCBOMC ().
class Fn {
private:
int number;
public:
void do_something() () { ::do_something(number); }
void do_something() (char* s)
{
do_something(number);
cout << S*'-*' 0"#$> ) << s << endl;
}
};


void p(int n)
{
callbackfn(Fn(n));
}

{
// S*'-*' 0"#$"2
fn.do_something(callbackfn);
}
0CD RFLFBU, Q BCDFS ZU NQ[UYOS SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK FSUEUS HIJO_ `NED^FF DHCQQC. %LFEQBRUEECK
[MFWFEC LHK FQ[OH\PORCEFK O[UMCBOMC () R BOS, WBO OE [MULUH\EO KQEO RXMCZCUB RCVF ECSUMUEFK.
%QHF DHCQQ QNTUQBRNUB HFV\ LHK BOGO, WBOJX OJQHNZFRCB\ OJMCBEXU RXPORX [OLOJEOGO MOLC,
[OH\PN_BUQ\ O[UMCBOMOS (); R [MOBFREOS QHNWCU [OH\PN_BUQ\ OJXWEXSF `NED^FKSF DHCQQC.
Konnekuuu,
kypcopu u
ufepafopu
5MOJHUSC [MOUDBFMORCEFK F MUCHFPC^FF DHCQQOR-DOHHUD^F_ (QORODN[EOQBU_ OJaUDBOR, ECYOLKTFYQK
[OL N[MCRHUEFUS LMNGOGO OJaUDBC) QBCMC, DCD QCSO OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOU [MOGMCSSFMORCEFU. $UB
QSXQHC [ORBOMKB\ PLUQ\ RQU, WBO SOZEO [MOWFBCB\ R LMNGFY DEFGCY O RQUROPSOZEXY DOHHUD^FKY
FPSUEKUSXY, QUMFCHFPNUSXY, FELUDQFMNUSXY F B. L. %QHF RCS ENZEC FEÒMSC^FK O QBMNDBNMCY LCEEXY
F QO[NBQBRNITFY BMCEQÒMSC^FKY, ECWEFBU Q FPNWUEFK DHCQQOR-DOHHUD^F_ SmallTalk F PCBUS
[UMUYOLFBU D DOSSUMWUQDFS JFJHFOBUDCS DHCQQOR C++, MUDHCSO_ DOBOMXY PCJFBX RQU ZNMECHX [O
[MOGMCSSEOSN OJUQ[UWUEFI. & ZU QOJFMCIQ\ QOQMULOBOWFB\ RCVU REFSCEFU EC BUY .++-FPSCY,
JHCGOLCMK DOBOMXS DOHHUD^FF NDHCLXRCIBQK R SFQBFWUQDOU NWUEFU [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK EC C++
EUPCRFQFSO OB FQ[OH\PNUSXY QBMNDBNM LCEEXY F FUMCMYF_ DHCQQOR.
# ECWCHU ]BO_ GHCRX MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK FELUDQFMNUSXU DOHHUD^FF BO UQB\ BU, R DOBOMXY EUDOBOMX_
OJaUDB FQ[OH\PNUBQK R DCWUQBRU FELUDQC LHK [OHNWUEFK LMNGOGO OJaUDBC, QDMXBOGO GHNJODO R EULMCY
DOHHUD^FF. 6X ROQ[OH\PNUSQK O[UMCBOMOS [], WBOJX DOHHUD^FK RXGHKLUHC DCD CJQBMCDBEX_ SCQQFR.
*UHO LCZU EU R BOS, WBO [MOGMCSSC OB ]BOGO OJXWEO QBCEORFBQK JOHUU [OEKBEO_ R ]BOS [OLYOLU PC-
LU_QBRORCEX SEOGFU FLFOSX, FQ[OH\PNUSXU LHK DOHHUD^F_. 5OQHU PECDOSQBRC Q DNMQOMCSF F FY
QOJMCB\KSF FBUMCBOMCSF SX [UMU_LUS D FPOTMUEEXS DOHHUD^FKS, SOLF`F^FMNUSXS R [MOÛQQU
[UMUJOMC.
Maccueu u onepafop []
)[UMCBOM [] WMUPRXWC_EO GFJOD F NEFRUMQCHUE. 0 QOZCHUEFI, JOH\VFEQBRO [MOGMCSSFQBOR C++ OJ
]BOS F EU [OLOPMURCUB.
Rpoeepka rpauuu u npuceaueauue
$FZU [MFRULUE [MOQBO_ [MFSUM [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMC [] SCQQFR, DOBOMX_ [MF OJMCTUEFF D
]HUSUEBN [MORUMKUB, [MFECLHUZFB HF FELUDQ GMCEF^CS SCQQFRC, F R HIJXY QFBNC^FKY RULUB QUJK JOHUU
FHF SUEUU MCPNSEO (FHF [O DMC_EU_ SUMU JUPO[CQEO).
class ArrayOfFoo {
private:
int entries;
Foo** contents; // G"&*'7 Foo*
static Foo* dummy; // :#% /(0"&)'4, 4<C'0%K/C -$ 87$(/B< 2$))/4$
public:
ArrayOfFoo() : entries(0), contents(NULL) {};
ArrayOfFoo(int size) : entries(size), contents(new Foo*[size]) {};
~ArrayOfFoo() { delete contents; }
Foo*& operator[](int index)
8
..2
{
return (index < 0 || index >= entries) ? dummy : contents[index];
}
};

// 60"-*' 4 @$?#" .cpp
Foo* ArrayOfFoo::dummy = NULL;
)[UMCBOM [] ROPRMCTCUB Foo*&, QQXHDN EC CLMUQ Foo. 3BC FLFOSC WCQBO RQBMUWCUBQK [MF MCJOBU Q
DOHHUD^FKSF, F OLEC FP [MFWFE R BOS, WBO ROPRMCTCUSOU PECWUEFU SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK DCD R
HURO_, BCD F R [MCRO_ WCQBF RXMCZUEFK [MFQRCFRCEFK.
Foo* foo = array[17];
array[29] = foo; // O$;'*$"* 2'1(' 57/)4$/4$*, 5' &'(&7"*('23 /(0"&)3
%QHF JX O[UMCBOM [] ROPRMCTCH [MOQBO Foo*, BO QOLUMZFSOU ]HUSUEBC SCQQFRC DO[FMORCHOQ\ JX, C
DO[FK ROPRMCTCHCQ\ RXPXRCITU_ QBOMOEU. #OPRMCTCK Foo*&, SX [OPROHKUS RXPXRCITU_ QBOMOEU
FPSUEFB\ QOLUMZFSOU ]HUSUEBC, C EU BOH\DO [MOWFBCB\ YMCEKTUUQK R EUS PECWUEFU. *HK FELUDQC,
RXYOLKTUGO PC GMCEF^X SCQQFRC, ROPRMCTCUBQK CLMUQ `FDQFMORCEEO_ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC, PECWUEFU
DOBOMO_ EC QCSOS LUHU ECQ EU OWUE\ FEBUMUQNUB. 5O DMC_EU_ SUMU, RCVC [MOGMCSSC QSOZUB YMOSCB\
LCH\VU (ROPSOZEO, [MF [MCRFH\EO MCQQBCRHUEEXY #ifdef R OBHCLOWEOS MUZFSU), C EU FPRHUDCB\ FP
[CSKBF EOSUM BUHUÒEC RCVU_ BUBNVDF FHF LMNGNI QHNWC_ENI FEÒMSC^FI.
%QHF RX OJUQ[ODOUEX ECDHCLEXSF MCQYOLCSF BCDOGO RCMFCEBC [O QMCREUEFI Q OJXWEXSF SCQQFRCSF
C/C++, PCDHIWFBU RQU LO[OHEFBUH\EXU RXWFQHUEFK F [UMUSUEEXU SUZLN LFMUDBFRCSF #ifdef. #
OLEOS RCMFCEBU DOS[FHK^FF RCV SCQQFR JNLUB CJQOHIBEO JUPO[CQEXS, C R LMNGOS JNLUB FSUB\ BU ZU
MCPSUM F JXQBMOLU_QBRFU, WBO F OJXWEX_ SCQQFR.
Onepafop [] c ueuenuru apryreufaru
)[UMCBOM [] [UMUGMNZCUBQK LHK CMGNSUEBOR HIJOGO BF[C, C EU BOH\DO LHK ÛHXY. +OGLC O[UMCBOM []
SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ LHK [MULQBCRHUEFK QHORCMK DOHHUD^FF, R DOBOMO_ OLFE DHIWURO_ OJaUDB
OLEOPECWEO FLUEBF`F^FMNUB LMNGO_. $FZU [MFRULUE ECJMOQOD CQQO^FCBFREOGO DHCQQC, R DOBOMOS
YMCEKBQK [CMX QBMODORXY OJaUDBOR String, [MF ]BOS [UMRCK QBMODC DCZLO_ [CMX KRHKUBQK FELUDQOS
RBOMO_.
class Association {
// =7'53)&$"2 5'07';(')*/ 7"$#/-$B//
public:
const String& operator[](const String& key);
};

// G &#/"(*)&'? 57'87$22"
String str = assotiation[another_string];
+CDO_ RCMFCEB RXGHKLFB ECSEOGO ]HUGCEBEUU F HNWVU RXMCZCUB ECSUMUEFK MCPMCJOBWFDC, EUZUHF
FEBUMÙ_Q, [OQBMOUEEX_ BOH\DO EC `NED^FKY DHCQQC:
String str = assotiation.LookUp(another_string);
Hrufauun ruororepuux raccueoe
# HIJOS RCMFCEBU [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOM [] RXPXRCUBQK Q OLEFS CMGNSUEBOS [MOFPROH\EOGO BF[C.
$C[MFSUM, DOS[FHKBOM HFV\ [OQSUUBQK ECL QHULNITU_ [O[XBDO_ QOPLCEFK SEOGOSUMEOGO SCQQFRC,
[OBOSN WBO R EU_ O[UMCBOM [] FSUUB EUQDOH\DO CMGNSUEBOR:
class WontWork {
public:
Foo& operator[](int x, int y); // R$-C$-C$
..3
};
0OS[FHKBOMX OJOZCIB [OLOJEXU QFBNC^FF RMOLU JX RQU RXGHKLFB R[OHEU HOGFWEO, EO DCD-BO
RX[CHO FP Q[U^F`FDC^FF KPXDC. 3BO LCUB FS ROPSOZEOQB\ [OMCPSKB\QK F RXRCHFB\ RQU BNSCEEXU
QOOJTUEFK OJ OVFJDCY, DOBOMXU OEF [MFJUMUGHF EC WUMEX_ LUE\. $O DOGLC QOOJTUEFK [UMUQBCENB
QX[CB\QK, ECQBN[CUB RCV WUMUL QSUKB\QK, [OQDOH\DN QNTUQBRNUB [MOQBO_ OJYOLEO_ [NB\.
struct Index {
int x;

int y;
Index(int ex, int why) : x(ex), y(why) {}
bool operator==(const Index& i) { return x == i.x && y == i.y; }
};

class WorksFine {
public:
Foo& operator[](Index i);
};

array[Index(17, 29)].MemberOfFoo(); // O$;'*$"*
Index [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ QBMNDBNMN Q BMFRFCH\EXS DOEQBMNDBOMOS. 5MFWFEC [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMC ==
QBCEUB KQEC [OPZU. #XMCZUEFU Index(17,29) QOPLCUB CEOEFSEX_ ]DPUS[HKM, DOBOMX_ N[CDORXRCUB
LRC FPSUMUEFK SCQQFRC R OLFE CMGNSUEB. 5MCRLC PLOMORO? 5OHNWC_, DOS[FHKBOM!
Muoecfeeuuue neperpysku onepafopa []
)[UMCBOM [] SOZUB FSUB\ F EUQDOH\DO RCMFCEBOR [UMUGMNPDF LHK LCEEOGO DHCQQC [MF NQHORFF, WBO
QFGECBNMX OQBCIBQK NEFDCH\EXSF. $C[MFSUM, OLEC RUMQFK SOZUB [OHNWCB\ CMGNSUEB BF[C int, C LMNGCK
CMGNSUEB char*, DOBOMX_ [MUOJMCPNUBQK D int `NED^FU_ atoi(). .DOMUU RQUGO, RCVC DOHHUD^FK
SOZUB FELUDQFMORCB\QK EUQDOH\DFSF Q[OQOJCSF.
class StringArray {
public:
const String& operator[](int index);
int operator[](const String&);
};

String str = array[17]; // ="74$% @'72$
int index = array[String(Hello)]; // G*'7$% @'72$
5UMRX_ O[UMCBOM [] MUCHFPNUB QUSCEBFDN SCQQFRC: [O ÛHOSN FELUDQN ROPRMCTCUBQK PECWUEFU ]HUSUEBC
Q ]BFS FELUDQOS. #BOMO_ O[UMCBOM OJUQ[UWFRCUB OJMCBENI ROPSOZEOQB\: [O PECWUEFI ECYOLFBQK
QOOBRUBQBRNITF_ FELUDQ SCQQFRC. # ]BO_ QYUSU FQ[OH\PNUBQK [CMC LO[NTUEF_ (EC[MFSUM, NEFDCH\EOU
ÛHOU, DOBOMOU ROPRMCTCUBQK R DCWUQBRU FELUDQC EUQNTUQBRNITUGO PECWUEFK), EO R ÛHOS FLUK R[OHEU
[OEKBEC.
Bupfyanuuu onepafop []
)[UMCBOM [], DCD F HIJO_ LMNGO_ O[UMCBOM FHF `NED^FI, SOZEO OJaKRFB\ RFMBNCH\EXS F
[UMUO[MULUHFB\ R [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQCY. # EUDOBOMOS JCPOROS DHCQQU O[MULUHKUBQK CJQBMCDBEX_
FEBUMÙ_Q, C RQU [OLMOJEOQBF MUCHFPC^FF [MULOQBCRHKIBQK R [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQCY. +CDCK QYUSC
YOMOVO QOWUBCUBQK Q GOSOSOMÈXSF FUMCMYFKSF DHCQQOR, O[FQCEEXSF R WCQBF 3.
..4
Kypcopu
# [MULXLNTUS MCPLUHU SX GOROMFHF O [MFQRCFRCEFF ]HUSUEBCS SCQQFRC. *HK SCQQFRC Foo* RQU
[MUDMCQEO MCJOBCHO, EO [O[XBDC [MFQROFB\ WBO-EFJNL\ ]HUSUEBN QBMODORO_ CQQO^FC^FF DOEWCUBQK
EUNLCWU_.
association[String(Hello)] = String(Good looking);
*UHO R BOS, WBO HURCK WCQB\ EU KRHKUBQK EF HUROQBOMOEEFS RXMCZUEFUS (lvalue), EF DHCQQOS Q
[UMUGMNZUEEXS O[UMCBOMOS =. # ]BOS QHNWCU SOZEO QDOEQBMNFMORCB\ CMGNSUEB Q FQ[OH\PORCEFUS
FEBUMÙ_QC RQBCRDF R DOHHUD^FI EC JCPU `NED^F_ DHCQQC, [OQDOH\DN ]BO RQU-BCDF EU *+."%4L(3
SCQQFR, C EUWBO PCGMFSFMORCEEOU [OL EUGO Q [OSOT\I O[UMCBOMC []. 6EOGFU DHCQQX, [UMUGMNZCITFU
O[UMCBOM [], Q BOWDF PMUEFK QUSCEBFDF 4&24F".4 SCQQFRCSF, EO FQ[OH\PNIB YFBMONSEXU QBMNDBNMX
LCEEXY LHK O[BFSFPC^FF. *CRC_BU MCQQSOBMFS DOEDMUBEX_ [MFSUM (MCPMUZUEEXU SCQQFRX), C PCBUS
RUMEUSQK D JOHUU OJTFS DOHHUD^FKS (BCDFS DCD CQQO^FC^FF).
Rpocfo knacc paspeeuuoro raccuea
(CPMUZUEEX_ SCQQFR OBEOQFBQK D WFQHN OQEOREXY QBMNDBNM LCEEXY. )E [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ SCBMF^N, N
DOBOMO_ JOH\VFEQBRO KWUUD R HIJO_ SOSUEB RMUSUEF OQBCUBQK [NQBXS. #OPSOZEO, RX [MFECLHUZFBU D
WFQHN QWCQBHFRWFDOR Q 256 GFGCJC_BCSF [CSKBF EC DOS[\IBUMU, EO JOH\VFEQBRN FP ECQ [MOQBO EU
YRCBFB SUQBC LHK YMCEUEFK RQUY KWUUD SCBMF^X /000Y/000Y/000. *C F EU YOWUBQK RXLUHKB\ [CSKB\ [OL
SFHHFCML KWUUD, UQHF R HIJO_ SOSUEB FP EFY FQ[OH\PNUBQK EU JOHUU /000. $UQOSEUEEO, R RCVUS SOPGN
RQ[HXRCIB MCPHFWEXU QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY, PECDOSXU [O ECWCH\EOSN DNMQN [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK R
DOHHULZU: QRKPCEEXU Q[FQDF, JFECMEXU LUMUR\K, YUV-BCJHF^X F RQU [MOWUU, WBO N[OSFECUB 0ENB. $C
QCSOS LUHU EU BCD NZ RCZEO, DCDCK QBMNDBNMC LCEEXY HNWVU [OLO_LUB LHK EFPDONMOREURO_ MUCHFPC^FF.
5MUZLU RQUGO EUOJYOLFSO [OEKB\, DCD ZU FQ[OH\PORCB\ ]BF EFPDONMOREURXU QMULQBRC F OLEORMUSUEEO
QOPLCB\ LHK DHFUEBQDFY OJaUDBOR R[UWCBHUEFU, WBO OEF FSUIB LUHO Q QCSXS OJXWEXS SCQQFROS?
# QHULNITU_ MUCHFPC^FF SUBOLOS GMNJO_ QFHX LHK YMCEUEFK LCEEXY FQ[OH\PNIBQK QRKPCEEXU
Q[FQDF. .BMNDBNMC Index NZU RQBMUWCHCQ\ ECS RXVU.
class SparseArray {
private:
struct Node {
Index index; // D(0"&) 2$))/4$
Foo* content; // F'0"71/2'" 2$))/4$ 5' 0$(('23 /(0"&)3
Node* next; // F#"03>K/? Q#"2"(* )5/)&$
Node(Index i, Foo* f, Node* n) : index(i), content(f), next(n) {};
};
Node* cells; // F4%-$((<? )5/)'& Q#"2"(*'4
public:
SparseArray() : cells(NULL) {}
Foo* operator[](Index i);
};

inline Foo* SparseArray::operator[](Index i)
{
SimpleSparseArray::Node* n = cells;
while (n != NULL) {
if (n->index == i) // D)5'#,-3"* 5"7"8731"((<? '5"7$*'7 ==
return n->content;
n = n->next;
}
return NULL;
}
..5

Foo* foo = array[Index(17, 29)]; // O$;'*$"*
. WBUEFUS SCQQFRC [MOJHUS EUB. %QHF FELUDQ QNTUQBRNUB, ROPRMCTCUBQK QOLUMZFSOU SCQQFRC [O
LCEEOSN FELUDQN. %QHF FELUDQ R SCQQFRU OBQNBQBRNUB, PECWUEFU NULL [OHEOQB\I QOOBRUBQBRNUB FLUU
[MULRCMFBUH\EO_ FEF^FCHFPC^FF SCQQFRC PECWUEFKSF NULL. 6FENBDN, EO DCD LOJCRFB\ R SCQQFR EORNI
KWU_DN FHF FPSUEFB\ NZU QNTUQBRNITNI? "ECWUEFU, ROPRMCTCUSOU O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FU_
operator[], EU KRHKUBQK EF HUROQBOMOEEFS RXMCZUEFUS (lvalue), EF DHCQQOS Q [UMUGMNZUEEXS
O[UMCBOMOS = F [O EUSN EUH\PK RX[OHEFB\ [MFQRCFRCEFU.
array[Index(31, 37)] = foo; // +" 7$;'*$"*
#CV DOS[FHKBOM EU Q[FB EOWCSF F ZLUB, DOGLC ZU N EUGO [OKRFBQK BCDCK PCSUWCBUH\ECK ROPSOZEOQB\
PCJFB\ [OBOD )"rr QOOJTUEFKSF OJ OVFJDCY. 6OZEO JXHO JX QOPLCB\ FEBUMÙ_Q EC JCPU `NED^F_, EO
BOGLC N DHFUEBC ECMNVFBQK FHHIPFK BOGO, WBO OE FSUUB LUHO Q EOMSCH\EXS, WUQBEXS SCQQFROS.
.NTUQBRNUB HF Q[OQOJ FQ[OH\PORCB\ O[UMCBOM [] R HURO_ WCQBF O[UMC^FF [MFQRCFRCEFK LHK FELUDQOR,
DOBOMXY UTU EUB? )DCPXRCUBQK, QNTUQBRNUB, EO LHK ]BO_ ÛHF ECS [OBMUJNUBQK EORCK FLFOSC DNMQOM.
Kypcopu u paspeeuuue raccueu
!BCD, RBOMCK [O[XBDC. $CVC OQEORECK ÛH\ WBOJX O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK operator[] ROPRMCTCHC
EUWBO, OJHCLCITUU QHULNITFSF QRO_QBRCSF:
/. )EO LOHZEO [MUOJMCPORXRCB\QK D BF[N QOLUMZFSOGO SCQQFRC.
2. )EO SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK R HURO_ WCQBF O[UMC^FF [MFQRCFRCEFK LHK FPSUEUEFK QOLUMZFSOGO
QOOBRUBQBRNITU_ KWU_DF.
3BO EUWBO [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ OQOJX_ DHCQQ, DOBOMX_ ECPXRCUBQK $86.%6%, (cursor). $FZU [ODCPCE
NZU PECDOSX_ MCPMUZUEEX_ SCQQFR Q DNMQOMOS R O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF operator[]:
class ArrayCursor;
class SparseArray {
friend class ArrayCursor;
private:
struct Node {
Index index;
Foo* content;
Node* next;
Node(Index i, Foo* c, Node* n) : index(i), content(c), next(n) {};
};
Node* cells;
public:
ArrayCursor operator[](Index i);
};

class ArrayCursor {
friend class SparseArray;
private:
SparseArray& array; // L;7$*(<? 3&$-$*"#, ($ 2$))/4-4#$0"#"B
Index index; // Y#"2"(*, 57"0)*$4#"((<? &37)'7'2
SparseArray::Node* node; // V)#/ )3K")*43"* /(0"&), '*#/.(<? '* NULL
// I'()*73&*'7< ';E%4#"(< -$&7<*<2/, 5'Q*'23 5'#,-'4$*,)% /2/
// 2'1"* *'#,&' SparseArray. ="74<? &'()*73&*'7 /)5'#,-3"*)%, &'80$
// /(0"&) "K" (" )3K")*43"*, $ 4*'7'? &'80$ /(0"&) 31" 57/)3*)*43"*
// 4 2$))/4".
..6
ArrayCursor(SparseArray& arr, Index i)
: array(arr), index(i), node(NULL) {}
ArrayCursor(SparseArray& arr, SparseArray::Node* n)
: array(arr), node(n), index(n->index) {}
public:
// F#"03>K/? '5"7$*'7 = 5'-4'#%"* 57"';7$-'4$*, 57/)4$/4$(/" &37)'73 4
// 57/)4$/4$(/" )''*4"*)*43>K"23 Q#"2"(*3 2$))/4$.
ArrayCursor& operator=(Foo* foo);
};

ArrayCursor& ArrayCursor::operator=(Foo* foo) {
if (node == NULL) { // D(0"&) (" )3K")*43"*
node = new SparseArray::Node(index, foo, array.cells);
array.cells = node;
}
else
// D(0"&) 31" )3K")*43"*, /-2"(/*, -($."(/" Q#"2"(*$
node->content = foo;
return *this;
}

ArrayCursor SparseArray::operator[](Index i)
{
SparseArray::Node* n = cells;
while (n != NULL)
if (n->index = i)
return ArrayCursor(*this, n); // F3K")*43"*
else
n = n->next;
return ArrayCursor(*this, i); // VK" (" )3K")*43"*
}
)GO! 1BO ZU [MOFQYOLFB R ]BOS YFBMONSEOS DOLU? #QU ROHVUJQBRO PCDHIWUEO R LRNY O[UMCBOMEXY
`NED^FKY, SparseArray::operator[]() F ArrayCursor::operator=(). SparseArray::
operator[]() ROPRMCTCUB ArrayCursor EUPCRFQFSO OB BOGO, QNTUQBRNUB FELUDQ FHF EUB (OJ ]BOS
ArrayCursor NPECUB [O BOSN, DCDO_ DOEQBMNDBOM JXH RXJMCE). ArrayCursor::operator=(Foo*)
LUHCUB OLEO FP LRNY: UQHF FELUDQ NZU QNTUQBRNUB, ]HUSUEB FPSUEKUBQK, C #.2( *# .8L#."&8#" %*
)(*+,(-#.$( )%/+&24#".4 & ,+..(&. # ]BOS [MOKRHKUBQK RQK QNB\ DNMQOMEOQBF (DNMQOMFPSC?):
[UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM = RX[OHEKUB [MFQRCFRCEFU EU LHK QCSOGO DNMQOMC, C LHK QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY,
OB DOBOMO_ [MOFQYOLFB DNMQOM. +U[UM\ [MFQRCFRCEFU MCJOBCUB EUPCRFQFSO OB BOGO, QNTUQBRNUB FELUDQ
FHF EUB.
array[Index(17, 29)] = new Foo; // :';$4#%"* /(0"&)
array[Index(17, 29)] = new Foo; // D-2"(%"* -($."(/" ) -$0$((<2 /(0"&)'2
$U[HOYO LHK WCQORO_ MCJOBUEDF, EU [MCRLC HF? $CV SCQQFR MCJOBCUB QORQUS DCD ECQBOKTF_. 5OWBF.
Onepafopu npeopasoeauun u onepafop ->
)QBCHOQ\ LOJCRFB\ UTU [CMN VBMFYOR. #O-[UMRXY, O[UMCBOM [] R [MCRO_ WCQBF O[UMC^FF [MFQRCFRCEFK
MCJOBCUB NZU EU BCD, DCD JXHO EC[FQCEO, [OQDOH\DN OE ROPRMCTCUB ArrayCursor, C EU Foo* FHF Foo*&.
$O [MFWFE LHK JUQ[ODO_QBRC EUB, [OBOSN WBO Foo*() R QHNWCU EUOJYOLFSOQBF CRBOSCBFWUQDF
[MUOJMCPNUB ArrayCursor D Foo*. #BOMCK [MOJHUSC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO O[UMCBOM [] EU SOZUB
FQ[OH\PORCB\QK QHURC OB O[UMCBOMC ->; EC [OSOT\ [MFYOLFB operator->()!
..7
class ArrayCursor {
private:
SparseArray& array;
Index index;
SparseArray::Node* node;
public:
operator Foo*() { return node != NULL ? node->content : NULL; };
Foo* operator->()
{
if (node = NULL)
// D(/B//7'4$*, /)&#>."(/"
else
return node->contents;
}
};

Foo* foo = array[Index(17, 29)]; // O$;'*$"*
array[Index(17, 29)]->MemberOfFoo(); // A'1" 7$;'*$"*
$N ROB, BU[UM\ SOZEO MCQQHCJFB\QK. *HK DHFUEBQDOGO OJaUDBC ECV SCQQFR EFWUS EU OBHFWCUBQK OB
OJXWEOGO. 3BO OPECWCUB, WBO RX SOZUBU [MOGMCSSFMORCB\ LHK [MOQBO_ QUSCEBFDF SCQQFRC F OBLUH\EO
RXJMCB\ RENBMUEEII MUCHFPC^FI QBMNDBNM LCEEXY LCZU EC [OPLEU_ QBCLFF [MOUDBC.
-fo-fo suakoroe
#PGHKEFBU UTU MCP EC DHCQQ ArrayCursor. )E [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ OJaUDB, DOBOMX_ DOQRUEEO QQXHCUBQK
EC Foo, FSUUB O[UMCBOMENI `NED^FI operator Foo*() F [UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM - -- -> >> >, [OPROHKITF_
OJMCTCB\QK D WHUECS Foo WUMUP DNMQOM. #XGHKLFB PECDOSO? +CD F LOHZEO JXB\. 0NMQOMX EC QCSOS LUHU
[MULQBCRHKIB QOJO_ QHULNITUU [ODOHUEFU NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_. #QU, WBO GOROMFHOQ\ OJ NSEXY NDCPCBU-
HKY R BMUY [OQHULEFY GHCRCY, HUGDO MCQ[MOQBMCEKUBQK F EC DNMQOMX. ! ECOJOMOB, FPNWUEFU
DNMQOMOHOGFF [OSOGCUB MCQVFMFB\ EUDOBOMXU DOEÛ[^FF NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_. 5UMUGMNZCK O[UMCBOM =
LHK NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK, RX QNSUUBU FPJUZCB\ SEOGFY EU[MFKBEXY [MOJHUS. $C[MFSUM, RQ[OSEFBU
DOEÛ[^FI D]VFMNITUGO NDCPCBUHK, DOBOMX_ R [OQHULEF_ SOSUEB QWFBXRCH OJaUDB Q LFQDC R
O[UMCBOMU ->. 5OLOJECK [UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMC [MFQRCFRCEFK EUMULDO OWFTCUB [MOGMCSSN F FPJCRHKUB
DOL OB EUENZEXY BUYEFWUQDFY LUBCHU_. *MNGO_ [OHUPEX_ [MFUS [MFRKPDC NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK D
EUDOBOMO_ QBMNDBNMU LCEEXY ([OLOJEO BOSN, DCD ArrayCursor [MFRKPXRCHQK D DHCQQN SparseArray).
+CDOU GCMSOEFWEOU OJaULFEUEFU FLU_ [MOUDBFMORCEFK KRHKUBQK YOMOVFS [MFPECDOS SX
[MFJHFZCUSQK D EUNHORFSO_ RXQVU_ FQBFEU C++. 1US JOHUU [UMULORXSF FLFOSCSF RX [OH\PNUBUQ\,
BUS JOH\VU ROPEFDCUB QYOLQBRC.
Hfepafopu
!BCD, SX SOZUS MCJOBCB\ Q HIJXS OBLUH\EXS ]HUSUEBOS DOHHUD^FF. 0CD ECQWUB BOGO, WBOJX [UMUJMCB\
RQU ]HUSUEBX? +N[O_ [UMUJOM R ^FDHU for EU [OSOZUB:
for (int i = 0; i < ... ."8'?
5MF RXJMCEEO_ MUCHFPC^FF MCPMUZUEEOGO SCQQFRC FPSUMUEFK EU FSUIB RUMYEU_ GMCEF^X. #[MOWUS,
LCZU UQHF JX OEC F JXHC, YOBUHOQ\ JX RCS [UMUJFMCB\ / 000 000 000 RQUROPSOZEXY FELUDQOR R [OFQDCY
..8
DCDO_-BO BXQKWF FQ[OH\PNUSXY? "ECI, PECI, RCV RISC-DOS[\IBUM [MOGOEKUB JUQDOEUWEX_ ^FDH PC
QUS\ QUDNEL, EO LCRC_BU SXQHFB\ MUCH\EO. %QHF LHK DOHHUD^FF QNTUQBRNUB O[BFSCH\EX_ Q[OQOJ
OJMCTCB\QK BOH\DO D FQ[OH\PNUSXS ]HUSUEBCS, SX LOHZEX [MULOQBCRFB\ UGO R MCQ[OMKZUEFU DHFUEBC.
$O [OSEFBU, DHFUEB EFWUGO EU PECUB O RENBMUEEUS QBMOUEFF ECVFY DOHHUD^F_; QOJQBRUEEO, FSUEEO LHK
]BOGO SX FPOJMUBCHF DNMQOMX. *OJMO [OZCHORCB\ R NLFRFBUH\EX_ F JUPNSEX_ SFM FBUMCBOMOR
(iterators) DHCQQOR, [MULECPECWUEEXY LHK [UMUJOMC DOHHUD^F_! 4LFRFBUH\EX_ [OQDOH\DN
FBUMCBOMX [MOQBO MUVCIB SEOGFU [MOJHUSX [MOUDBFMORCEFK. 8UPNSEX_ [OQDOH\DN LRC [MO-
GMCSSFQBC C++ EF PC WBO EU [MFLNB D OJTUSN SEUEFI O BOS, DCDFU ZU FLFOSX LOHZEX FQ[OH\PORCB\QK
R MUCHFPC^FF FBUMCBOMOR.
Akfueuue ufepafopu
-DBFREXS ECPXRCUBQK FBUMCBOM, DOBOMX_ QCS [UMUSUTCUBQK D QHULNITU_ [OPF^FF.
class Collection {
public:
class Iterator {
public:
bool More();
Foo* Next();
};
Collection::Iterator* Iterate(); // F'-0$"* /*"7$*'7
};
Collection::Iterator* iter = collection->Iterator();
while (iter.More())
f(iter.Next());
0CD [MCRFHO, FBUMCBOMX OBEOQKBQK D DOEDMUBEXS DOHHUD^FKS; [O ]BO_ [MFWFEU OEF WCQBO OJaKRHKIBQK
R RFLU RHOZUEEXY DHCQQOR. :NED^FK 9'r"() ROPRMCTCUB true, UQHF R DOHHUD^FF FSUUBQK QHULNITF_
]HUSUEB R [OMKLDU [UMUJOMC, F false R [MOBFREOS QHNWCU. :NED^FK Next() ROPRMCTCUB QHULNITF_
]HUSUEB F [UMUSUTCUB FBUMCBOM D QHULNITU_ [OPF^FF.
%QHF RX GOBORX [O_BF EC LO[OHEFBUH\EXU MCQYOLX, QRKPCEEXU Q RFMBNCH\EXSF `NED^FKSF, FBUMCBOM
BCDZU SOZEO MUCHFPORCB\ R RFLU NEFRUMQCH\EOGO VCJHOEC, MCJOBCITUGO Q HIJXSF DOHHUD^FKSF.
class Iterator { // ='0C'0/* 0#% #>;<C &'##"&B/? / */5'4
public:
virtual bool More() = 0;
virtual Type* Next() = 0;
};
0CZLCK DOHHUD^FK SOZUB MUCHFPORCB\ FBUMCBOM PCEORO R [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU, C DHFUEBX [O-[MUZEUSN
[OEKBFK EU FSUIB O BOS, DCD [MOFQYOLFB [UMUJOM F LCZU DCDO_ DHCQQ ECYOLFBQK [O LMNGNI QBOMOEN
PCJOMC. 0 QOZCHUEFI, R EUDOBOMXY DOHHUD^FKY EUOJYOLFSO [MULOQBCRFB\ QMULQBRC, EU [OLLUMZFRCUSXU
DOHHUD^FKSF LMNGFY BF[OR (EC[MFSUM, OGMCEFWUEFU [UMUJFMCUSOGO LFC[CPOEC), [O]BOSN BCDO_ VCJHOE
EU ECQBOH\DO NEFRUMQCHUE, DCD DCZUBQK Q [UMROGO RPGHKLC.
& ECPXRCI BCDFU FBUMCBOMX +$"(&*',(, [OQDOH\DN LHK RX[OHEUEFK RQU_ OQEOREO_ MCJOBX RXPXRCIBQK
FY `NED^FF. .FBNC^FK RXGHKLFB BCD, QHOREO DBO-BO OBHOSFH DNQOD DOHHUD^FF F RQBCRFH UGO R
[UMUEOQFSX_ SCHUE\DF_ OJaUDB. 5OQHU DOEQBMNFMORCEFK BCDO_ OJaUDB QCS PECUB, WBO USN LUHCB\
LCH\VU.
Raccueuue ufepafopu
$C LMNGOS `HCEGU QBOKB FBUMCBOMX, DOBOMXU EC QCSOS LUHU EU LUHCIB EFWUGO QNTUQBRUEEOGO. # EFY
YMCEFBQK QHNZUJECK FEÒMSC^FK, PCEUQUEECK DOHHUD^FU_, EO [UMUSUTUEFU F RQU OQBCH\EXU O[UMC^FF
RX[OHEKIBQK QCSO_ DOHHUD^FU_. $CS [OECLOJKBQK BU ZU `NED^FF [MOQBO FP FBUMCBOMC OEF
..9
[UMUSUTCIBQK R DOHHUD^FI, C FBUMCBOM [MFSUEKUBQK BOH\DO LHK YMCEUEFK QHNZUJEO_ FEÒMSC^FF ]BFY
`NED^F_. 8CPORX_ FBUMCBOM F ^FDH FBUMC^FF RXGHKLKB BCD:
class Iterator;
class Collection {
public:
Iterator* Iterate(); // G'-47$K$"* 5$))/4(<? /*"7$*'7
bool More(Iterator*);
Foo* Next(Iterator*);
};
Iterator* iter = collection->Iterate();
while (collection->More(iter))
f(collection->Next(iter));
+CDFU FBUMCBOMX ECPXRCIBQK >+..(&*',(, [OQDOH\DN QCSF [O QUJU OEF EU RX[OHEKIB EFDCDFY
LU_QBRF_ F [MULECPECWUEX HFV\ LHK YMCEUEFK QHNZUJEO_ FEÒMSC^FF.
-fo nyue?
#XJOM SUZLN CDBFREXSF F [CQQFREXSF FBUMCBOMCSF R OQEOREOS PCRFQFB OB QBFHK, EO K [MUL[OWFBCI
CDBFREXU FBUMCBOMX [O EUQDOH\DFS [MFWFECS:
"CDOEWUEEX_ DHCQQ FBUMCBOMC [MOTU FQ[OH\PORCB\ [ORBOMEO, WUS [CMN `NED^F_ JOH\VOGO
DHCQQC.
(CEO FHF [OPLEO RCS PCYOWUBQK [MULOQBCRFB\ EUQDOH\DO MCPEXY Q[OQOJOR [UMUJOMC QOLUMZFSOGO
DOHHUD^FF. )LFE F BOB ZU OJTF_ FEBUMÙ_Q DHCQQC Iterator [OLO_LUB LHK HIJOGO Q[OQOJC, C R
ÒMSU `NED^F_ DHCQQC LHK DCZLOGO BF[C [UMUJOMC RCS [MFLUBQK QOPLCRCB\ [CMN EORXY `NED^F_.
5CQQFREXU FBUMCBOMX EU FSUIB OBDMXBOGO FEBUMÙ_QC, OLECDO DHFUEBQDFU OJaUDBX RFLKB FY
WUMUP CLMUQC. 3BO RXGHKLFB LOROH\EO QBMCEEO.
5MF MCRUEQBRU RQUY OQBCH\EXY [ODCPCBUHU_ K OJXWEO [MUL[OWFBCI CDBFREXU FBUMCBOMX,
[OQDOH\DN OEF OJUQ[UWFRCIB HNWVNI FEDC[QNHK^FI.
# DOSSUMWUQDFY JFJHFOBUDCY DHCQQOR SOZEO RQBMUBFB\ YOMOVFU [MFSUMX OJUFY ÒMS. # RO[MOQU OJ
CDBFREXY F [CQQFREXY FBUMCBOMCY OBMCZCUBQK OJTF_ Q[OM OJ CDBFREXY F [CQQFREXY OJaUDBCY, [O]BOSN
R [UMRNI OWUMUL\ QHULNUB NWFBXRCB\ QOJQBRUEEXU [MFUSX [MOUDBFMORCEFK.
Yorue, uo pacnpocfpaueuuue eapuaufu
#MKL HF RX RQBMUBFBU R DOSSUMWUQDFY JFJHFOBUDCY DHCQQOR FBUMCBOMX FSUEEO R BCDOS RFLU. 4 DCZLOGO
ECYOLFBQK QRO_ [OLYOL D ]BO_ BUSU. $FZU [UMUWFQHUEX EUDOBOMXU RCMFCEBX, DOBOMXU WCQBO
RQBMUWCIBQK R QBMCEQBRFKY [O .++, Q DMCBDFSF DOSSUEBCMFKSF [O [OROLN FY LOQBOFEQBR F EULOQBCBDOR.
Mouoropquue akfueuue ufepafopu eue onacfu pecfeun
*CZU ZCHDO MCQYOLORCB\ PCSUWCBUH\EX_ BUMSFE EC BCDNI [MOQBNI DOEÛ[^FI. !BUMCBOMX ECPXRCIBQK
SOEOSOMÈXSF, [OQDOH\DN R EFY EU FQ[OH\PNIBQK RFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF, F ECYOLKBQK REU OJHCQBF
LU_QBRFK, [OQDOH\DN OEF EU OJaKRHKIBQK RHOZUEEXSF R DOHHUD^FI.
class Collection { ... };
class CollectionIterator {
private:
Collection* coll;
public:
CollectionIterator(Collection* coll);
bool More();
Foo* Next();
};
.20
CollectionIterator iter(collection); // F'-0$*, /*"7$*'7
while (iter.More())
f(iter.Next());
5MOQBO NLFRFBUH\EO, WBO RQUGO EUQDOH\DO QBMOD [MOGMCSSX [OMOZLCUB QBOH\DO [MOJHUS:
5MF FQ[OH\PORCEFF DHCQQC, [MOFPROLEOGO OB Collection, DCZLX_ DHFUEB LOHZUE PECB\, DCDFU
EORXU DHCQQX FBUMCBOMOR LOHZEX FQ[OH\PORCB\QK RSUQBO QBCMOGO CollectionIterator.
5UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC FBUMCBOMC RFLEX RQUS F DCZLOSN. *CZU UQHF OEF EU QOQBCRHKIB
GOQNLCMQBRUEEO_ BC_EX, RUQ\ DHFUEBQDF_ DOL [MFLUBQK [UMUDOS[FHFMORCB\ DCZLX_ MCP, DOGLC
RCS PCYOWUBQK FPSUEFB\ MUCHFPC^FI FBUMCBOMC.
"CEUQUEFU FBUMCBOMOR R QBUD [MOBFROMUWFB EUDOBOMXS QBMCBUGFKS SEOGO[OBOWEOQBF,
MCQQSCBMFRCUSXS R QHULNITU_ GHCRU.
6EOGODMCBEOU FQ[OH\PORCEFU BCDOGO DOLC PCLCWC SUMPDCK.
4WFBXRCK RQU ]BO, JNLUB ECSEOGO, ECSEOGO HNWVU [O[MOQFB\ DHCQQ DOHHUD^FF: 5OZCHN_QBC, Q]M,
QLUHC_BU SEU FBUMCBOM RSUQBO BOGO, WBOJX QCSOSN QOPLCRCB\ UGO R QBUDU. $URPFMCK EC RQU [MOJHUSX,
]BOB BF[ FBUMCBOMOR WCQBO RQBMUWCUBQK R DOSSUMWUQDFY JFJHFOBUDCY DHCQQOR.
Raccueuue ufepafopu funa void*
.CSCK MCQ[MOQBMCEUEECK RCMFC^FK EC BUSN [CQQFREXY FBUMCBOMOR EU ROPFB\QK Q [MULRCMFBUH\EXS
OJaKRHUEFUS DHCQQC FBUMCBOMC, C OJSCENB\ DHFUEBOR F RENVFB\ FS, WBO EC QCSOS LUHU OEF FSUIB LUHO Q
BF[OS void*. #QU ]BO WCQBO SCQDFMNUBQK DCDFS-EFJNL\ DMCQFRXS FSUEUS Q [OSOT\I typedef, EO
NMOLHFRX_ void* BCD HUGDO EU Q[MKWUV\.
typedef void* AprilInParis;
class Collection {
public:
AprilInParis Iterate(); // G'-47$K$"* -$87/2/7'4$((<? void*
bool More(AprilInParis&);
Foo* Next(AprilInParis&);
};
0OEUWEO, RO RENBMUEEUS [MULQBCRHUEFF YMCEFBQK WBO-BO JOHUU MCPNSEOU, WUS void*, [O]BOSN DOL
MUCHFPC^FF Collection LOHZUE [OQBOKEEO [MUOJMCPORXRCB\ void* D MUCH\EOQBF. $U PECI DCD RCQ, EO
HFWEO SUEK [MFROLFB R NZCQ OLEC SXQH\ O BOS, WBO DHFUEBQDF_ DOL JNLUB ROPFB\QK Q void* LO UGO
[MUOJMCPORCEFK. 0 BOSN ZU OBHCLDC BCDOGO DOLC L\KROH\QDF QHOZEC, [OQDOH\DN OBHCLWFD PECUB O BOS, Q
WUS OE FSUUB LUHO, EFWNB\ EU JOH\VU DHFUEBC. 0MCQFROU ECPRCEFU FBUMCBOMC EU QDMOUB FPECWCH\EOGO
NMOLQBRC BCDOGO [OLYOLC.
Hefunusupoeauuue suaeuun qyukuuu Next()
6EOGFU DHCQQX FBUMCBOMOR [FVNBQK R OJOJTUEEO_ ÒMSU LHK BF[C void* FHF DCDOGO-BO CJQBMCDBEOGO
JCPOROGO DHCQQC. 0HFUEB LOHZUE QCS [MFROLFB\ PECWUEFU, ROPRMCTCUSOU `NED^FU_ Next(), OJMCBEO D
[MCRFH\EOSN BF[N F GOMU USN, UQHF OE WBO-EFJNL\ EC[NBCUB. <CJHOEX FPOJMUBCHFQ\ FSUEEO LHK ]BO_
ÛHF, BCD WBO BU[UM\ [OLOJEX_ JMUL NZU EUH\PK O[MCRLCB\.
Pyuue eapuaufu
$CWFECK Q ]BOGO SUQBC, K JNLN GOROMFB\ OJ CDBFREXY FBUMCBOMCY, OLECDO RQU QDCPCEEOU R MCREO_ SUMU
OBEOQFBQK F D [CQQFREXS FBUMCBOMCS. $UDOBOMXU MCPEORFLEOQBF FBUMCBOMOR QFH\EO PCRFQKB OB
YCMCDBUMFQBFD DOHHUD^FF, EO LMNGFU OJHCLCIB JOH\VU_ NEFRUMQCH\EOQB\I. 5UMUWFQHKI FY, EU
[MFLUMZFRCKQ\ DCDOGO-BO O[MULUHUEEOGO [OMKLDC.
.2.
Bosepaf e ucxopuyk foky
$UDOBOMXU DHCQQX FBUMCBOMOR QOLUMZCB `NED^FI, DOBOMCK ROPRMCTCUB FBUMCBOM D ECWCHN [UMUJOMC. &
ECPXRCI UU `NED^FU_ ROPRMCBC, Rewind(). +CDCK ROPSOZEOQB\ [OLLUMZFRCUBQK EU RQUSF DOHHUD^FKSF
EC[MFSUM, LHK [OBODC LCEEXY FP DOSSNEFDC^FOEEOGO [OMBC ]BO EUROPSOZEO.
Orpauueuue puanasoua
%QHF QORODN[EOQB\ OJaUDBOR, [MULQBCRHUEEXY R RFLU DOHHUD^FF, N[OMKLOWUEC, FBUMCBOM LOHZUE
OJHCLCB\ EUDOBOMXSF QMULQBRCSF LHK OGMCEFWUEFK [UMUJOMC DOEDMUBEXS LFC[CPOEOS OJaUDBOR.
class Collection {
public:
class Iterator {
public:
Iterator(Key* low, Key* high);
// D *.0.
};
// D *.0.
};
# ]BOS `MCGSUEBU low F high O[MULUHKIB SFEFSCH\EOU F SCDQFSCH\EOU PECWUEFU DHIWC
QOOBRUBQBRUEEO. More() F Next() [MO[NQDCIB ]HUSUEBX, EU RYOLKTFU R PCLCEEX_ LFC[CPOE QO
RDHIWUEFUS GMCEF^. *MNGFU RCMFC^FF EC ]BN BUSN RQU ]HUSUEBX JOH\VU X, RQU ]HUSUEBX SUE\VU
X F FQDHIWUEFU GMCEF^ (< RSUQBO <=).
Ofkaf
!BUMCBOMX BCDZU SOGNB [OLLUMZFRCB\ `NED^FI Previous() LHK OBDCBC EC OLEN [OPF^FI, UQHF BCDCK
ROPSOZEOQB\ OJUQ[UWFRCUBQK QCSO_ DOHHUD^FU_. 3BC `NED^FK WCQBO FQ[OH\PNUBQK RSUQBU Q `NED^FU_
Current(), DOBOMCK ROPRMCTCUB BO, WBO Next() ROPRMCBFHC [MF [OQHULEUS RXPORU.
Kypcopu
1CQBO JXRCUB OWUE\ [OHUPEO OJaULFEFB\ DOEÛ[^FF, O[FQCEEXU R ]BO_ GHCRU, F ROPRMCTCB\ FP Next()
EU *-NDCPCBUH\, C DNMQOM, DOBOMX_ PECUB, OBDNLC RPKHQK ]HUSUEB. 8HCGOLCMK ]BOSN [OH\PORCBUH\ QSOZUB
RX[OHEFB\ NLCHUEFU, PCSUEN FHF RQBCRDN LO FHF [OQHU BUDNTUGO OJaUDBC. #OPSOZEX LRC RCMFCEBC
MUCHFPC^FF: ROPRMCTCB\ DNMQOM FP `NED^FF Next() FHF RDHIWFB\ DNMQOMO[OLOJEXU O[UMC^FF R
DCWUQBRU `NED^F_ DHCQQC QCSOGO FBUMCBOMC, MCJOBCITFY Q [OQHULEU_ [OHNWUEEO_ [OPF^FU_. 5UMRX_
RCMFCEB BMUJNUBQK RPCFSOLU_QBRFK FBUMCBOMC Q DNMQOMOS; RO RBOMOS OEF OJaULFEKIBQK R OLFE DHCQQ.
Hfepafop acfpakfuoro raccuea
5UMU_LUS D [MOQBOSN [MFSUMN EC OQEORU ECVUGO MCPMUZUEEOGO SCQQFRC. 0HCQQX SCQQFRC F DNMQOMC
RPKBX FP [MULXLNTUGO OJQNZLUEFK JUP FPSUEUEF_ PC FQDHIWUEFUS BOGO, WBO DHCQQ SCQQFRC BU[UM\
BCDZU ROPRMCTCUB FBUMCBOM HFV\ LHK EU[NQBXY KWUUD. 4EFRUMQCH\EX_ VCJHOE FBUMCBOMC EU
FQ[OH\PNUBQK, [OQDOH\DN `NED^FK Next() ROPRMCTCUB DCD FELUDQ, BCD F OJaUDB Q ]BFS FELUDQOS, C ]BO
BMUJNUB EUQBCELCMBEOGO FEBUMÙ_QC D Next(). 0HCQQX DNMQOMC F MCPMUZUEEOGO SCQQFRC OQBCHFQ\ R
[MUZEUS RFLU. & EU NBRUMZLCI, WBO ]BO ?%6%@(3 MCPMUZUEEX_ SCQQFR OLECDO OE OJHCLCUB
LOQBCBOWEO [MOQBXS LFPC_EOS, DOBOMX_ EU JNLUB ECS SUVCB\ [MF OJQNZLUEFF FBUMCBOMOR.
// SparseArray.h
class ArrayCursor;
class SparseArray {
friend class ArrayCursor;
private:
struct Node {
Index index;
Foo* content;
.22
Node* next;
Node(Index i, Foo* c, Node* n) : index(i), content(c), next(n) {}
};
Node* cells;
public:
class Iterator {
private:
Node* next;
public:
Iterator(Node* first) : next(first) {}
bool More() { return next != NULL; ]
Foo* Next(Index& index)
{
Foo* object = next->content;
index = next->index;
next = next->next;
return object;
}
};
Iterator* NonEmpty() { return new SparseArray::Iterator(cells); }
ArrayCursor operator[](Index i);
};

class ArrayCursor {
private:
SparseArray& array;
Index index;
SparseArray::Node* node;
public:
operator Foo*() { return node != NULL ? node->content : NULL; }
Foo* operator->()
{
if (node == NULL)
throw nil_error;
else
return node->current;
}
};
5OZCHN_, K JX EU MFQDENH [ODCPXRCB\ ]BN [MOGMCSSN [OBUE^FCH\EOSN MCJOBOLCBUHI DCD
LODCPCBUH\QBRO GHNJODFY [OPECEF_ R .++, EO OEC [MOQBC, JXQBMC F Q[MCRHKUBQK QO QROU_ PCLCWU_. $FZU
[UMUWFQHUEX EUDOBOMXU FPSUEUEFK, DOBOMXU SOZEO JXHO JX REUQBF R DOSSUMWUQDF_ RCMFCEB:
.23
!EDC[QNHFMN_BU SparseArray::Iterator, [MURMCBFR UGO R CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ, C
PCBUS RUMEFBU [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ FP QDMXBO_ MUCHFPC^FF NonEmpty() (]BC FLUK BCDZU YOMOVO
[OLYOLFB LHK DHCQQOR SCQQFRC F DNMQOMC, [O]BOSN SX MCPOR\US UU R WCQBF 3).
5MULOQBCR\BU LO[OHEFBUH\EXU FBUMCBOMX, DOBOMXU RDHIWCIB DCD [NQBXU, BCD F EU[NQBXU
KWU_DF.
,CMCEBFMN_BU O[MULUHUEEX_ [OMKLOD [UMUJOMC KWUUD.
#OPRMCTC_BU FP Next() DNMQOM, C EU NDCPCBUH\, WBOJX DHFUEBX SOGHF FPSUEKB\ QOLUMZFSOU
KWU_DF RO RMUSK [UMUJOMC. %QHF ]BO JNLUB QLUHCEO, FELUDQ SOZUB YMCEFB\QK R DNMQOMU, [O]BOSN
OB[CLCUB EUOJYOLFSOQB\ ROPRMCTCB\ UGO R RFLU OBLUH\EOGO QQXHOWEOGO CMGNSUEBC Next().
Onepafopu konnekuu
6EOGFU DOHHUD^FF FELUDQFMNIBQK OLEFS FHF EUQDOH\DFSF Q[OQOJCSF F YOMOVO QOOBRUBQBRNIB
O[UMCBOMN [], OLECDO R ECVUS OJQNZLUEFF DNMQOMOR F FBUMCBOMOR EFGLU EU RXLRFGCHOQ\ BMUJORCEFU
EU[MUSUEEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ O[UMCBOM [] FHF FELUDQFMORCB\ DOHHUD^FI. 0NMQOM HFV\ O[MULUHKUB
EUDOBOMNI RENBMUEEII [OPF^FI R DOHHUD^FF; ]BC [OPF^FK EU OJKPCEC JXB\ WUS-BO [OEKBEXS FHF
[MULQBCRHKITFS FEBUMUQ LHK [OH\PORCBUHK. %QHF NJMCB\ FP `NED^FF Next() CMGNSUEB Index&,
O[FQCEEX_ FBUMCBOM SOZEO JNLUB Q BCDFS ZU NQ[UYOS FQ[OH\PORCB\ EU LHK SCQQFRC, C LHK WUGO-BO
QORUMVUEEO FEOGO.
# JOH\VFEQBRU DOHHUD^F_ FSUIBQK OJTFU O[UMC^FF. 0CD F R QHNWCU Q O[UMCBOMOS [], O[UMCBOMX .++
OJXWEO [UMUGMNZCIBQK LHK [OHNWUEFK JOHUU [OEKBEOGO F NLOJOWFBCUSOGO DOLC. >OBK EU QNTUQBRNUB
[ORQUSUQBEOGO QBCELCMBC O[UMCBOMOR DOHHUD^F_, [MFRULUEEX_ EFZU [UMUWUE\ [OSOZUB RCS ECWCB\
RCVF QOJQBRUEEXU MCPMCJOBDF. #O RQUY [MFRULUEEXY O[UMCBOMCY QOYMCEKUBQK QUSCEBFDC
QOOBRUBQBRNITFY O[UMC^F_ Q WFQHCSF.
template <class Element>
class Set {
public:
Set(); // =3)*'" 2('1")*4'
Set(const Set<Element>&); // :3;#/7'4$*, 2('1")*4'
Set(Element*); // 9('1")*4' ) '0(/2 /)C'0(<2 Q#"2"(*'2

// P/($7(<" '5"7$B// / '5"7$B// '*('M"(/% (2('1")*4', 2('1")*4')
// (*$&1" 4$7/$(*< |=, &=, -=, <, <=)
Set<Element> operator|(const Set<Element>&) const; // L;E"0/("(/"
// 2('1")*4
Set<Element> operator&(const Set<Element>&) const; // ="7")"."(/"
Set<Element> operator-(const Set<Element>-) const; // O$-(')*,
// 2('1")*4
bool operator>(const Set<Element>&) const; // D)*/((', ")#/ this
// %4#%"*)% *'.(<2 ($02('1")*4'2 $7832"(*$
bool operator>=(const Set<Element>&) const; // D)*/((', ")#/ this
// %4#%"*)% ($02('1")*4'2 $7832"(*$
bool operator==(const Set<Element>&) const; // D)*/((', ")#/ 2('1")*4$
// /2">* '0/($&'4'" )'0"71/2'"

// P/($7(<" '5"7$B// / '5"7$B// '*('M"(/% (2('1")*4', Q#"2"(**)
// (*$&1" 4$7/$(*< |=, -=)
Set<Element> operator|(Element*); // :';$4/*, Q#"2"(* 4 this
Set<Element> operator-(Element*); // this 2/(3) Q#"2"(*
bool operator>(const Element*) const; // D)*/((', ")#/ Q#"2"(*
// 57/($0#"1/* 2('1")*43, (' (" %4#%"*)% "0/()*4"((<2
.24
bool operator>=(const Element*) const; // D)*/((', ")#/ Q#"2"(*
// 57/($0#"1/* 2('1")*43
bool operator==(const Element*) const; // D)*/((', ")#/ Q#"2"(*
// %4#%"*)% "0/()*4"((<2 Q#"2"(*'2 2('1")*4$
};
.NTUQBRNUB UTU OLFE RCMFCEB [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMC, O DOBOMOS K RXENZLUE N[OSKENB\. & BCD F EU
[MFRXD D O[UMCBOMCS << F >> R DCWUQBRU O[UMCBOMOR [OMCPMKLEXY QLRFGOR R [OBOD F FP EUGO, EO
[OQDOH\DN OEF [MOWEO REULMFHFQ\ R DNH\BNMN .++, ]BN FLFOSN [MFYOLFBQK FQ[OH\PORCB\ YOBK JX DCD
JCPN LHK LCH\EU_VFY MCQVFMUEF_. 3BO [MFROLFB ECQ D LO[OHEFBUH\EOSN [MFSUEUEFI << F >> R
DOEBUDQBU DOHHUD^F_ F FBUMCBOMOR:
)[UMCBOM << SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK R FBUMCBOMCY DCD QFEOEFS `NED^FF Next().
)[UMCBOM >> SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK DCD QFEOEFS JOHUU LHFEEOGO O[UMCBOMC Set&
operator|=(Element*) LHK QLRFGC EORXY ]HUSUEBOR R DOHHUD^FI.
# OJOFY FLFOSCY O[UMCBOM LOHZUE [UMUGMNZCB\QK R ÒMSU REUVEU_ `NED^FF, [OQDOH\DN R HURO_ WCQBF
O[UMCBOMC ECYOLFBQK Element*, C EU Set. !LFOSC >> RXGHKLFB ECFJOHUU UQBUQBRUEEO LHK DOHHUD^F_,
QOYMCEKITFY FQYOLEX_ [OMKLOD RQBCRDF (EC[MFSUM, Q[FQDOR).
6X RUMEUSQK D ]BO_ BUSU R WCQBF 3 [MF OJQNZLUEFF GOSOSOMÈXY FUMCMYF_ DHCQQOR.
Myppue kypcopu u uapeuocfu ufepafopoe
0NMQOM SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK LHK RQBCRDF OJaUDBC R EUDOBOMNI [OPF^FI DOHHUD^FF EUPCRFQFSO OB
BOGO, OBMCZUEC HF LCEECK [OPF^FK RO RENBMUEEFY QBMNDBNMCY LCEEXY DOHHUD^FF. !SUEEO ]BOB [MFE^F[
JCH PCHOZUE R OQEORN [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMC = LHK DNMQOMOR. %GO SOZEO OJOJTFB\ EC LMNGFU O[UMC^FF Q
DNMQOMCSF. $FZU [UMUWFQHUEX BF[FWEXU MCQVFMUEEXU O[UMC^FF Q DNMQOMCSF, RXMCZUEEXU R RFLU
`NED^F_ DHCQQC DNMQOMC:
void InsertBefore(Foo* f); // G)*$4/*, f 5"7"0 &37)'7'2
void InsertAfter(Foo* f); // G)*$4/*, f 5')#" &37)'7$
void RemoveAt(); // H0$#/*, ';E"&* 4 *"&3K"? 5'-/B// &37)'7$
.DCPCEEOU OBEOQFBQK D VFMODOSN LFC[CPOEN DOHHUD^F_, R DOBOMXY QNTUQBRNUB WUBDO O[MULUHUEECK
[OQHULORCBUH\EOQB\ ]HUSUEBOR. 5UMUWFQHUEEXU O[UMC^FF BCDZU SOGNB OJUQ[UWFRCB\QK FBUMCBOMCSF,
DOBOMXU EU ROPRMCTCIB DNMQOM DCD PECWUEFU `NED^FF Next(), C QDMXRCIB BUDNTNI [OPF^FI R
FBUMCBOMU.
3BF O[UMC^FF NQHOZEKIB QOJHILUEFU ULFEO_ QUSCEBFDF [UMUJOMC, C R YNLVUS QHNWCU [OMOZLCIB
QUM\UPEXU EULOQBCBDF LFPC_EC, DOBOMXU SOGNB NGMOJFB\ RCVN [MOGMCSSN. #[MOWUS, [MOJHUSX SOGNB
ROPEFDENB\ F JUP MCQVFMUEEXY O[UMC^F_, UQHF FPSUEUEFK R DOHHUD^FF SOGNB [MOFQYOLFB\ [MF ECHFWFF
CDBFREXY DNMQOMOR F FBUMCBOMOR. 5MULQBCR\BU QUJU, WBO EUDF_ `MCGSUEB [MOGMCSSX NLCHKUB OJaUDB, EC
DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK BUDNTF_ CDBFREX_ DNMQOM! 5MFYOLFBQK OQOJO PCJOBFB\QK, WBOJX ]BO EU RXPRCHO
DCBCQBMO`FWUQDFY [OQHULQBRF_. ,HCRECK [MOJHUSC QLUHCB\ DNMQOM *+)#D*',, WBOJX OEF SOGHF
[UMUZFB\ OJEORHUEFU QROFY JCPORXY DOHHUD^F_.
*HK [MFSUMC ROP\SUS QRKPCEEX_ Q[FQOD F UGO FBUMCBOM.
A B

0NMQOMX A F B FQ[OH\PNIBQK LHK OBQHUZFRCEFK BUDNTU_ [OPF^FF LRNY MCPEXY FBUMCBOMOR R OLEOS
Q[FQDU. #QU OBHFWEO MCJOBCUB, [ODC Q[FQOD OQBCUBQK JUP FPSUEUEF_. $O QBOFB DHFUEBN OLEOGO FP
FBUMCBOMOR ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK DNMQOMOS LHK OJEORHUEFK Q[FQDC, DCD EUSULHUEEO ROPEFDCIB [MOJHUSX:
.25
%QHF DHFUEB RX[OHEFB O[UMC^FI RQBCRDF [OQHU Q DNMQOMOS B, OJC FBUMCBOMC [MF
ROPOJEORHUEFF [UMUJOMC NRFLKB BOH\DO WBO RQBCRHUEEX_ OJaUDB.
%QHF DHFUEB RX[OHEFB O[UMC^FI RQBCRDF LO Q DNMQOMOS B FHF RQBCRDF [OQHU Q DNMQOMOS A,
FBUMCBOM-RHCLUHU^ A NRFLFB RQBCRHUEEX_ OJaUDB, C FBUMCBOM-RHCLUHU^ B EUB.
%QHF DHFUEB NLCHFB OJaUDB R [OPF^FF B, A EFDOGLC EU NRFLFB ]BOGO OJaUDBC, YOBK BOB ECYOLFHQK
EC Q[OUS SUQBU, DOGLC FBUMCBOM-RHCLUHU^ A ECWCH [UMUJOM Q[FQDC.
%QHF DHFUEB NLCHFB OJaUDB R [OPF^FF A, B NQ[UUB NRFLUB\ ]BOB OJaUDB [UMUL BUS, DCD
[MOFPOVHO NLCHUEFU.
5MF RX[OHEUEFF RQBCRDF [OQHU HIJOGO DNMQOMC R EUDOBOMXY CHGOMFBSCY RQBCRDF ROPEFDCUB
JUQDOEUWECK MUDNMQFK, [OQDOH\DN DCZLX_ BOH\DO WBO RQBCRHUEEX_ OJaUDB SOZUB FEF^FFMORCB\
RQBCRDN LMNGOGO OJaUDBC.
%QHF A F B QQXHCIBQK EC OJTF_ ]HUSUEB Q[FQDC, C OLFE FP EFY ]BOB ]HUSUEB NLCHFB
"LMCRQBRN_, LUJCGGUM!
0OMOWU, [MF REUQUEFF FPSUEUEF_ R DOHHUD^FI RO RMUSK [UMUJOMC QUSCEBFDC [MURMCTCUBQK R Q[HOVEO_
RFEUGMUB. - UQHF [MF ]BOS OLEORMUSUEEO MCJOBCIB LRC F JOHUU FBUMCBOMC, MUPNH\BCBX SOZEO
O[MULUHKB\ [O JMOQDCS DNJFDOR.
$C QCSOS LUHU Q[FQDF QHNWC_ OBEOQFBUH\EO [MOQBO_. 5OLNSC_BU, WBO [MOFPO_LUB, UQHF DOHHUD^FK
YMCEFBQK R RFLU SCQQFRC (EUPCRFQFSO OB BOGO, [MULQBCRHKUBQK HF OEC DHFUEBN SCQQFROS FHF EUB), C
DNMQOM MCQ[OHCGCUB ÛHOWFQHUEEXS FELUDQOS R ]BOS SCQQFRU.
A B

1BOJX OJUQ[UWFB\ RX[OHEUEFU RQBCRDF LO/[OQHU F NLCHUEFK, [MFYOLFBQK QLRFGCB\ ]HUSUEBX SCQQFRC
ECL [OPF^FU_ RQBCRDF FHF NLCHKB\ OLEF ]HUSUEB RXVU FHF EFZU. %QHF EC LFCGMCSSU NLCHFB\ ]HUSUEB R
A F QLRFENB\ RQU, WBO ECYOLFBQK RXVU, EC OLEN [OPF^FI REFP, B [MO[NQBFB [OPF^FI. %QHF RQBCRFB\
]HUSUEB R A, B NRFLFB OLFE F BOB ZU OJaUDB LRCZLX.
.USCEBFDC [UMUJOMC LOHZEC JXB\ ECSEOGO JOHUU KQEO_ F JOHUU [MULQDCPNUSO_. *HK JOH\VFEQBRC
[MFHOZUEF_ [OMKLOD ]HUSUEBOR QHULNUB `FDQFMORCB\ EC SOSUEB ECWCHC [UMUJOMC, WBO EC EUGO EU
RHFKHF [OQHULNITFU O[UMC^FF RQBCRDF F NLCHUEFK. 0CD [MCRFHO, FLFOSX FBUMCBOMC F DNMQOMC LOHZEX
QOJHILCB\ LRC [MCRFHC:
/. !BUMCBOM LOHZUE [UMUJFMCB\ OJaUDBX DOHHUD^FF EC SOSUEB QROUGO DOEQBMNFMORCEFK.
2. 0NMQOM LOHZUE OQBCRCB\QK LU_QBRFBUH\EXS OB SOSUEBC DOEQBMNFMORCEFK LO SOSUEBC
NEFWBOZUEFK. *MNGFSF QHORCSF, [MOGMCSSC EU LOHZEC RX[OHEKB\ O[UMC^FF, [OQHU DOBOMXY
CDBFREX_ DNMQOM SOZUB [OBUMKB\ MCJOBOQ[OQOJEOQB\. 3BO EU OPECWCUB, WBO PECWUEFU R [OPF^FF
DNMQOMC LOHZEO OQBCRCB\QK OLEFS F BUS ZU MUW\ FLUB HFV\ O BOS, WBO DNMQOM OJKPCE
QOYMCEKB\ MCJOBOQ[OQOJEOQB\.
3BF [MCRFHC REOQKB EUDOBOMX_ [OMKLOD R BO, WBO GMOPFHO [MURMCBFB\QK R CJQOHIBEX_ YCOQ. 5UMROU FP
EFY SOZEO ECPRCB\ [MFE^F[OS PCBUEUEFK, [OQDOH\DN RQU FPSUEUEFK, REOQFSXU R DOHHUD^FI [OQHU
DOEQBMNFMORCEFK FBUMCBOMC, QDMXRCIBQK (PCBUEKIBQK) OB EUGO. 3BO OLEC FP GHOJCH\EXY DOEÛ[^F_
LFPC_EC, [O DOBOMO_ PC[MOQBO SOZEO EC[FQCB\ OBLUH\ENI DEFGN, EO, D QWCQB\I, N ECQ [OQBCRHUEC JOHUU
[MFPUSHUEECK ÛH\ [MOLUSOEQBMFMORCB\ BU FLFOSX .++, R DOBOMXY RO[HOTCIBQK [MCDBFWUQDFU
MUVUEFK.
.26
-acfuue konuu konnekuu
%QHF FBUMCBOM F UGO DNMQOM EU [OPROHKIB REOQFB\ FPSUEUEFK R DOHHUD^FI, QNTUQBRNUB [MOQBO_ RXYOL:
QOPLCB\ WCQBENI DO[FI DOHHUD^FF R DOEQBMNDBOMU FBUMCBOMC. $C [QURLODOLU ]BO RXGHKLFB BCD:
class Iterator {
private:
Collection collection;
Cursor location; // A"&3K$% 5'-/B/% 4 &'5//
public:
Iterator(Collection& c)
: collection(c), location(collection.First()) {}
bool More();
Foo* Next();
};
0OEQBMNDBOM FBUMCBOMC Q [OSOT\I DOEQBMNDBOMC DO[F_ DHCQQC Collection QOPLCUB RBOMNI WCQBENI
DO[FI DOHHUD^FF. 5UMUL RCSF OLFE FP MULDFY QHNWCUR, DOGLC LU_QBRFBUH\EO FSUUB PECWUEFU BOB
`CDB, WBO [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC DOEQBMNFMNIBQK R [OMKLDU FY [UMUWFQHUEFK; OJaUDB collection LOHZUE
JXB\ QDOEQBMNFMORCE MCE\VU OJaUDBC location, R [MOBFREOS QHNWCU RCS [MULQBOKB SNWUEFK Q OBHCLDO_
`NED^FF First().
Konnekuuu oLekfoe unu konnekuuu ykasafene?
3BC QYUSC OJXWEO FQ[OH\PNUBQK R QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC DOHHUD^FK QOQBOFB FP NDCPCBUHU_ FHF QQXHOD EC
OJaUDBX, DOBOMXU RO RQUS OQBCH\EOS EFDCD EU QRKPCEX Q DOHHUD^FU_. # LMNGFY DOHHUD^FKY RSUQBO
NDCPCBUHU_ FHF QQXHOD QOLUMZCBQK QOJQBRUEEO OJaUDBX.
template <class Type, int Size>
class Array {
private:
int Size; // I'#/.")*4' ';E"&*'4 Type
Type elements[size]; // L;E"&*< (4(3*7"((/")
// / *.0.
};
"LUQ\ OJaUDBX JNDRCH\EO REULMKIBQK R DOHHUD^FI. 1BOJX [MOLNJHFMORCB\ DOHHUD^FI, RCS [MFLUBQK
QDO[FMORCB\ EU BOH\DO NDCPCBUHF, EO F OJaUDBX C ]BO SOZUB OJO_BFQ\ QHFVDOS LOMOGO. . LMNGO_
QBOMOEX, SOZUB ROPEFDENB\ EUOJYOLFSOQB\ R BOS, WBOJX FBUMCBOM ROPRMCTCH NDCPCBUH\ FHF QQXHDN EC
FQYOLEX_ OJaUDB FQYOLEO_ DOHHUD^FF, C EU EC DO[FI. # HIJOS QHNWCU RCMFCEB Q WCQBEXSF
DOHHUD^FKSF OB[CLCUB.
+OB ZU [MFE^F[ LU_QBRNUB DCZLX_ MCP, DOGLC DOHHUD^FK [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ ECJOM RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_
EC UU QOLUMZFSOU. *C, OEC QOLUMZFB NDCPCBUHF, C EU OJaUDBX, OLECDO DOHHUD^FK FSUUB [MCRO NLCHKB\
]BF OJaUDBX, [O]BOSN WCQBECK DO[FK JNLUB EUNQBO_WFRO_. $UDOBOMXU RO[MOQX N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I,
QRKPCEEXU Q ]BO_ [MOJHUSO_ DOEDMUBEUU, QJOMDC SNQOMC MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK R WCQBF 4 ]BO_ DEFGF.
Ynpoeuue acfuo konnekuuu
5MUL[OHOZFS, FQYOLECK DOHHUD^FK [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ JFECMEOU LUMURO FHF LMNGNI QHOZENI
QBMNDBNMN LCEEXY. +CD HF EUOJYOLFSO ROQ[MOFPROLFB\ R DO[FF RQU LO[OHEFBUH\EXU FPLUMZDF
LMURORFLEO_ QBMNDBNMX, UQHF NWUQB\, WBO RX EU QOJFMCUBUQ\ [OH\PORCB\QK FELUDQFMORCEEXS LOQBN[OS?
.NTUQBRNUB OJTU[MFEKBOU MUVUEFU QOPLCB\ R DCWUQBRU WCQBEO_ DO[FF N[MOTUEEX_ RCMFCEB
DOHHUD^FF. 3BO JNLUB [MOTU, UQHF R DHCQQU DOHHUD^FF FSUUBQK O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK,
[OMOZLCITF_ ]DPUS[HKM N[MOTUEEO_ DOHHUD^FF. #SUQBO DOEQBMNDBOMC DO[F_ DOHHUD^FF FBUMCBOM
FQ[OH\PNUB UU O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK:
class SimpleCollection; // H57'K"((<? 4$7/$(*
class ComplexCollection {
.27
public:
operator SimpleCollection*();
};
.NTUQBRNUB F LMNGO_, [OYOZF_ RCMFCEB QOPLCB\ R DHCQQU SimpleCollection DOEQBMNDBOMX LHK RQUY
OQBCH\EXY BF[OR DOHHUD^F_. )LECDO Q BOWDF PMUEFK LFPC_EC BCDOU MUVUEFU EUNLCWEO DCZLX_ MCP,
DOGLC RX [MFLNSCUBU DCDNI-EFJNL\ EORNI ]DPOBFWUQDNI DOHHUD^FI, RCS [MFLUBQK FPSUEKB\ DHCQQ
SimpleCollection. *HK BCDFY QHNWCUR QNTUQBRNIB O[UMCBOMX [MUOJMCPORCEFK.
%QHF FQ[OH\PORCB\ ]BOB RCMFCEB, FBUMCBOM QBCEORFBQK NEFRUMQCH\EXS F [OLYOLKTFS LHK MCPHFWEXY
BF[OR DOHHUD^F_. !BUMCBOMN EU ENZEO EFWUGO PECB\ OJ FQYOLEO_ DOHHUD^FF. 0OEQBMNDBOMN FBUMCBOMC
[UMULCUBQK CLMUQ N[MOTUEEO_ DOHHUD^FF RSUQBO FQYOLEO_, [MF ]BOS FEBUMÙ_Q RXGHKLFB BCD:
class Iterator {
private:
SimpleCollection* collection;
Cursor location; // A"&3K$% 5'-/B/% 4 &'5//
public:
Iterator(SimpleCollection* c)
: collection(c), location(collection->First()) {}
bool More();
bool Next();
};
Buyfpeuuue u eueuuue ufepafopu
#UMEUSQK D FBUMCBOMCS, MCJOBCITFS Q FQYOLEO_ DOHHUD^FU_. .NTUQBRNIB LRC BF[C FBUMCBOMOR:
OBEOQKTFUQK D RENBMUEEU_ MUCHFPC^FF DOHHUD^FF (EC[MFSUM, LHK [MFRULUEEOGO RXVU DHCQQC
SimpleCollection) F OBDMXBXU REUVEUSN SFMN. )EF ECPXRCIBQK &*8"6#**(,( (internal iterator) F
&*#@*(,( (external iterator) FBUMCBOMCSF QOOBRUBQBRUEEO.
#ENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM OJXWEO [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ BN[O_, EUECLUZEX_ FBUMCBOM, DOBOMX_ [UMUJFMCUB
OJaUDBX DOHHUD^FF R UU BUDNTUS QOQBOKEFF. %QHF R DOHHUD^FF [MOFQYOLFB RQBCRDC FHF NLCHUEFU,
RENBMUEEFU FBUMCBOMX ECWFECIB RXDFLXRCB\ RQU BU QBMCEEXU ÒMBUHF, O DOBOMXY GOROMFHOQ\ R ECWCHU
MCPLUHC. 5O ]BO_ [MFWFEU FY BTCBUH\EO [MKWNB OB VCHORHFRXY MND DHFUEBC. 0CD [MCRFHO, RENBMUEEFU
FBUMCBOMX BUQEO QRKPCEX QO QBMNDBNMCSF LCEEXY, FQ[OH\PORCEEXSF R MUCHFPC^FF DOHHUD^FF. 0CD F
HIJXU LMNGFU FBUMCBOMX, OEF SOGNB ROPRMCTCB\ *-NDCPCBUH\ FHF DNMQOM R PCRFQFSOQBF OB RCVFY
[OBMUJEOQBU_.
#EUVEFU FBUMCBOMX QOJHILCIB [MFE^F[ PCBUEUEFK. "CBUEUEFK SOZEO LOJFB\QK SEOGFSF Q[OQOJCSF,
WCQB\ FP DOBOMXY MCQQSCBMFRCUBQK LCHUU R ]BO_ GHCRU F R GHCRU 9. 0CD RQUGLC, QNB\ DMOUBQK EU R
DOEDMUBEOS CHGOMFBSU FHF QBMNDBNMU LCEEXY, C R BOS, DCD Q[MKBCB\ FY OB [NJHFDF.
Bpereuuue euyfpeuuue ufepafopu
%QHF REUVEF_ FBUMCBOM QOPLCUB WCQBENI DO[FI DOHHUD^FF (QS. [MULXLNTF_ MCPLUH) F [MF ]BOS EU
QNTUQBRNUB O[UMCBOMC [MUOJMCPORCEFK FHF DOEQBMNDBOMC, Q[OQOJEOGO [MURMCBFB\ FQYOLENI DOHHUD^FI
R WCQBENI, R DOEQBMNDBOMU REUVEUGO FBUMCBOMC SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK RENBMUEEFS FBUMCBOMOS. #
QHULNITUS `MCGSUEBU LRC RENBMUEEFY FBUMCBOMC OJaULFEKIBQK R MUCHFPC^FF OLEOGO REUVEUGO:
class ExternalIterator {
private:
SimpleCollection collection;
SimpleIterator* my_iter; // G'-47$K$"*)% &'##"&B/"?
public:
ExternalIterator(ComplexCollection* c)
{
InternalIterator* iter = c->Iterator();
.28
while (c->More())
collection += *(c->Next());
delete iter;
my_iter = collection->Iterator();
}
bool More() { return my_iter->More(); }
bool Next() { return my_iter->Next(); }
};
ComplexCollection [MULOQBCRHKUB RENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM, DOBOMX_ QNTUQBRNUB MOREO QBOH\DO, QDOH\DO
EUOJYOLFSO LHK QOPLCEFK DO[FF. SimpleCollection ROPRMCTCUB FBUMCBOM, FQ[OH\PNUSX_ LHK
MUCHFPC^FF `NED^FF More() F Next() REUVEUGO FBUMCBOMC. 0OEUWEO, RQU SOGHO JX RXGHKLUB\ ECSEOGO
]HUGCEBEUU, UQHF JX N SimpleCollection JXH DOEQBMNDBOM Q CMGNSUEBOS ComplexCollection FHF N
ComplexCollection O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK [MUOJMCPORCEFK operator SimpleCollection(). $O
LCZU [MF FY OBQNBQBRFF DHCQQ FBUMCBOMC OJUQ[UWFRCUB RUQ\ EUOJYOLFSX_ NMORUE\ FEDC[QNHK^FF.
Ycfoueue euyfpeuuue ufepafopu
+UMSFE NQBO_WFRX_ (persistent) OPECWCUB, WBO RENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM QNTUQBRNUB LO BUY [OM, [ODC
QNTUQBRNUB REUVEF_ FBUMCBOM (my_iter R [MULXLNTUS [MFSUMU). #ENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM SOZUB JXB\
[UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC REUVEUGO FBUMCBOMC, DCD JXHO [ODCPCEO, C [MF LOQBCBOWEO_ OQBOMOZEOQBF UGO
SOZEO QOPLCB\ DCD [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ [OQMULQBROS PCDMXBOGO ECQHULORCEFK. #CMFCEB Q PCDMXBXS
ECQHULORCEFUS SOZUB RXGHKLUB\ BCD:
// G @$?#" .h
class Collection {
public:
class ExternalIterator {
public:
virtual Foo* Next() = 0;
};
ExternalIterator* Iterator();
};

// G @$?#" .cpp
// +$)*'%K/? &#$)), 4'-47$K$"2<? &#/"(*$2
class RealExternalIterator
: public ExternalIterator, private InternalIterator
(...);

Collection:ExternalIterator* Collection::Iterator()
{
return new RealExternalIterator(this);
}
)JHCLCITF_ HODCH\EO_ OJHCQB\I LU_QBRFK ExternalIterator OJUQ[UWFRCUB CJQBMCDBEX_ FEBUMÙ_Q,
[MULOQBCRHKUSX_ DHFUEBN. $CQBOKTF_ ROPRMCTCUSX_ DHCQQ, RealExternalIterator, [OMOZLUE OB
Collection::ExternalIterator [OQMULQBROS OBDMXBOGO ECQHULORCEFK, C BCDZU (O WUS DHFUEB EU
[OLOPMURCUB) OB SimpleIterator [OQMULQBROS PCDMXBOGO ECQHULORCEFK. 0CD F R JOH\VFEQBRU
[MOJHUS LFPC_EC .++, PCDMXBOU ECQHULORCEFU [MOTU MUCHFPNUBQK, C LUHUGFMORCEFU [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC
ODCPXRCUBQK JOHUU NEFRUMQCH\EXS. $C[MFSUM, RX SOZUBU EC [OH[NBF PCSUEFB\ [UMUSUEENI, WBOJX
QÛ[FB\ EUQDOH\DO RENBMUEEFY FBUMCBOMOR R OLEOS REUVEUS.
.29
4unufpykue ufepafopu
)LEC FP [MOJHUS, QRKPCEEXY Q ]BO_ FLFOSO_ MUCHFPC^FK `NED^FF More(). 5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO
`NED^FK Next() REUVEUGO FBUMCBOMC SOZUB [MO[NQBFB\ OJaUDB, ROPRMCTCUSX_ RENBMUEEU_ `NED^FU_
Next(). $C[MFSUM, UQHF RENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM ROPRMCTCUB ]HUSUEB, RQBCRHUEEX_ [OQHU
DOEQBMNFMORCEFK REUVEUGO FBUMCBOMC, REUVEF_ FBUMCBOM SOZUB PCYOBUB\ [MO[NQBFB\ UGO. :NED^FK
More() RENBMUEEUGO FBUMCBOMC PCKRHKUB, WBO R DOHHUD^FF UTU OQBCHFQ\ ]HUSUEBX, EO [MF [O[XBDU
FPRHUWUEFK OEF JHCGO[OHNWEO OBRUMGCIBQK `NED^FU_ Next(). )LFE FP RCMFCEBOR MUVUEFK RDHIWFB\
RO RENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM `NED^FI [OLQSCBMFRCEFK Peek(). +CDCK `NED^FK ROPRMCTCUB BO ZU, WBO F
Next(), EO EU [UMUSUTCUB DNMQOM D QHULNITU_ [OPF^FF. 5OQHU BCDOGO LOJCRHUEFK ROPEFDCUB
QBO[MOÛEBEO ECLUZEX_ Q[OQOJ REULMFB\ RENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM RO REUVEF_:
class RealExternalIterator : public ExternalIterator {
private:
InternalIterator* iter;
bool Accept(Foo*); // J/#,*73>K$% @3(&B/%
public:
RealExternalIterator(Collection* c) : iter(c->Iterator()) {}
virtual bool More()
{
while (iter.More()) {
if (Accept(iter->Peek()))
return true;
(void)iter->Next(); // L*4"78(3*, / 5"7"2")*/*,)%
}
return false;
}
virtual Foo* Next() { return iter->Next(); }
};
0CZLX_ MCP, DOGLC DHFUEB RXPXRCUB More() (R BOS WFQHU F R ECWCHU ^FDHC), RENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM
[UMUSUTCUBQK R[UMUL LO BUY [OM, [ODC EU ECBDEUBQK EC ]HUSUEB, DOBOMX_ NLORHUBROMKUB `FH\BMNITU_
`NED^FF Accept() REUVEUGO FBUMCBOMC.
# OQOJO PHORMULEXY DOHHUD^FKY, WBOJX MUCHFPORCB\ `NED^FI Peek(), RCS [MFLUBQK QOYMCEKB\ DO[FI
[OQHULEUGO NRFLUEEOGO OJaUDBC, OLECDO R JOH\VFEQBRU QHNWCUR NLCUBQK HUGDO RX[OHEFB\
EUMCPMNVCITUU QWFBXRCEFU BUDNTU_ [OPF^FF.
(CPNSUUBQK, ROPSOZEOQBF ]BO_ SUBOLFDF EU OGMCEFWFRCIBQK PCBUEUEFUS FBUMCBOMOR. %U SOZEO
[MFSUEKB\ R HIJO_ QFBNC^FF, DOGLC REUVEF_ FBUMCBOM OBRUMGCUB WCQB\ OJaUDBOR, ROPRMCTCUSXY
RENBMUEEFS. $C[MFSUM, `NED^FK Accept() SOZUB ECDHCLXRCB\ OGMCEFWUEFK LHK PC[MOQC D JCPU
LCEEXY.
Bpereuuan norefka
)LFE FP [MOQBU_VFY ÒDNQOR LHK RQBCRDF RMUSUEECK [OSUBDC RQBCROD F FBUMCBOMOR. %QHF [OSUBDC
FBUMCBOMC OBEOQFBQK D JOHUU MCEEUSN SOSUEBN, WUS [OSUBDC [OPF^FF, FBUMCBOM [MO[NQDCUB OJaUDB R
LCEEO_ [OPF^FF. #MUSUEENI [OSUBDN SOZEO MUCHFPORCB\ [O-MCPEOSN: JNDRCH\EO (DCD DOHFWUQBRO
BCDBOR BC_SUMC); R RFLU EOSUMC YMCEKTUGOQK GLU-BO R QBCBFWUQDO_ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC; FHF R
[UMUSUEEO_ OJaUDBC DOHHUD^FF.
4LCHUEFU OJMCJCBXRCUBQK CECHOGFWEO. %QHF DBO-BO [XBCUBQK NLCHFB\ OJaUDB FP DOHHUD^FF, R
LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF OJaUDB OQBCUBQK EC QROUS SUQBU LO FQWUPEORUEFK RQUY QBCMXY FBUMCBOMOR. +UDNTFU
DHFUEBX F EORXU FBUMCBOMX FGEOMFMNIB UGO, C FBUMCBOMX, QDOEQBMNFMORCEEXU LO NLCHUEFK,
[MOLOHZCIB MCJOBCB\ BCD, QHOREO EFDBO EU QOOJTFH FS O [UWCH\EO_ QNL\JU OJaUDBC. :CDBFWUQDF
OJaUDB NLCHKUBQK HFV\ BOGLC, DOGLC OE PCRULOSO EFDOSN EU ENZUE. 6X QBOHDENHFQ\ Q OLEFS FP
RO[MOQOR QJOMDF SNQOMC, O DOBOMOS [O_LUB MUW\ R WCQBF 4. 4LCHUEEXU OJaUDBX HUGDO NEFWBOZCIBQK R
.30
[MOÛQQU QOYMCEUEFK DOHHUD^FF EC EOQFBUHU FEÒMSC^FF FHF R HIJO_ SOSUEB [MF OBQNBQBRFF
CDBFREXY FBUMCBOMOR F DNMQOMOR.
!EOGLC OJaUDB SOZUB ECYOLFB\QK QMCPN DCD RO RQBCRHUEEOS, BCD F R NLCHUEEOS QOQBOKEFF; RQBCRDC
[MOFPOVHC [OQHU BOGO, DCD FBUMCBOM JXH QDOEQBMNFMORCE, C NLCHUEFU LO NEFWBOZUEFK FBUMCBOMC. #
QNTEOQBF, LHK DCZLOGO OJaUDBC SOZEO RUQBF ÛHX_ ZNMECH RQBCROD F NLCHUEF_, UQHF LHK ]BFY QOJXBF_
YRCBFB ZFPEUEEOGO QMODC RCVUGO FBUMCBOMC. *HK RULUEFK BCDOGO ZNMECHC [OLYOLKB SEOGFU MCPHFWEXU
QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY. 3BC [OJOWECK BUSC LOQBCBOWEO FEBUMUQEC, YOBK OEC F EU FSUUB OQOJOGO OBEOVUEFK D
MCQQSCBMFRCUSXS FLFOSCS .++. 1BOJX OJUQ[UWFB\ EUOJYOLFSX_ NMORUE\ FEDC[QNHK^FF, SX REUQUS
EUDOBOMXU FPSUEUEFK R DOEÛ[^FI RENBMUEEUGO FBUMCBOMC FP [MULXLNTUGO MCPLUHC.
Knacc epereuuux refok
.HULNITF_ DHCQQ FEDC[QNHFMNUB RMUSUEEXU [OSUBDF. %GO SOZEO SOLF`F^FMORCB\, WBOJX RSUQBO
[OQHULORCBUH\EOGO QWUBWFDC FQ[OH\PORCHFQ\ [ODCPCEFK QFQBUSEXY WCQOR LHK DHFUEBC ]BO GHNJODO
JUPMCPHFWEO. )JMCBFBU REFSCEFU: DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F O[UMCBOM = *# >#6#768D+F".4. 5MF [UMULCWU
Timestamp [O PECWUEFI QOPLCUBQK RMUSUEEX_ OJaUDB Timestamp Q BUS ZU RMUSUEUS, WBO F R FQYOLEOS
OJaUDBU, C R QHNWCU [MFQRCFRCEFK OLEOGO Timestamp LMNGOSN HUROQBOMOEEF_ OJaUDB [MFOJMUBCUB BN ZU
SUBDN, WBO F [MCROQBOMOEEF_.
class Timestamp {
private:
static int last_time; // D)5'#,-3"*)% 0#% 57/)4$/4$(/% ./)#$
int stamp;
public:
Timestamp() : stamp(++last_time) {}
bool operator>(Timestamp ts) { return stamp > ts.stamp; }
bool operator>=(Timestamp ts) { return stamp >= ts.stamp; }
bool operator<(Timestamp ts) { return stamp < ts.stamp; }
bool operator<=(Timestamp ts) { return stamp <= ts.stamp; }
bool operator==(Timestamp ts) { return stamp == ts.stamp; }
bool operator!=(Timestamp ts) { return stamp != ts.stamp; }
};
Buyfpeuuu ufepafop c epereuuo norefko
#ENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM BCDZU EUOJYOLFSO SOLF`F^FMORCB\, WBOJX OE NWFBXRCH [MFQNBQBRFU RMUSUEEXY
[OSUBOD. .OOBRUBQBRNITFU `MCGSUEBX FEBUMÙ_QC [MFRULUEX EFZU. 5OLMOJEOQBF MUCHFPC^FF R
PECWFBUH\EO_ SUMU O[MULUHKIBQK QBMNDBNMCSF LCEEXY DOHHUD^FF:
class InternalIterator {
public:
bool More(Timestamp as_of);
Foo* Next(Timestamp as_of);
bool Peek(Timestamp as_of);
};
#ENBMUEEF_ FBUMCBOM JNLUB [MO[NQDCB\ OJaUDBX, OBQNBQBRORCRVFU R DOHHUD^FF R NDCPCEEOU RMUSK.
Cnocou euyfpeuue peanusauuu
)LFE FP ROPSOZEXY [NBU_ MUCHFPC^FF BCDOGO [ORULUEFK QRKPCB\ Q DCZLO_ [OPF^FU_ DOHHUD^FF
RUDBOM RMUSUEEXY [OSUBOD, R DOBOMOS QCSX_ QBCMX_ ]HUSUEB JNLUB QOOBRUBQBRORCB\ FQYOLEO_ RQBCRDU,
C [OQHULNITFU ]HUSUEBX [OOWUMULEO O[FQXRCB\ [OQHULNITFU RQBCRDF F NLCHUEFK. %QHF RUDBOM
QOLUMZFB EUWUBEOU DOHFWUQBRO ]HUSUEBOR, OJaUDB R ECQBOKTUU RMUSK ECYOLFBQK R DOHHUD^FF, C [UMRX_
]HUSUEB RUDBOMC OBEOQFBQK D SOSUEBN [OQHULEU_ RQBCRDF. %QHF WFQHO ]HUSUEBOR WUBEOU, OJaUDB
OBQNBQBRNUB R DOHHUD^FF, C [UMRX_ ]HUSUEB O[FQXRCUB SOSUEB [OQHULEUGO NLCHUEFK. # [MOÛQQU
N[HOBEUEFK DOHHUD^FF N[HOBEKIBQK F ZNMECHX NLCHUEF_ R EFY OQBCUBQK HFV\ SOSUEB [OQHULEU_
.3.
RQBCRDF. .NTUQBRNIB F LMNGFU ROPSOZEOQBF MUCHFPC^FF (EC[MFSUM, WUMUP Q[FQDF FQDHIWUEF_), OLECDO
SUBOLFDC ZNMECHOR NLCHUEF_ [O DMC_EU_ SUMU LUSOEQBMFMNUB DOEÛ[^FI.
Bueuuu ufepafop c epereuuo norefko
#EUVEF_ FBUMCBOM [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ BMFRFCH\ENI OJOHOWDN LHK BOH\DO WBO O[FQCEEOGO RENBMUEEUGO
FBUMCBOMC:
class RealExternalIterator : public ExternalIterator {
private:
InternalIterator* iter;
Timestamp my_time; // G7"2% &'()*73/7'4$(/% this
bool Accept(Foo*); // J/#,*73>K$% @3(&B/%
public:
RealExternalIterator(Collection* c) : iter(c->Iterator()) {}
virtual bool More() {
while (iter.More(my_time)) {
if (Accept(iter->Peek(my_time)))
return true;
(void)iter->Next(my_time);
}
return false;
}
virtual Foo* Next() { return iter->Next(my_time); }
};
8UPCMGNSUEBEX_ DOEQBMNDBOM Timestamp FQ[OH\PNUB LHK [OSUBDF BUDNTUU RMUSK. #O SEOGFY QFBNC^FKY
`NED^FK Accept() RQUGLC ROPRMCTCUB true, F UU SOZEO NJMCB\.
Rpurep
*CRC_BU PCRUMVFS ]BN PCBKENRVNIQK GHCRN [MFSUMOS VCJHOEOS LHK ECJOMC OJaUDBOR, BF[ DOBOMXY
O[MULUHKUBQK [CMCSUBMOS VCJHOEC. # ]BOS ECJOMU DCZLX_ OJaUDB [MFQNBQBRNUB MOREO OLFE MCP; [MF
[O[XBDU QEORC RQBCRFB\ NZU QNTUQBRNITF_ OJaUDB ECJOM OQBCUBQK JUP FPSUEUEF_. *HK MUCHFPC^FF
ECLUZEXY FBUMCBOMOR JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCEC SUBOLFDC RMUSUEEXY [OSUBOD RSUQBO WCQBEXY DO[F_,
QOPLCRCUSXY [MF DOEQBMNFMORCEFF FBUMCBOMC. "COLEO SX [OQSOBMFS, EC DCDFU NYFTMUEFK [OMO_
[MFYOLFBQK FLBF, WBOJX MCPNSEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ EUMCPNSEXU DOSSUMWUQDFU DHCQQX.
Heuapeuu korrepecku knacc cnoeapn
# MUCH\EOS SFMU MULDO [MFYOLFBQK ECWFECB\ Q [NQBOGO SUQBC. )JXWEO R RCVUS MCQ[OMKZUEFF NZU
FSUIBQK GOBORXU DHCQQX DOHHUD^F_. *CZU UQHF OEF MCJOBCIB EU QORQUS BCD, DCD YOWUBQK, [O DMC_EU_
SUMU OEF FPJCRKB RCQ OB ENLEOGO [UMU[FQXRCEFK HIJFSXY GHCR FP DEFG 0ENBC [MF MUCHFPC^FF JCPORXY
QBMNDBNM LCEEXY. # BOS ZU MUCH\EOS SFMU ]BF DHCQQX OJXWEO EU OJMCTCIB OQOJOGO REFSCEFK EC
[MOJHUSN ECLUZEOQBF FBUMCBOMOR, BCD WBO ECV [MFSUM EFDCD EU ECPORUV\ CJQBMCDBEXS. *HK [NTUGO
MUCHFPSC SX JNLUS QWFBCB\, WBO DOHHUD^FK [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ QHORCM\, DOBOMX_ FELUDQFMNUB PECWUEFU
BF[C void* F ROPRMCTCUB void* R DCWUQBRU DHIWC. !SUUBQK [CQQFREX_ FBUMCBOM Slot, MUCH\ECK
QBMNDBNMC DOBOMOGO Q[MKBCEC GHNJODO RENBMF DHCQQC QHORCMK. )BDMXBX_ FEBUMÙ_Q RXGHKLFB BCD:
class Dictionary {
public:
Dictionary(); // F'-0$"* 53)*'? )#'4$7,
Dictionary(const Dictionary&); // I'()*73&*'7 &'5/?
~Dictionary();
Dictionary& operator=(const Dictionary&);

void AddEntry(void* key, void* value);
.32
bool At(void* key, void*& value);
void RemoveEntry(void* key);

typedef void* Slot; // +$)*'%K"" ';E%4#"(/" ($0"1(' )57%*$('
Slot First(); // G'-47$K$"* Slot 0#% 5"7";'7$
// Y&4/4$#"(* ($M"? @3(&B// Peek
bool GetCurrent(Slot slot, void*& key, void*& value);
// Y&4/4$#"(* ($M"? @3(&B// Next
bool GetNext(Slot& slot, void*& key, void*& value);
};
:NED^FK AddEntry() PCEOQFB R QHORCM\ EOROU PECWUEFU Q PCLCEEXS DHIWOS. %QHF DHIW NZU
QNTUQBRNUB LHK LMNGOGO PECWUEFK, PECWUEFU PCSUEKUBQK EORXS. :NED^FK At() ROPRMCTCUB HOGFWUQDF_
DOL, DOBOMX_ [ODCPXRCUB, [MFQNBQBRNUB HF DHIW R QHORCMU; UQHF [MFQNBQBRNUB, `NED^FK ROPRMCTCUB
true F value (PECWUEFU, QOOBRUBQBRNITUU LCEEOSN DHIWN). :NED^FK RemoveEntry() NLCHKUB DHIW F
QRKPCEEOU Q EFS PECWUEFU. :NED^FK First() ROPRMCTCUB [CQQFREX_ FBUMCBOM, EC[MCRHUEEX_ BCDFS
OJMCPOS, WBOJX [UMRX_ RXPOR GetNext() ROPRMCBFH [UMRX_ ]HUSUEB QHORCMK. :NED^FK GetCurrent()
ROPRMCTCUB [CMN DHIW/PECWUEFU, ECYOLKTNIQK R BUDNTU_ [OPF^FF Slot. :NED^FK GetNext()
ROPRMCTCUB [CMN DHIW/PECWUEFU F [UMUSUTCUB FBUMCBOM D QHULNITUSN ]HUSUEBN. %LFEQBRUEEOU
OBHFWFU SUZLN ]BFSF `NED^FKSF PCDHIWCUBQK R [UMUSUTUEFF HOGFWUQDO_ [OPF^FF [OQHU [OHNWUEFK
OJaUDBC.
6X ROQ[OH\PNUSQK QHORCMUS QHULNITFS OJMCPOS: DHIWOS JNLUB OJaUDB, YMCEKTF_QK R ECVUS ECJOMU,
C PECWUEFUS ]BOGO DHIWC ZNMECH RQBCROD/NLCHUEF_ LHK LCEEOGO OJaUDBC.
Knacc ypuana
$FZU [MFRULUE OBDMXBX_ FEBUMÙ_Q DHCQQC, R DOBOMOS YMCEFBQK FQBOMFK RQBCROD/NLCHUEF_ LHK
OJaUDBC. 3BOB DHCQQ FQ[OH\PNUB MCQQSOBMUEEX_ RXVU DHCQQ Timestamp OE OJMCPNUB RBOMNI
QOQBCRHKITNI [CM DHIW/PECWUEFU, YMCEKTFYQK R QHORCMU. # MUCHFPC^FF EUB EFWUGO FEBUMUQEOGO,
[O]BOSN K UU [MO[NQDCI.
class History {
public:
History(); // =3)*'? 137($#
void Insert(Timestamp); // G)*$4&$ 4 -$0$(('" 47"2%
void Remove(Timestamp); // H0$#"(/" 4 -$0$(('" 47"2%
bool Exists(Timestamp); // G -$0$(('" 47"2%
bool Exists(); // G ($)*'%K/? 2'2"(*
};
:NED^FK Exists(Timestamp) ROPRMCTCUB true, UQHF R PCLCEEOU RMUSK [OQHULEU_ O[UMC^FU_ JXHC
RQBCRDC, F false UQHF [OQHULEU_ O[UMC^FU_ JXHO NLCHUEFU FHF LO ]BOGO RMUSUEF ROOJTU EU JXHO
O[UMC^F_. 8UPCMGNSUEBECK `NED^FK Exists() KRHKUBQK QFEOEFSOS LHK Exists(Timestamp) Q OWUE\
JOH\VFS PECWUEFUS RMUSUEF BO UQB\ LO ECQBOKTUGO SOSUEBC.
Acfpakfuu asoeu knacc
0HCQQ ECJOMC LUHFBQK EC LRU WCQBF: CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ, MCJOBCITF_ Q void*, F [MOFPROLEX_
[CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ DHCQQ, R DOBOMX_ LOJCRHUEC JUPO[CQEOQB\ BF[OR. -JQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ
RXGHKLFB BCD:
// G @$?#" Set.h
class SetBase : private Dictionary {
friend class InternalIterator;
protected:
SetBase(); // S*';< &#$)) ;<# $;)*7$&*(<2
.33
public:
class Iterator { // P$-'4<? &#$)) 4("M("8' /*"7$*'7$
public:
virtual Type* Next() = 0;
};
};
Iterator* SetBase::ProvideIterator()
{
return new InternalIterator(this);
}
void SetBase::AddObject(void* entry)
{
void* v;
History* h;
if (At(entry, v)) { // H1" ")*, 57'4"7/*, 47"2%
h = (History*)v;
if (!h->Exists()) // +"';C'0/2' 4<5'#(/*, 4)*$4&3
h->Insert(Timestamp());
}
else { // VK" ("*
h = new History;
h->Insert(Timestamp());
AddEntry(entry, h);
}
}
void SetBase::RemoveObject(void* entry)
{
void* v;
History* h;
if (At(entry, v)) { // H1" ")*, 57'4"7/*, 47"2%
h = (History*)v;
if (h->Exists()) // +"';C'0/2' 4<5'#(/*, 30$#"(/"
h->Remove(Timestamp());
}
}
bool SetBase::Exists(void* entry, Timestamp ts)
{
void* v;
return At(entry, v) && ((History*)v)->Exists(ts);
}
bool SetBase::Exists(void* entry)
{
void* v;
return At(entry, v) && ((History*)v)->Exists();
}
.NTUQBRNIB F LMNGFU ROPSOZEOQBF, DOBOMXU SOZEO JXHO LOJCRFB\, EO F [ODCPCEEOGO R[OHEU YRCBFB
LHK LUSOEQBMC^FF MCQQSCBMFRCUSO_ SUBOLFDF.
.34
Buyfpeuuu ufepafop
1BOJX MUCHFPORCB\ `NED^FI ProvideIterator(), SX QOPLCUS DCD EUBF[FPFMORCEEX_ RENBMUEEF_
FBUMCBOM, OGMCEFWUEEX_ `C_HOS .cpp F [MOFPROLEX_ OB SetBase::Iterator, BCD F REUVEF_ R RFLU
[CMCSUBMFPORCEEO_, JUPO[CQEO_ [O OBEOVUEFI D BF[CS OJOHOWDF. $FZU [MFRULUE DOL RENBMUEEUGO
FBUMCBOMC, OJaKRHUEEOGO QBCBFWUQDF (BO UQB\ HODCH\EOGO [O OBEOVUEFI D `C_HN .cpp). #QK HOGFDC
RMUSUEEXY [OSUBOD Q[MKBCEC R MUCHFPC^FF ]BOGO DHCQQC.
// G @$?#" set.cpp
class InternalIterator : public SetBase::Iterator {
private:
Dictionary* dictionary;
Dictionary::Slot* slot; // A"&3K$% 5'-/B/%
Timestamp my_time; // G7"2% 7'10"(/% 0$(('8' /*"7$*'7$
public:
InternalIterator(Dictionary* d)
: dictionary(d), slot(d->First()), my_time() {}
virtual bool More();
virtual void* Next();
};
bool InternalIterator::More()
{
void* key;
void* h;
if (!dictionary->GetCurrent(slot, key, h))
return false; // 5'-/B/% 4<C'0/* -$ *"&3K/" 87$(/B<

do
if (((History*)h)->Exists(my_time))
return true;
while (dictionary->GetNext(slot, key, h));
return false;
}
void* InternalIterator::Next()
{
void* key;
void* key1;
void* h;
// =7"05'#$8$"*)%, .*' &#/"(* )($.$#$ 4<-4$# More(),
// 5'Q*'23 ';E"&* GetNext() (" 3)*$7"#
dictionary->GetCurrent(slot, key, h);
dictionary->GetNext(slot, key1, h);
return key;
}
Raparefpusoeauuan oonoka, esonacuan no ofuoueuuk k funar
$CDOEU^, R [MFRULUEEOS EFZU [CMCSUBMFPORCEEOS DHCQQU RQU QBCEORFBQK JUPO[CQEXS [O OBEOVUEFI D
BF[CS F ECWFECUB MCLORCB\ GHCP. #EUVEF_ FBUMCBOM [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ [CMCSUBMFPORCEENI OJOHOWDN
LHK RENBMUEEUGO FBUMCBOMC, [MULOQBCRHKUSOGO SetBase.
class Set : private SetBase {
.35
public:
// P"-$7832"(*(<? &'()*73&*'7 5'0C'0/*
// I'()*73&*'7 &'5/? 5' 32'#.$(/> 5'0C'0/*
// L5"7$*'7 = 5' 32'#.$(/> *'1" 5'0C'0/*
Set<Type>& operator+=(Type* object)
{ AddObject(object); return *this; }
Set<Type>& operator-=(Type* object)
{ RemoveObject(object); return *this; }
bool operator>=(Type* object)
{ return Exists(object); }
class Iterator {
private:
SetBase::Iterator* iter;
public:
Iterator(Set&* i) : iter(s.ProvideIterator()) {}
bool More() { return iter->More(); }
Type* Next() { return (Type*)(iter->Next()); }
};
Iterator* ProvideIterator()
{ return new Set::Iterator(*this); }
};
.NTUQBRNIB F LMNGFU ROPSOZEOQBF, DOBOMXU JXHO JX EU[HOYO LOJCRFB\ R [CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ DHCQQ,
EO K LNSCI, WBO RX [OEKHF OJTF_ [MFE^F[. )B [OLOJEXY [CMCSUBMFPORCEEXY DHCQQOR MULDO QOPLCIBQK
[MOFPROLEXU, [O]BOSN RHOZUEEX_ DHCQQ FBUMCBOMC OÒMSHUE Q FQ[OH\PORCEFUS [OLQBCRHKUSXY
`NED^FK. # QNTEOQBF, ]BOB FBUMCBOM SOZEO [MOQBO OJaKRFB\ R QBUDU:
Set::Iterator iter(aSet);
+CDO_ RCMFCEB MCJOBCUB R[OHEU EOMSCH\EO, OLECDO OE EU QOOBRUBQBRNUB OJXWEO_ FLFOSU ROPRMCTUEFK
FBUMCBOMC FP DOHHUD^FF. "CQHNZFRCUB REFSCEFK F LMNGO_ RCMFCEB: QLUHCB\ SetBase [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC
RSUQBO PCDMXBOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC. 3BO [OPROHFB RCS N[MKBCB\ SetBase R `C_H .cpp, WBOJX DHFUEB
EFDOGLC EU RFLUH UGO. *HK ]BOGO R VCJHOEU Set [MFLUBQK O[MULUHFB\ DOEQBMNDBOMX F O[UMCBOM =, EO RQU
OQBCH\EXU SOLF`FDC^FF VCJHOEC JNLNB [MOQBXSF F EUPCSXQHORCBXSF.
Tpausakuuu u
reuuanuuue
ykasafenu
6X [OLOVHF D [OQHULEU_ GHCRU, [OQRKTUEEO_ DOQRUEEXS OJMCTUEFKS (DOBOMCK, R[MOWUS, LCHUDO EU
FQWUM[XRCUB ]BO_ BUSX). *CRC_BU [OQSOBMFS, DCD MCPRFB\ FLUI NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_. #QBMUWCRVFUQK LO
QFY [OM FLFOSX F [MFSUMX NSEXY F SNLMXY NDCPCBUHU_, DNMQOMOR F FBUMCBOMOR GHCREXS OJMCPOS JXHF
HODCHFPORCEX R OLEOS FEDC[QNHFMORCEEOS OJaUDBU. >RCBFB SUHOWFB\QK [OMC [OGOROMFB\ O BOS, DCD
JNLUB RXGHKLUB\ CMYFBUDBNMC R ÛHOS, UQHF [MFSUEFB\ ]BF FLFOSX R JOHUU VFMODOS SCQVBCJU.
4DCPCBUHF, MCQQSCBMFRCUSXU R ]BO_ GHCRU, NSEX ECQBOH\DO, WBO QBCEORFBQK [MOQBO QBMCVEO. 3[FBUBX
NSEX_ F SNLMX_ NZU EU O[FQXRCIB FY R LOQBCBOWEO_ QBU[UEF. 5OBMKQCITFU, OQHU[FBUH\EXU,
EURUMOKBEO OLCMUEEXU PRNWFB QHFVDOS RXQ[MUEEU, [O]BOSN K QDMOSEO ECPORN FY GUEFCH\EXSF.
5MULN[MUZLUEFU: R ]BO_ GHCRU [MORUMKUBQK EU BOH\DO RCVU SCQBUMQBRO, EO F ROOJMCZUEFU. )[FQCEEXU
EFZU [MOJHUSX F FLFOSX EC[OSFECIB NPDNI GOMENI BMO[N, [O DOBOMO_ SOZEO [MOUYCB\ BOH\DO EC
RUHOQF[ULU. $CLURC_BU VHUS F [OWCTU OQBCECRHFRC_BUQ\, WBOJX [UMULOYENB\.
Tepuucfue nyfu pusaua
0CD [MCRFHO, [OQHU O[FQCEFK FLFOS R ]BO_ DEFGU QMCPN ZU MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK FY [MCDBFWUQDFU
[MFSUEUEFK. 5OPROH\BU SEU OBDHOEFB\QK OB ]BO_ BMCLF^FF F OJQNLFB\ EUDOBOMXU [MOJHUSX LFPC_EC,
DOBOMXU [OECLOJKBQK ECS [OPLEUU [O SUMU BOGO, DCD JNLUB MCPROMCWFRCB\QK LU_QBRFU ]BO_ GHCRX.
Tpausakuuu
# [MFHOZUEFKY DHFUEB/QUMRUM F JCPCY LCEEXY WCQBO RQBMUWCUBQK QFBNC^FK, DOGLC EUQDOH\DO NLCHUEEXY
[OH\PORCBUHU_ OJMCTCIBQK Q PC[MOQOS EC OJEORHUEFU OLEO_ JCPX FHF QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY. 0RCEB
OJEORHUEFK, FHF "6+*9+$C(4 (transaction), Q BOWDF PMUEFK DHFUEBC SOZUB QOQBOKB\ FP EUQDOH\DFY
]HUSUEBCMEXY FPSUEUEF_ R JCPU FHF QBMNDBNMU LCEEXY. # BCDFY QFBNC^FKY MCPMCJOBWFDF
MNDOROLQBRNIBQK EUQDOH\DFSF [MCRFHCSF, [OPCFSQBRORCEEXSF FP SFMC .48*:
/. +MCEPCD^FF LOHZEX JXB\ CBOSCMEXSF. 'FJO REOQKBQK RQU FPSUEUEFK, EUOJYOLFSXU LHK
QORUMVUEFK BMCEPCD^FF, HFJO EFDCDFU.
2. #O RMUSK OJMCJOBDF BMCEPCD^FF OLEOGO DHFUEBC LCEEXU LOHZEX RXGHKLUB\ BCD, DCD OEF
RXGHKLUHF R ECWCHU EUPCRUMVUEEXY BMCEPCD^F_ RQUY OQBCH\EXY DHFUEBOR. *O SOSUEBC QROUGO
PCRUMVUEFK BMCEPCD^FK OQBCUBQK EURFLFSO_ LHK LMNGFY DHFUEBOR; RQU RXGHKLFB BCD, QHOREO
BMCEPCD^FK F EU ECWFECHCQ\.
3. %QHF QMCPN EUQDOH\DO DHFUEBOR R QROFY BMCEPCD^FKY [XBCIBQK FPSUEFB\ OLFE OJaUDB,
LO[NQDCUBQK NQ[UVEOU PCRUMVUEFU EU JOHUU OLEO_ BMCEPCD^FF.
5OQHULEUU [MCRFHO GCMCEBFMNUB, WBO DCZLX_ OJaUDB OJEORHKUBQK EU JOHUU WUS OLEFS DHFUEBOS.
.NTUQBRNIB LRU QBMCBUGFF UGO MUCHFPC^FF:
9
.38
/. 5UMUL RX[OHEUEFUS OJEORHUEFK DCZLCK BMCEPCD^FK JHODFMNUB RQU OJaUDBX, DOBOMXU OEC
QOJFMCUBQK FPSUEFB\. %QHF BMCEPCD^FF EU NLCUBQK NQBCEORFB\ EUOJYOLFSXU JHODFMORDF, OEC
ROOJTU EU ECWFECUBQK.
2. "C[MOQ EC JHODFMORDN RXLCUBQK EU RECWCHU, C RO RMUSK BMCEPCD^FF [O SUMU RX[OHEUEFK
OJEORHUEF_. %QHF EUOJYOLFSX_ OJaUDB NZU PCJHODFMORCE LMNGFS DHFUEBOS, BO BMCEPCD^FK HFJO
OZFLCUB UGO OQROJOZLUEFK, HFJO PCRUMVCUBQK EUNLCWU_.
#BOMCK QBMCBUGFK SOZUB [MFRUQBF D RPCFSEO_ JHODFMORDU (deadlock): BMCEPCD^FK A JHODFMNUB OJaUDB X
F OZFLCUB ROPSOZEOQBF JHODFMORDF OJaUDBC Y, BOGLC DCD BMCEPCD^FK B JHODFMNUB OJaUDB Y F OZFLCUB
ROPSOZEOQBF JHODFMORDF OJaUDBC X.
# SFMU JCP LCEEXY EC ]BN BUSN EC[FQCEO OGMOSEOU DOHFWUQBRO HFBUMCBNMX, [O]BOSN EUB QSXQHC UU
PLUQ\ [OLMOJEO MCQQSCBMFRCB\. $CQ FEBUMUQNIB BU FLFOSX F ROPSOZEOQBF .++, DOBOMXU OJHUGWCIB
MUVUEFU ÛHOGO DHCQQC [OLOJEXY PCLCW.
Ofreua
6EOGFU GMC`FWUQDFU [MFHOZUEFK HIJUPEO MCPMUVCIB [OH\PORCBUHI OBSUEFB\ [OQHULEII
RX[OHEUEENI O[UMC^FI. $C [UMRX_ RPGHKL R ]BOS EUB EFWUGO QHOZEOGO, EO R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF EU RQU
BCD [MOQBO. # OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOS SFMU EC_LUBQK EU BCD NZ SEOGO [MOJHUS LFPC_EC, DOBOMXU
RXPXRCIB JOH\VNI GOHORENI JOH\, WUS [MOJHUSX OBSUEX R QHOZEXY [MFHOZUEFKY. 1BOJX
MUCHFPORCB\ OBSUEN, SEOGFU [MOGMCSSFQBX PCVFRCIB R [MOGMCSSN QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY,
OMFUEBFMORCEEXU EC DOEDMUBENI O[UMC^FI, EO BCDO_ [OLYOL WMURCB OVFJDCSF F EUNQBO_WFR [MF
QO[MOROZLUEFF [MOGMCSSX.
# EUDOBOMXY KPXDCY (BCDFY DCD Lisp) SOZEO JNDRCH\EO LUHCB\ QEFSDF [CSKBF R MCPHFWEXU SOSUEBX
RMUSUEF. 5MF ECHFWFF BCDOGO QEFSDC RUMENB\QK D [MUZEUSN QOQBOKEFI [MFHOZUEFK OWUE\ [MOQBO. 4RX.
# .++ BCDFY FPKTEXY ROPSOZEOQBU_ EU [MULNQSOBMUEO; PCBO *+@( [MOGMCSSX EU PC[MCVFRCIB 3 ,J
[CSKBF F NQ[URCIB PCRUMVFB\ MCJOBN UTU LO OJULC. +CD WBO ]BO PCSUWCEFU QBOFB ROQ[MFEFSCB\ EU DCD
DMFBFDN .++, C DCD DOEQBCBC^FI `CDBC: [MOJHUSC UQB\, F UU EUOJYOLFSO MUVCB\.
# LCH\EU_VUS OJQNZLUEFF JNLNB MCQQSCBMFRCB\QK LRU RCMFC^FF EC ]BN BUSN. )LEF [MFHOZUEFK RQUGLC
[MULOQBCRHKIB OLFE NMORUE\ OBSUEX, C R LMNGFY [OH\PORCBUH\ SOZUB RXJFMCB\ DOSCELN Undo QEORC F
QEORC [MOGMCSSC DCZLX_ MCP ROPRMCTCUBQK EC OLEN O[UMC^FI ECPCL. 0OEUWEO, OGMCEFWUEFK RQU ZU
QNTUQBRNIB, EO OJXWEO EU OWUE\ ZUQBDFU. 3BO ECPXRCUBQK SEOGONMOREURO_ OBSUEO_ [MOJHUSC,
DOBOMO_ SX PC_SUSQK [OQHU OLEONMOREURO_ OBSUEX. #BOMCK RCMFC^FK OBEOQFBQK D DOEBUDQBEO_ OBSUEU.
%QHF [OH\PORCBUH\ RX[OHEKUB O[UMC^FI OBSUEX QECWCHC R OLEOS, C [OBOS R LMNGOS ODEU, BO [OQHU
ROPRMCBC D [UMROSN ODEN F RX[OHEUEFK DOSCELX Undo OJXWEO QHULNUB OBSUEFB\ [OQHULEII O[UMC^FI
BOH\DO LHK [UMROGO ODEC, C EU LHK RQUGO [MFHOZUEFK. !ECWU GOROMK, O[UMC^FK OBSUEX NWFBXRCUB
DOEBUDQB [MFHOZUEFK EC SOSUEB QROUGO RXPORC.
Xeafuf?
.NTUQBRNIB F LMNGFU [MOJHUSX, OBEOQKTFUQK D BOSN ZU DHCQQN, EO F QDCPCEEOGO R[OHEU LOQBCBOWEO,
WBOJX [OLBOHDENB\ ECQ D LCH\EU_VFS FQQHULORCEFKS. 8OH\VFEQBRO [MOGMCSSFQBOR MCQQSCBMFRCUB ]BF
[MOJHUSX DCD EUWBO FPOHFMORCEEOU R DOEBUDQBU DOEDMUBEOGO [MFHOZUEFK. )LECDO, DCD RX RQDOMU
NJULFBUQ\, EUDOBOMXU Q[U^F`FWUQDFU (C DBO-BO QDCZUB FPRMCTUEEXU) OQOJUEEOQBF QFEBCDQFQC .++
[OPROHKIB [MFJHFPFB\QK D OJTFS MUVUEFKS. 5OSEFBU: SX FPNWCUS .++ F UGO FLFOSX, C EU QBMNDBNMX
LCEEXY FHF [MFE^F[X [MOUDBFMORCEFK [MOGMCSS. 6EOGFU CMYFBUDBNMX F RCMFCEBX PLUQ\ EU
[MFROLKBQK, OLECDO ]BO RORQU EU GOROMFB [MOBFR EFY.
Opasu u ykasafenu
(CPRU SOZEO ECWCB\ EORNI GHCRN F EU RRUQBF EORNI MCPEORFLEOQB\ NDCPCBUHU_? .OQBOKEFU OJaUDBC
SOZEO ROQQBCEORFB\ LRNSK Q[OQOJCSF: QOYMCEFB\ UGO OJMCP (image) LO F [OQHU O[UMC^FF FHF ZU
YMCEFB\ FEÒMSC^FI, LOQBCBOWENI LHK RX[OHEUEFK O[UMC^F_ R OJMCBEOS EC[MCRHUEFF. #CMFCEB
LOQBCBOWEO [MOQB F NEFRUMQCHUE, C [O[XBDF ROPRMCBC WUMUP RX[OHEUEFU O[UMC^F_ R OJMCBEOS
EC[MCRHUEFF [MFRKPCEX D DOEDMUBEOSN OJaUDBN F [MFHOZUEFI, [O]BOSN K [MUL[OWFBCI YMCEFB\
EUQDOH\DO DO[F_ OLEOGO OJaUDBC. 0HIWURCK DOEÛ[^FK, OJUQ[UWFRCITCK MUCHFPC^FI ]BO_ SUBOLFDF EC
.++ NDCPCBUH\ OJMCPOR (image pointer). +CDFU NDCPCBUHF EUPCSUBEO LHK DHFUEBC QOLUMZCB EUQDOH\DO
.39
DO[F_ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. .NTUQBRNUB SEOZUQBRO RQUROPSOZEXY DOSJFEC^F_ F RCMFC^F_, BCD WBO
RXJOM PCRFQFB GHCREXS OJMCPOS OB RCVUGO ECQBMOUEFK.
Rpocfo ykasafenu opasoe
$C EUQDOH\DFY JHFZC_VFY QBMCEF^CY [ODCPCEO [MOQBU_VUU MUVUEFU ]BO_ [MOJHUSX. - [ODC HFV\
QDCZN, WBO SX FSUUS LUHO Q RULNTFS NDCPCBUHUS, NLCHKITFS OJaUDBX, EC DOBOMXU OE QQXHCUBQK.
class ImagePtr {
private:
Type* current; // A"&3K/? ';7$-, 57"0')*$4#%"2<? &'25'("(*3
Type* undo; // =7"0<03K/? ';7$-
public:
ImagePtr() : undo(NULL), current(new Type) {}
ImagePtr(const ImagePtr<Type>& ip)
: current(new Type(*(ip.current))), undo(NULL) {}
~ImagePtr() { delete current; delete undo; }
ImagePtr<Type>& operator=(const ImagePtr<Type>& ip)
{
if (this != &ip) {
delete current;
current = new Type(*(ip.current));
}
return *this;
}
void Snapshot()
{
delete undo; // +$ )#3.$?, ")#/ ;<# )*$7<? ';7$-
undo = current;
current = new Type(*undo);
}
void Commit()
{
delete undo;
undo = NULL;
}
void Rollback()
{
if (undo != NULL) {
delete current;
current = undo;
undo = NULL;
}
}
Type* operator->() const { return current; }
};
4DCPCBUH\ RQUGLC ROPRMCTCUB BUDNTF_ OJMCP DCD PECWUEFU O[UMCBOMC ->, OLECDO PC DNHFQCSF OE
[MKWUB [MULXLNTNI RUMQFI NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. :NED^FK Shapshot() QOPLCUB OJMCP Q [OSOT\I
DOEQBMNDBOMC DO[F_ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. %QHF DHFUEB [UMULNSCUB F PCYOWUB OBDCPCB\QK OB FPSUEUEF_,
OE RXPXRCUB `NED^FI Rollback(); UQHF FPSUEUEFK UGO NQBMCFRCIB, OE RXPXRCUB `NED^FI Commit().
.40
0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F O[UMCBOM = [OLLUMZFRCIB QUSCEBFDN RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_, EO EU QOPLCIB QEFSDOR
RO RMUSK DOEQBMNFMORCEFK FHF QMCPN ZU [OQHU [MFQRCFRCEFK. 5OSEFBU: ECQ FEBUMUQNUB QOQBOKEFU
8$+9'&+#,%7% %/0#$"+, C EU 8$+9+"#24. 0OGLC SX QOPLCUS EORNI DO[FI OJaUDBC LHK [OLLUMZCEFK
QUSCEBFDF RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK, LHK ]BO_ DO[FF UTU EU QNTUQBRNUB [MULXLNTFY OJMCPOR, DOBOMXU
EUOJYOLFSO OBQHUZFRCB\.
*UQBMNDBOM [MUL[OHCGCUB, WBO UQHF DHFUEB EU RXPRCH `NED^FI Commit(), WBO-BO JXHO QLUHCEO
EURUMEO, F NEFWBOZCUB DO[FI. .[U^FCHFQBX [O JCPCS LCEEXY OBaKRHUEEXU [UQQFSFQBX; UQHF
[MOFQYOLFB WBO-BO EU[MULRFLUEEOU, OEF RQUGLC [MUL[OHCGCIB QCSOU YNLVUU. #O SEOGFY [MFHOZUEFKY
[MF NEFWBOZUEFF NDCPCBUHK RSUQBO Rollback() QHULORCHO JX [MOQBO RXPRCB\ Commit(), [MUL[OHCGCK,
WBO LO ECQBOKTUGO SOSUEBC RQU [MOFQYOLFHO R[OHEU MCPNSEO.
Cfeku opasoe
*HK SEOGONMOREURO_ OBSUEX RCS SOZUB [OECLOJFB\QK QBUD [MULXLNTFY OJMCPOR. )LFE FP RCMFCEBOR
MUCHFPC^FF YMCEFB\ QBUD R DCZLOS NDCPCBUHU OJMCPOR. # QHULNITUS `MCGSUEBU [MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO
N RCQ FSUUBQK [CMCSUBMFPORCEEX_ DHCQQ Stack Q `NED^FKSF Empty(), Push(), Pop() F DeleteAll().
:NED^FK Pop() ROPRMCTCUB RUMYEF_ ]HUSUEB QBUDC FHF NULL, UQHF QBUD [NQB. :NED^FK DeleteAll()
O[NQBOVCUB QBUD F NEFWBOZCUB RQU OJaUDBX [O SUMU FY FPRHUWUEFK. 0CZLX_ NDCPCBUH\ YMCEFB QBUD
[MULXLNTFY OJMCPOR. %QHF QBUD [NQB, PECWFB, OJMCPX EU QOPLCRCHFQ\. %QHF QBUD EU [NQB, R UGO EFZEU_
WCQBF ECYOLFBQK FQYOLEX_ OJaUDB. :NED^FK Rollback() ECYOLFB F ROQQBCECRHFRCUB ]BOB OJaUDB.
0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F O[UMCBOM = MCJOBCIB BCD ZU, DCD F R O[FQCEEOS RXVU [MOQBU_VUS NDCPCBUHU
OJMCPOR.
class ImageStackPtr {
private:
Type* current; // A"&3K/? ';7$-, 57"0')*$4#%"2<? &#/"(*3
Stack<Type> history; // =7"0<03K/" ';7$-<
public:
ImageStackPtr() : current(new Type) {}
ImageStackPtr(const ImageStackPtr<Type>& ip)
: current(new Type(*(ip.current))) {}
~ImageStackPtr() { delete current; }
ImageStackPtr<Type>& operator=(const ImageStackPtr<Type>& ip)
{
if (this != &ip) {
history.DeleteAll();
delete current;
current = new Type(*(ip.current));
}
return *this;
}
void PushImage()
{
history.Push(current);
current = new Type(*current);
}
void Commit() { history.DeleteAll(); }
void PopImage() // G"7(3*,)% ($ '0/( 37'4"(,
{
if (!history.Empty()) {
delete current;
current = history.Pop();
.4.
}
}
void Rollback() // G"7(3*,)% & )$2'23 )*$7'23 ';7$-3
{
Type* old = history.Pop();
Type* oldere = NULL;
if (old != NULL) { // R'*% ;< '0/( 7$-
while ((older = history.Pop()) != NULL) {
delete old;
old = older;
}
delete current;
current = old;
}
}
};
>MCEUEFU OBLUH\EOGO QBUDC R DCZLOS NDCPCBUHU O[MCRLCEEO LHK BMCEPCD^F_, R DOBOMXY NWCQBRNUB
EUJOH\VOU DOHFWUQBRO OJaUDBOR. $O UQHF OLEO_ BMCEPCD^FF [MFYOLFBQK OBQHUZFRCB\ SEOZUQBRO
OJEORHKUSXY OJaUDBOR, DNWN SUHDFY QBUDOR HNWVU OJaULFEFB\ R OLFE JOH\VO_. 6X QLUHCUS ]BO
[OPLEUU, DOGLC MUW\ [O_LUB O BMCEPCD^FKY.
Opasu aeforafueckux oLekfoe
0OEÛ[^FI OJMCPC SOZEO EUSEOGO OJOJTFB\, WBOJX OEC MCQ[MOQBMCEKHCQ\ EU BOH\DO EC OJaUDBX,
QOPLCEEXU O[UMCBOMOS new F OJQHNZFRCUSXU *-NDCPCBUHKSF, EO F CRBOSCBFWUQDFU OJaUDBX.
-RBOSCBFWUQDFSF QWFBCIBQK QBUDORXU OJaUDBX, C BCDZU [UMUSUEEXU F DOS[OEUEBX JCPORXY DHCQQOR
RSUTCITUGO OJaUDBC EUPCRFQFSO OB BOGO, RXLUHKHCQ\ [CSKB\ [OL RSUTCITF_ OJaUDB LFECSFWUQDF FHF
EUB.
class AutoImage {
private:
Type current;
Type image;
bool have_image; // D)*/($, ")#/ ';7$- )3K")*43"*
public:
AutoImage() : have_image(false) {}
AutoImage(const AutoImage<Type>& ai)
: current(ai.current), image(), have_image(false) {}
AutoImage<Type>& operator=(const AutoImage<Type>& ip)
{
if (this != &ip) {
current = ip.current;
have_image = false;
}
return *this;
}
AutoImage<Type>& operator=(const Type& t)
{
current = t;
.42
return *this;
}
operator Type&() { return current; }
void Snapshot()
{
image = current;
have_image = true;
}
void Commit() { have_image = false; }
void Rollback()
{
current = image;
have_image = false;
}
bool HaveImage() { return have_image; }
};
3BOB VCJHOE MCJOBCUB QO RQUSF DHCQQCSF, DOBOMXU NLORHUBROMKIB LRNS NQHORFKS:
/. +F[, FQ[OH\PNUSX_ R DCWUQBRU [CMCSUBMC, FSUUB DOEQBMNDBOM JUP CMGNSUEBOR. )E FQ[OH\PNUBQK R
DOEQBMNDBOMU AutoImage LHK FEF^FCHFPC^FF current F image.
2. +F[, FQ[OH\PNUSX_ R DCWUQBRU [CMCSUBMC, LO[NQDCUB [MFQRCFRCEFU Q [OSOT\I O[UMCBOMC = [O
NSOHWCEFI, [MULOQBCRHUEEOGO DOS[FHKBOMOS, FHF [UMUGMNZUEEOGO RCMFCEBC LHK LCEEOGO BF[C.
!Q[OH\PNUBQK R `NED^FKY Shapshot() F Rollback().
#QU RQBMOUEEXU BF[X (BCDFU DCD int F double) NLORHUBROMKIB ]BFS NQHORFKS. 5OLYOLKB F LMNGFU
DHCQQX, FSUITFU DOEQBMNDBOM JUP CMGNSUEBOR F MCJOWF_ O[UMCBOM =. 1US LOH\VU K FSUI LUHO Q C++,
BUS WCTU SEU DCZUBQK, WBO ECMNVUEFU ]BFY BMUJORCEF_ [MOKRHUEFU PHOQBEOGO EU[MOÙQQFOECHFPSC,
PC DOBOMOU QHULNUB ECDCPXRCB\ [CMO_ HUB DCBOMZEOGO [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK EC BASIC. "COLEO K JX FPLCH
PCDOE O BOS, WBOJX DOEQBMNDBOMX DO[F_ &.#7)+ MCJOBCHF BCD, DCD FS [OHOZUEO.
0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ AutoImage QHULNUB [MFSUMN ImagePtr F ImageStackPtr OE FQ[OH\PNUB
DOEQBMNDBOM JUP CMGNSUEBOR LHK QOPLCEFK `FDBFREOGO OJaUDBC image F [MFQRCFRCUB have_image
PECWUEFU false. )[UMCBOM = LUHCUB BO ZU QCSOU, OLECDO R EUS EU NLCUBQK EC_BF NLOJEX_ Q[OQOJ
NEFWBOZFB\ OJaUDB [UMUSUEEO_ image. 6X RXJFMCUS SUE\VUU FP LRNY POH OJaUDB OQBCUBQK JUP
FPSUEUEF_ F [O[MOQBN FGEOMFMNUBQK, [OQDOH\DN [UMUSUEECK have_image MCREC false. %QHF RCQ ]BO EU
NQBMCFRCUB F RX LU_QBRFBUH\EO YOBFBU OQBCRFB\ OJaUDB image EUFEF^FCHFPFMORCEEXS LO BUY [OM, [ODC
R EUS EU [OKRFBQK ECQBOKTF_ OJMCP, F NEFWBOZFB\ UGO [OQHU [MFQROUEFK false [UMUSUEEO_
have_image, FSUIBQK LRC ROPSOZEXY MUVUEFK:
/. !PSUEFB\ BF[ image Q Type EC Type* F RXLUHKB\ LHK EUGO [CSKB\ O[UMCBOMOS new. 3BO
NRUHFWFB ECDHCLEXU MCQYOLX [O QMCREUEFI Q CRBOSCBFWUQDFSF OJaUDBCSF, OLECDO RX QSOZUBU
R [OHEO_ SUMU DOEBMOHFMORCB\ [MOÛQQ QOPLCEFK F NEFWBOZUEFK.
2. #OQ[OH\PORCB\QK FLFOSO_ RFMBNCH\EXY DOEQBMNDBOMOR FP GHCRX /3. $U RLCRCKQ\ R
[OLMOJEOQBF, QDCZN, WBO ]BO [OPROHFB RCS OJaKRFB\ image WUS-BO [MFKBEXS LHK GHCPC
EC[MFSUM, unsigned char image(sizeof Type) EUZUHF RXPXRCB\ DOEQBMNDBOM F
LUQBMNDBOM Type RMNWENI. 0OS[FHKBOMX .++ EULOHIJHFRCIB [OLOJEXU ÒDNQX, [O]BOSN,
[MUZLU WUS [NQDCB\QK EC CRCEBIMX, REFSCBUH\EO [MOWFBC_BU GHCRN /3.
%QHF AutoImage JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK BOH\DO LHK QBMNDBNM FHF DHCQQOR, LOJCR\BU O[UMCBOM ->:
Type* operator->() { return &current; }
)JMCBFBU REFSCEFU: R OBHFWFU OB [MULXLNTFY RUMQF_ -> ]BOB O[UMCBOM EU SOZUB JXB\ DOEQBCEBEO_
`NED^FU_, [OQDOH\DN current ECYOLFBQK RENBMF *this F SX EU SOZUS GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO -> EU JNLUB
FQ[OH\PORCB\QK LHK OJMCTUEF_ D EUDOEQBCEBEXS `NED^FKS current.
.43
.HULNITF_ DHCQQ LUSOEQBMFMNUB ROPSOZEOU FQ[OH\PORCEFU ]BOGO VCJHOEC. #SUTCITUSN OJaUDBN Foo
EUPCWUS QOPLCRCB\ QRO_ OJMCP, DCD R [MULXLNTFY NDCPCBUHKY EC OJaUDBX, [OQDOH\DN RQU UGO [UMUSUEEXU
Q[OQOJEX [OLLUMZFRCB\ QROF OJMCPX [O OBLUH\EOQBF.
class Foo {
private:
AutoImage<int> some_integer;
AutoImage<Bar> bar;
public:
void Rollback()
{
some_integer.Rollback();
bar.Rollback();
}
void Commit()
{
some_integer.Commit();
bar.Commit();
}
void Snapshot()
{
some_integer.Snapshot();
bar.Snapshot();
}
int ProvideInt() const { return some_integer; }
void ChanheInt(int new_value)
{
if (!some_integer.HaveImage())
some_integer.Snapshot();
int&(some_integer) = new_value;
}
const Bar& ProvideBar() const { return bar; }
Bar& UpdateBar()
{
if (!bar.HaveImage())
bar.Shapshot();
return Bar&(bar);
}
};
5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO Bar QOOBRUBQBRNUB EUOJYOLFSXS NQHORFKS. 5OQHULEFU WUBXMU `NED^FF [UMUL BUS,
DCD OJEORHKB\ [UMUSUEENI, QOPLCIB SOSUEBCH\EX_ QEFSOD OJaUDBC. *HK int [OHNWUEFU DO[FF [O
O[MULUHUEFI KRHKUBQK DOEQBCEBEXS [O OBEOVUEFI D DO[FMNUSO_ [UMUSUEEO_. 5MF RXPORU `NED^FF,
FPSUEKITU_ PECWUEFU [UMUSUEEO_, ECQBCUB RMUSK LUHCB\ QEFSOD. *HK MCJOBX Q LMNGO_ [UMUSUEEO_,
bar, [MULOQBCRHKUBQK DCD DOEQBCEBECK, BCD F EUDOEQBCEBECK `NED^FK. 0OEUWEO, YOBUHOQ\ JX [MOQBO
[UMUGMNPFB\ `NED^FI ProvideBar(), WBOJX OLEC [UMUGMNZUEECK RUMQFK ROPRMCTCHC const Bar&, C
LMNGCK EUDOEQBCEBEX_ Bar&, EO BOGLC FY QFGECBNMX JNLNB QOR[CLCB\. 5OSEFBU: LRU `NED^FF EU
SOGNB FSUB\ OLFECDORXU FSUEC F CMGNSUEBX F OBHFWCB\QK BOH\DO BF[OS ROPRMCTCUSOGO PECWUEFK. &
EFDOGLC EU [OEFSCH ]BOGO OGMCEFWUEFK .++, DOBOMOU PC[MUTCUB QOPLCRCB\ DOEQBCEBENI F
EUDOEQBCEBENI RUMQFI O[UMCBOMC ->:
const Type* operator->() const; // F(/2'& (" )'-0$"*)%
Type* operator->() const; // F'-0$"* )(/2'&
.44
0OEUWEO, ]BO ECSEOGO N[MOQBFHO JX ZFPE\, EO ECPRCB\ ]BF PCGCLOWEXU OGMCEFWUEFK JUQ[OHUPEXSF
EUH\PK OEF LCIB PECBODCS .++ YOMOVNI BUSN LHK MCPGOROMOR EC QUSFECMCY Q DODBU_HKSF.
(CP NZ MUW\ PCVHC OJ OGMCEFWUEFKY .++, N[OSKEN UTU OJ OLEOS. #PGHKEFBU EC [MFRULUEEX_ RXVU DOL
DHCQQC Foo. (CJOBC EUDOBOMXY UGO `NED^F_ QROLFBQK D RXPORN OLEO_ F BO_ ZU `NED^FF LHK RQUY
[UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC F R JOHUU OJTUS QHNWCU JCPORXY DHCQQOR. .DCZUS, Foo::Commit() [MOQBO
RXPXRCUB Commit() LHK RQUY [UMUSUEEXY. #UQ\ [ORBOMKITF_QK DOL [MFYOLFBQK [FQCB\ RMNWENI; R
KPXDU QFH\EO EU YRCBCUB SCDMOQMULQBR, DOBOMXU JX [OPROHKHF QDCPCB\: #XPRCB\ `NED^FI Commit()
LHK DCZLO_ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC. 0OS[FHKBOM PECUB, DCD QOQBCRFB\ Q[FQOD BCDOGO MOLC (F FQ[OH\PNUB UGO
R DOEQBMNDBOMCY), EO RCS EF PC WBO EU QDCZUB.
Opasu ykasafene
4 VCJOEC AutoImage UQB\ OLEO LOROH\EO PCEKBEOU [MFSUEUEFU FS SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK LHK
QOPLCEFK OJMCPOR *-NDCPCBUHK. # EUDOBOMXY QFBNC^FKY EU YOWUBQK QOPLCRCB\ HFVEFU DO[FF
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC BOH\DO WBOJX QHULFB\ PC BUS, EC WBO QQXHCHQK NDCPCBUH\ R [MOVHO_ ZFPEF.
.OJQBRUEEO, LUHO OJQBOFB BCD DCZLX_ MCP, DOGLC NDCPCBUH\ EU KRHKUBQK RULNTFS. 4DCPCBUH\ BCDZU
[OSOGCUB QHULFB\ PC OJaUDBCSF, DOBOMXU JXHF QOPLCEX FHF NEFWBOZUEX R [MOÛQQU BMCEPCD^FF.
AutoImage<Foo*> f;
+U[UM\ RX SOZUBU ROQQBCEORFB\ QOQBOKEFU NDCPCBUHK f R ECWCHU BMCEPCD^FF, R BOS WFQHU F NULL. +US EU
SUEUU, QNTUQBRNUB RUQDF_ LOROL R [OH\PN QOPLCEFK Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEOGO VCJHOEC LHK *-NDCPCBUHU_
EUOJYOLFSOQB\ [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMC ->, WBOJX NDCPCBUH\ OJMCPOR SOZEO JXHO FQ[OH\PORCB\ R HURO_
WCQBF RXMCZUEF_ (WBO-EFJNL\ BF[C ptr->MemberOfPointer();). *HK *-NDCPCBUHU_ AutoImage [OYOZ
EC GHN[XU NDCPCBUHF, Q DOBOMXSF SX MCQQ[MCRFHFQ\ R ECWCHU GHCRX 5. .HULNITF_ VCJHOE JOH\VU
EC[OSFECUB OJXWEXU NSEXU (EO EU RULNTFU!) NDCPCBUHF.
class PtrImage {
private:
Type* current;
Type* image;
bool have_image; // D)*/($, ")#/ ';7$- )3K")*43"*
public:
PtrImage() : current(NULL), image(NULL), have_image(false) {}
PtrImage(const PtrImage<Type>& pi)
: current(pi.current), image(NULL), have_image(false) {}
PtrImage<Type>& operator=(const PtrImage<Type>& pi)
{
if (this != &pi)
current = pi.current;
return *this;
}
PtrImage<Type>& operator=(Type* t)
{ current = t; return *this; }
operator Type*() { return current; }
bool operator!() { return current == NULL; }
void Snapshot()
{
image = current;
have_image = true;
}
void Commit() { image = NULL; have_image = false; }
.45
void Rollback()
{
if (have_image) {
current = image;
have_image = false;
}
bool HaveImage() { return have_image; }
};
%QHF RCS PCYOWUBQK UTU EUSEOGO CRBOSCBFPFMORCB\ ]BOB VCJHOE, LOJCR\BU RXPORX Snapshot() R OJU
O[UMCBOMEXU `NED^FF operator=().
4DCPCBUHU_ MCQ[HOLFHOQ\ QHFVDOS SEOGO, F BUMSFEOHOGFK ECWFECUB PC[NBXRCB\QK. +UMSFE NDCPCBUH\
OJMCPOR OJOPECWCUB NDCPCBUH\, R DOBOMOS QOLUMZFBQK EUQDOH\DO OJMCPOR OJaUDBC (F DOBOMX_ [OWBF
RQUGLC KRHKUBQK RULNTFS), BOGLC DCD BUMSFE OJMCPX NDCPCBUHU_ OBEOQFBQK D DHCQQN EC[OLOJFU
[ODCPCEEOGO RXVU, R DOBOMOS YMCEFBQK EUQDOH\DO [MULXLNTFY PECWUEF_ QCSOGO NDCPCBUHK.
Koruuauuu u eapuauuu
# ECVU_ DOHHUD^FF QDO[FHOQ\ NZU EUSCHO QBMOFBUH\EXY JHODOR, C ROPSOZEOQBF FY DOSJFEFMORCEFK
JUPGMCEFWEX. #XJUMFBU [O OLEOSN RCMFCEBN R DCZLO_ [OPF^FF, F RX [OHNWFBU EUDOU
Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEOU MUVUEFU LHK MCJOBX Q OJMCPCSF:
[MOQBXU/RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF;
OJMCPX CRBOSCBFWUQDFU/QOPLCEEXU O[UMCBOMOS new;
OLFE OJMCP/QBUDF OJMCPOR;
OJMCPX OJaUDBOR/ OJMCPX NDCPCBUHU_;
Q[OEBCEEOU QOPLCEFU OJMCPC/ MNWEO_ RXPOR `NED^FF Snapshot().
5MFRULUEEX_ Q[FQOD EF R DOUS QHNWCU EU FQWUM[XRCUB RQUY ROPSOZEXY RCMFCEBOR. .DOMUU ]BO
[MULQBCRFBUH\EX_ [UMUWUE\ DOEÛ[^F_, QOQMULOBOWUEEXY RODMNG OJTU_ BUSX N[MCRHUEFK OJMCPCSF.
#QU DOEÛ[^FF OMFUEBFMORCEX EC .++ Q UGO NEFDCH\EXS QFEBCDQFQOS F QUSCEBFDO_ (R WCQBEOQBF,
DOEQBMNDBOMCSF F O[UMCBOMCSF). 5OVURUHFBU SOPGCSF F [OLNSC_BU, DCD ]BF DOEÛ[^FF [OLYOLKB D
RCVU_ DOEDMUBEO_ PCLCWU. !SUEEO ]BFS SX F PC_SUSQK R OQBCRVU_QK WCQBF ]BO_ GHCRX.
Tpausakuuu u ofreua
(UVUEFU [MOJHUSX BMCEPCD^F_ R PECWFBUH\EO_ QBU[UEF QRKPCEO Q [MOJHUSCSF OBSUEX F
SEOGO[OBOWEXY FBUMCBOMOR, [O]BOSN QECWCHC SX [OGOROMFS O BMCEPCD^FKY. !BCD, SX YOBFS
[MULOBRMCBFB\ OJEORHUEFU EUDOBOMOGO OJaUDBC JOHUU WUS OLEO_ BMCEPCD^FU_. 5OYOZU, R MUVUEFF ]BO_
PCLCWF ECS [OSOGNB NDCPCBUHF OJMCPOR. *CRC_BU [OQSOBMFS QRUZFS RPGHKLOS EC OJOJTUEEX_ NDCPCBUH\
OJMCPOR, [MFRULUEEX_ R ECWCHU GHCRX:
class ImagePtr {
private:
Type* current; // A"&3K/? ';7$-, 57"0')*$4#%"2<? &'25'("(*3
Type* undo; // =7"0<03K/? ';7$-
public:
ImagePtr();
ImagePtr(const ImagesPtr<Type>& ip);
~ImagePtr();
ImagePtr<Type>& operator=(const ImagePtr<Type>& ip);
void Snapshot();
void Commit();
.46
void Rollback();
};
*HK SFMC BMCEPCD^F_ [MFLUBQK REUQBF MKL FPSUEUEF_:
)JaUDB R HIJO_ SOSUEB RMUSUEF SOZUB JXB\ PCJHODFMORCE EU JOHUU WUS OLEO_ BMCEPCD^FU_.
)JaUDB EU SOZUB JXB\ FPSUEUE [MF QEKBO_ JHODFMORDU.
"CJHODFMOREEX_ OJaUDB SOZUB JXB\ FPSUEU HFV\ OJaUDBOS, DOBOMX_ [MFECLHUZFB BMCEPCD^FF,
NQBCEORFRVU_ JHODFMORDN.
.HULORCBUH\EO, ECS [MFLUBQK QOPLCB\ EUDOBOMOU [MULQBCRHUEFU LHK BMCEPCD^FF, C PCOLEO [OMCPSKB\
SXV^X .++ F [OQBMOFB\ QOOBRUBQBRNITNI QUSCEBFDN. +MCEPCD^FF JNLNB [MULQBCRHUEX DHCQQOS
Transaction. *HK JHODFMOROD SX ROQ[OH\PNUSQK Q[U^FCH\EXS OJEORHKITFS NDCPCBUHUS. !ECWU
GOROMK, OJXWEXU DHFUEBX MCJOBCIB Q NSEXS NDCPCBUHUS, EU LO[NQDCITFS OJEORHUEFK, C DHFUEBX
BMCEPCD^FF-RHCLUH\^C [OHNWCIB LOQBN[ D LMNGOSN NDCPCBUHI Q ROPSOZEOQB\I OJEORHUEFK. $FZU
[MFRULUEC [MKSOHFEU_ECK (YOBK EUOJKPCBUH\EO QCSCK ]`ÙDBFRECK) MUCHFPC^FK ]BO_ CMYFBUDBNMX.
5OPLEUU SX QEFSUS ]BF N[MOTCITFU OGMCEFWUEFK F MCQVFMFS CMYFBUDBNMN:
/. $CQ FEBUMUQNUB BOH\DO OBSUEC FPSUEUEF_ R QNTUQBRNITFY OJaUDBCY, C EU OBSUEC QOPLCEFK F
NEFWBOZUEFK OJaUDBOR R [MOÛQQU BMCEPCD^FF.
2. #O[MOQ O BOS, DOGLC FSUEEO LOHZEC NQBCECRHFRCB\QK JHODFMORDC OJaUDBC RXYOLFB PC MCSDF
O[FQCEEO_ N[MOTUEEO_ CMYFBUDBNMX.
Tpausakuuu u nokupoeku
# LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF BMCEPCD^FK [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ EUWBO FEOU, WUS DOHHUD^FI NDCPCBUHU_ OJMCPOR, R
DOBOMO_ FSUUBQK EUQDOH\DO `NED^F_ LHK [UMUJOMC. )LEC FP BMNLEOQBU_ QOQBOFB R BOS, WBO OLEC
BMCEPCD^FK SOZUB OJEORHKB\ HIJOU WFQHO OJaUDBOR, OBEOQKTFYQK D MCPHFWEXS BF[CS. .HULORCBUH\EO,
DHCQQ BMCEPCD^FF LOHZUE JXB\ MCQ[FQCE BCD, WBOJX OE SOG MCJOBCB\ Q HIJXSF BF[CSF [OYOZU, MUW\
FLUB OJ CJQBMCDBEOS JCPOROS DHCQQU.
// G @$?#" Transaction.h
class Lock {
friend class Transaction;
protected:
Transaction* transaction; // A7$(-$&B/%, &'*'7'? 57/($0#"1/* this
Lock() : transaction(NULL) {}
void RegisterLock(Transaction* t)
{
if (transaction != NULL) {
// I'(@#/&* 31" /2""*)% 0738'? 4#$0"#"B
cerr << Lock::RegisterLock already locked << endl;
}
else {
t->AddLock(this);
transaction = t;
}
}
virtual ~Lock() {}
virtual void Rollback() = 0;
virtual void Commit() = 0;
};
class Transaction {
friend class Lock; // S*';< 57"0')*$4/*, 0')*35 & AddLock()
.47
private:
SafeSet<Lock>* locks;
void AddLock(Lock*); // G&#>./*, ;#'&/7'4&3 4 *7$(-$&B/>
public:
~Transaction();
void Commit(); // T$&7"5/*, 4)" ';7$-<
void Rollback(); // L*2"(/*, 4)" ';7$-<
bool OwnsLock(Lock*); // D)*/($, ")#/ ;#'&/7'4&$
// 57/($0#"1/* *7$(-$&B//
};
0HCQQ Transaction [OLLUMZFRCUB DOHHUD^FI JHODFMOROD Q [OSOT\I GF[OBUBFWUQDOGO VCJHOEC
Collection. :NED^FK RegisterLock() RDHIWUEC R JCPORX_ DHCQQ Lock F [OBOSN SOZUB OJMCBFB\QK D
PCDMXBO_ `NED^FF AddLock() DHCQQC Transaction. *MNZJC EU ECQHULNUBQK, [O]BOSN OJaKRHUEFU
LMNGOS DHCQQC Lock EU LUHCUB LMNP\KSF UGO [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX. (UCHFPC^FF RXGHKLKB LOROH\EO
[MOQBO.
void Transaction::AddLock(Lock* lock)
{
*locks += lock; // D)5'#,-3"* 5"7"873-&3 += 0#% &'##"&B//
}
void Transaction::Commit()
{
SafeSetIterator<Lock>* iter = locks->Iterator();
while (iter->More())
iter->Next()->Commit();
delete iter;
}
void Transaction::Rollback()
{
SafeSetIterator<Lock>* iter = locks->Iterator();
while (iter->More())
iter->Next()->Rollback();
delete iter;
}
bool Transaction::OwnsLock(Lock* lock)
{
return *locks >= lock;
}
5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO VCJHOE Collection QOLUMZFB `NED^FI DeleteAll() LHK NLCHUEFK RQUY
OJaUDBOR; WBO [UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM += (O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK operator+=(Type*)) RDHIWCUB
]HUSUEB R DOHHUD^FI; WBO [UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM >= O[MULUHKUB [MFECLHUZEOQB\ D DOHHUD^FF, C
`NED^FK Iterator() ROPRMCTCUB RHOZUEEX_ FBUMCBOM. 3BO OJOJTUEEXU NQHORFK; FQ[OH\PN_BU BU,
DOBOMXU LU_QBRNIB R RCVUS QHNWCU.
Knacc ConstPtr
0HCQQX, [MOFPROLEXU OB Lock, LOHZEX QQXHCB\QK EC EUWBO JHFPDOU D NDCPCBUHKS, LOQBN[EXS BOH\DO
LHK WBUEFK, Q DOBOMXSF EC QBMCEF^CY DEFGF RX NZU [OPECDOSFHFQ\.
class LockPtr; // F)<#&$ 45"7"0 ($ &#$)), 57'/-4'0(<? '* Lock

.48
class ConstPtr {
friend class LockPtr<Type>;
private:
Type* old_image; // L;7$- 5"7"0 *7$(-$&B/"?
LockPtr<Type>* lock; // A"&3K$% ;#'&/7'4&$, ")#/ '($ ")*,
~ConstPtr() { delete old_image; }
ConstPtr<Type>& operator=(const ConstPtr<Type>& cp)
{ return *this; } // =7/)4$/4$(/" (" 7$-7"M$"*)%
public:
ConstPtr() : old_image(NULL), lock(NULL) {}
ConstPtr(const ConstPtr<Type>& cp)
: old_image(new Type(*(cp.old_image))), lock(NULL) {}
const Type* operator->() const { return old_image; }
LockPtr<Type>& Lock(Transaction* t);
};
LockPtr<Type>& ConstPtr<Type>::Lock(Transaction* t)
{
if (lock != NULL && !t->OwnsLock(lock))
// I'(@#/&* 31" /2""*)% 0738'? 4#$0"#"B
else {
lock = new LockPtr<Type>(t, this);
return *lock;
}
}
$ORX_ OJaUDB ConstPtr SOZEO QDOEQBMNFMORCB\ EC JCPU QBCMOGO (YOBK EORX_ QOPLCUBQK JUP
JHODFMORDF), OLECDO ECS [MFLUBQK REUQBF FPSUEUEFK LHK [MFQRCFRCEFK, DOBOMOU MCPMUVUEO BOH\DO LHK
LockPtr, EO EU LHK ConstPtr. *HK ]BO_ ÛHF SX O[MULUHKUS `FDBFREX_ O[UMCBOM = F LUHCUS UGO
PCDMXBXS, WBOJX LO EUGO EFDBO EU LOJMCHQK. 5OQDOH\DN NDCPCBUH\ KRHKUBQK RULNTFS, UGO NLCHUEFU
[MFROLFB F D NLCHUEFI NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC (QCSOU MCLFDCH\EOU FPSUEUEFU, DOBOMOU BOH\DO SOZEO
[MULQBCRFB\). 5O ]BO_ [MFWFEU DOEQBMNDBOM BCDZU OJaKRHUE PCDMXBXS, WBOJX EFDBO EU [O[XBCHQK
NLCHFB\ ConstPtr.
0OE`HFDB R `NED^FF Lock SOZEO OJMCJOBCB\ MCPEXSF Q[OQOJCSF:
!EF^FFMORCB\ FQDHIWUEFU.
!PSUEFB\ FEBUMÙ_Q F ROPRMCTCB\ RSUQBU Q JHODFMORDO_ `HCG, [ODCPXRCITF_, NQ[UVEO HF
[MOVHC JHODFMORDC.
#OPRMCTCB\ LockPtr<Type>* QO PECWUEFUS NULL, QRFLUBUH\QBRNITUS O EUNLCWEO_
JHODFMORDU.
#OPRMCTCB\ DOE`HFDBENI JHODFMORDN Q [UMUGMNZUEEXS O[UMCBOMOS !, Q [OSOT\I DOBOMOGO
SOZEO [MORUMFB\ [MCRFH\EOQB\ JHODFMORDF.
5MULOQBCRFB\ OBLUH\ENI `NED^FI CanLock(Transaction*), DOBOMCK ROPRMCTCUB HOGFWUQDOU
PECWUEFU.
#XJOM PCRFQFB OB QBFHK. #CMFCEB Q FQDHIWUEFUS EU BCD NZ OWURFLUE; EUNLCWC [MF JHODFMORDU
[MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ R[OHEU MCPNSEX_ FQYOL.
.49
Knacc LockPtr
-GC! 6X [OLOVHF D ÛEBMCH\EO_ FLUU RQU_ DOEÛ[^FF NDCPCBUHKS, DOBOMXU MCPMUVCIB OJEORHUEFU
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. 5MULBMCEPCD^FOEEX_ ([MULECPECWUEEX_ LHK OBSUEX) OJMCP YMCEFBQK R
ConstPtr, C BUDNTF_ OJEORHUEEX_ OJMCP LOQBN[UE BOH\DO WUMUP LockPtr. 0HCQQ LockPtr QOLUMZFB
NZU PECDOSXU `NED^FF Rollback() F Commit(). # `NED^FF Snapshot() EUB EUOJYOLFSOQBF,
[OQDOH\DN LockPtr [MF EUOJYOLFSOQBF QOPLCUB OJMCPX R O[UMCBOMU ->.
class LockPtr : public Lock {
friend class ConstPtr<Type>;
private:
ConstPtr<Type>* master_ptr;
Type* new_image;
Transaction* transaction;
LockPtr(Transaction* t, ConstPtr<Type>* cp);
virtual ~LockPtr();
virtual void Rollback();
virtual void Commit();
public:
Type* operator->() const { return new_image; }
};
LockPtr<Type>::LockPtr(Transaction* t, ConstPtr<Type>* cp)
: transaction(t), master_ptr(cp), new_image(new Type(*(cp->old_image)))
{
}
LockPtr<Type>::~LockPtr()
{
// G )3K(')*/ 57'/)C'0/* '*&$*
delete new_image; // L*&$-$*,)% '* /-2"("(/?
master_ptr->lock = NULL; // L)*$4/*, ConstPtr
}
void LockPtr<Type>::Rollback()
{
delete new_image;
new_image = new Type(*(master_ptr->old_image));
}
void LockPtr<Type>::Commit()
{
delete master_ptr->old_image;
master_ptr->old_image = new_image; // ="7"2")*/*, 4 master_ptr
new_image = new Type(*new_image); // +31($ ('4$% &'5/%
}
*UQBMNDBOM OJaKRHUE PCDMXBXS, WBOJX EFDBO EU SOG EC[MKSNI NLCHFB\ LockPtr. #SUQBO ]BOGO
BMCEPCD^FK-RHCLUHU^ LOHZEC QLUHCB\ ]BO WUMUP JCPORX_ DHCQQ Lock. :NED^FF Rollback() F Commit()
OJaKRHUEX RFMBNCH\EXSF, WBOJX Q FY [OSOT\I SOZEO JXHO MUVCB\ PCLCWF, OBEOQKTFUQK D
.50
DOEDMUBEOSN BF[N (EC[MFSUM, QOPLCEFU F NEFWBOZUEFU OJMCPOR). )JU `NED^FF [OQHU PCRUMVUEFK
OQBCRHKIB ConstPtr PCJHODFMORCEEXS.
Cospauue u yuufoeuue oLekfoe
5OMC PC[OHEFB\ DOU-DCDFU [MOJUHX. (CP NZ ECVF BMCEPCD^FF LOQBCBOWEO QHOZEX, WBOJX LHK EFY JXHC
O[MCRLCEC RQK ]BC ROPEK, OEF ECRUMEKDC JNLNB QOPLCRCB\ FHF NEFWBOZCB\ OJaUDBX. )[UMC^FF QOPLCEFK F
NEFWBOZUEFK BCDZU LOHZEX JXB\ OBSUEKUSXSF. %QHF OJaUDB QOPLCRCHQK, O[UMC^FK OBSUEX LOHZEC UGO
NEFWBOZCB\, C UQHF NEFWBOZCHQK ROPRMCTCB\ UGO FP SUMBRXY. *HK ]BOGO [MFLUBQK REUQBF FPSUEUEFK
DCD R DHCQQ ConstPtr, BCD F R DHCQQ LockPtr. 6X NZU QLUHCHF [UMRX_ VCG R ]BOS EC[MCRHUEFF,
OJaKRFR LUQBMNDBOM ConstPtr PCDMXBXS, WBOJX FS SOGHF ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK BOH\DO ConstPtr FHF UGO
LMNP\K. *CRC_BU MCPJUMUSQK Q OQBCRVFSFQK [MOJHUSCSF.
Hsreueuun e knacce ConstPtr
$UQOSEUEEO, QOPLCEFU NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ FPSUEUEFU F [OBOSN LOHZEO
OQNTUQBRHKB\QK WUMUP LockPtr. $O LHK BOGO WBOJX [OHNWFB\ LockPtr, SX LOHZEX QECWCHC FSUB\
ConstPtr F UGO `NED^FI Lock(). .HULORCBUH\EO, BOH\DO WBO O[FQCEEX_ DOEQBMNDBOM ConstPtr
MCJOBCB\ EU JNLUB OE QOPLCUB NEFDCH\EX_ OJaUDB [UMUL RXPOROS Lock(). ConstPtr LOHZUE
ECYOLFB\QK R QOQBOKEFF NULL LO BUY [OM, [ODC LockPtr EU RXLUHFB [CSKB\ [OL OJaUDB F EU PCDMU[FB
]BF FPSUEUEFK. # ConstPtr EUOJYOLFSO REUQBF QHULNITFU FPSUEUEFK:
# DOEQBMNDBOMU JUP CMGNSUEBOR [MFQRCFRCB\ [UMUSUEEO_ old_image PECWUEFU NULL.
*OJCRFB\ O[UMCBOM !, DOBOMX_ [MORUMKUB, MCRUE HF CLMUQ PECWUEFI NULL.
!EF^FFMORCB\ FQDHIWUEFU R O[UMCBOMU ->, UQHF CLMUQ MCRUE PECWUEFI NULL.
'FJO PC[MUBFB\ DO[FMORCEFU, HFJO [MFQROFB\ DO[FF old_image PECWUEFU NULL.
5MOJHUSC Q OJXWEXS DOEQBMNDBOMOS DO[F_ ConstPtr PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO OE SOZUB QOPLCB\ EORNI
DO[FI NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, EO EU [OPROHFB OBSUEFB\ UU QOPLCEFU. $FZU [MFROLFBQK EORCK RUMQFK
DOEQBMNDBOMC ConstPtr. )[MULUHUEFK `NED^F_, EU FPSUEFRVFUQK [O QMCREUEFI Q [ODCPCEEO_ RXVU
N[MOTUEEO_ RUMQFU_ EU [ODCPCEX.
private:
ConstPtr(const ConstPtr&) : old_image(NULL), lock(NULL) {}
public:
ConstPtr() : old_image(NULL), lock(NULL) {}
bool operator!() { return old_image == NULL; }
const Type* operator->() const
{
if (old_image == NULL)
// D)&#>."(/"
return old_image;
}
Hsreueuun e knacce LockPtr
)BEXEU LockPtr [MULQBOFB RX[OHEKB\ ECSEOGO JOH\VU MCJOBX:
)E LOHZUE [MF EUOJYOLFSOQBF QOPLCRCB\ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB [O BMUJORCEFI. *HK ]BOGO R EUGO
JNLUB LOJCRHUEC `NED^FK Make().
)[UMCBOM -> LOHZUE FEF^FFMORCB\ FQDHIWUEFU, UQHF CLMUQ MCRUE NULL.
$FZU [MFRULUEX O[MULUHUEFK BOH\DO FPSUEFRVFYQK `NED^F_.
// G ';E%4#"(// LockPtr
public:
void Make(); // F'-0$*, ('4<? 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
void Destroy(); // H(/.*'1/*, 3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
.5.
// D-2"(/4M/")% '57"0"#"(/%
LockPtr<Type>::LockPtr(Transaction* t, ConstPtr<Type>* cp)
: transaction(t), master_ptr(cp),
new_image(cp->old_image != NULL ? new Type(*(cp->old_image)) : NULL)
{
}
void LockPtr<Type>::Commit()
{
delete master_ptr->old_image;
master_ptr->old_image = new_image;
if (new_image != NULL)
new_image = new Type(*new_image);
}
Type* LockPtr<Type>::operator->() const
{
if (new_image == NULL)
// /)&#>."(/"
return new_image;
}
void LockPtr<Type>::Make()
{
delete new_image; // V)#/ new_image (" 7$4"( NULL
new_image = new Type; // +'4<? 53)*'? ';E"&*
}
void LockPtr<Type>::Destroy()
{
delete new_image;
new_image = NULL;
}
:NED^FK Make() QOJHILCUB QUSCEBFDN [MFQRCFRCEFK, WBO [OPROHKUB RXPRCB\ UU LHK QNTUQBRNITUGO
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. 5MF ]BOS OJaUDB, EC DOBOMX_ R LCEEX_ SOSUEB QQXHCUBQK LockPtr,
NEFWBOZCUBQK F PCSUEKUBQK EORXS [NQBXS OJaUDBOS.
Ynpoeuuoe cospauue oLekfoe
)JaUDBX BU[UM\ QOPLCIBQK R BMF ]BC[C:
/. .OPLCB\ ConstPtr, NDCPXRCITF_ EC NULL.
2. "C[MOQFB\ N EUGO Lock.
3. 5OBMUJORCB\ N Lock QOPLCB\ OJaUDB `NED^FU_ Make().
0OEUWEO, ]BO [MOFPRULUB R[UWCBHUEFU EC RCVFY DOHHUG F HFVEF_ MCP LODCZUB RCVN BUYEFWUQDNI
DRCHF`FDC^FI, EO OEF DOQO [OQSOBMKB EC RCQ F RUMENBQK D O[UMCBOMN new. #UL\ OE Q[MCRHKUBQK Q
PCLCWU_ PC OLFE ]BC[, C ECQ ODMNZCIB PCEKBXU, OWUE\ PCEKBXU HILF. .NTUQBRNUB EUQDOH\DO Q[OQOJOR
QRUQBF [MOÛQQ QOPLCEFK D OLEOSN ]BC[N, F QCSX_ [MOQBO_ FP EFY RDHIWFB\ R ConstPtr LMNGO_
DOEQBMNDBOM.
.52
ConstPtr<Type>::ConstPtr(Transaction* t) : old_image(NULL), lock(NULL)
{
LockPtr<Type>& lp = Lock(t);
lp.Make();
}
5OQHULNITF_ RXPOR Lock() ROPRMCTCUB NZU QOPLCEEX_ LockPtr.
Ofreua
#QU LO QSUVEOGO [MOQBO. %QHF RX REFSCBUH\EO QHULFHF PC BUS, DCD MCPRFRCUBQK BUSC BMCEPCD^F_, BO LHK
JUPO[CQEO_ F NEFRUMQCH\EO_ MUCHFPC^FF OBSUEX RCS [OBMUJNUBQK QORQUS EUSEOGO RDHIWFB\
EUOJYOLFSXU `MCGSUEBX FP RCVU_ HIJFSO_ JFJHFOBUDF DHCQQOR Q GMC`FWUQDFS FEBUMÙ_QOS
[OH\PORCBUHK. *HK QOPLCEFK F SCEF[NHK^F_ QO QBMNDBNMCSF LCEEXY BMCEPCD^F_ FLUCH\EO [OLYOLKB
DHCQQX .%/'"(3. )JaUDB-QOJXBFU QOPLCUBQK LHK RX[OHEUEFK EUDOBOMO_ DOSCELX FHF REUQUEFK
FPSUEUEF_. $C[MFSUM, [OH\PORCBUH\ RXJFMCUB DOSCELN Delete R SUEI Edit FHF ECZFSCUB DHCRFVN
Delete EC DHCRFCBNMU. )JaUDB QOPLCUBQK EC JCPU DHCQQC, DOBOMX_ [MUDMCQEO MCPJFMCUBQK R NLCHUEFKY. #
LCH\EU_VUS ]BOB OJaUDB EU BOH\DO REOQFB PCBMUJORCEEXU FPSUEUEFK, EO F OJUQ[UWFRCUB MCJOBN
DOSCELX Undo SUEI Edit. .OPLC_BU BMCEPCD^FI R UGO DOEQBMNDBOMU, ROQ[OH\PN_BUQ\ BMCEPCD^FU_ LHK
QOYMCEUEFK RQUY FPSUEUEF_, C PCBUS LHK [OLLUMZDF OBSUEX.
Bapuaufu
6X EU JNLUS [UMUZORXRCB\ LO[OHEFBUH\EX_ DOL, OBEOQKTF_QK D BMCEPCD^FKS. %QHF RX UTU EU NHORFHF
OJTF_ [MFE^F[, JUQQSXQHUEEO [OLHFRCB\ SCQHO R OGOE\, C UQHF NHORFHF, BO JUP BMNLC MUCHFPNUBU RQU, O
WUS GOROMFBQK EFZU. +CD WBO K OGMCEFWNQ\ HFV\ PCSUWCEFKSF, R DOBOMXY O[FQXRCIBQK EUDOBOMXU
RCZEXU RCMFC^FF EC LCEENI BUSN.
Bnoeuuue nokupoeku
1BOJX RQK SUBOLFDC FSUHC YOB\ DCDO_-BO QSXQH, SX LOHZEX Q[MKBCB\ DHIWF OB NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR
F PCQBCRFB\ RQUY MCJOBCB\ Q ContrPtr F LockPtr. 3BO OBEOQFBQK EU BOH\DO D FPSUEUEFKS, REOQFSXS R
NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX EU[OQMULQBRUEEO DHFUEBCSF, EO F D BUS, DOBOMXU OLFE NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB
REOQFB R LMNGO_. +CDFS OJMCPOS, R OJTUS QHNWCU NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX LOHZEX OJMCTCB\QK LMNG D
LMNGN WUMUP ConstPtr F LockPtr, DCD F DHFUEBX.
class A {
private:
ConstPtr<B>& b; // ConstPtr, &$& 4<M"
// D *.0.
};
%QHF ]DPUS[HKM DHCQQC A PCYOWUB RXPRCB\ EUDOEQBCEBENI `NED^FI b, OE LOHZUE QECWCHC [OHNWFB\
LockPtr LHK b. +CDFS OJMCPOS, DHCQQ A LOHZUE PECB\, DCDNI BMCEPCD^FI OE RX[OHEKUB [MF [O[XBDU
FPSUEUEFK b, F ]BC FEÒMSC^FK LOHZEC [OQBN[FB\ OB DHFUEBC. *HK [MOQBOBX ECPORUS OJaUDBX, D
DOBOMXS DHFUEBX OJMCTCIBQK EC[MKSNI, >#6&(-*',(, C OJaUDBX, DOQRUEEO OJEORHKUSXU NDCPXRCUSXS
OJaUDBOS, &"%6(-*',( [O OBEOVUEFI D NDCPXRCUSOSN OJaUDBN (OLFE F BOB ZU OJaUDB SOZUB
OLEORMUSUEEO JXB\ F [UMRFWEXS, F RBOMFWEXS).
%QHF RBOMFWEX_ OJaUDB FEDC[QNHFMNUBQK R [UMRFWEOS (BO UQB\ RBOMFWEX_ OJaUDB EURFLFS LHK
ODMNZCITUGO SFMC), ]BO [MCRFHO SOZEO OJO_BF. 0OEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ [UMRFWEOGO OJaUDBC LOHZUE
[MOLNJHFMORCB\ RBOMFWEX_ OJaUDB, C O[UMCBOM = [UMRFWEOGO OJaUDBC LOHZUE [MOLNJHFMORCB\
RBOMFWEX_ OJaUDB [MCROQBOMOEEUGO RXMCZUEFK. 5MF QOJHILUEFF ]BFY NQHORF_ HOGFDC QOPLCEFK
OJMCPOR R ConstPtr F LockPtr JNLUB [MCRFH\EO MCJOBCB\ Q FEDC[QNHFMORCEEXSF OJaUDBCSF. 3BO
[MOFQYOLFB CRBOSCBFWUQDF R BUY QHNWCKY, DOGLC RBOMFWEX_ OJaUDB REULMKUBQK R [UMRFWEX_ (BO UQB\
DOGLC R DCZLOS ]DPUS[HKMU A OJaUDB B YMCEFBQK EU DCD NDCPCBUH\, C DCD OJXWECK [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC):
class A {
private:
.53
B b; // G("07"((<? ';E"&*
};
0OS[FHKBOM JNLUB CRBOSCBFWUQDF RXPXRCB\ DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ B [MF DCZLOS DO[FMORCEFF A, F
O[UMCBOM = DHCQQC B [MF RX[OHEUEFF [MFQRCFRCEFK.
5MUL[OHOZFS, DHCQQ A LOHZUE PCJHODFMORCB\ b. )BDNLC JUMUBQK Transaction*? (CPNSUUBQK, FPREU A
BO UQB\ OB DHFUEBC. #[MOWUS, ]BN PCLCWN SOZEO MUVFB\ BMUSK Q[OQOJCSF:
5UMULCRCB\ Transaction* R DCZLNI `NED^FI A, DOBOMO_ SOZUB [OBMUJORCB\QK RXPRCB\
EUDOEQBCEBENI `NED^FI B.
)LFE MCP [UMULCB\ Transaction* R A RO RMUSK JHODFMORDF F QOYMCEFB\ R [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC.
.LUHCB\ NDCPCBUH\ ConstPtr DHCQQC A UTU JOHUU GUEFCH\EXS ECNWFB\ UGO JHODFMORCB\
RBOMFWEXU OJaUDBX [O [OMNWUEFI A.
$C [OQHULEUS MUVUEFF QHULNUB [ORUQFB\ BCJHFWDN: +OH\DO LHK [MOÙQQFOECH\EXY DCQDCLUMOR. $U
NRUMUE EU [XBC_QK. +US EU SUEUU, R EUDOBOMXY QFBNC^FKY HNWVCK MUCHFPC^FK BMCEPCD^F_
[OLMCPNSURCUB FQ[OH\PORCEFU DOSSUMWUQDFY DHCQQOR NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR. 3BO_ QBMCBUGFU_ SOZEO
ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK LCZU LHK BOGO, WBOJX MCPMUVFB\ A YMCEFB\ UGO OJOZCUSX_ B* F EFWUGO EU PECB\ O
ConstPtr F LockPtr. 5ONSEURVFU ConstPtr F/FHF LockPtr DHCQQC A SOGNB JUP UGO RULOSC SUEKB\
CLMUQC [MF QOPLCEFF OJMCPOR F PCDMU[HUEFF FPSUEUEF_. # LCH\EU_VUS SX UTU EUOLEODMCBEO
RQBMUBFSQK Q DOEÛ[^FU_ OJaUDBOR, DOBOMXU O[FQXRCIB LMNGFU OJaUDBX F/FHF SCEF[NHFMNIB FSF.
8HFZU D DOE^N SX QEORC RUMEUSQK D [MOJHUSU SUZOJaUDBEXY QQXHOD.
Bsauruue nokupoeku u oepepu
%QHF R HIJO_ SOSUEB RMUSUEF SOZUB QNTUQBRORCB\ EU JOHUU OLEO_ BMCEPCD^FF, RQU PCSUWCBUH\EO. %QHF
ZU Q RCVFSF OJaUDBCSF SOGNB ROPFB\QK QMCPN EUQDOH\DO BMCEPCD^F_, [MFLUBQK QLUHCB\ UTU EUQDOH\DO
VCGOR. #OPSOZEX MCPEXU [MFWFEX EC[MFSUM, RCVU [MFHOZUEFU-QUMRUM SOZUB OJQHNZFRCB\
EUQDOH\DO [OH\PORCBUHU_, FHF RX EC[FVUBU GMC`FWUQDOU [MFHOZUEFU Q DOEBUDQBEO_ OBSUEO_, R
DOBOMOS EUOJYOLFSO PC[OSFECB\ OBSUEKUSNI DOSCELN LHK EUQDOH\DFY ODOE. $CDOEU^, OQBCUBQK UTU
OLEO [MU[KBQBRFU EUOJYOLFSO [MOLNSCB\ [ORULUEFU RCVU_ [MOGMCSSX R QFBNC^FF, DOGLC OEC
[XBCUBQK PCJHODFMORCB\ NZU PCJHODFMORCEEX_ OJaUDB.
Koucepeafueuan nokupoeka
5MF $%*.#6&+"(&*%3 /2%$(6%&$# (conservative locking) BMCEPCD^FK JHODFMNUB RQU OJaUDBX, DOBOMXU U_
SOGNB [OECLOJFB\QK, LO REUQUEFK DCDFY-HFJO FPSUEUEF_. %QHF PCJHODFMORCB\ RQU OJaUDBX EU NLCUBQK,
BMCEPCD^FK HFJO ZLUB, [ODC OEF QBCENB LOQBN[EXSF, HFJO [OLEFSCUB MNDF F QOOJTCUB [OH\PORCBUHI,
WBO [MF RQUS NRCZUEFF D EUSN [MOQ\JC OBDHOEKUBQK. )LEC FP ROPSOZEXY MUCHFPC^F_ DOEQUMRCBFREO_
JHODFMORDF PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBOJX QNJDHCQQFMORCB\ Transaction F [O[XBCB\QK PCJHODFMORCB\ RQU
EUOJYOLFSOU R DOEQBMNDBOMU [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC ([MF ECHFWFF QBCELCMBEO_ OJMCJOBDF FQDHIWUEF_)
FHF R UGO OBLUH\EO_ FEF^FCHFPFMNITU_ `NED^FF ([MF OBQNBQBRFF BCDO_ OJMCJOBDF).
Arpeccueuan nokupoeka
5MF +76#..(&*%3 /2%$(6%&$# (aggressive locking) BMCEPCD^FK SOZUB ECWFECB\QK R HIJO_ SOSUEB F
JHODFMORCB\ OJaUDBX [O SUMU EUOJYOLFSOQBF. & JX ECPRCH UU QROURMUSUEEO_ JHODFMORDO_,
[OQDOH\DN JHODFMNIBQK BOH\DO EU[OQMULQBRUEEO OJEORHKUSXU OJaUDBX F ]BO [MOFQYOLFB [UMUL [UMRXS
OJEORHUEFUS.
Oepepu u esauruue nokupoeku
#O[MOQ O BOS, QBOFB HF QOPLCRCB\ OWUMULF PC[MOQOR EC JHODFMORDN, QOQBCRHKUB OBLUH\EX_ CQ[UDB
LFPC_EC. %QHF OWUMULF EU [OLLUMZFRCIBQK F BMCEPCD^FK [O[XBCUBQK PCJHODFMORCB\ OJaUDB, MCEUU
PCJHODFMORCEEX_ LMNGO_ BMCEPCD^FU_, OEC PCDCEWFRCUBQK EUNLCWU_. 5MF DOEQUMRCBFREO_ JHODFMORDU
BMCEPCD^FK ROOJTU EU ECWFECUBQK, C [MF CGGMUQQFREO_ OEC ROPRMCTCUBQK D [MUZEUSN QOQBOKEFI,
QDMUTFRCUB MNDF EC QROU_ LROFWEO_ GMNLF F QNMORO QSOBMFB EC [OH\PORCBUHK. # EUDOBOMXY
[MFHOZUEFKY ]BO R[OHEU EOMSCH\EO, EO R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF ]BO MUVUEFU FP BUY, O DOBOMXY Q[U^FCHFQBX
FP QHNZJX [OLLUMZDF SOGNB HFV\ SUWBCB\ RUL\ OEO GCMCEBFMNUB FS [OQBOKEENI MCJOBN. 1BOJX EU
.54
OBDCPXRCB\QK OB RBOMO_ BMCEPCD^FF, OJXWEO QBOFB [OLOZLCB\ QEKBFK JHODFMORDF Q OJaUDBC BUDNTU_
BMCEPCD^FU_.
5MF OBQNBQBRFF OWUMULU_ RCS EU [MFLUBQK JUQ[ODOFB\QK O QFBNC^FKY RPCFSEO_ JHODFMORDF (DOGLC A
OZFLCUB B, C B OZFLCUB A). %QHF BMCEPCD^FK PC[MOQFHC JHODFMORDN F EU QSOGHC UU [OHNWFB\, OEC
NEFWBOZCUBQK. %QHF OWUMULF [OLLUMZFRCIBQK, DOL JHODFMORDF LOHZUE O[MULUHFB\, [MFECLHUZFB HF
]BO_ BMCEPCD^FF DCDFU-HFJO JHODFMORDF, DOBOMXY LOZFLCIBQK OQBCH\EXU, F UQHF [MFECLHUZCB,
FPJCRFB\ OLEN FP BMCEPCD^F_ OB JUQDUEUWEOGO OZFLCEFK.
5MOFQYOLKTUU ODCPXRCUBQK R O[CQEO_ JHFPOQBF OB BOWDF, R DOBOMO_ RCS [MFYOLFBQK HFJO MCPJFRCB\
QROU [MFHOZUEFU EC EUQDOH\DO [OLPCLCW F [OMNWCB\ O[UMC^FOEEO_ QFQBUSU FY [HCEFMORCEFU, HFJO
ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK OLEO_ FP DOSSUMWUQDFY JFJHFOBUD Q [OLLUMZDO_ SEOGO[OBOWEOQBF. +CD FHF FECWU, R
]BO_ OJHCQBF SX EU NPECUS EFWUGO [MFE^F[FCH\EO EOROGO, OBEOQKTUGOQK D .++, F [O]BOSN EU JNLUS
MCPRFRCB\ ]BN BUSN. )J OWUMULKY, JHODFMORDCY F SEOGO[OBOWEOQBF EC[FQCEO EUSCHO YOMOVFY DEFG, RX
ECRUMEKDC EC_LUBU FY R MCPLUHU 8CPX LCEEXY QROUGO DEFZEOGO SCGCPFEC.
Muoroypoeueean ofreua
.USCEBFDC BMCEPCD^F_ LOROH\EO HUGDO MCQ[MOQBMCEKUBQK F EC SEOGONMOREURNI OBSUEN (UQHF RQ[OSEFB\
DOEÛ[^FF StackPtr, O DOBOMXY GOROMFHOQ\ RXVU). .NTUQBRNUB LRC OQEOREXY RCMFCEBC MUCHFPC^FF.
Knacc LockPtr co cfekaru opasoe
.CSX_ [MKSOHFEU_EX_ RCMFCEB MUCHFPC^FF SEOGONMOREURO_ OBSUEX LHK BMCEPCD^F_ RDHIWUEFU
QBUDC QBCMXY OJMCPOR R DCZLX_ LockPtr. 3BC FLUK [OPCFSQBRORCEC FP MCQQSOBMUEEOGO RXVU DOLC
StackPtr. +US EU SUEUU, OEC [OLYOLFB HFV\ LHK DOEQUMRCBFREO_ JHODFMORDF. # QHNWCU Q CGMUQQFREO_
JHODFMORDO_ OJaUDB SOZUB JXB\ R[UMRXU PCJHODFMORCE NZU [OQHU FPSUEUEFK OQBCH\EXY OJaUDBOR. 3BO
NQHOZEKUB OBSUEN EUQDOH\DFY FPSUEUEF_, [OQDOH\DN QBUDF MCPEXY LockPtr EU QFEYMOEFPFMNIBQK.
Cfeku nap LockPtr/opas
0 [MOJHUSU SOZEO [OLO_BF F FECWU RDHIWFB\ R Transaction QBUD, R DOBOMOS YMCEKBQK [CMX QBCMX_
OJMCP/LockPtr. $C DCZLOS NMOREU QBUDC YMCEKBQK HFV\ BU LockPtr, DOBOMXU QNTUQBRORCHF EC SOSUEB
PCDMU[HUEFK. # OJTUS QHNWCU ]BO MUVUEFU MCJOBCUB HNWVU, D BOSN ZU OEO WNB\ JOHUU ]`ÙDBFREO RX
FQ[OH\PNUBU OLFE JOH\VO_ QBUD RSUQBO SEOZUQBRC SCHUE\DFY.
Onfurusauun oLera
*MNGOU MUVUEFU MUOMGCEFPC^FK QBMNDBNM LCEEXY LHK QODMCTUEFK FPLUMZUD, QRKPCEEXY Q YMCEUEFUS
EUPCJHODFMORCEEXY ConstPtr (YOBK F ÛEO_ EUDOBOMO_ [OBUMF QDOMOQBF). ConstPtr HFV\
EUPECWFBUH\EO OBHFWCUBQK OB NDCPCBUHU_ BOH\DO LHK WBUEFK, DOBOMXU MCQQSCBMFRCHFQ\ R GHCRU 6 F EU
FSUHF EFWUGO OJTUGO Q BMCEPCD^FKSF: OE FSUUB QQXHDN EC ConstPtr F `NED^FI Lock(). 6X
FPJCRFSQK OB [UMROGO F REUQUS EUDOBOMXU FPSUEUEFK RO RBOMOU.
5MULQBCR\BU QUJU GHOJCH\ENI QBMNDBNMN LCEEXY (RUMOKBEO, YMCEKTNIQK R RFLU QBCBFWUQDOGO WHUEC
DHCQQC Transaction), R DOBOMO_ ECYOLFBQK FEÒMSC^FK O BOS, DCDFU Transaction JHODFMNIB DCDFU
ConstPtr. *HK DCZLO_ [CMX R BCJHFÛ QOLUMZFBQK QOOBRUBQBRNITF_ LockPtr. 0CZLX_ MCP, DOGLC
RXPXRCUBQK `NED^FK Lock() DHCQQC ConstPtr, OEC [MORUMKUB, [MFQNBQBRNUB HF this R BCJHFÛ. %QHF
[MFQNBQBRNUB, `NED^FK QMCREFRCUB BMCEPCD^FI, [UMULCEENI R DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBC, Q ECYOLKTU_QK R
BCJHFÛ. %QHF ConstPtr EU ECYOLFB QUJK R BCJHFÛ, OE RDHIWCUB R EUU EORX_ BMF[HUB (ConstPtr,
Transaction, LockPtr), C UQHF ECYOLFB Q LMNGO_ BMCEPCD^FU_ FEF^FFMNUB FQDHIWUEFU.
+CDCK QYUSC ODCPXRCUBQK JOHUU ]DOEOSEO_, WUS O[FQCEECK RXVU; OEC EU BMCBFB [CSKB\ EC PECWUEFK
NULL LHK RQUY EUPCJHODFMORCEEXY OJaUDBOR. (CPNSUUBQK, OEC QHOZUEUU F SULHUEEUU MCJOBCUB
QBMNDBNMC LCEEXY UTU BOH\DO MCPOGMURCUB LRFGCBUH\ EC QBCMBU, C DOQRUEEO_ OJMCTUEFU WUMUP
[UMUSUEENI DHCQQC NZU [UMUQUDCUB `FEFVENI WUMBN.
#OPSOZEO, N RCQ ROPEFD RO[MOQ C [OWUSN `NED^FK Lock() LOHZEC OQBCRCB\QK Q ConstPtr? 5OWUSN
UU EUH\PK RDHIWFB\ R LMNGO_ DHCQQ FHF LCZU QLUHCB\ GHOJCH\EO_ `NED^FU_? %QHF SX FPJCRFSQK OB
[UMUSUEEO_ LockPtr* F `NED^FF Lock(), ConstPtr [MURMCBFBQK R QCSX_ OJXWEX_ NDCPCBUH\ BOH\DO
LHK WBUEFK, DOBOMX_ EC RO[MOQ O BMCEPCD^FKY HFV\ BN[O QSOBMFB EC RO[MOVCITUGO. #[MOWUS, BCD HF
]BO? LockPtr [O-[MUZEUSN [MFYOLFBQK OJaKRHKB\ LMNGOS; QHULORCBUH\EO, YOBK JX BMFRFCH\EXY
.55
FPSUEUEF_ EU FPJUZCB\. 8OHUU BOGO, Transaction EU PECUB DOEDMUBEX_ BF[ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC F
[OBOSN EU SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\ VCJHOE LockPtr LHK QOPLCEFK OJaUDBC JHODFMORDF. %QHF RX UTU EU
PCJXHF, CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ Lock QOPLCRCHQK FSUEEO LHK ]BO_ ÛHF. 4RX. $CS YOBUHOQ\ JX
OQBCRFB\ ConstPtr R QWCQBHFROS EURULUEFF EO EU QNZLUEO.
Heckonuko npoanuuux cnoe
(UCHFPC^FK [OHEO_ QYUSX OJMCJOBDF BMCEPCD^F_ PCEFSCUB EU BCD NZ SEOGO SUQBC, EO OB ]BOGO OEC EU
QBCEORFBQK [MOTU. !PSUEUEFK [MFYOLFBQK REOQFB\ [MCDBFWUQDF R HIJO_ DHCQQ, DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK EC
LMNGFU DHCQQX, [OQDOH\DN JOH\VFEQBRO NDCPCBUHU_ LOHZEO QOOBRUBQBRORCB\ QOGHCVUEFKS
ConstPtr/LockPtr. #[MOWUS, ]BO EU LUSOEQBMFMNUB [OHENI JUPECLUZEOQB\ [OLOJEXY [O[XBOD EC
.++, C HFV\ [OLWUMDFRCUB RCZEOQB\ QOJHILUEFK LRNY OQEOREXY [MFE^F[OR:
/. !Q[OH\PN_BU NSEXU NDCPCBUHF, LCZU UQHF RX EU NRUMUEX, WBO ]BO ENZEO.
2. :CECBFWEO QHULFBU PC BUS, WBOJX DOEQBCEBEXU OJMCTUEFK OBLUHKHFQ\ OB EUDOEQBCEBEXY.
%QHF RCV DOL JNLUB FPECWCH\EO NQBMOUE BCDFS OJMCPOS, [OLOJECK MCQVFMUEECK CMYFBUDBNMC
MUCHFPNUBQK EC [OMKLOD [MOTU.
# ]BOS DMOUBQK OLFE FP SFQBFWUQDFY [MFE^F[OR .++, O DOBOMXY GOROMFHOQ\ RXVU RX LOHZEX
[OEKB\ EU BO, DCD KPXD Q[MCRHKUBQK Q DOEDMUBEO_ [MOJHUSO_, C BO, DCD OE OJUQ[UWFRCUB [OQBMOUEFU
[OHEOÛEEO_, ECLUZEO_ [MOGMCSSX. $UDOBOMXU FEQBMNSUEBX .++, [OLLUMZFRCITFU [OLOJENI
CMYFBUDBNMN, EU FSUIB CECHOGOR R LMNGFY KPXDCY (RPKB\ YOBK JX DOEQBMNDBOMX DO[F_, O[UMCBOMX = F
->). 8HCGOLCMK ]BFS QFEBCDQFWUQDFS F QUSCEBFWUQDFS QBMCEEOQBKS QHOZEXU JFJHFOBUDF DHCQQOR
QBCEORKBQK JOHUU [OEKBEXSF F [OHUPEXSF. +OH\DO [OLNSC_BU, ECQDOH\DO JX RQU NQHOZEFHOQ\, UQHF JX
SX EU SOGHF [UMUGMNPFB\ O[UMCBOM -> R ConstPtr F LockPtr. 5MF [MCRFH\EOS RXJOMU FLFOS .++ EU
[OLRULUB EF EC QDOH\PDO_ LOMOGU, EF R [HOYNI [OGOLN.
$CDOEU^, [OSEFBU O BOS, WBO ]BC GHCRC [MULECPECWCHCQ\ LHK BMUEFMORDF BROMWUQDOGO ROOJMCZUEFK
SX YOBUHF NPECB\, DNLC ECQ PCRULUB DOEÛ[^FK NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK, UQHF [MFSUEFB\ UU EC QRUZUS
SCBUMFCHU. )BRUB: LOROH\EO LCHUDO. 5OQHU LOJCRHUEFK EUDOBOMXY FLFOS F [MFE^F[OR LFPC_EC,
MCQQSOBMUEEXY R QHULNITFY GHCRCY, [OLOJENI CMYFBUDBNMN JNLUB HUGWU RO[HOBFB\ R MUCH\EO_
[MOGMCSSU.
Cuoea o funax
) [MOUDBFMORCEFF FUMCMYF_ DHCQQOR EC[FQCEO QBOH\DO, WBO K LCZU EU
PECI, Q WUGO ECWCB\. 8OH\VCK WCQB\ [OLOJEO_ HFBUMCBNMX EU FSUUB
OBEOVUEFK D Q[U^F`FDU .++, F UU SOZEO [MO[NQBFB\. )LECDO FP BOGO, WBO
OQBCHOQ\, EUDOBOMXU BUSX EU [OHNWFHF LOHZEOGO REFSCEFK. .MULF BUS,
FSUITFY OQOJOU PECWUEFU LHK [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK EC .++, OQOJCK
MCPEORFLEOQB\ FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR, BCD ECPXRCUSCK GOSOSOMÈCK FUMCMYFK.
.NTUQBRNUB F LMNGCK FEBUMUQECK DOEÛ[^FK LHK DHFUEBC NDCPCBUH\
SOZUB RXGHKLUB\ DCD ECQBOKTF_, WUQBEX_ OJaUDB, C EU DCD [NB\ D EUSN.
3BF LRU BUSX QBCENB OQEOREXSF R ]BO_ WCQBF. "COLEO SX, DCD RQUGLC,
FQQHULNUS MKL JODORXY BMO[FEOD, NROLKTFY R QBOMOEN OB GHCREO_
LOMOGF.
3
-acfu
Muoecfeeuuan
nepepaa
0OGLC MUW\ PCYOLFB OJ FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR, QMCPN ZU YOWUBQK MCPMCPFB\QK BMUQDNWU_ MUW\I OJ OJaUDBEO-
OMFUEBFMORCEEOS LFPC_EU. )LECDO K Q[MCRHIQ\ Q FQDNVUEFUS F OGMCEFWNQ\ HFV\ BO_ WCQB\I BUSX,
DOBOMCK MCPRFRCUB [OBUE^FCH .++, C FSUEEO GOSOSOMÈXSF FUMCMYFKSF. "C LHFEEXS BUMSFEOS
[MKWUBQK [MOQBCK DOEÛ[^FK FUMCMYFK DHCQQOR Q OLFECDORXS OBDMXBXS FEBUMÙ_QOS,
NECQHULORCEEXS OB OJTUGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC. .NB\ [MOQBC, EO ROPSOZEOQBF OGMOSEX.
$USULHUEEO ROPEFDCUB [UMRX_ RO[MOQ: DCD RX[OHEKB\ [UMULCWN RXPOROR `NED^F_, DOGLC ULFEQBRUEEOU,
WBO RCS FPRUQBEO OJ CMGNSUEBCY, RQU OEF [MOFQYOLKB OB EUDOBOMOGO OJTUGO [MULDC? .FHOROU
MUVUEFU Q DOEQBMND^FU_ switch/case, EUMULDO RQBMUWCITUUQK R MUCH\EXY [MOGMCSSCY, OJXWEO
NLCUBQK PCSUEFB\ ECSEOGO JOHUU ]HUGCEBEO_, JXQBMO_ F [MOQBO_ R QO[MOROZLUEFF CMYFBUDBNMO_,
FPRUQBEO_ [OL ECPRCEFUS ,*%D#."&#**%3 >#6#)+-( (multiple dispatch).
# ]BO_ F QHULNITU_ GHCRU SX RMUSUEEO OBRHUWUSQK OB ECRKPWFRO_ BUSX NDCPCBUHU_. 5ODHOEEFDF
NDCPCBUHU_, EU OBWCFRC_BUQ\! # GHCRU /2 GOSOSOM`FPS F NSEXU NDCPCBUHF OJaULFEKBQK R EORO_
MCPEORFLEOQBF NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_ ECQBOH\DO NSEXY, WBO RX LCZU EU JNLUBU [OLOPMURCB\ OJ FY
[MFQNBQBRFF.
Fororopquue uepapxuu knaccoe
#O GHCRU GOSOSOMÈO_ FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR RQUGLC QBOFB CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ, DOBOMX_ O[MULUHKUB
OBDMXBX_ FEBUMÙ_Q QROFY [MULDOR. !P WFQBO QUEBFSUEBCH\EXY [OJNZLUEF_ K ECPORN ]BOB DHCQQ-
[MULOD LULNVDO_ (Grandpa). 0CD [MCRFHO, Grandpa KRHKUBQK -(."% +/."6+$"*', $2+..%, BO
UQB\ OE EU QOLUMZFB EF OLEO_ [UMUSUEEO_, C RQU UGO `NED^FF KRHKIBQK RFMBNCH\EXSF.
class Grandpa {
public: // T$&7<*<" / -$K/K"((<" .#"(< '*)3*)*43>*
virtual void Fn1() = 0;
virtual void Fn2(int) = 0;
};
(CPNSUUBQK, DHCQQN Grandpa EU ENZEX DOEQBMNDBOMX. $CHFWFU WFQBO RFMBNCH\EXY WHUEOR GCMCEBFMNUB,
WBO ]DPUS[HKMX Grandpa EU[OQMULQBRUEEO EFDOGLC QOPLCRCB\QK EU JNLNB. *HK WFQBO CJQBMCDBEXY
JCPORXY DHCQQOR K FEOGLC FQ[OH\PNI LMNGO_, EUÒMSCH\EX_ BUMSFE DHCQQ-[UEQFOEUM. #UMOKBEO,
BCDFU DHCQQX LUHCHF WBO-BO [OHUPEOU EC MCEEFY QBCLFKY ^FDHC MCPMCJOBDF, EO BU[UM\ OEF QHNZCB RQUGO
HFV\ LHK CJQBMCDBEOGO OJaULFEUEFK QUSU_QBRC.
3BO UTU EU OJUQ[UWFRCUB GOSOSOM`FPSC. #QU PCRFQFB OB BOGO, DCD OB Grandpa [OMOZLCIBQK EORXU
DHCQQX. ,OSOSOMÈXSF [O OBEOVUEFI D Grandpa ECPXRCIBQK [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX, R DOBOMXU EU
LOJCRHKUBQK EFDCDFY OBDMXBXY WHUEOR. )EF SOGNB FSUB\ HIJXU PCDMXBXU F PCTFTUEEXU WHUEX, EO
BOH\DO EU EORXU OBDMXBXU.
class Dad : public Grandpa {
private:
// L ."2 5$5$ (/&'80$ (" 7$))&$-<4$#
.0
.60
protected:
// S*' ;<#' 3 5$5<, (' (" ;<#' 3 0"03M&/
public:
virtual void Fn1();
virtual void Fn2(int);
};
class AuntMartha : public Grandpa {
private:
// W/.($% 1/-(, *"*3M&/ 9$7*<
protected:
// A', .*' '($ 5"7"0$#$ 2'/2 &3-"($2
public:
virtual void Fn1();
virtual void Fn2(int);
};
!UMCMYFI SOZEO [MOLOHZFB\ F LCH\VU (EC[MFSUM, class Me : public Dad) [MF NQHORFF, WBO R
OBDMXBX_ FEBUMÙ_Q EU LOJCRHKUBQK EORXY `NED^F_.
6X MCQQSOBMFS SEOZUQBRO [MFSUMOR, LUSOEQBMFMNITFY [OHUPEOQB\ GOSOSOMÈXY FUMCMYF_, EO
QECWCHC K [MFRULN BMO_EO_ CMGNSUEB R [OH\PN ]BO_ DOEÛ[^FF.
Bsaurosareunerocfu npouseopuux knaccoe
+OB, DBO [MFVUH EC OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEENI RUWUMFEDN MCE\VU LMNGFY, QSOG RO_BF R FQBOMFI.
$UDBO 'FQDOR PCMCJOBCH QUJU FSK EC QHULNITU_ FLUU: UQHF DHFUEB FSUUB LUHO Q JCPORXS DHCQQOS, UGO
EU LOHZEO FEBUMUQORCB\, DCDO_ FP [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR EC QCSOS LUHU RX[OHEKUB MCJOBN. #X LOHZEX
FSUB\ ROPSOZEOQB\ [OLQBCRFB\ ]DPUS[HKM HIJOGO [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC RSUQBO ]DPUS[HKMC HIJOGO
LMNGOGO [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC; DHFUEBX JCPOROGO DHCQQC [MOQBO [OZFSCIB [HUWCSF F [MOLOHZCIB
MCJOBCB\ BCD, QHOREO EFWUGO EU [MOFPOVHO. 3BO ECPXRCUBQK [OLQBCEOROWEXS DMFBUMFUS 'FQDORC.
"ECBODF OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOGO [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK OJXWEO QYOLKBQK EC BOS, WBO ]BO >OMOVCK
6XQH\.
.BMOGO GOROMK, LCEEX_ DMFBUMF_ SOZEO RX[OHEFB\ F JUP GOSOSOM`FPSC. %QHF [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ
QOLUMZFB LO[OHEFBUH\EXU OBDMXBXU `NED^FF, FY SOZEO [MOQBO EU RXPXRCB\ FP DHFUEBC JCPOROGO
DHCQQC. 5OQBO_BU-DC C PCWUS LOJCRHKB\ OBDMXBXU `NED^FF, UQHF FY EU FQ[OH\PORCB\? %QHF R OLEOS
[MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU JXHF LOJCRHUEX OLEF QDMXBXU `NED^FF, C R LMNGOS LMNGFU, QO RMUSUEUS R
RCVU_ [MOGMCSSU ECRUMEKDC OBXTUBQK BOWDC, R DOBOMO_ FY EUH\PK QROJOLEO [OSUEKB\ SUQBCSF.
$CQBOKTCK O[CQEOQB\ PCDHIWCUBQK RBOS, WO JUP RX[OHEUEFK ]BOGO DMFBUMFK DHFUEBCS [MFLUBQK LNSCB\
O [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQCY, C EU BOH\DO O JCPOROS DHCQQU, DOBOMX_ OEF PECIB F HIJKB. %QHF JX R Dad
[MFQNBQBRORCHF LO[OHEFBUH\EXU OBDMXBXU WHUEX, DHFUEBC Grandpa QO RMUSUEUS SOG JX Q[MOQFB\ QRO_
OJaUDB: *OHO_ [MFBROMQBRO WBO BX [MULQBCRHKUV\ QOJO_ R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF? # FBOGU JXHO JX
ECMNVUEO QBOH\DO [MFE^F[OR SOLNH\EOGO QBMOUEFK F FEDC[QNHK^FF, WBO OJ ]BOS SOZEO JXHO JX
EC[FQCB\ ÛHNI DEFGN.
.CSX_ [MOQBO_ Q[OQOJ OJUQ[UWFB\ RPCFSOPCSUEKUSOQB\ ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK GOSOSOM`FPSOS. 5O
DMC_EU_ SUMU, LHK FEBUMÙ_QOR GOSOSOM`FPS OJUQ[UWFRCUB RPCFSOPCSUEKUSOQB\ [O O[MULUHUEFI,
[OQDOH\DN DHFUEBCS Grandpa EU [MFLUBQK JUQ[ODOFB\QK O QNTUQBRORCEFF LMNGFY `NED^F_, Q DOBOMXSF
FS [OHOZUEO MCJOBCB\.
Hopranuuoe uacnepoeauue
0HCQQ Grandpa SOZUB QOLUMZCB\ EU WFQBO RFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF F [UMUSUEEXU F [MF RQUS ]BOS
OJUQ[UWFRCB\ [OHENI RPCFSOPCSUEKUSOQB\. +US EU SUEUU, QOR[CLUEFU FEBUMÙ_QOR UTU EU OPECWCUB
RPCFSOPCSUEKUSOQBF OJaUDBOR. 5MFYOLFBQK NWFBXRCB\ LU_QBRFU RBOMFWEXY ]`ÙDBOR. 5MUL[OHOZFS,
`NED^FK Fn1() DHCQQC Grandpa EU KRHKUBQK WFQBO RFMBNCH\EO_:
void Grandpa::Fn1()
.6.
{
// I'0, 4<-<4$>K/? 4*'7/.(<" Q@@"&*<
}
void Dad::Fn1()
{
// I'0, 4<-<4$>K/? 0738/" 4*'7/.(<" Q@@"&*<
}
void AuntMartha::Fn1()
{
Grandpa::Fn1();
// =7'.""
}
0HFUEB Grandpa SOZUB [OHCGCB\QK EC RBOMFWEXU ]`ÙDBX ]BOGO DHCQQC. "ECI, PECI, FEDC[QNHK^FK F
RQU BCDOU, EC RBOMFWEXU ]`ÙDBX [OHCGCB\QK EFDOGLC EU QHULNUB EO LCRC_BU Q[NQBFSQK EC PUSHI.
:NED^FF, DOBOMXU SX RXPXRCUS, RX[OHEKIB MCPHFWEXU LU_QBRFK QDCZUS, MFQNIB EC ]DMCEU,
QOPLCIB OJaUDBX FHF PC[FQXRCIB FEÒMSC^FI R `C_HU. 8UP ]BFY RBOMFWEXY ]`ÙDBOR BOHDN OB EFY
JNLUB EUSEOGO. %QHF Grandpa OJHCLCUB EUDOBOMXSF RQBMOUEEXSF RBOMFWEXSF ]`ÙDBCSF, DHFUEBX
Grandpa SOGNB Q [OHEXS [MCROS ECLUKB\QK, WBO ]BF ]`ÙDBX QOYMCEKBQK RO RQUY [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQCY.
$O ROB Dad NQOSEFHQK R CRBOMFBUBU Grandpa F R QROUS [UMUO[MULUHUEFF Fn1() EU [OBMNLFHQK RXPRCB\
Grandpa::Fn1(). #BOMFWEXU ]`ÙDBX Grandpa::Fn1() [MO[CLCIB. (CEO FHF [OPLEO ]BO ECWEUB
JUQ[ODOFB\ DHFUEBC Grandpa, DOBOMXU, ROPSOZEO, ZLCH OB Dad QORQUS FEOGO. - ROB AuntMartha R
QROS [UMUO[UMULUHUEFF RXPXRCUB Grandpa::Fn1() F [OBOSN QOYMCEKUB RQU RBOMFWEXU ]`ÙDBX
Grandpa::Fn1(). +U[UM\ AuntMartha SOZUB RX[OHEKB\ HIJXU LO[OHEFBUH\EXU LU_QBRFK R [MULUHCY
MCPNSEOGO DHFUEBOR Grandpa ]BO QORUMVUEEO EU FEBUMUQNUB.
%QHF [UMUO[MULUHUEECK `NED^FK RXPXRCUB RUMQFI JCPOROGO DHCQQC, GOROMKB, WBO OEC *%6,+2;*%
*+.2#)8#".4 OB ]BO_ `NED^FF. $U RCZEO, GLU ECYOLFBQK ]BOB RXPOR R ECWCHU, R DOEÛ FHF QUMULFEU
[UMUO[MULUHUEEO_ `NED^FF. #CZEO HFV\ BO, WBO R DCDO_-BO SOSUEB OE RQU ZU [MOFQYOLFB. %QHF RQU
[UMUO[MULUHUEEXU `NED^FF [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC ECQHULNIBQK EOMSCH\EO, GOROMKB, WBO RUQ\ DHCQQ
ECQHULNUBQK EOMSCH\EO. %QHF RQU [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX GOSOSOMÈOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC ECQHULNIBQK
EOMSCH\EO F EF OLFE FP EFY EU OJHCLCUB OQOJO RO[FITFSF RBOMFWEXSF ]`ÙDBCSF, FY SOZEO
[OLQBCRHKB\ RSUQBO LMNG LMNGC.
.CSX_ [MOQBO_ Q[OQOJ OJUQ[UWFB\ RPCFSOPCSUEKUSOQB\ QLUHCB\ RQU `NED^FF Grandpa WFQBO
RFMBNCH\EXSF. 3BO RXMOZLUEEX_ QHNWC_ EOMSCH\EOGO ECQHULORCEFK; UQHF `NED^FK JCPOROGO DHCQQC
KRHKUBQK WFQBO RFMBNCH\EO_, BO RQU UU RBOMFWEXU ]`ÙDBX (DOBOMXY EC QCSOS LUHU EUB) QOYMCEKIBQK [O
O[MULUHUEFI.
Hukancynnuun npouseopuux knaccoe
6X RQU UTU EU MCQQSOBMUHF RQUY [MFWFE MCPSUTUEFK WFQBO CJQBMCDBEOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC RO GHCRU
FUMCMYFF. #PCFSOPCSUEKUSOQB\ F EOMSCH\EOU ECQHULORCEFU SOZEO OJUQ[UWFB\ DCD Q [UMUSUEEXSF F
EURFMBNCH\EXSF `NED^FKSF R Grandpa, BCD F Q RFMBNCH\EXSF `NED^FKSF, DOBOMXU EOMSCH\EO
ECQHULNIBQK [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQCSF. "CWUS ECQBCFRCB\, WBOJX Grandpa JXH WFQBO RFMBNCH\EXS
JCPORXS DHCQQOS? )BRUB QOQBOFB RQUGO FP OLEOGO QHORC: (*$+>.824C(4. %QHF DHFUEB FSUUB LUHO BOH\DO Q
WFQBO CJQBMCDBEXS JCPORXS DHCQQOS, QOLUMZCTFS BOH\DO OBDMXBXU `NED^FF, OE [OHNWCUB CJQOHIBEX_
SFEFSNS FEÒMSC^FF, EUOJYOLFSO_ LHK FQ[OH\PORCEFK DHCQQC. #QU OQBCH\EOU (R BOS WFQHU F QCSF
[MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX) SOZUB JXB\ Q[MKBCEO OB WNZFY GHCP R `C_HU .cpp.
// G @$?#" .h
class Grandpa { ... };
// G @$?#"(-$C) .cpp
class Dad : public Grandpa { ... };
class AuntMartha : public Grandpa { ... };
!EDC[QNHK^FK [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR OLEO FP MULDFY [MOKRHUEF_ FQBFEEOGO [MOQRUBHUEFK
[MOGMCSSFQBC; RUMEX_ [MFPECD BOGO, WBO CRBOM [MOGMCSSX YOMOVO MCPJFMCUBQK R BOS, WBO OE LUHCUB.
.62
1BOJX NQFHFB\ ]`ÙDB, PCDMXBXU DHCQQX SOZEO OJaKRFB\ QBCBFQBFWUQDFSF F BUS QCSXS OGMCEFWFB\ FY
[MOQBMCEBQRO FSUE FQYOLEXS `C_HOS, R DOBOMOS OEF ECYOLKBQK.
. FEDC[QNHFMORCEEXSF [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQCSF QRKPCEX O[MULUHUEEXU [MOJHUSX. $C[MFSUM, DCD
QOPLCB\ ]DPUS[HKMX BCDFY DHCQQOR, DCD Dad, DOBOMXU EU RFLEX DHFUEBN FP `C_HC .h? 3BF [MOJHUSX
HUGDO MUVCIBQK Q [OSOT\I FLFOS, O[FQCEEXY R LRNY QHULNITFY GHCRCY. - [ODC SX [MOLOHZFS
[NJHFDORCB\ [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX R `C_HU .h, PECK, WBO QNTUQBRNUB ROPSOZEOQB\ FY [OHEO_
FEDC[QNHK^FF.
Muoecfeeuuan nepepaa
.CSX_ MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEX_ [MFSUM GOSOSOMÈO_ FUMCMYFF ECJOM DHCQQOR, QOOBRUBQBRNITFY
MCPHFWEXS RFLCS WFQUH: ÛHXS, DOS[HUDQEXS, RUTUQBRUEEXS F B.L. 0HCQQ-[MULOD BCDO_ FUMCMYFF
SOZUB ECPXRCB\QK Number F FSUB\ FEBUMÙ_Q QHULNITUGO RFLC:
class Number {
public:
virtual Number operator+(const Number&) = 0;
virtual Number operator-(const Number&) = 0;
// D *.0.
};
class Integer : public Number {
private:
int i;
public:
Integer(int x) : i(x) {}
virtual Number operator+(const Number&);
// D *.0.
};
$C JNSCGU RQU RXGHKLFB [MOTU, WUS R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF. 0CD MUCHFPORCB\
Integer::operator+(Number&), UQHF ECS EU FPRUQBEO, WBO R QDOJDCY ECYOLFBQK RORQU EU Number, C
EUDOBOMX_ [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ? *HK DCZLO_ [CMX BF[OR, NWCQBRNITFY R QHOZUEFF, QNTUQBRNUB QRO_
CHGOMFBS. .NSSFMORCEFU Complex + Integer OBHFWCUBQK OB Integer + Real, DOBOMOU, R QROI
OWUMUL\, OBHFWCUBQK OB Integer + ArbitraryPrecisionNumber. 0CD [MOGMCSSU MCPOJMCB\QK, DCDO_
FP CHGOMFBSOR QHULNUB FQ[OH\PORCB\? 1BO-WBO? 0BO QDCPCH: "C[MOQFB\ N CMGNSUEBC O[UMCBOMC + UGO
ECQBOKTF_ BF[? $USULHUEEO RQBCE\BU R NGOH.
class Number {
protected:
int type; // R7$(/* /(@'72$B/> ' ($)*'%K"2 */5"
int TypeOf() { return type; }
// D *.0.
};
// 60"-*' 4 57'87$22"
switch (type) {
case kInteger: ...
case kComplex: ...
}
!SUEEO ]BOGO PECEFK BF[OR SX [OQBCMCUSQK FPJUZCB\. 0MOSU BOGO, RQU [MKSXU MUCHFPC^FF [OLOJEXY
QYUS EU OBHFWCIBQK OQOJO_ ]HUGCEBEOQB\I. #X DOGLC-EFJNL\ RFLUHF DOL, GUEUMFMNUSX_ DOS[FHKBOMOS
LHK DOEQBMND^FF switch/case? $F DMCQOBX, EF ]`ÙDBFREOQBF. #SUQBO ]BOGO SX OJaULFEFS PECEFK
DOS[FHKBOMC O BF[CY Q WNLUQCSF QORMUSUEEO_ BUYEOHOGFF v-BCJHF^CSF.
.63
eouan nepepaa
# OJOJTUEEOS RFLU PCLCWN SOZEO [MULQBCRFB\ R RFLU SCBMF^X, QBMODF DOBOMO_ QOOBRUBQBRNIB BF[CS
HUROGO O[UMCELC, C QBOHJ^X RQUROPSOZEXS BF[CS [MCROGO O[UMCELC. # DCZLO_ KWU_DU SCBMF^X
ECYOLFBQK DOEDMUBEX_ CHGOMFBS LHK OJMCJOBDF QOWUBCEFK BF[OR. 1CTU RQUGO BCDCK QFBNC^FK ROPEFDCUB
LHK GOSOSOMÈXY FUMCMYF_ RMOLU ECVU_, EO ROOJTU BF[X HUROGO O[UMCELC EU OJKPCEX QOR[CLCB\ Q
BF[CSF [MCROGO O[UMCELC.
0OEUWEO, ROPSOZEX QFHORXU MUVUEFK EC[MFSUM, PC[MKBCB\ R DCZLOS ]DPUS[HKMU QRULUEFK O UGO
BF[U. )LECDO JOHUU ]HUGCEBEOU MUVUEFU (F OJXWEO JOHUU ]`ÙDBFREOU) MUVUEFU EOQFB ECPRCEFU
)&%3*%3 >#6#)+-( (double dispatch).
class Number {
protected:
// :/)5"*."7)&/" @3(&B// 0#% '5"7$*'7$ +
virtual Number& operator+(const Integer&) = 0;
virtual Number& operator+(const Complet&) = 0;
// D *.0. 0#% 4)"C 57'/-4'0(<C */5'4
public:
virtual Number& operator+(const Number&) = 0;
virtual Number& operator-(const Number&) = 0;
// D *.0.
};
private:
int I;
protected:
virtual Number& operator+(const Integer&);
virtual Number& operator+(const Complex&);
public
Integer(int x) : i(x) {}
virtual Number& operator+(const Number&);
// D *.0.
};
Number& Integer::operator+(const Number& n)
{
return n + *this; // ='2"(%*, 2")*$2/ #"4<? / 57$4<? '5"7$(0
}
Number& Integer::operator+(const Integer& n)
{
// +/1" 57/4"0"( 5)"40'&'0
if (i + n.i )#/M&'2 4"#/&' 0#% int) {
return !"#'"F='4<M"(('?A'.(')*,>
}
else return Integer(i + n.i);
}
. ]BFS `MCGSUEBOS QRKPCEC OLEC EUBMFRFCH\ECK [MOJHUSC, D DOBOMO_ SX RUMEUSQK [OPZU, C [ODC
QOQMULOBOW\BU RQU REFSCEFU EC DOEÛ[^FF. )EC [OYOZC EC QBUMUOGMCSSN WBOJX QDMXBCK DCMBFEDC
[MOKRFHCQ\, RCS [MFLUBQK MCQQHCJFB\ GHCPC F EUDOBOMOU RMUSK MCQQSCBMFRCB\ DOL. 0OGLC DHFUEB
[XBCUBQK QHOZFB\ LRC Integer, DOS[FHKBOM [UMULCUB RXPOR Integer::operator+(), [OQDOH\DN
operator+(Number&) KRHKUBQK RFMBNCH\EXS DOS[FHKBOM [MCRFH\EO ECYOLFB MUCHFPC^FI
[MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC. 0 SOSUEBN RX[OHEUEFK Integer::operator+(Number&) ECQBOKTF_ BF[ HUROGO
.64
O[UMCELC NZU FPRUQBUE, OLECDO [MCRX_ O[UMCEL RQU UTU OQBCUBQK PCGCLDO_. $O R ]BOB SOSUEB ECQBN[CUB
RBOMO_ ]BC[ LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF: return n + *this. 'URX_ F [MCRX_ O[UMCELX SUEKIBQK SUQBCSF, C
DOS[FHKBOM [MFQBN[CUB D [OFQDCS v-BCJHF^X n. )LECDO EC ]BOB MCP OE FTUB [UMUO[MULUHUEFU
Number::operator+(Integer&), BCD DCD OE PECUB, WBO *this R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF FSUUB BF[ Integer.
3BO [MFROLFB D RXPORN Integer::operator+(Integer&), [OQDOH\DN BF[X OJOFY O[UMCELOR FPRUQBEX
F SOZEO ECDOEU^ [MOFPRUQBF RXWFQHUEFK. %QHF RX BCD F EU [OEKHF, WBO ZU [MOFQYOLFB, [MOGNHK_BUQ\
EC QRUZUS ROPLNYU F [O[MOJN_BU QEORC, [ODC EU [O_SUBU. #OPSOZEO, RCS [OSOZUB QHULNITCK
ÒMSNHFMORDC: RSUQBO DOLFMORCEFK BF[C R ÛHO_ [UMUSUEEO_ SX O[MULUHFHF ECQBOKTF_ BF[ Number Q
[OSOT\I v-BCJHF^X.
+CDOU MUVUEFU EU BOH\DO ]HUGCEBEO. #UMOKBEO, OEO UTU F JOHUU ]`ÙDBFREO, WUS BU, DOBOMXU
[MFYOLFHF RCS R GOHORN. .DCZUS, [MFYOLFHOQ\ HF RCS RFLUB\ DOL, GUEUMFMNUSX_ DOS[FHKBOMOS LHK
DOEQBMND^FF switch/case? )E EUDMCQFR F RLOJCROD DNLC SUEUU ]`ÙDBFRUE, WUS [OQHULORCBUH\EOU
FELUDQFMORCEFU LRNY v-BCJHF^.
$UQSOBMK EC RQI ]HUGCEBEOQB\, LRO_ECK [UMULCWC LOROH\EO LOMOGO OJYOLFBQK [O OJaUSN DOLC F
QHOZEOQBF:
%QHF N RCQ FSUUBQK m [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR F n O[UMCBOMOR, BO $+D)'3 [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ
LOHZUE QOLUMZCB\ m*(n+/) RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_, LC UTU QBOH\DO ZU WFQBO RFMBNCH\EXY
PCGHNVUD R DHCQQU-[MULDU. !BOGO SX [OHNWCUS (m+/)*m*(n+/) LFQ[UBWUMQDFY `NED^F_. *HK
RQUY FUMCMYF_, DMOSU QCSXY BMFRFCH\EXY, ]BO LOROH\EO SEOGO.
%QHF O[UMCBOM EU KRHKUBQK DOSSNBFMNUSXS (BO UQB\ USN EUH\PK [UMULCB\ [ORBOMEX_ RXPOR Q
CMGNSUEBCSF, [UMUQBCRHUEEXSF R OJMCBEOS [OMKLDU), ]BO WFQHO NLRCFRCUBQK, [OQDOH\DN RCS
[MFLUBQK MUCHFPORCB\ OBLUH\EXU `NED^FF LHK LRNY RCMFCEBOR [OMKLDC CMGNSUEBOR. $C[MFSUM,
y/x QORQUS EU BO ZU, WBO x/y; RCS [OECLOJFBQK O[UMCBOM / F Q[U^FCH\ECK `NED^FK
DivideInto LHK [UMUQBCRHUEEXY CMGNSUEBOR.
0HFUEBX JCPOROGO DHCQQC RFLKB RQU NQBMCVCITFU PCTFTUEEXU `NED^FF, YOBK ]BO FS
QORUMVUEEO EU ENZEO.
+US EU SUEUU, R [MOQBXY QFBNC^FKY LRO_ECK [UMULCWC ODCPXRCUBQK R[OHEU MCPNSEXS MUVUEFUS RUL\
[MOJHUSC, DCD EF DMNBF, LOQBCBOWEO QHOZEC. .[U^F`FDC QFBNC^FF EUFPJUZEO BMUJNUB SEOZUQBRC
SUHDFY `MCGSUEBOR DOLC. *RO_ECK [UMULCWC RQUGO HFV\ PCSUEKUB JOH\VFU, NMOLHFRXU, EUSOLNH\EXU
DOEQBMND^FF switch/case JOHUU JXQBMO_ F SOLNH\EO_ RFMBNCH\EO_ LFQ[UBWUMFPC^FU_.
0CD [MCRFHO, DOHFWUQBRO `NED^F_ NLCUBQK QODMCBFB\, EO [MF ]BOS [MFYOLFBQK R BO_ FHF FEO_ QBU[UEF
FLBF EC DOS[MOSFQQ Q ECVFS QBMOGFS [MCRFHOS EFDOGLC EU Q[MCVFRCB\ N OJaUDBC, DCDOR UGO
ECQBOKTF_ BF[. $UDOBOMXU FP ]BFY [MFUSOR MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK EFZU. #FLFSOQB\ [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR
LHK DHFUEBOR Number BOZU NLCUBQK HFDRFLFMORCB\ SFEFSCH\EO_ ÛEO_; OJ ]BOS JNLUB MCQQDCPCEO R
GHCRU /2. 0CD F RO SEOGFY [MOJHUSCY LFPC_EC R .++, R DOBOMXY PCLU_QBRORCEX SCBMF^X O[UMC^F_, RCS
[MFLUBQK EC NMOREU PLMCROGO QSXQHC MUVFB\, QBOFB HF [ORXVCB\ SOLNH\EOQB\ PC QWUB JXQBMOLU_QBRFK
FHF OJaUSC DOLC.
Fefeporopquan peouan nepepaa
*RO_ECK [UMULCWC OJXWEO ROPEFDCUB R QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC OJC CMGNSUEBC [MOFQYOLKB OB OJTUGO [MULDC,
EO ]BO EU OJKPCBUH\EO. 'URX_ F [MCRX_ O[UMCELX SOGNB [MFECLHUZCB\ D MCPEXS DHCQQCS, EU FSUITFS
OJTUGO [MULDC.
)LFE FP SOFY HIJFSXY [MFSUMOR OBEOQFBQK D OJMCJOBDU QOJXBF_ R GMC`FWUQDFY QMULCY. .NTUQBRNUB
SEOZUQBRO ROPSOZEXY QOJXBF_: O[UMC^FF F SXV\I, QOJXBFK OB DHCRFCBNMX, QOJXBFK O[UMC^FOEEO_
QFQBUSX F LCZU BCDCK ]DPOBFDC, DCD MCQ[OPECRCEFU GOHOQC FHF QRUBOROU [UMO. . LMNGO_ QBOMOEX, R
[OH\PORCBUH\QDF_ FEBUMÙ_Q OJXWEO RYOLKB MCPEOOJMCPEXU &()', >+*#2( FHF %$*+ (BUMSFEOHOGFK
PCRFQFB OB O[UMC^FOEEO_ QFQBUSX F FQ[OH\PNUSOGO KPXDC) REUVEFU ODEC Q PCGOHORDCSF F DEO[DCSF
PCDMXBFK, [OHK LHK MULCDBFMORCEFK BUDQBC F OJHCQBF, R DOBOMXY SOZEO MFQORCB\ DMCQFRXU DCMBFEDF.
*HK DCZLO_ DOSJFEC^FF DOEDMUBEOGO QOJXBFK Q DOEDMUBEXS BF[OS RFLC SOZUB [OBMUJORCB\QK
NEFDCH\ECK MUCHFPC^FK. #OPEFDCUB BC ZU [MOJHUSC, WBO F Q FUMCMYFU_ WFQUH, YOBK EC ]BOB MCP QOJXBFK F
RFLX EU FSUIB OJTUGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC. +US EU SUEUU, SUBOLFDC LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF RQU MCREO MCJOBCUB.
class Event { // S/)*' 4/7*3$#,(<? ;$-'4<? &#$)) 0#% )';<*/?
public:
.65
virtual void Process(View* v) = 0;
};
class MouseClick : public Event {
public:
virtual void Process(View* v) { v->Process(*this); }
};
class View { // S/)*' 4/7*3$#,(<? ;$-'4<? &#$)) 0#% 4/0'4
public:
virtual void Process(MouseClick& ev) = 0;
virtual void Process(Keystroke& ev) = 0;
// D *.0.
};
>OBK EC [UMRX_ RPGHKL DCZUBQK, WBO [MOJHUSC OBHFWCUBQK OB FUMCMYFF Number, [MFQSOBMFBUQ\
[OREFSCBUH\EUU. (UCHFPC^FK `NED^FF Process() DHCQQC Event RQUGO HFV\ MCPROMCWFRCUB O[UMC^FI
F [UMUEC[MCRHKUB RXPOR. 5OQDOH\DN `NED^FK Event::Process() KRHKUBQK RFMBNCH\EO_, DOGLC LUHO
LOYOLFB LO DHCQQC View, BOWEX_ BF[ Event NZU FPRUQBUE, F DOS[FHKBOM RXPXRCUB [MCRFH\ENI
[UMUGMNZUEENI RUMQFI View::Process().
0CZLX_ MCP, DOGLC RCS PCYOWUBQK PCJFB\ DOL BF[C R [UMUSUEENI DHCQQC, WBOJX NPECB\, Q DCDFS
[MOFPROLEXS DHCQQOS RX FSUUBU LUHO, [OLNSC_BU, EUH\PK HF [UMUHOZFB\ YHO[OBX EC DOS[FHKBOM Q
[OSOT\I LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF (FHF OLEOGO FP O[FQCEEXY EFZU RCMFCEBOR).
Repepaa onee eucokoro nopnpka
*O QFY [OM SX MCQQSCBMFRCHF BOH\DO JFECMEXU `NED^FF, OLECDO BC ZU SUBOLFDC MCQ[MOQBMCEKUBQK EC
`NED^FF Q [MOFPROLEXS DOHFWUQBROS CMGNSUEBOR EUFPRUQBEOGO BF[C. %QHF `NED^FK FSUUB n
CMGNSUEBOR, [UMULCRCB\ [MFLUBQK n MCP. 5MUL[OHOZFS, N RCQ FSUUBQK `NED^FK, DOBOMCK [OHNWCUB BMF
CMGNSUEBC Number F ROPRMCTCUB Number&. 6OZEO NQBMOFB\, WBOJX [UMRX_ CMGNSUEB ODCPCHQK R HURO_
WCQBF O[UMCBOMC -> (FHF .), C LCH\VU ECWFECIBQK DOSJFECBOMEXU FGMX.
class Number {
protected:
// this ("%4(<? 4*'7'? $7832"(*
virtual Number& fn1(Integer& n1, Number& n3) = 0;
virtual Number& fn1(Complex& n1, Number& n3) = 0;
// D *.0. 0#% 4)"C */5'4 4 5"74'? 5'-/B//

// this ("%4(<? *7"*/? $7832"(*
virtual Number& fn2(Integer& n1, Integer& n2) = 0;
virtual Number& fn2(Integer& n1, Complex& n2) = 0;
virtual Number& fn2(Complex& n1, Integer& n2) = 0;
virtual Number& fn2(Complex& n1, Complex& n2) = 0;
// D *.0. 0#% 4)"C )'."*$(/?
public:
// this ("%4(<? 5"74<? $7832"(*
virtual Number& fn(Number& n2, Number& n3) = 0;
};
protected:
// this ("%4(<? 4*'7'? $7832"(*
virtual Number& fn1(Integer& n1, Number& n3)
{ return n3.fn2(n1, *this); }
virtual Number& fn1(Complex& n1, Number& n3)
.66
{ reutrn n3.fn2(n1, *this); }
// D *.0. 0#% 4)"C */5'4 4 5"74'? 5'-/B//

// this ("%4(<? *7"*/? $7832"(*
virtual Number& fn2(Integer& n1, Integer& n2)
{
// +$)*'%K$% 7"$#/-$B/% /-4")*(< 4)" *7/ $7832"(*$
}
// D *.0. 0#% 4)"C )'."*$(/?
public:
// this -$0$((<? 5"74<? $7832"(*
virtual Number& fn(Number& n2, Number& n3)
{ return n2.fn1(*this, n3); }
};
+CDO_ RCMFCEB, DCD F LRO_ECK [UMULCWC, OJXWEO MCJOBCUB JXQBMUU LMNGFY [MULHCGCUSXY CMYFBUDBNM.
#QU LUHCUBQK PC BMF ]HUSUEBCMEXY [UMUYOLK WUMUP v-BCJHF^X, C ]BO ECSEOGO JXQBMUU, WUS YUVFMORCEFU
F [MOQSOBM BCJHF^. )LECDO OE EUDMCQFR F JXQBMO QBCEORFBQK EUN[MCRHKUSXS. #OP\SFBU MUVUEFU Q
LRO_EO_ [UMULCWU_ F ROOJMCPFBU, WBO UGO QHOZEOQB\ ECWFECUB ROPMCQBCB\ [O ]DQ[OEUEBU; RX [OHNWFBU
EUDOBOMOU [MULQBCRHUEFU O BOS, Q WUS QRKPCEO [OLLUMZCEFU BCDO_ QBMNDBNMX.
)[FQCEECK SUBOLFDC [MFSUEFSC F D GUBUMOSOMÈXS FUMCMYFKS, YOBK R MUPNH\BCBU N RCQ [OHNWFBQK
[MOGMCSSC-DNPEUWFD: OEC QORUMVCUB GOHORODMNZFBUH\EXU [MXZDF FP QBOMOEX R QBOMOEN. %QHF RX
[MOLUHCUBU EUWBO [OLOJEOU R EUBMFRFCH\EO_ QFBNC^FF, R LUE\ QLCWF [MOGMCSSX [MFYRCBFBU [OEWFDOR
FHF DOMOJDN DOEÙB F JNL\BU EUOJXWC_EO HIJUPEX QO QROFSF DOHHUGCSF. *CZU UQHF ]BO O[BFSCH\EOU
MUVUEFU, UGO ECRUMEKDC QOWBNB DCD JX ]BO QDCPCB\ R HNWVUS QHNWCU, Q[OMEXS.
%QHF `NED^FK FSUUB JOH\VU LRNY CMGNSUEBOR, WFQHO QOWUBCEF_ MCQBUB JXQBMUU, WUS GMFJX [OQHU
LOZLK. )MGCEFPNK SEOZUQBRUEENI [UMULCWN LHK EUQDOH\DFY CMGNSUEBOR, QUM\UPEO [OLNSC_BU ECL
O[FQCEEXSF EFZU [MFUSCSF GMN[[FMORDF, NSUE\VCITFSF DOHFWUQBRO QOWUBCEF_.
Fpynnupoeka nepepa u npeopasoeauun
# MUCH\EO_ ZFPEF MULDO RQBMUWCIBQK NEFDCH\EXU MUCHFPC^FF LHK RQUY QOWUBCEF_ HUROGO F [MCROGO
O[UMCELOR. $C[MFSUM, R HIJO_ O[UMC^FF Q NWCQBFUS DOS[HUDQEOGO F DCDOGO-BO LMNGOG WFQHC MUPNH\BCB
JNLUB DOS[HUDQEXS. 5MUOJMCPORCEFU EUDOS[HUDQEOGO CMGNSUEBC R DOS[HUDQEX_ QODMCTCUB DOHFWUQBRO
LFQ[UBWUMQDFY `NED^F_. 5MOÛQQ QODMCTUEFK SCBMF^X [UMULCW K O[FQXRCI OJTFS BUMSFEOS
768>>(6%&$+ (clustering). $C QCSOS LUHU LHK JOH\VFEQBRC PCLCW EU QNTUQBRNUB ]HUGCEBEOGO,
NEFRUMQCH\EOGO F [MFBOS GOHORODMNZFBUH\EO JXQBMOGO Q[OQOJC GMN[[FMORDF. 0 BOSN ZU ]BF Q[OQOJX
[MCDBFWUQDF EFDCD EU QRKPCEX Q QFEBCDQFQOS FHF FLFOSCSF .++. )EF HFJO BMUJNIB PECEFK BF[OR
(BUSC, D DOBOMO_ SX RUMEUSQK R QHULNITU_ GHCRU), HFJO OQEORCEX EC HOGFDU if/then/else FHF
switch/case, DOBOMO_ SX [XBCUSQK RQKWUQDF FPJUGCB\ R ]BO_ WCQBF.
.NTUQBRNB LRC OQEOREXY [OLYOLC:
/. !Q[OH\PORCB\ FUMCMYFI DHCQQOR LHK OJQHNZFRCEFK EUQDOH\DFY QOWUBCEF_ MCPHFWEXY BF[OR
CMGNSUEBOR OLEO_ MUCHFPC^FU_.
2. .ÒMSFMORCB\ (#6+6?(F >6#%/6+9%&+*(3 F [MUOJMCPORCB\ OLFE FHF OJC CMGNSUEBC D JOHUU
NEFRUMQCH\EOSN BF[N, [OQHU WUGO RX[OHEFB\ [UMULCWN.
!Y EUBMNLEO Q[NBCB\, EO EC QCSOS LUHU OEF OBHFWCIBQK.
Fpynnupoeka e asoeux knaccax
5UMRX_ [OLYOL OJXWEO QRKPCE Q QOPLCEFUS Q[U^F`FWUQDO_ FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR, DOBOMCK OBOJMCZCUB
QBMNDBNMN GMN[[. 5MF ]BOS LFQ[UBWUMQDFU `NED^FF [OLLUMZFRCIBQK BOH\DO EC RXQODFY NMOREKY
FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR. 5MF [OFQDU QFGECBNM DOS[FHKBOM CRBOSCBFWUQDF [MUOJMCPNUB [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX
D [MOSUZNBOWEXS JCPORXS DHCQQCS. +CDO_ RCMFCEB YOMOVO [OLYOLFB HFV\ LHK EU OWUE\ GHNJODFY
.67
FUMCMYF_, [OQDOH\DN [MF QOR[CLUEFF QFGECBNMX R LRNY JCPORXY DHCQQCY DOS[FHKBOM ECWEUB DMFWCB\
0CMCNH, EUOLEOPECWEOQB\!.
class foo { ... };
class bar : public foo { ... };
class banana : public bar { ... };
void fn(bar&);
void fn(foo&);
fn(*(new banana)); // +"'0('-($.(')*,! R$-C$-C$!
0OS[FHKBOMX OJOZCIB [OLOJEXU VNBDF, [OQDOH\DN OEF SOGNB ZLCB\ F EU QOOJTCB\ OJ OVFJDU LO BUY
[OM, [ODC FS EU RQBMUBFBQK PCRUBEOU QOWUBCEFU BF[OR. %QHF JX QNTUQBRORCHC [UMUGMNPDC fn() LHK
CMGNSUEBC banana&, EFDCDFY [MOJHUS EU ROPEFDHO JX DOS[FHKBOM RQUGLC [MUL[OWFBCUB BOWEOU
QOR[CLUEFU [MUOJMCPORCEFI. $O BOGLC [MO[CLCUB RUQ\ QSXQH GMN[[FMORDF [OQMULQBROS
CRBOSCBFWUQDOGO [MUOJMCPORCEFK D JCPOROSN DHCQQN.
Ofpeneuue funoe of uepapxuu knaccoe
#BOMO_ [OLYOL QO[MOROZLCUBQK SNWFBUH\EXSF HOGFWUQDFSF [OQBMOUEFKSF. 5UMUL RX[OHEUEFUS
[UMULCWF CMGNSUEBX [MUOJMCPNIBQK OB Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEXY BF[OR D JOHUU NEFRUMQCH\EXS. $C[MFSUM,
[MF HIJO_ O[UMC^FF, R DOBOMO_ NWCRQBRNUB DOS[HUDQEOU WFQHO (Complex), RBOMO_ CMGNSUEB PCMCEUU
[MUOJMCPNUBQK D BF[N Complex. +US QCSXS FP SCBMF^X `CDBFWUQDF FQDHIWCUBQK ÛHCK QBMODC F
QBOHJU^. %QHF EF OLFE FP CMGNSUEBOR EU KRHKUBQK DOS[HUDQEXS, SX FTUS QMULF EFY RUTUQBRUEEX_
(Real); UQHF OE JNLUB EC_LUE, RBOMO_ CMGNSUEB BCDZU [MUOJMCPNUBQK R Real. %QHF EU JNLNB EC_LUEX EF
Complex, EF Real, FTUS Rational F B.L. 5OLOJECK FUMCMYFK [MUOJMCPORCEF_ OB Integer (FHF WUGO
NGOLEO) D Rational, PCBUS Real F Complex EU QOR[CLCUB Q FUMCMYFU_ DHCQQOR, [OQDOH\DN JXHO JX
GHN[O [OMOZLCB\ HUGDF_ Integer OB BKZUHORUQEOGO Complex. 0QBCBF, RUQ\SC FEBUMUQEX_ RO[MOQ:
[OWUSN FUMCMYFF BF[OR (R LCEEOS QHNWCU WFQHORXY) WCQBO [HOYO NDHCLXRCIBQK R FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR,
OQEORCEEXY EC OJTFY QRO_QBRCY?
Sfo ee ue ece
0OEUWEO, BOH\DO WBO O[FQCEECK SUBOLFDC [UMULCWF FSUUB EUDOBOMXU EULOQBCBDF. #O-[UMRXY,
[MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX EU NLCUBQK EOMSCH\EO FEDC[QNHFMORCB\, [OQDOH\DN FY RQU [MFYOLFBQK [UMUWFQHKB\
R FEBUMÙ_QCY LFQ[UBWUMQDFY `NED^F_ JCPOROGO DHCQQC. # QNTEOQBF, WBOJX EU RROLFB\ DOL BF[C,
RFLFSX_ VFMODO_ [NJHFDU, SX RXQBCRFHF EC RQUOJTUU OJOPMUEFU RQU [MOFPROLEXU BF[X EU OWUE\
YOMOVF_ DOS[MOSFQQ. #O-RBOMXY, WBO [MOFPO_LUB Q O[UMCBOMOS RMOLU +=? %QHF R [MOGMCSSU
RQBMUWCUBQK Integer+=Complex, MUPNH\BCB JNLUB FSUB\ BF[ Complex, C SX [ODC EU MCQ[OHCGCUS
QMULQBRCSF LHK [MUOJMCPORCEFK BF[C EC SUQBU.
# GHCRCY // F /2 OJU [MOJHUSX JNLNB MUVUEX LHK GOSOSOMÈXY FUMCMYF_ DHCQQOR, YOBK [MFRULUEEXU
SUBOLFDF OJOJTCIBQK F LHK LMNGFY QFBNC^F_ (QDCZUS, LHK N[OSKENBO_ RXVU [MOJHUSX Q DHCQQCSF
Event/View). - [ODC HFV\ QDCZN, WBO O[FQCEEXU R ]BO_ GHCRU [MFUSX [MFEOQKB EU[OQMULQBRUEENI
[OH\PN R BUY QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC EC [UMROU SUQBO RXYOLFB JXQBMOLU_QBRFU, C EU FEDC[QNHK^FK. *RC
[UMUYOLC [O v-BCJHF^CS [OWBF RQUGLC MCJOBCIB JXQBMUU BMCLF^FOEEXY [OLYOLOR.
$CDOEU^, EU NLFRHKHO HF RCQ BO, DCD ECVF `NED^FF ROPRMCTCHF Number&?
Number& Integer::operator+(const Integer& n)
{
// +/1" 57/4"0"( 5)"40'&'0
if (i + n.i )#/M&'2 4"#/&' 0#% int) {
return !"#'"F='4<M"(('? *'.(')*,>
}
else return Integer(i + n.i);
}
#OPRMCTUEFU QQXHOD EC [UMUSUEENI RUHFWFEN LUHO O[CQEOU. 6EOGFU DOS[FHKBOMX [NQDCIB R
MCQYOL ROPRMCTCUSNI RUHFWFEN LO BOGO, DCD RCS NLCQBQK UU FQ[OH\PORCB\. #XLUHUEFU [CSKBF [OL
.68
ROPRMCTCUSX_ OJaUDB O[UMCBOMOS new (RSUQBO QBUDC) MUVCUB [MOJHUSN, [OQDOH\DN RUHFWFEC PCRULOSO
OQBCUBQK ZFB\ [OQHU PCRUMVUEFK `NED^FF. $O BOGLC ROPEFDCIB [MOJHUSX Q N[MCRHUEFUS [CSKB\I
DOGLC F DCD NLCHKB\ ROPRMCTCUSNI RUHFWFEN? 1BOJX MUVFB\ UU, ECS [OECLOJFBQK SCBUMFCH GHCR // F
/2, C BCDZU OLEC FP SUBOLFD N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I (QDCZUS, [OLQWUB QQXHOD), MCQQSCBMFRCUSXY R
[OQHULEU_ WCQBF DEFGF.
!BCD, [MFRULUEEO_ R ]BO_ GHCRU FEÒMSC^FF YRCBFB LHK MUVUEFK [MOQBXY [MOJHUS (EC[MFSUM,
QRKPCEEXY Q QOJXBFKSF F RFLCSF), EO OEC HFV\ PCDHCLXRCUB OQEORN LHK [OQBMOUEFK JOHUU OJTFY
MUVUEF_.
Rpouseopnue
qyukuuu u
oLekfu knaccoe
# [MULXLNTU_ GHCRU SX QBMOHDENHFQ\ Q GOSOSOMÈXSF FUMCMYFKSF DHCQQOR F Q GOHORO_ [OGMNPFHFQ\
RO SEOZUQBRUEENI [UMULCWN. # ]BO_ GHCRU SX [MOLOHZFS FQQHULORCB\ ^CMQBRO FUMCMYF_ DHCQQOR,
MCQQSCBMFRCK OJaUDBX DHCQQOR F QO[NBQBRNITFU BUSX.
5MFSUMX FP [MULXLNTU_ GHCRX OJHCLCHF OLEFS EULOQBCBDOS RQU [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX JXHF RFLEX
DHFUEBCS. $O UQHF [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX [OGMUJUEX R `C_HCY .cpp EC GHNJFEU EUQDOH\DFY SUBMOR, DCD
DHFUEBN QOPLCRCB\ ]DPUS[HKMX ]BFY Q[MKBCEEXY DHCQQOR? 3BO_ BUSU [OQRKTUEO ECWCHO GHCRX.
56%(9&%)4L#3 B8*$C(#3 (factory function) ECPXRCUBQK `NED^FK, DOBOMCK FEDC[QNHFMNUB [MFSUEUEFU
O[UMCBOMC new LHK QOPLCEFK ]DPUS[HKMOR DHCQQC. "ECBODF .++ OJXWEO QYOLKBQK EC BOS, WBO
[MOFPROLKTFU `NED^FF >OMOVCK #UT\, F RQDOMU RX [O_SUBU [OWUSN. #X ODCPCHFQ\ EC QUSFECMU Q
DODBU_HKSF F YOBFBU EC_BF YOMOVNI BUSN LHK MCPGOROMC? 5OLEFSFBU QBCDCE F EUJMUZEO N[OSKEFBU O
BOS, DCD [MOFPROLKTFU `NED^FF RXMNWFHF RCQ R BMNLENI SFENBN.
#O SEOGFY [MOGMCSSCY ECS YOBUHOQ\ JX R [MOÛQQU FY RX[OHEUEFK QLUHCB\ EUWBO, EU [OLLUMZFRCUSOU
LFECSFWUQDO_ SOLUH\I .++ (EC[MFSUM, PC[MOQFB\ N OJaUDBC UGO DHCQQ). *HK ]BO_ ÛHF QNTUQBRNUB
[MULHOZUEEX_ QBCELCMB RTTI (Run Time Type Information, *FECSFWUQDCK FEÒMSC^FK O BF[U), EO [O
[MFWFECS, O DOBOMXY JNLUB QDCPCEO EFZU, UGO RMKL HF SOZEO QWFBCB\ NEFRUMQCH\EXS FHF YOBK JX
[OHUPEXS QMULQBROS. #SUQBO ]BOGO SX MCQQSOBMFS EUQBCELCMBEXU MUVUEFK, OQEORCEEXU EC DOEÛ[^FF
OJaUDBOR DHCQQOR, R BOS WFQHU OQOJX_ QHNWC_ [MULQBCRFBUHU_ DHCQQOR.
Rpouseopnue qyukuuu
5MUL[OHOZFS, RX QOGHCQFHFQ\, WBO GOSOSOM`FPS ]BO YOMOVO, F BNB ZU QOBROMFHF QROI QOJQBRUEENI
GOSOSOMÈNI FUMCMYFI DHCQQOR.
// G @$?#" Grandpa.h

// F&7<*' 4 @$?#" Grandpa.cpp
class Dad : public Grandpa { ... };
class AuntieEm : public Grandpa { ... };

// 60"-*' 4 ($M"? 57'87$22"
#include Grandpa.h
Grandpa* g = new ... // F*'5! I$& )'-0$*, 5$53?
*O[NQBFS, Q [OPF^F_ JFOHOGFF RQU [OEKBEO, EO SX GOROMFS O .++, EU [MCRLC HF? 5MOJHUSC
PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO SX ECLUZEO FPOHFMORCHF [C[N (Dad) OB REUVEUGO SFMC [O DMC_EU_ SUMU
LHK HIJOGO DOLC, MCQ[OHOZUEEOGO PC [MULUHCSF `C_HC Grandpa.cpp. "CSUWCBUH\EX_ FEBUMÙ_Q
..
.70
Grandpa [OPROHKUB ECS DCD NGOLEO SCEF[NHFMORCB\ HIJXS ]DPUS[HKMOS [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC,
RDHIWCK Dad, EO [MF ]BO EU QNTUQBRNUB Q[OQOJC QOPLCB\ ]BOB ]DPUS[HKM!
make-qyukuuu
$C QÛEN RXYOLKB [MOFPROLKTFU `NED^FF. 5O OJTU[MFEKBOSN QOGHCVUEFI FY [MOQBU_VCK ÒMSC
ECPXRCUBQK makeFoo(), GLU Foo FSK GUEUMFMNUSOGO DHCQQC.
class Grandpa {
public:
static Grandpa* makeDad(); // F'-0$"* Q&-"25#%7< Dad
static Grandpa* makeAuntieEm();
};
// G Grandpa.cpp
Grandpa* Grandpa::makeDad()
{
return new Dad;
}
Grandpa* Grandpa::makeAuntieEm()
{
return new AuntieEm;
}
) QNTUQBRORCEFF DOEDMUBEXY [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR [O-[MUZEUSN FPRUQBEO RQUS, OLECDO ECQBOKTFU
FEBUMÙ_QX Dad F AuntieEm ECLUZEO Q[MKBCEX OB HIJO[XBEXY GHCP.
Cureonueckue knaccu u neperpyeuuue make-qyukuuu
#QU ]BF `NED^FF makeFoo MCQYOLKBQK Q [UMUGMNZCUSO_ [MFMOLO_ .++, EU [MCRLC HF? .HULNITF_
`MCGSUEB [OSOGCUB RXJMCB\ ENZENI RUMQFI make.
class Variation Dad {}; // =3)*'" ';E%4#"(/" &#$))$
class VariationAuntieEm {};
class Grandpa {
public:
static Grandpa* make(VariationDad);
static Grandpa* make(VariationAuntieEm);
};
// G 4$M"? 57'87$22"
Grandpa* g = Grandpa::make(VariationDad());
#XPOR VariationDad() QOPLCUB +*%*(,*'3 J$9#,>246 (anonymous instance) DHCQQC VariationDad
BO UQB\ ]DPUS[HKM, EU QRKPCEEX_ EF Q DCDO_ [UMUSUEEO_ R FQYOLEO_ OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK. )E ZFRUB HFV\
QBOH\DO, QDOH\DO EUOJYOLFSO LHK RXPORC, C PCBUS FQWUPCUB. 3DPUS[HKM VariationDad ENZUE HFV\ LHK
OLEOGO OE QOOJTCUB DOS[FHKBOMN, DCDCK [UMUGMNZUEECK RUMQFK make LOHZEC RXPXRCB\QK. 0HCQQ,
DOBOMX_ EU FSUUB WHUEOR F FQ[OH\PNUBQK [OLOJEXS OJMCPOS, ECPXRCUBQK .(,&%2(-#.$(, $2+..%,
(symbol class). )E FGMCUB BN ZU MOH\, WBO F QFSROHFWUQDF_ BF[ LCEEXY R KPXDCY BF[C Lisp: QBMODC,
DOBOMCK PCMCEUU DOS[FHFMNUBQK R JOHUU ]`ÙDBFRENI ÒMSN.
5OQDOH\DN [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX RQU MCREO FEDC[QNHFMORCEX R `C_HU .cpp, SX SOZUS ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK
]BFS OJQBOKBUH\QBROS F PCSUEFB\ FSK FQYOLEOGO Dad LMNGFS HODCH\EXS [O OBEOVUEFI D `C_HN .cpp, C
PCBUS [MOQBO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK Dad RSUQBO VariationDad R `C_HU .h.
Onfurusauun c npureueuuer npouseopnux qyukuu
"CLUMZFSQK EC SFENBDN. *O[NQBFS, EF OLFE FP [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR Grandpa EU FEBUMUQNUB [NJHFDN
ECQBOH\DO, WBOJX MCPHFWCB\ FY [MF RXJOMU [MOFPROLKTU_ `NED^FF. *CZU R ]BOS QHNWCU
.7.
DOEQBMNFMORCEFU ]DPUS[HKMOR Q [OSOT\I OLEO_ FHF EUQDOH\DFY [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^F_ R[OHEU
O[MCRLCEO. # WCQBEOQBF, [MF ]BOS QDMXRCUBQK HOGFDC RXJOMC [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC, ]DPUS[HKM DOBOMOGO
QOPLCUBQK EC OQEORCEFF FEÒMSC^FF, [MULOQBCRHUEEO_ EC SOSUEB QOPLCEFK. !ECWU GOROMK,
[MOFPROLKTFU `NED^FF SOGNB [OQHNZFB\ QMULQBROS O[BFSFPC^FF RCVFY [MOGMCSS.
class Number {
public:
static Number* make(); // I'()*73/73"* ./)#' 5' 32'#.$(/>
static Number* make(int);
static Number* make(double);
static Number* make(string); // +$57/2"7, -1.23
};
// G @$?#" .cpp
class Integer : public Number { ... };
class Real : public Number { ... };
class ArbitraryPrecisionNumber : public Number { ... };

Number* Number::make()
{
return new Integer(0);
}
Number* Number::make(int x)
{
return new Integer(x);
}
Number* Number::make(double x)
{
return new Real(x);
}
Number* Number::make(string s)
{
// =)"40'&'0
if (2$#'" B"#'")
return new Integer(atoi(s));
if (;'#,M'" B"#'")
return new ArbitraryPrecisionNumber(s);
if (4"K")*4"(('")
// D *.0.
}
.LUHCB\ BO ZU Q [OSOT\I DOEQBMNDBOMOR EU NLCQBQK. 0 BOSN SOSUEBN, DOGLC DOS[FHKBOM ECWFECUB
FQDCB\ DOEQBMNDBOM Q [OLYOLKTU_ QFGECBNMO_, RX NZU QOOJTFHF USN, ]DPUS[HKM DCDOGO DHCQQC
QOPLCUBQK. 8OHUU BOGO, BCDCK SUBOLFDC OBLUHKUB QBMNDBNMN [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR OB CMGNSUEBOR
[MOFPROLKTU_ `NED^FF.
Pokanusoeauuoe ucnonusoeauue npouseopnux qyukuu
)LEO FP QCSXY PCSUWCBUH\EXY [MFSUEUEF_ [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^F_ ROPSOZEOQB\ FPOHFMORCEFK
DOLC, FPSUEKUSOGO [MF [UMUEOQU [MOGMCSSX EC LMNGO_ DOS[\IBUM FHF QMULN. )BDMXBX_ FEBUMÙ_Q,
RXMCZUEEX_ QMULQBRCSF JCPOROGO DHCQQC, OQBCUBQK [MUZEFS, C R `C_HU .cpp [MKWUBQK
Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEX_ [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ Q DOLOS, OMFUEBFMORCEEXS EC LCEENI [HCBÒMSN.
class Window {
public:
.72
static Window* make();
// :$#"" )#"03"* 8'2'2'7@(<? /(*"7@"?)
};
// G window.cpp 0#% LF Windows
class MS_Window : public Window { ... };
Window* Window::make()
{
return MS_Window();
}

// /#/ 4 window.cpp 0#% Mac OS
class Mac_Window : public Window { ... };
Window* Window::make()
{
return Mac_Window*();
}
1BOJX [UMUDHIWFB\QK Q OLEO_ [HCBÒMSX EC LMNGNI, LOQBCBOWEO [UMUDOS[FHFMORCB\ F
[UMUDOS[OEORCB\ `C_H .cpp. #QU DHFUEBX DHCQQC Window EFWUGO EU JNLNB PECB\ O [MOFPOVULVU_
HODCHFPC^FF ([MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO RX QOJFMCUBUQ\ QOPLCB\ LU_QBRFBUH\EO NEFRUMQCH\EOU, GOSOSOMÈOU
[MULQBCRHUEFU ODEC R GMC`FWUQDOS FEBUMÙ_QU PCLCWC, [UMUL DOBOMO_ LMOGEUB LCZU QCSX_
OBWCKEEX_ [MOUDBFMORTFD).
Yuufoakue qyukuuu
K*(-"%D+FL(# B8*$C(( (junkyard functions) NEFWBOZCIB ]DPUS[HKMX DHCQQOR. !LUK PCDHIWCUBQK R
BOS, WBOJX QLUHCB\ LUQBMNDBOM PCDMXBXS FHF PCTFTUEEXS, C PCBUS [MULOQBCRFB\ `NED^FI, R DOBOMO_
FEDC[QNHFMNUBQK RXPOR O[UMCBOMC delete.
class Grandpa {
protected:
virtual ~Grandpa();
public:
static Grandpa make();
static void destroy(Grandpa*);
};
// G @$?#" grandpa.cpp
void Grandpa::destroy(Grandpa* g)
{
delete g;
}
#OPSOZEO, QU_WCQ ]BO EU FSUUB OQOJOGO QSXQHC, EO R EUQBCELCMBEXY QYUSCY N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I
NEFWBOZCITFU `NED^FF Q[OQOJEX [MFEUQBF OWUE\ JOH\VNI [OH\PN. - [ODC QDCZFBU ECWCH\EFDN F
DOHHUGCS, WBO NEFWBOZCITFU `NED^FF ENZEX RCS MCLF QFSSUBMFF. )EF DOQO [OQSOBMKB EC RCQ F
OBO_LNB [OLCH\VU, BCD WBO EC DCDOU-BO RMUSK RCS JNLUB Q[ODO_EUU MCJOBCB\.
Cuoea o peouo nepepae: nporeyfouue asoeue knaccu
5MFEKR EC ROOMNZUEFU [MOFPROLKTFU `NED^FF, SX HUGDO [ORXQFS FEDC[QNHK^FI LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF.
// G @$?#" grandpa.h
class Grandpa {
public:
// =7'/-4'0%K/" @3(&B// / 8'2'2'7@(<? /(*"7@"?)
.73
};
// G @$?#" grandpa.cpp
class RealGrandpa : public Grandpa {
// =7'2"13*'.(<? 8'2'2'7@(<? ;$-'4<? &#$))
protected:
// J3(&B// 04'?('? 5"7"0$./
};
class Dad : public RealGrandpa { ... };
class AuntieEm : public RealGrandpa { ... };
$CHFWFU [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^F_ OPECWCUB, WBO [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX SOZEO QDMXB\. *OJCRHKK
[MOSUZNBOWEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ RealGrandpa, SX [OHEOQB\I [MKWUS RQU ZNBDFU [OLMOJEOQBF LRO_EO_
[UMULCWF R `C_HU .cpp. $FDCDFY PCTFTUEEXY `NED^F_ R `C_HU .h!
Hef koucfpykfopar konu u onepafopy =!
5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO Grandpa WFQBO GOSOSOMÈX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ, QOLUMZCTF_ YOBK JX OLEN WFQBO
RFMBNCH\ENI `NED^FI. 3BO [MULOBRMCTCUB EU[OQMULQBRUEEOU QOPLCEFU ]DPUS[HKMOR Grandpa
DHFUEBOS. %QHF RX FQ[OH\PNUBU [MOFPROLKTNI `NED^FI LHK DHCQQC Q ROPSOZEOQB\I QOPLCEFK
]DPUS[HKMOR, DOEQBMNDBOMX QHULNUB QLUHCB\ PCTFTUEEXSF, WBOJX ]DPUS[HKMX SOGHF QOPLCRCB\QK
BOH\DO [MOFPROLKTU_ `NED^FU_.
(CP NZ SX PCGOROMFHF EC ]BN BUSN, [OQHU EU[MOLOHZFBUH\EXY MCPSXVHUEF_ QBCEORFBQK KQEO, WBO
DHFUEB GOSOSOMÈOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC EU LOHZUE FQ[OH\PORCB\ DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ FHF O[UMCBOM =.
%QHF DBO-EFJNL\ PCYOWUB [OLNJHFMORCB\ ]DPUS[HKM, QOPLC_BU Q[U^FCH\ENI RUMQFI make-`NED^FF LHK
DO[FMORCEFK this.
class Grandpa {
public:
virtual Grandpa* makeClone() = 0;
};
3BC `NED^FK EU OJaKRHKUBQK QBCBFWUQDO_, [OQDOH\DN R DCZLOS [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU OEC LOHZEC MUVCB\
Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEENI PCLCWN. . [MFQROUEFUS LUHO OJQBOFB QHOZEUU. %QHF [UMUO[MULUHFB\ O[UMCBOM =
LHK HUROGO O[UMCELC, EU[OEKBEO, WBO ZU BOGLC LUHCB\ Q [MCRXS O[UMCELOS, BF[ DOBOMOGO EUFPRUQBUE.
5UMROU [MCDBFWUQDOU MUVUEFU [OHEOQB\I PC[MUBFB\ [MFQRCFRCEFU R BCDFY QFBNC^FKY F QLUHCB\
O[UMCBOM = PCDMXBXS. #BOMOU FQ[OH\PORCB\ RCMFC^FI EC BUSN LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF: QLUHCB\ O[UMCBOM =
RFMBNCH\EXS F R DCZLOS [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU RXPXRCB\ RFMBNCH\ENI `NED^FI AssignTo(),
[UMUGMNZCUSNI LHK DCZOGO [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC. .SOBMFBQK NMOLHFRO, EO MCJOBCUB.
OLekfu knaccoe
)JaUDBOS DHCQQC ECPXRCUBQK OJaUDB, [MULECPECWUEEX_ LHK QOPLCEFK ]DPUS[HKMOR [MULQBCRHKUSOGO FS
BF[C. # ECVU_ BUMSFEOHOGFF OJaUDB DHCQQC [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ OJaUDB, OQEOREXU `NED^FF DOBOMOGO
KRHKIBQK [MOFPROLKTFSF. 5OPLEUU SX ROPHOZFS EC OJaUDBX DHCQQOR F LMNGFU OJKPCEEOQBF (EC[MFSUM,
O[FQCEFU QBMNDBNMX ]DPUS[HKMC), C [ODC MCQQSOBMFS [MCDBFWUQDF_ [MFSUM.
class GrandpaClass { // L;E"&* &#$))$ 0#% Grandpa
public:
Grandpa* make(); // F'-0$"* Q&-"25#%7< Grandpa
};
#QU QDCPCEEOU O [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^FKY OBEOQFBQK F D OJaUDBCS DHCQQOR, RDHIWCK Q[MKBCEEXU
FEDC[QNHFMORCEEXU [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX, O[BFSFPC^FI F [MOPMCWEOQB\ HODCHFPC^FF. >OMOVO,
QDCZUBU RX, EO PCWUS ]BO ENZEO? #O-[UMRXY, SX FPJCRHKUSQK OB EUDMCQFRXY QBCBFWUQDFY `NED^F_
F [UMUYOLFS D JOHUU WFQBOSN, OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEOSN RCMFCEBN, [MF DOBOMOS RQU [MOFQYOLFB
.74
[OQMULQBROS OB[MCRDF QOOJTUEF_ OJaUDBN. #O-RBOMXY, SX [OHNWCUS NLOJENI ROPSOZEOQB\ QHULFB\ PC
LMNGFSF YCMCDBUMFQBFDCSF ]DPUS[HKMOR F DHCQQOR.
Huqoprauun o knacce
# OJaUDBCY DHCQQC NLOJEO YMCEFB\ QRULUEFK O QCSOS DHCQQU. *HK ]BOGO HNWVU RQUGO QOPLCB\
GOSOSOMÈX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ LHK OJaUDBOR DHCQQOR.
class Class {
protected:
Collection<Class> base_classes;
Collection<Class> derived_classes;
String class_name;
Class() {}; // I#$)) )*$('4/*)% $;)*7$&*(<2 ;$-'4<2
public:
// J3(&B// 0')*35$ 0#% 5'#3."(/% /2"(/ / *.0.
};
.OQBCR YMCEFSO_ FEÒMSC^FF R OGMOSEO_ QBU[UEF PCRFQFB OB [OBMUJEOQBU_ [MFHOZUEFK F OB BOGO,
ECQDOH\DO NRHUWUEEO RX PCEFSCHFQ\ SmallTalk EC ]BO_ EULUHU.
Hrn knacca u cospauue sksernnnpoe no ureuu
8CPORCK FEÒMSC^FK, DOBOMNI SOZUB QOOJTFB\ OJaUDB DHCQQC, FSK DHCQQC R RFLU EUDOBOMO_
QFSROH\EO_ QBMODF. 0MOSU BOGO, SOZEO YMCEFB\ QHORCM\ RQUY OJaUDBOR DHCQQOR, FELUDQFMNUSX_ [O
FSUEF DHCQQC. %QHF LOJCRFB\ D ]BOSN NEFRUMQCH\EX_ FEBUMÙ_Q D [MOFPROLKTU_ `NED^FF, RCS NLCQBQK
MUCHFPORCB\ ROPSOZEOQB\, DOBOMCK EU [OLLUMZFRCUBQK R .++ EC[MKSNI .%9)+*(# J$9#,>246%& >%
(,#*( (instantiate by name).
// 60"-*' 4 &#/"(*)&'? 57'87$22"
Class* c = gClasses.Find(Grandpa);
???* g = (Grandpa*)c->make(???);
0CD RFLFBU, [MCDBFWUQDCK [OH\PC BCDOGO [OLYOLC OGMCEFWFRCUBQK EUDOBOMXSF [MOJHUSCSF. %QHF SX
NZU PECUS, WBO QOPLCUBQK ]DPUS[HKM Grandpa, BO QOPLCEFU ]DPUS[HKMC [O FSUEF RXGHKLFB EUMCPNSEO
ECS JNLUB BMNLEO O[MULUHFB\, D DCDOSN DHCQQN RX[OHEKUBQK [MUOJMCPORCEFU. #LOJCROD LCEECK QYUSC EU
[OPROHKUB [MULOQBCRFB\ OBLUH\EXU QFGECBNMX LHK [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^F_ [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR. +US
EU SUEUU, R EUDOBOMXY QFBNC^FKY BCDCK SUBOLFDC ODCPXRCUBQK WMUPRXWC_EO [OHUPEO_. 5MUL[OHOZFS, RX
QOYMCEFHF OJaUDB R RFLU [OBODC JC_BOR F BU[UM\ PCGMNZCUBU UGO. %QHF [UMRXU n JC_B QOLUMZFB FSK
DHCQQC R RFLU QFSROH\EO_ QBMODF, RX QSOZUBU EC_BF ENZEX_ OJaUDB DHCQQC LHK QOPLCEFK ]DPUS[HKMC.
0CD [MCRFHO, MUCHFPC^FK PCDCEWFRCUBQK QOPLCEFUS RO RQUY DHCQQCY Class `NED^FF make(istream&)
FHF UU ]DRFRCHUEBC. 5MOGMCSSC [MFOJMUBCUB QHULNITF_ RFL:
// G &'0" .*"(/% 5'*'&$
cin << className;
Class* c = gClasses.Find(className);
BasClass* obj = c->make(cin);
Hepapxun knaccoe
.RULUEFK OJ FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR SOZEO YMCEFB\ [O MCPEOSN, EO R DOEUWEOS QWUBU RQU QROLFBQK D
QBMNDBNMCS LCEEXY Q ]DPUS[HKMCSF Class. #XVU JXH [MULQBCRHUE OLFE FP RCMFCEBOR: RUQBF R DCZLOS
Class LRU DOHHUD^FF, [O OLEO_ LHK JCPORXY F [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR. 0OEUWEO, ]BO QHULNUB [OEFSCB\
NQHOREO MUW\ FLUB OJ FUMCMYFF EU OJaUDBOR Class, C [MULQBCRHUEEXY FSF DHCQQOR. $UOJYOLFSOQB\
MCPHFWCB\ [OEKBFK Class F DHCQQ ECRUMEKDC RXPORUB N RCQ GOHORENI JOH\, EO N [ODHOEEFDOR
SmallTalk F Lisp ]BO QWFBCUBQK YOMOVFS MCPRHUWUEFUS F [MFPECDOS SCQBUMQBRC. *MNGO_ Q[OQOJ
RRUQBF OLEN GHOJCH\ENI QBMNDBNMN LCEEXY Q [CMCSF (JCPORX_, [MOFPROLEX_), FELUDQFMNUSNI R OJOFY
EC[MCRHUEFKY. # EUDOBOMXY QFBNC^FKY RSUQBO [CM FQ[OH\PNIBQK BMF[HUBX (JCPORX_, [MOFPROLEX_,
[OMKLOD), WBOJX JCPORXU DHCQQX [UMUWFQHKHFQ\ R [OMKLDU FY OJaKRHUEFK R QOOBRUBQBRNITUS DHCQQU.
.75
Onucauun nepereuuux knacca
# EUDOBOMXY QFBNC^FKY OJaUDBX Class QBOFB QLUHCB\ LOQBCBOWEO NSEXSF, WBOJX OEF SOGHF [OHNWCB\
]DPUS[HKMX [MULQBCRHKUSOGO DHCQQC F O[FQXRCB\ FY QBMNDBNMN. #QU ECWFECUBQK Q [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC. #
ECFJOHUU [MKSOHFEU_EOS RCMFCEBU Class ROPRMCTCUB FBUMCBOM, DOBOMX_ R QROI OWUMUL\ ROPRMCTCUB
[CMN QSUTUEFU/Class, O[FQXRCITNI QSUTUEFU [UMUSUEEO_ RENBMF ]DPUS[HKMC F UU Class. !SUUB
QSXQH QOPLCB\ [UMUWFQHUEFK LHK BMUY [OLSEOZUQBR [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC:
/. #QU [UMUSUEEXU, RDHIWCK RQBMOUEEXU BF[X (BCDFU DCD int). *HK [MULQBCRHUEFK [MFSFBFREXY
BF[OR RCS [MFLUBQK QOPLCB\ `FDBFREXU DHCQQX, [MOFPROLEXU OB Class.
2. +OH\DO [UMUSUEEXU EURQBMOUEEXY BF[OR, LHK DOBOMXY OJXWEO F BCD QNTUQBRNUB QRO_ Class.
3. +OH\DO NDCPCBUHF F QQXHDF EC LMNGFU OJaUDBX.
5OQHULEF_ RCMFCEB FGMCUB OQOJUEEO RCZENI MOH\ R EUDOBOMXY EUBMFRFCH\EXY CHGOMFBSCY QJOMDF
SNQOMC.
Onucauun qyukuu knacca
# UTU JOHUU MULDFY QFBNC^FKY OJaUDB Class LOHZUE O[FQXRCB\ ECJOM `NED^F_ [MULQBCRHUEEOGO FS
DHCQQC. 5MF ]BOS RX `CDBFWUQDF ECWFECUBU FGMCB\ MOH\ DOS[FHKBOMC .++, BCD WBO EU [UMUGFJC_BU
[CHDN. ! QEORC O[BFSCH\EXS [MULQBCRHUEFUS ODCPXRCUBQK FBUMCBOM. *HK DCZLO_ `NED^FF SOZEO
ROPRMCTCB\ HIJNI FEÒMSC^FI, OB [MOQBU_VU_ (UU FSUEF) LO JOHUU QHOZEO_ (CLMUQ, FSUEC, BF[X F
[OMKLOD CMGNSUEBOR F BF[ ROPRMCTCUSOGO PECWUEFK). $UDOBOMXU [MOJHUSX [MOQBO RXYOLKB PC MCSDF
.++; UQHF RCS PCYOWUBQK [MOLUHCB\ EUWBO [OLOJEOU, QBOFB QUM\UPEO [OLNSCB\ OJ FQ[OH\PORCEFF
ECQBOKTUGO LFECSFWUQDOGO KPXDC.
Konnekuuu sksernnnpoe
0HCQQ Class [MULOQBCRHKUB UTU OLEN FEBUMUQENI ROPSOZEOQB\ RULUEFU DOHHUD^FF RQUY
]DPUS[HKMOR DHCQQC. 3BO SOZUB JXB\ HFJO OBLUH\ECK DOHHUD^FK LHK DCZLOGO Class, HFJO OLEC
GHOJCH\ECK QBMNDBNMC LCEEXY Q [CMCSF (Class, ]DPUS[HKM). %QHF RXJMCE RBOMO_ RCMFCEB F DOHHUD^FK
FELUDQFMNUBQK R OJOFY EC[MCRHUEFKY, OEC ODCPXRCUBQK WMUPRXWC_EO [OHUPEO_ [MF OBHCLDU (5ODCZF
SEU RQU ]DPUS[HKMX DHCQQC x), C BCDZU SOZUB [MFSUEKB\QK LHK OBRUBOR EC RO[MOQX RMOLU 0CDOR DHCQQ
LCEEOGO ]DPUS[HKMC? JUP `FPFWUQDOGO YMCEUEFK CLMUQC OJaUDBC Class R DCZLOS ]DPUS[HKMU. +CDOU
MUVUEFU MCJOBCUB BOH\DO LHK ]DPUS[HKMOR RUMYEUGO NMOREK, QOPLCRCUSXY [MOFPROLKTFSF `NED^FKSF;
RHOZUEEXU OJaUDBX ([UMUSUEEXU FHF JCPORXU DHCQQX) R ]BOB MUUQBM EU [O[CLNB.
Cfafucfuka
5ODCPCBUHF QX[HIBQK DCD FP MOGC FPOJFHFK DOHFWUQBRO ]DPUS[HKMOR, R LCEEX_ SOSUEB ECYOLKTFYQK
R [CSKBF; OJTUU DOHFWUQBRO ]DPUS[HKMOR, QOPLCEEXY Q SOSUEBC PC[NQDC [MOGMCSSX; QBCBFQBFWUQDFU
[MO`FHF Q O[FQCEFUS, DOGLC F DCD QOPLCRCHFQ\ ]DPUS[HKMX #OPSOZEOQBF OGMCEFWUEX BOH\DO BUS,
QDOH\DO RMUSUEF RX QSOZUBU FS [OQRKBFB\. %QHF RX MCJOBCUBU EC [ORMUSUEEO_ O[HCBU, EU
OGMCEFWFRC_BU QUJK RUL\ [MF ZUHCEFF OJOQEORCEFU SOZEO [MFLNSCB\ LHK HIJOGO [ODCPCBUHK. - UQHF
EUB, [OLNSC_BU, ODN[KBQK HF [OBMCWUEEXU NQFHFK.
Ee ueckonuko cnoe o yuufoakux qyukuunx
5OQHU LOHGOGO MCPGOROMC O BOS, DCDFU PCSUWCBUH\EXU VBNDF SOZEO [MOLUHXRCB\ Q OJaUDBCSF DHCQQOR,
RUMEUSQK D NEFWBOZCITFS `NED^FKS. 6EOGFU DOEÛ[^FF, [MULQBCRHUEEXU R [MULXLNTUS MCPLUHU
(BCDFU DCD QDMXBXU DOHHUD^FF ]DPUS[HKMOR F QBCBFQBFDC), MUCHFPNIBQK HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF RCS
NLCQBQK OBQHULFB\ RMUSK QOPLCEFK F NEFWBOZUEFK ]DPUS[HKMC.
0OEUWEO, LHK RULUEFK QBCBFQBFDF SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK QBCBFQBFWUQDFSF [UMUSUEEXSF,
[MOFPROLKTFSF `NED^FKSF F B.L., [MFECLHUZCTFSF ÛHUROSN DHCQQN, OLECDO SUBOLFDC, QRKPCEECK Q
OJaUDBCSF DHCQQOR, OJUQ[UWFRCUB ECSEOGO HNWVNI SOLNH\EOQB\. #OP\SFBU QNTUQBRNITF_ DHCQQ.
*OJCR\BU DHCQQ OJaUDBC Class. #HU_BU OLEN-LRU [MOFPROLKTFU `NED^FF, [UMUSUVC_BU Q
NEFWBOZCITU_ `NED^FU_. 5OQBCR\BU EC OGOE\ QBCBFQBFDF F LORULFBU LO DF[UEFK. 4MC! #QU
CLSFEFQBMCBFREXU QMULQBRC JXHF LOJCRHUEX JUP SOLF`FDC^FF FQYOLEOGO DHCQQC. )J FYSUEUEFKY
[MFLUBQK QOOJTCB\ DHFUEBCS, EO UQHF R ECWCHU MCJOBX EFDCDFY DHFUEBOR UTU EU JXHO, C N[MCRHKUSX_
.76
DHCQQ LOHZUE OQBCRCB\QK EUFPSUEEXS FHF UGO FQYOLEXU BUDQBX EULOQBN[EX, ECS NLCHOQ\ LOROH\EO
SEOGOGO LOJFB\QK, EU QOPLCRCK EFDCDFY [OJOWEXY ]`ÙDBOR LHK DMFBFWUQDF RCZEOGO DOLC.
Onpepeneuue knacca no oLekfy
*HK QNTUQBRNITUGO ]DPUS[HKMC LOROH\EO WCQBO BMUJNUBQK O[MULUHFB\ UGO DHCQQ. #MOLU JX EFWUGO
QHOZEOGO, EO R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF ]BO OWUE\ GHNJODCK BUSC. 5OSEFBU, WBO OJaUDBX SOGNB QOPLCRCB\QK R
QBUDU FHF R DNWU, REULMKB\QK R LMNGFU OJaUDBX R RFLU [UMUSUEEXY FHF JCPORXY DHCQQOR, C BCDZU
QOPLCRCB\QK [MOFPROLKTFSF `NED^FKSF. $FZU O[FQCEO EUQDOH\DO OQEOREXY MUVUEF_.
Bueppeuue ykasafenn ua oLekf knacca
.CSOU OWURFLEOU MUVUEFU REULMKB\ NDCPCBUH\ EC Class R HIJO_ OJaUDB, RHOZUEEX_ FHF EUB.
class Object { // =7"0'& 4)"C 7"$#,(<C &#$))'4
protected:
static ObjectClass s_my_class;
Class* my_class; // == &s_my_class;
public:
Object() : my_class(&s_my_class) {}
Class* My_Class() { return my_class; }
};
class Foo : public Object
protected:
static FooClass s_my_class;
public:
Foo() { my_class = &s_my_class; }
};
#QU DHCQQX [OMOZLCIBQK OB OJTUGO [MULDC Object, R DOBOMOS O[MULUHKUBQK [MOBODOH LHK [OHNWUEFK
OJaUDBC Class. #X FSUUBU [OHEOU [MCRO FQ[OH\PORCB\ OLEF F BU ZU FSUEC WHUEOR EC MCPEXY NMOREKY
FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR (DCD ]BO QLUHCEO Q s_my_class R ECVUS [MFSUMU). 0OS[FHKBOM RXJFMCUB FSK,
ECYOLKTUUQK R EU[OQMULQBRUEEO_ OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK. 8OHUU BOGO, DOEQBMNDBOMX RX[OHEKIBQK R [OMKLDU
JCPORX_ DHCQQ/[UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC/ [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX, [O]BOSN [OQHULEF_ DOEQBMNDBOM OQBCRFB
my_class [MCRFH\EOU PECWUEFU. 3BC QYUSC [OPROHKUB RQUGLC [OHNWFB\ OJaUDB Class EUPCRFQFSO OB
BOGO, QDOH\DO RX[OHEKHOQ\ [MUOJMCPORCEF_ BF[C OB [MOFPROLEXY D JCPORXS DHCQQCS.
!PLUMZDF QOQBCRHKIB WUBXMU JC_BC, EUOJYOLFSXU LHK YMCEUEFK NDCPCBUHK. #FMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF EU
BMUJNIBQK, [O]BOSN ECS EU [MFLUBQK LOJCRHKB\ v-BCJHF^N R DHCQQ, OJYOLFRVF_QK JUP EUU. $C
FPJXBOWEOU DOEQBMNFMORCEFU my_class JNLNB [OBMCWUEX LO[OHEFBUH\EXU BCDBX [MOÛQQOMC, EO LHK
JOH\VFEQBRC [MFHOZUEF_ ]BO EUQNTUQBRUEEO. 5OZCHN_, OQEOREXU FPLUMZDF QROLKBQK D
LO[OHEFBUH\EOSN DOLN, ECYOLKTUSNQK R DOEQBMNDBOMCY.
# JOHUU WFQBOS RCMFCEBU NDCPCBUH\ EC Class PCLCUBQK [MOFPROLKTFSF `NED^FKSF OJaUDBC Class:
class Object {
friend class Class;
private:
Class* my_class;
public:
Class* My_Class() { reutrn my_class; }
};
class Class {
protected:
void SetClass(Object& obj) { obj.my_class = this; }
};
class Foo : public Object { ... };
.77
class FooClass : public Class {
public:
Foo* make()
{
Foo* f = new Foo;
this->SetClass(f);
return f;
}
};
#XGHKLFB [OHNWVU, [OQDOH\DN [MOFPROLEXU OB Object DHCQQX F EU [OLOPMURCIB OJ ]BFY ÒDNQCY EO
BCD HF ]BO? $ULOQBCBOD ]BOGO [OLYOLC R BOS, WBO OE EU MCJOBCUB LHK ]DPUS[HKMOR Foo, OJaKRHUEEXY R
QBUDU FHF RHOZUEEXY R LMNGFU DHCQQX R RFLU QBMNDBNM LCEEXY. 5UMUL RCSF OLEC FP QFBNC^F_, R
DOBOMXY [MFYOLFBQK [MFEFSCB\ BMNLEOU MUVUEFU: BO HF OGMCEFWFB\ DHCQQ BOH\DO LFECSFWUQDFSF
]DPUS[HKMCSF, BO HF FQDCB\ JOHUU QHOZEOU MUVUEFU F JUP BOGO QHOZEO_ [MOJHUSX.
.NTUQBRNUB UTU OLFE RCMFCEB N[MCRHKB\ RXLUHUEFUS [CSKBF F YMCEFB\ CLUQC OJaUDBC DHCQQC [MKSO
ECL QCSFS OJaUDBOS R [CSKBF RSUQBO BOGO, WBOJX LUHCB\ UGO [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC [MULDC. *HK ]BOGO ECS
[OECLOJKBQK [MFUSX N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, O[FQCEEXU R WCQBF 4.
Bueuuue cfpykfypu pauuux
0CD N[OSFECHOQ\ RXVU, RX BCDZU SOZUBU QOPLCB\ GHOJCH\ENI DOHHUD^FI Q [CMCSF ]DPUS[HKM/Class.
#QU EU BCD QDRUMEO, DCD RXGHKLFB EC [UMRX_ RPGHKL, OQOJUEEO UQHF FEÒMSC^FK Class ENZEC BOH\DO R
[MOÛQQU OBHCLDF F JNLUB FQDHIWUEC R MCJOWUS MUZFSU. %QHF QOJHILCB\ OQBOMOZEOQB\ R MUCHFPC^FF,
MUVUEFU BCDZU MCQ[MOQBMCEKUBQK F EC BCDFU RHOZUEEXU OJaUDBX, DCD QBUDORXU [UMUSUEEXU FHF
]DPUS[HKMX, YOBK LHK ]BOGO RCS [OECLOJFBQK QOOBRUBQBRNITCK [OLLUMZDC QO QBOMOEX DOEQBMNDBOMC F
LUQBMNDBOMC OQEOREOGO DHCQQC.
Hecfaupapfuue npocfpaucfea narnfu
*MNGOU MUVUEFU, MCQQSCBMFRCUSOU R GHCRCY /5 F /6 `FPFWUQDOU MCPLUHUEFU OJaUDBOR [O MCPHFWEXS
[MOQBMCEQBRCS [CSKBF R QOOBRUBQBRFF Q FY DHCQQOS. )EO OBHFWCUBQK [ORXVUEEO_ QHOZEOQB\I F
[O[MOQBN EU MCJOBCUB LHK RHOZUEEXY OJaUDBOR, EO PCBO OJHCLCUB R[UWCBHKITFS JXQBMOLU_QBRFUS F
SCHXS MCQYOLOS [CSKBF.
Rpepcfaeufenu
# DEFGU Advanced C++ Programming Styles and Idioms *ZU_SQ 0O[HFE (James Coplien) RXLRFENH
OQOJNI MCPEORFLEOQB\ OJaUDBC DHCQQC, DOBOMX_ OE ECPRCH >6#)."+&("#2#, (exemplar). 5MULQBCRFBUH\
]BO OJaUDB DHCQQC, DOBOMX_ KRHKUBQK ]DPUS[HKMOS [MULQBCRHKUSOGO FS DHCQQC. 5OEKBEO? 4 SUEK OB
BCDFY RXQDCPXRCEF_ GOHORC FLUB DMNGOS.
class Exemplar {}; // F/24'#/.")&/? &#$))
class Foo {
private:
Foo(); // D 4)" ')*$#,(<" &'()*73&*'7<, &7'2" '0('8'
public:
Foo(Exemplar); // I'()*73&*'7 57"0)*$4/*"#%
Foo* make(); // =7'/-4'0%K/" @3(&B// 57"0)*$4/*"#%
};
extern Foo* foo; // F$2 57"0)*$4/*"#,
5OLMOJEOQBF EUQNTUQBRUEEX. #CZEO BO, WBO OLFE ]DPUS[HKM (EC DOBOMX_ QQXHCUBQK [UMUSUEECK foo)
RX[OHEKUB `NED^FF OJaUDBC DHCQQC LHK DHCQQC Foo. # MUCHFPC^FKY [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^F_ EUOJYOLFSO
NJULFB\QK, WBO this QOR[CLCUB Q [MULQBCRFBUHUS, [OQDOH\DN [MOFPROLKTCK `NED^FK EU LOHZEC
RXPXRCB\QK LHK RQUY OQBCH\EXY ]DPUS[HKMOR DHCQQC.
.78
. [MULQBCRFBUHKSF SOZEO LUHCB\ RQU BO ZU QCSOU, WBO F Q OJaUDBCSF DHCQQC. 5MF ]BOS EUOJYOLFSO
NWFBXRCB\ QHULNITUU:
*HK [MULQBCRFBUHU_ EU ENZEO QOPLCRCB\ OBLUH\EX_ DHCQQ Class.
. [MULQBCRFBUHKSF EU [MFYOLFBQK OJaKRHKB\ LMNPU_ (OJXWEO OJaUDB DHCQQC LOHZUE JXB\
LMNGOS BOGO DHCQQC, DOBOMX_ OE [MULQBCRHKUB).
$CQBOKTFU OJaUDBX DHCQQOR PCSUBEO N[MOTCIB SOLUHFMORCEFU FUMCMYF_ DHCQQOR.
$CQBOKTFU OJaUDBX DHCQQOR N[MOTCIB QOPLCEFU GOSOSOMÈOGO FEBUMÙ_QC LHK O[FQCEEXY
RXVU QRULUEF_ O DHCQQCY.
. OJaUDBCSF DHCQQOR OBHFWFK SUZLN BUS, WBO OBEOQFBQK D OJaUDBCS DHCQQC/[MULQBCRFBUHKS, F
BUS, WBO OBEOQFBQK D MUCH\EXS ]DPUS[HKMCS, QBCEORKBQK JOHUU OBWUBHFRXSF.
# OJTUS F ÛHOS, OJaUDBX DHCQQOR ODCPXRCIBQK JOHUU GFJDFSF [MF EUPECWFBUH\EO NQHOZEUEFF
MUCHFPC^FF [O QMCREUEFI Q ]DPUS[HKMCSF.
Heeupurue
ykasafenu
$UBMFRFCH\EOU FQ[OH\PORCEFU .++ EC[OSFECUB OLFE FPRUQBEX_ ][FPOL FP `FH\SC .NSUMUWECK POEC.
,UMOFEK [O[CLCUB R CRBOSOJFH\ENI CRCMFI. )EC JUPNQ[UVEO ZLUB, [ODC DBO-EFJNL\ [MOULUB [O LOMOGU,
F R DOEÛ DOEÔR MUVCUB OB[MCRFB\QK PC [OSOT\I. $O DNLC JX OEC EF VHC, DCD JX REFSCBUH\EO EF
QHULFHC PC EC[MCRHUEFUS, OEC RQUGLC ROPRMCTCHCQ\ D OJHOSDCS SCVFEX. +CD F Q NDCPCBUHKSF: DNLC JX
RX EF VHF, RX RQU MCREO RUMEUBUQ\ D OJHOSDCS. >S [OZCHN_, SEU QHULORCHO [OLXQDCB\ JOHUU
O[BFSFQBFWEOU QMCREUEFU.
# ]BO_ GHCRU SX QEORC ROPRMCTCUSQK D BUSU NDCPCBUHU_, EC ]BOB MCP R QRUBU GOSOSOMÈXY FUMCMYF_
DHCQQOR. (CQQSCBMFRCUSXU PLUQ\ NDCPCBUHF K ECPXRCI *#&()(,',( (invisible pointers), [OQDOH\DN R
JOH\VFEQBRU QHNWCUR SOZEO NQBMOFB\ BCD, WBOJX DHFUEB CJQOHIBEO EFWUGO EU PECH O [MFQNBQBRFF
NDCPCBUHK SUZLN EFS F ÛHURXS OJaUDBOS. *ZU_SQ 0O[HFE (James Coplien) MCQQSCBMFRCUB WCQBEX_
QHNWC_ EURFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_ F ECPXRCUB UGO [CMCLFGSC DOERUMB/[FQ\SO; SX ZU [OGOROMFS O JOHUU
OJTUS QHNWCU.
Ocuoeuue kouuenuuu
%QHF GOSOSOM`FPS YOMOVO [OLYOLFB LHK LMNGFY DHCQQOR, PECWFB, OE [OLO_LUB F LHK NDCPCBUHU_.
0OEÛ[^FK [MOQBC: NDCPCBUH\ F NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB [OMOZLCIBQK OB OLEOGO F BOGO ZU WFQBO
CJQBMCDBEOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC.
class Foo {
public:
virtual void do_something() = 0;
virtual void do_something_else() = 0;
};
class PFoo : public Foo {
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
virtual void do_something() { foo->do_something(); }
virtual void do_something_else() { foo->do_something_else(); }
};
// G)" 0#% 57'/-4'0('8' &#$))$
};
#SUQBO [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMC -> R PFoo FQ[OH\PNUBQK LUHUGFMORCEFU. 5MFRULUEEX_ `MCGSUEB HFV\
QHUGDC PCBMCGFRCUB LCEENI BUSN. $C [MCDBFDU [MFYOLFBQK NWFBXRCB\ SEOZUQBRO LUBCHU_, ECWFECK Q
BOGO, DCD QDMXB\ NDCPCBUHF F NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX OB DHFUEBOR.
.2
.80
Hukancynnuun ykasafene u ykasueaerux oLekfoe
)LEO FP RUHFWC_VFY [MUFSNTUQBR GOSOSOMÈXY NDCPCBUHU_ PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO NDCPCBUH\ RSUQBU Q
NDCPXRCUSXS OJaUDBOS SOZEO FEDC[QNHFMORCB\ R `C_HU .cpp. #PGHKEFBU EC BOH\DO WBO [MFRULUEEX_
`MCGSUEB. 4DCPCBUH\ EFWUGO EU LOJCRHKUB D OBDMXBOSN FEBUMÙ_QN, [MULQBCRHUEEOSN R DHCQQU Foo,
[O]BOSN DHFUEBCS EU ENZEO RFLUB\ PFoo FHF [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX, EC DOBOMXU OE QQXHCUBQK. #
QNTEOQBF, [MF LOQBCBOWEO_ CDDNMCBEOQBF SOZEO NJULFB\ DHFUEBOR, WBO OEF MCJOBCIB EU[OQMULQBRUEEO
Q NDCPXRCUSXS OJaUDBOS, YOBK EC QCSOS LUHU R DCWUQBRU ÛEBMCH\EOGO PRUEC Û[OWDF [MFQNBQBRNUB
NDCPCBUH\. )BQILC F BUMSFE *#&()(,'3 8$+9+"#2;.
// G @$?#" foo.h
class Foo {
public:
static Foo* make(); // =7'/-4'0%K$% @3(&B/%
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
};
// G)" 0#% 57'/-4'0('8' &#$))$
};
Foo* Foo::make()
{
return new PFoo(new Foo);
}
#QBCRFB\ PFoo R QNTUQBRNITNI [MOGMCSSN QORQUS EUQHOZEO [MF NQHORFF, WBO RX [MFEKHF RQU
SUMX [MULOQBOMOZEOQBF, Q[MOUDBFMORCHF UGO Q MCQWUBOS EC GOSOSOMÈNI FUMCMYFI DHCQQOR F
FEDC[QNHFMORCHF [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX RMOLU Bar. #UL\ RX ]BO QLUHCHF, EU [MCRLC HF? 5UMUL ECSF
OWUMULEO_ SFQBFWUQDF_ [MFE^F[ RX LUHCUBU WBO-BO EU LHK BOGO, WBOJX FPRHUW\ EU[OQMULQBRUEENI
[OH\PN, C LHK QOYMCEUEFK SFMORO_ GCMSOEFF. # OLFE [MUDMCQEX_ LUE\ RCS [OBMUJNUBQK RQBCRFB\ NSEX_
NDCPCBUH\, F R GCMSOEFWEOS SFMU ]BO EU RXPORUB EFDCDFY [MOJHUS.
Rpouseopnue qyukuuu
0OEUWEO, [MOFPROLKTFU `NED^FF [MFGOLKBQK RCS DCZLX_ MCP, DOGLC RX FEDC[QNHFMNUBU [MOFPROLEXU
DHCQQX. # [MFRULUEEOS RXVU `MCGSUEBU SX FPSUEFHF [MOFPROLKTNI `NED^FI BCD, WBJX OEC
QOPLCRCHC LRC OJaUDBC NDCPCBUH\ F NDCPXRCUSOU PECWUEFU.
)JMCBFBU REFSCEFU: NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB EU QOPLCUBQK R DOEQBMNDBOMU NDCPCBUHK. *HK ]BOGO QNTUQBRNUB
RUQDCK [MFWFEC. #UMOKBEO, ECS PCYOWUBQK FQ[OH\PORCB\ DHCQQ NDCPCBUHK PFoo LHK RQUY [MOFPROLEXY
DHCQQOR Foo. 3BO OPECWCUB, WBO EUDBO PC [MULUHCSF DHCQQC NDCPCBUHK ([MOFPROLKTCK `NED^FK) MUVCUB,
WBO FSUEEO QHULNUB QOPLCB\ F Q[MKBCB\ R NDCPCBUHU.
# [MULXLNTFY GHCRCY, [OQRKTUEEXY NSEXS NDCPCBUHKS, OQEOREOU REFSCEFU NLUHKHOQ\ VCJHOECS F
OJOJTUEEXS DHCQQCS NDCPCBUHU_, QOOBRUBQBRNITFS DHCQQCS NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR. . EURFLFSXSF
NDCPCBUHKSF VCJHOEX NZU EU FSUIB EFDCDOGO MUCH\EOGO PECWUEFK.
.8.
#QU, WBO GOROMFHOQ\ O [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^FKY F OJaUDBCY DHCQQOR R [MULXLNTU_ GHCRU, R MCREO_
QBU[UEF OBEOQFBQK F D EURFLFSXS NDCPCBUHKS. )[BFSFPFMN_BU F HODCHFPN_BU, QDOH\DO LNVU NGOLEO.
0CD [MCRFHO, QCS DHCQQ NDCPCBUHK R ]BOS EU NWCQBRNUB.
Ccunku ua ykasafenu
5MOFPROLKTCK `NED^FK EU OJKPCEC ROPRMCTCB\ Foo*. . BCDFS ZU NQ[UYOS [OLO_LUB F Foo&.
class Foo {
public:
static Foo& make(); // =7'/-4'0%K$% @3(&B/%
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
};
// G)" 0#% 57'/-4'0('8' &#$))$
};
Foo& Foo::make()
{
return *(new PFoo(new Foo));
}
%LFEQBRUEECK [MOJHUSC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO DO[FMORCEFU Q [OSOT\I DOEQBMNDBOMC DO[F_, DCD RX
RQDOMU NJULFBUQ\, QBMOGO ROQ[MUTCUBQK. ! RQU ZU HILF, ROOMNZUEEXU O[UMCBOMOS &, EUFPSUEEO
[XBCIBQK DO[FMORCB\ OJaUDB. . O[UMCBOMOS * QOJHCPE ECSEOGO QHCJUU. #O RQUS OQBCH\EOS RXJOM
LUHO RDNQC.
Heeepyue ykasafenu
5CMCLFGSC EFRFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_ MUCHFPNUBQK DCD LHK RULNTFY, BCD F EURULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. )B BOGO,
DCDOU MUVUEFU JNLUB [MFEKBO EC QBCLFF LFPC_EC, PCRFQKB F Q[OQOJX MUVUEFK EUDOBOMXY [MOJHUS. $FZU
[MFRULUEX EUDOBOMXU [OLMOJEOQBF MUCHFPC^FF EURULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_.
Konupoeauue
0HFUEB EU SOZUB DO[FMORCB\ NDCPCBUH\ EOMSCH\EXSF QMULQBRCSF, [OQDOH\DN OE EU PECUB UGO
ECQBOKTUGO DHCQQC. "CBO YOMOVO [OLYOLKB QMULQBRC, O[FQCEEXU R [MULXLNTU_ GHCRU (R OQOJUEEOQBF
DO[FMORCEFU OJaUDBOR Q [OSOT\I Q[U^FCH\EOGO RFMBNCH\EOGO RCMFCEBC make-`NED^FF). *HK
EURULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ LOQBCBOWEO [MOQBO QDO[FMORCB\ CLMUQ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
class Foo {
private:
Foo(const Foo&) {}
public:
virtual Foo* makeClone(); // I'5/7'4$(/"
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
.82
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
virtual Foo* makeClone() { return new PFoo(foo); }
};
Foo* Foo::makeClone()
{
return NULL; // +")3K")*4"((' 0#% 4)"8', &7'2" 3&$-$*"#"?
}
(UCHFPC^FK `NED^FF makeClone() EUOJYOLFSC BOH\DO LHK DHCQQC NDCPCBUHK. 5O ]BO_ [MFWFEU, WBOJX
DCZLOSN [MOFPROLEOSN DHCQQN EU [MFVHOQ\ UU [UMUO[MULUHKB\, R DHCQQ-[MULOD RDHIWCUBQK PCGHNVDC.
Rpuceaueauue
(CPNSUUBQK, UQHF EU [MFEKB\ Q[U^FCH\EXY SUM, O[UMCBOM = BOZU EU JNLUB MCJOBCB\, [OQDOH\DN DHFUEB EU
PECUB `CDBFWUQDF_ BF[ NDCPCBUHK. +CD DCD SX FSUUS LUHO Q EURULNTFSF NDCPCBUHKSF, O[UMC^FK
[MFQRCFRCEFK QBOFB QOGHCQORCB\ Q DO[FMORCEFUS BO UQB\ [MFQRCFRCEFU LOHZEO PCBMCGFRCB\ BOH\DO
NDCPCBUH\, EO EU NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB. 0CD F R QHNWCU DO[FMORCEFK, ]BO EUBMNLEO MUCHFPORCB\
LOQBCBOWEO QOPLCB\ RFMBNCH\EX_ O[UMCBOM = LHK NDCPCBUHK F PCGHNVDN LHK NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
class Foo {
public:
virtual Foo& operator=(const Foo&);
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
virtual Foo& operator=(const Foo& f)
{
foo = f.foo;
return *this;
}
};
Foo& Foo::operator=(const Foo&)
{
return *this;
}
Copka rycopa: esrnnp e ypyee
5OQDOH\DN [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX FEDC[QNHFMORCEX, [MFSUEUEFU EURULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ [OLROLFB ECQ D
QUM\UPEO_ [MOJHUSU LFPC_EC: DCD NPECB\, DOGLC ENZEO NLCHKB\ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB? # GHCRCY,
[OQRKTUEEXY N[MCRHUEFI [CSKB\I, SX QUM\UPEO PC_SUSQK ]BO_ [MOJHUSO_, C [ODC K HFV\ R OJTFY
WUMBCY O[FVN LRU JCPORXU QBMCBUGFF:
/. # NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB RDHIWCUBQK QWUBWFD, DOBOMX_ [ODCPXRCUB, QDOH\DO NDCPCBUHU_ QQXHCUBQK
EC EUGO R LCEEX_ SOSUEB. 0OGLC QOQBOKEFU QWUBWFDC FPSUEKUBQK Q / EC 0, OJaUDB LOHZUE NLCHKB\
QUJK.
.83
2. (UCHFPNUBQK QYUSC QJOMDF SNQOMC, DOBOMCK [OPROHKUB EC_BF RQU NDCPCBUHF F NDCPXRCUSXU
OJaUDBX. 6X [OSUWCUS RQU NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX, EC DOBOMXU QQXHCUBQK YOBK JX OLFE
NDCPCBUH\, C PCBUS NLCHKUS RQU EU[OSUWUEEXU NDCPXRCUSXU OJaUDBX.
5OLQWUB QQXHOD FQ[OH\PNUBQK EU BCD WCQBO, EO ECVC PCLCWC [MKSO-BCDF QOPLCEC LHK EUGO. .JOMDC SNQOMC
BUSC, ECL DOBOMO_ ECS [MULQBOFB OQEORCBUH\EO [OMCPSXQHFB\ R GHCRU /6.
Bepyue ykasafenu
$URFLFSXU NDCPC\UHF WCTU RQUGO KRHKIBQK RULNTFSF (BO UQB\ SUZLN NDCPCBUHUS F NDCPXRCUSXS
OJaUDBOS QNTUQBRNUB OLEOPECWEOU QOOBRUBQBRFU). . SOSUEBC MCQQSOBMUEFK RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ [MOVHO
EUSCHO RMUSUEF, [O]BOSN K DMCBDO EC[OSEI, WBO ECS [MULQBOFB QLUHCB\ LHK [OLLUMZCEFK QUSCEBFDF
RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ R ECVU_ QFBNC^FF:
/. 0OGLC NDCPCBUH\ NEFWBOZCUBQK, LOHZUE NEFWBOZCB\QK F NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
2. 0OGLC NDCPCBUH\ DO[FMNUBQK, LOHZUE DO[FMORCB\QK F NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
3. 0OGLC LHK NDCPCBUHK RX[OHEKUBQK [MFQRCFRCEFU, OE FPSUEKUBQK BCD, WBOJX QQXHCB\QK EC DO[FI
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC FP [MCRO_ WCQBF RXMCZUEFK.
$ULOQBCBOWEO [MFQROFB\ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB FP [MCRO_ WCQBF NDCPXRCUSOSN OJaUDBN FP HURO_ WCQBF,
[OQDOH\DN OEF SOGNB [MFECLHUZCB\ D MCPEXS DHCQQCS.
Yuufoeuue
*UQBMNDBOM DHCQQC-[MULDC LOHZUE JXB\ RFMBNCH\EXS, C LUQBMNDBOM NDCPCBUHK LOHZUE NEFWBOZCB\
NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
class Foo {
public:
virtual ~Foo() {}
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
virtual ~PFoo() { delete foo; }
};
Konupoeauue
0O[FMORCEFU EURFLFSXY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ [MOLOHZCUBQK Q BOGO, EC WUS SX OQBCEORFHFQ\ [MF
DO[FMORCEFF EURULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. 0CZLX_ [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ LOHZUE [UMUO[MULUHFB\ `NED^FI
makeClone().
class Foo {
protected:
Foo(const Foo&) {}
public:
virtual Foo* makeClone() = 0; // :#% &'5/7'4$(/%
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
.84
virtual Foo* makeClone() { return new PFoo(foo->makeClone()); }
};
protected:
Bar(Bar&); // I'()*73&*'7 &'5/?
public:
virtual Foo* makeClone();
};
Foo* Bar::makeClone()
{
return new Bar(*this);
}
$CDOEU^ SX LOJMCHFQ\ F LO [MFSUEUEFK ECQBOKTUGO DOEQBMNDBOMC DO[F_. 4DCPCBUH\ QOPLCUB DO[FI
EU BOH\DO QROI, EO F NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. # QROI OWUMUL\, NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB [UMUDHCLXRCUB RQI
BKZUHNI MCJOBN EC QRO_ QOJQBRUEEX_ DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_. )JMCBFBU REFSCEFU: WBOJX ]BO QBCHO
ROPSOZEXS, SX QLUHCHF DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ Foo PCTFTUEEXS.
Rpuceaueauue
5MFQRCFRCEFU LHK EURFLFSXY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ [OYOZU EC [MFQRCFRCEFU LHK HIJXY LMNGFY BF[OR
RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. ! QEORC SX [MOLOHZCUS Q BOGO SUQBC, EC DOBOMOS OQBCEORFHFQ\ [MF [MFQRCFRCEFF
EURULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_.
class Foo {
public:
virtual Foo& operator=(const Foo&);
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
virtual Foo& operator=(const Foo& f)
{
if (this == &f) return *this;
delete foo;
foo = f.foo->makeClone();
return *this;
}
};
Foo& Foo::operator=(const Foo&)
{
return *this;
}
Cuoea o peouo nepepae
$URFLFSXU NDCPCBUHF [OPROHKIB ]HUGCEBEO MUVFB\ SEOGFU [MOJHUSX. )LEC FP BCDFY [MOJHUS
NHNWVUEECK FEDC[QNHK^FK LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF, F R BOS WFQHU MUVUEFU EU[MFKBEO_ [MOJHUSX, QRKPCEEO_
Q O[UMCBOMOS +=. 6X OJaULFEFS LRO_ENI [UMULCWN Q DOEÛ[^FU_ [UMUYOLEXY BF[OR, O DOBOMXY
GOROMFHOQ\ LCREXS-LCREO, R GHCRU 7.
.85
Ypeoeuuan peouan nepepaa
!BCD, LCRC_BU [O[MOJNUS MUCHFPORCB\ LRO_ENI [UMULCWN LHK EURFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_. 3BOB MCPLUH
[MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ ]HUSUEBCMEOU MCQ[MOQBMCEUEFU [MFUSOR, DOBOMXSF SX [OH\PORCHFQ\ JUP QRKPF Q
NDCPCBUHKSF.
Repean nonufka
.U_WCQ SX QLUHCUS [UMRX_ PCYOL EC CMF`SUBFWUQDFU O[UMC^FF Q EURFLFSXSF NDCPCBUHKSF. )E
MCJOBCUB, EO OJHCLCUB EUDOBOMXSF OGMCEFWUEFKSF, EC DOBOMXU QHULNUB OJMCBFB\ REFSCEFU F LOHZEXS
OJMCPOS FQ[MCRFB\. 1BOJX FPJUZCB\ [MOJHUS, QRKPCEEXY Q ROPRMCTUEFUS QQXHOD EC RMUSUEEXU
PECWUEFK (QS. ODOEWCEFU GHCRX //), K [UMUYOZN EC FQ[OH\PORCEFU O[UMCBOMC new. 5MOJHUSX QJOMDF
SNQOMC JNLNB MCQQSCBMFRCB\QK [OPZU.
// G @$?#" number.h
class NBase; // I#/"(*$2 '; Q*'2 (/."8' -($*, (" (31('
class Number {
protected:
Number(const Number&) {}
Number() {}
public:
virtual NBase& operator+(const NBase&) = 0;
// D *.0.
};
// G @$?#" number.cpp
class Integer;
class Real;
class PNumber : public Number {
private:
NBase* number;
protected:
virtual NBase& operator+(const NBase& n) const
{ return *number + n; } // #2
public:
PNumber(NBase* n) : number(n) {}
virtual Number& operator+(const Number& n) const
{ return *(new PNumber(&(n + *number))); } // #1
};

class NBase : public Number {
// =7'2"13*'.(<? ;$-'4<? &#$))
// A7$0/B/'(($% 04'?($% 5"7"0$.$ 4 NBase
public:
virtual NBase& operator+(const Integer&) const = 0;
virtual NBase& operator+(const Real&) const = 0;
// D *.0.
virtual NBase& operator+(const NBase&) const = 0;
{ return Integer(0); } // T$8#3M&$ (" 4<-<4$"*)%
};
class Integer : public NBase {
.86
private:
int value;
protected:
virtual NBase& operator+(const Integer& i) const
{ return *(new Integer(value + i.value)); } // #4
public:
Integer(int i) : value(i) {}
virtual NBase& operator+(const NBase& n) const
{ return n + *this; } // #3
};
class Real : public NBase { ... };
0CD F R FQYOLEOS RCMFCEBU LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF, [OQBCMC_BUQ\ EU QOQMULOBCWFRCB\ RPGHKL F SULHUEEO
OBOLRFGC_BU QBMCEF^N OB EOQC, [ODC EN HORFBU QNB\ [MOFQYOLKTUGO. $FZU [OLMOJEO MCQ[FQCEO, WBO
[MOFQYOLFB, DOGLC DHFUEB [XBCUBQK QHOZFB\ LRC Number (C EC QCSOS LUHU LRC PNumber, EO DHFUEB OJ
]BOS EU PECUB). 5MUL[OHOZFS, QDHCLXRCIBQK LRC Integer:
/. #XPXRCUBQK O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK PNumber::operator+(const Number&) HUROGO NDCPCBUHK.
#XMCZUEFU [UMUROMCWFRCUBQK, F RXPXRCUBQK CECHOGFWECK `NED^FK [MCROGO NDCPCBUHK, [MF ]BOS
CMGNSUEBOS KRHKUBQK HURX_ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB. )LECDO [UMUL BUS, DCD ]BO QHNWCUBQK, `NED^FK
QOPLCUB PNumber LHK MUPNH\BCBC.
2. #XPXRCUBQK O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK PNumber::operator+(const NBase&) HUROGO NDCPCBUHK.
#XPOR LUHUGFMNUBQK O[UMCBOMN + NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC.
3. #XPXRCUBQK O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK Integer::operator+(const NBase&) [MCROGO
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. #XMCZUEFU QEORC [UMUROMCWFRCUBQK.
4. #XPXRCUBQK O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK Integer::opeator+(const Integer&) HUROGO
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, GLU ECDOEU^ F RX[OHEKUBQK MUCH\ECK O[UMC^FK RXWFQHUEFK QNSSX.
# FBOGU [MOFQYOLFB WUBXMU [UMULCWF LRU LHK NDCPCBUHU_ F LRU LHK NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR. )BQILC F
ECPRCEFU 8)&%#**+4 )&%3*+4 >#6#)+-+. 6X OJYOLFSQK JUP [MUOJMCPORCEF_ BF[OR, EO PCBO O
QNTUQBRORCEFF NBase [MFYOLFBQK OJaKRHKB\ EC [UMRXY QBMCEF^CY GCPUB.
Cokpaeuue po fpex nepepa
%QHF SX MCPMUVFS [MOGMCSSU PECB\, WBO FPECWCH\EO QHURC F Q[MCRC QBOKB PNumber, F RX[OHEFS
QOOBRUBQBRNITUU [MFRULUEFU BF[OR, DOHFWUQBRO [UMULCW SOZEO QODMCBFB\ LO BMUY: OQBCRFB\ OLEN
[UMULCWN LHK O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF PNumber::operator+(const Number&) [HIQ LRU OJXWEXU
LRO_EXU [UMULCWF. 5UMRX_ PNumber [MFYOLFB D RXROLN, WBO Q[MCRC BCDZU QBOFB PNumber, RX[OHEKUB
[OEFZCITUU [MUOJMCPORCEFU OB Number D PNumber, C PCBUS EC[MKSNI OJMCTCUBQK D NDCPXRCUSOSN
OJaUDBN. 5MF ]BOS NLCUBQK OJO_BFQ\ JUP PNumber::operator+(const NBase&). %QB\ F
LO[OHEFBUH\EOU [MUFSNTUQBRO [MF LOHZEO_ OQBOMOZEOQBF SOZEO NLCHFB\ FP `C_HC .h RQU QQXHDF
EC NBase.
5MOJHUSC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO DCDO_-EFJNL\ FLFOB SOZUB RO[MUDF RQUS [MULN[MUZLUEFKS [OMOLFB\
OB Number QRO_ DHCQQ, RXYOLKTF_ PC [MULUHX RCVU_ BTCBUH\EO [OQBMOUEEO_ FUMCMYFF. 3BO JNLUB
OPECWCB\, WBO EU RQU Number JNLNB OJKPCBUH\EO PC[CDORCEX R PNumber. +OH\DO WBO [ODCPCEECK
SUBOLFDC [MULOBRMCTCUB QOPLCEFU [MOFPROLEXY OB Number DHCQQOR PC [MULUHCSF `C_HC .cpp F LCZU
[MCRFH\EO MCJOBCUB Q [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQCSF JUP OJOHOWUD (Number JUP PNumber) [MF NQHORFF, WBO
OEF [MCRFH\EO MUCHFPNIB QYUSN NLROUEEO_ LRO_EO_ [UMULCWF.
Kak ponro pesynufaf ocfaefcn pecfeufenuuur?
# [ODCPCEEO_ RXVU MUCHFPC^FF DHFUEB LOHZUE [OSEFB\ O EUOJYOLFSOQBF FPJCRHKB\QK OB Number,
RXPXRCK delete &aResult. 3BO QUM\UPEOU OGMCEFWUEFU QMULF [MOWUGO NQHOZEKUB RHOZUEEXU
RXWFQHUEFK, [OQDOH\DN LHK RQUY [MOSUZNBOWEXY MUPNH\BCBOR [MFYOLFBQK QOPLCRCB\ NDCPCBUH\ LHK FY
[OQHULNITUGO NLCHUEFK. # DOSFBUB ANSI [OQBN[FHO [MULHOZUEFU (BCD F EU [MFEKBOU), R QOOBRUBQBRFF
Q DOBOMXS DOS[FHKBOM LOHZUE GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO RMUSUEECK RUHFWFEC R QBUDU OQBCUBQK LU_QBRFBUH\EO_
.87
LO [OHEOGO RXWFQHUEFK QCSOGO JOH\VOGO RSUTCITUGO RXMCZUEFK. %QHF RCV DOS[FHKBOM QHULNUB
]BOSN [MCRFHN, BO QBMODN
{ return *(new Integer(&(value + i.value)); }
SOZEO PC[FQCB\ R RFLU
{ return Integer(value + i.value); }
-ECHOGFWEO QOPLCUBQK F PNumber. #OPRMCTCUSOU PECWUEFU JNLUB OQBCRCB\QK LU_QBRFBUH\EXS RENBMF
RXWFQHKUSOGO RXMCZUEFK. 'IJCK QQXHDC, DOBOMCK SOZUB QNTUQBRORCB\ PC [MULUHCSF RSUTCITUGO
RXMCZUEFK, LOHZEC JXB\ [OHNWUEC RXPOROS `NED^FF makeClone(). 3BC `NED^FK QOPLCUB PNumber R
DNWU FHF [MFQRCFRCUB LMNGO_ Number RFMBNCH\EXS O[UMCBOMOS = LHK EURFLFSXY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_,
O DOBOMXY GOROMFHOQ\ RXVU. 1BOJX HFDRFLFMORCB\ ]BF MCPLMCZCITFU SUHDFU NBUWDF [CSKBF, SOZEO
ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK [MFUSCSF N[HOBEUEFK F QJOMDF SNQOMC, MCQQSOBMUEEXSF R WCQBF 4.
Caroropuqukauun u nepexopurocfu
$URFLFSX_ RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\, DCD F HIJO_ NSEX_ NDCPCBUH\, SOZUB FEBUM[MUBFMORCB\QK DCD
[UMUYOLEX_ BF[. %QHF [MOQBO PCSUEFB\ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB DCDFS-EFJNL\ [MOFPROLEXS DHCQQOS, RX
`CDBFWUQDF FPSUEKUBU BF[ RQU_ RFLFSO_ DHFUEBN DOSJFEC^FF. $C ]BOS OQEORCEO MUVUEFU [MOJHUSX
O[UMCBOMC +=, DOBOMCK BMUJNUB QCSOSOLF`FDC^FF HUROGO O[UMCELC, C BCDZU ROPSOZEOGO O[UMCBFREOGO
FPSUEUEFK BF[C EC YOLN. %QHF [MCRX_ O[UMCEL Complex QDHCLXRCUBQK Q HURXS O[UMCELOS Integer,
BF[ HUROGO O[UMCELC [MFYOLFBQK SUEKB\.
// G @$?#" number.h
class NBase; // I#/"(*$2 '; Q*'2 (/."8' -($*, (" (31('
class Number {
protected:
Number(const Number&) {}
Number() {}
public:
virtual NBase& AddTo(const NBase&) = 0;
// D *.0.
};
// G @$?#" number.cpp
class Integer;
class Real;
class PNumber : public Number {
private:
NBase* number;
protected:
virtual NBase& AddTo(const NBase& n) const
{ return number->AddTo(n); } // #2
public:
PNumber(NBase* n) : number(n) {}
{
number = &(n.AddTo(*number)); // #1 - -$2"($
return *this;
}
};

class NBase : public Number {
// =7'2"13*'.(<? ;$-'4<? &#$))
.88
// A7$0/B/'(($% 04'?($% 5"7"0$.$ 4 NBase
public:
virtual NBase& operator+=(const Integer&) const = 0;
virtual NBase& operator+=(const Real&) const = 0;
// D *.0.
virtual NBase& AddTo(const NBase&) const = 0;
{ return Integer(0); } // T$8#3M&$ (" 4<-<4$"*)%
};
class Integer : public NBase {
private:
int value;
protected:
virtual NBase& operator+=(const Integer& i) const
{
if (value + i.value 0')*$*'.(' 2$#') {
value += i.value;
return *this;
}
else {
ArbitraryPrecisionInteger api(value);
api += i.value;
delete this;
return api;
}
public:
Integer(int i) : value(i) {}
virtual NBase& AddTo(const NBase& n) const
{ return n + *this; } // #3
};
class Real : public NBase { ... };
#QU DCD F MCE\VU, MCPRU WBO O[UMCBOMX + [MURMCBFHFQ\ R +=, C LRO_ECK [UMULCWC BU[UM\ [MOYOLFB WUMUP
+=(#"4<?, 57$4<?) F AddTo(57$4<?, #"4<?), WBOJX SX SOGHF MCPHFWCB\ LRC [OMKLDC CMGNSUEBOR.
3BO RCZEO, [OQDOH\DN R DOEUWEOS QWUBU SX YOBFS PCSUEFB\ NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB HUROGO O[UMCELC
EORXS. 3BO [MOFQYOLFB R LRNY SUQBCY:
/. )[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK PNumber::operator+=(const Number&) CRBOSCBFWUQDF PCSUEKUB
WFQHO [OHNWUEEXS EORXS PECWUEFUS.
2. )[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK Integer::operator+=(const Integer&) ROPRMCTCUB N[MCRHUEFU,
UQHF U_ EU [MFYOLFBQK FPSUEKB\ BF[; R [MOBFREOS QHNWCU [OQHU NLCHUEFK QROUGO OJaUDBC OEC
ROPRMCTCUB EORX_ OJaUDB LMNGOGO BF[C.
5O R[OHEU [OEKBEXS [MFWFECS K ECPORN RBOMNI FP ]BFY `NED^F_ 9+,#*4FL#3. "CSUEKITFU `NED^FF
OJHCLCIB OLEO_ ]DPOBFWUQDO_ (UQHF EU RXMCPFB\QK QFH\EUU) OQOJUEEOQB\I: EUH\PK MCQQWFBXRCB\, WBO
CLMUQ OJaUDBC [UMUL RXPOROS OQBCUBQK LU_QBRFBUH\EXS F [OQHU RXPORC. (CPNSUUBQK, [OH\PORCB\QK ]BFS
OJQBOKBUH\QBROS SOZEO HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF ]BN HOGFDN NLCQBQK PC[MKBCB\ R QCSNI GHNJODNI F
BUSENI LXMN, WBOJX EFDBO R EUU EU QNENHQK, EO UQHF ]BO NLCUBQK QLUHCB\, YHO[OBEXU CHGOMFBSX
EURUMOKBEO N[MOTCIBQK.
5ODCPCEEX_ [MFSUM ECLUZEO MCJOBCUB, [ODC PNumber LU_QBRNUB DCD RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ F [ODC SOZEO
GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO EF OLFE OJaUDB, [MOFPROLEX_ OB NBase, EU JNLUB QNTUQBRORCB\ JUP QQXHCITUGOQK
EC EUGO PNumber. # ECVUS QHNWCU, DOGLC RQU [MKWUBQK R `C_HU .cpp, LUHO OJQBOFB FSUEEO BCD.
.89
*HK BCDO_ [MOQBO_ [MOJHUSX [MOGMCSSC [OHNWFHCQ\ LOROH\EO JOH\VO_. & EU NBRUMZLCI, WBO RCVF
YHO[OBX O[MCRLCIBQK RO RQUY [MOUDBCY. 6OU MUVUEFU R OQEOREOS [MULECPECWUEO LHK QFBNC^F_, R
DOBOMXY RX BMCBFBU SEOGO RMUSUEF EC MCPMCJOBDN FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR SEOGODMCBEOGO FQ[OH\PORCEFK F
SOZUBU [OPROHFB\ QUJU [OBMCBFB\ RMUSK EC [ORXVUEFU SOLNH\EOQBF. & [MFRUH UGO, [OQDOH\DN OEO
QOOBRUBQBRNUB OQEOREO_ FLUU DEFGF RXZCB\ FP .++ RQU ROPSOZEOU F EUROPSOZEOU F TULMO
MCPJMOQCB\ GOHOROHOSDF, [MULQBCRHKITFU FEBUMUQ LCZU LHK QCSXY RXLCITFYQK ]DQ[UMBOR.
Muoecfeeuuan peouan nepepaa
6EOZUQBRUEECK [UMULCWC F RQU UU MCPEORFLEOQBF BOZU FSUIB QROF CECHOGF R SFMU EURFLFSXY
NDCPCBUHU_, EO K JX EU MFQDENH MUDOSUELORCB\ FY LHK FQ[OH\PORCEFK R MUCH\EXY [MOUDBCY.
Rpureueuue ueeupurux ykasafene
# OQBCRVFYQK GHCRCY MUW\ [O_LUB OJ N[MCRHUEFF [CSKB\I. .U_WCQ K PCJUGN R[UMUL F [UMUWFQHI
EUDOBOMXU QBMCBUGFF N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, DOBOMXU N[MOTCIBQK PC QWUB [MFSUEUEFK EURFLFSXY
NDCPCBUHU_.
Ksuupoeauue
0]VFMORCEFU NZU N[OSFECHOQ\ R DOEBUDQBU OJXWEXY NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_, OLECDO LHK EURFLFSXY
NDCPCBUHU_ OEO [MFOJMUBCUB LO[OHEFBUH\EOU PECWUEFU. $URFLFSX_ NDCPCBUH\ SOZUB QOLUMZCB\ CLMUQ
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC EC LFQDU F R [OQHULEII QUDNELN [UMUL BUS, DCD [UMULCRCB\ [OHEOSOWFK OJaUDBN,
QWFBXRCB\ OJaUDB. #QU ]BO [MOFQYOLFB EUPCSUBEO LHK DHFUEBC, [O]BOSN QO QYUSO_ SOZEO
]DQ[UMFSUEBFMORCB\, OJYOLKQ\ JUP FPSUEUEF_ JOH\VFY OJaUSOR DOLC.
Pacnpepeneuuue oLekfu u nocpepuuku
(CP NZ SX PCGOROMFHF OJ ]BOS, QBOFB HF OGMCEFWFRCB\QK LFQDOS, UQHF LOQBN[EX F LMNGFU DOS[\IBUMX?
8HCGOLCMK EURFLFSXS NDCPCBUHKS DHFUEB EU PCJOBFBQK O BOS, ECYOLFBQK HF OJaUDB, D DOBOMOSN OE
OJMCTCUBQK, EC BOS ZU DOS[\IBUMU FHF ZU OE PCBUMKE R GHOJCH\EO_ QUBF GLU-BO R GOMCY +FJUBC. 0OGLC
EURFLFSX_ NDCPCBUH\ FQ[OH\PNUBQK LHK LUHUGFMORCEFK NLCHUEEOSN OJaUDBN, OE ECPXRCUBQK
>%.6#)*($%, (proxy) LHK ]BOGO OJaUDBC.
Hefpueuanuuue pacnpepeneuuue apxufekfypu
# EUDOBOMXY MCQ[MULUHUEEXY CMYFBUDBNMCY [OQMULEFD LOHZUE QOLUMZCB\ HODCH\EX_ D]VFMORCEEX_
OJMCP NLCHUEEOGO OJaUDBC. 3BO [MFROLFB D QEFZUEFI QUBUROGO BMC`FDC LHK MULDO FPSUEKUSXY
OJaUDBOR. # WCQBEOQBF, R LCEEO_ QBMCBUGFF EUMULDO FQ[OH\PNUBQK QYUSC Q 72+&*', ,+6$#6%, (master
token): WBOJX OJEORFB\ OJaUDB, RX LOHZEX QECWCHC [OHNWFB\ UGO DO[FI N [MOÛQQC F DOS[\IBUMC,
DOBOMXS OEC [MFECLHUZFB R ECQBOKTF_ SOSUEB. #QU ]BO SOZUB [MOFQYOLFB\ EUPCSUBEO LHK DHFUEBC, Q
FQ[OH\PORCEFU EURFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_ F MCPHFWUEFUS DOEQBCEBEXY F EUDOEQBCEBEXY `NED^F_.
$URFLFSXU NDCPCBUHF ]BO PCSUWCBUH\ECK HCJOMCBOMFK, R DOBOMO_ SOZEO [O]DQ[UMFSUEBFMORCB\ Q
MCPHFWEXSF QBMCBUGFKSF F RXKQEFB\, DCDCK FP EFY MCJOBCUB HNWVU. 6UBOLFDF, R DOBOMXY MUCHFPNIBQK
[UMUYOLEXU BF[X, BCDZU [OPROHKIB O[UMCBFREO PCSUEKB\ OLEO [MULQBCRHUEFU OJaUDBC LMNGFS.
Ynpaeneuue narnfuk
)J N[MCRHUEFF [CSKB\I F FLFOSCY .++, N[MOTCITFY ]BOB [MOÛQQ,
EC[FQCEO EC NLFRHUEFU SCHO OQOJUEEO UQHF NWUQB\, QDOH\DO QFH
BMCBFBQK EC BCDOU N[MCRHUEFU R MUCH\EOS [MOGMCSSFMORCEFF. "LUQ\ SX
PC_SUSQK ]BO_ BCFEQBRUEEO_ BUSO_, ECWEUS Q QCSOGO [MOQBOGO F [UMU_LUS
D EURUMOKBEO QHOZEOSN. 5MF ]BOS SX JNLUS [OL MCPEXSF NGHCSF
DMNBFB\, QDHCLXRCB\ F MCQWHUEKB\ QFEBCDQFQ .++, WBOJX Q[MKBCB\
N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I FHF FPRHUW\ FP EUGO [OH\PN. 5MFUSX N[MCRHUEFK
[CSKB\I R[OHEU SOGHF JX QBCB\ BUSO_ LHK OBLUH\EO_ DEFGF. "CZFGC_BU
JHCGOROEFK F PC[URC_BU SCEBMX!
4
-acfu
Reperpyska
onepafopoe
ynpaeneuun
narnfuk
*CRC_BU OBLOYEUS OB NDCPCBUHU_ F [OGOROMFS OJ N[MCRHUEFF [CSKB\I. ,OROMKB, BF[FWEX_ [MOGMCSSFQB
EC .++ (UQHF OE ROOJTU QNTUQBRNUB) BMCBFB 50 [MOÛEBOR QROUGO MCJOWUGO RMUSUEF EC N[MCRHUEFU
[CSKB\I. 0OGLC NLCHKB\ OJaUDB? 0CD GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO QBCMX_ CLMUQ OJaUDBC EFGLU EU OQBCEUBQK [OQHU
UGO NEFWBOZUEFK? 0CD LOJFB\QK [MFHFWEOGO JXQBMOLU_QBRFK OB [O[NHKMEXY DHCQQOR QO QBCELCMBEO_
QYUSO_ N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, DOBOMNI DOS[FHKBOM FQ[OH\PNUB EC RQU QHNWCF ZFPEF? # OBHFWFU OB BCDFY
KPXDOR, DCD SmallTalk F Lisp, QBCELCMBEXU QMULQBRC .++ EU ODCZNB RCS OQOJO_ [OSOTF R ]BOS RO[MOQU.
0 QWCQB\I, R .++ FSUUBQK EUQDOH\DO [MUDMCQEXY HCPUUD; BOB, DBO QNSUUB EC_BF ]BF OJYOLEXU [NBF,
[MF EUOJYOLFSOQBF RQUGLC QSOZUB LOJFB\QK YOMOVUGO JXQBMOLU_QBRFK, C [O ROPSOZEOQBKS N[MCRHUEFK
[CSKB\I OQSUHIQ\ HF K [MOFPEUQBF ]BO RQHNY? UGO [MOGMCSSC EU NQBN[FB SmallTalk.
4[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I OLEC FP QCSXY SFQBFWUQDFY BUS R DOS[\IBUMEXY BUYEOHOGFKY; BO, ECL WUS
J\IBQK RXLCITFUQK NSX R RUHFDFY NEFRUMQFBUBCY. & EU [MUBUELNI EC GHNJODOU OQRUTUEFU BUSX R
ÛHOS. # OQBCRVU_QK WCQBF DEFGF SX [OQSOBMFS, DCD QFEBCDQFQ F FLFOSX .++ [OSOGCIB [OQBMOFB\
OQEORN LHK [OLDHIWUEFK BUY CHGOMFBSOR F QBMNDBNM LCEEXY, DOBOMXU RX PCYOBFBU MUCHFPORCB\. +US EU
SUEUU, LCZU DMCBDFU [MFSUMX FP ]BO_ F QHULNITU_ GHCRX SOGNB [MFGOLFB\QK EC [MCDBFDU, UQHF RCVC
PCLCWC EU OBHFWCUBQK OQOJO_ QHOZEOQB\I.
,HCRC ECWFECUBQK Q QCSOGO RCZEOGO [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMOR new F delete. "CBUS SX MCQQSOBMFS
EUQDOH\DO N[MOTUEEXY, EO OWUE\ [OHUPEXY [MFUSOR N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I R .++. # [OQHULNITFY
GHCRCY O[FQXRCIBQK EUBMFRFCH\EXU SUBOLX, OQEORCEEXU EC FLUKY ]BO_ GHCRX.
Reperpyska onepafopoe new u delete
6EOGFU NLFRHKIBQK BOSN, WBO O[UMCBOMX new F delete SOZEO [UMUGMNZCB\, DCD F RQU OQBCH\EXU
O[UMCBOMX. 5OEKB\, DCD ]BO LUHCUBQK, [MOTU RQUGO EC [MFSUMU.
Rpocfo cnucok ceoopuo narnfu
(CQQSOBMFS [MOQBO_ [MFSUM. )[UMCBOM delete RDHIWCUB OQROJOZLCUSXU JHODF R Q[FQOD QROJOLEO_
[CSKBF. )[UMCBOM new QECWCHC [XBCUBQK RXLUHFB\ JHOD FP Q[FQDC F OJMCTCUBQK D GHOJCH\EOSN
O[UMCBOMN new HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF Q[FQOD QROJOLEO_ [CSKBF [NQB.
class Foo {
private:
struct FreeNode {
FreeNode* next;
};
static FreeNode* fdFreeList;
.3
.94
public:
void* operator new(size_t bytes)
{
if (fgFreeList == NULL)
return ::operator new(bytes);
FreeNode* node = fgFreeList;
FgFreeList = fgFreeList->next;
return node;
}
void operator delete(void* space)
{
((FreeNode*)space->next = fgFreeList;
fgFreeList = (FreeNode*)space;
}
};
0CD RX RQDOMU NJULFBUQ\, [MFRULUEEX_ `MCGSUEB EU[OHOE, OLECDO OE LUSOEQBMFMNUB OJTFU [MFE^F[X
[UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMOR new F delete LHK DOEDMUBEOGO DHCQQC. )[UMCBOM new [OHNWCUB OLFE CMGNSUEB,
OJaUS RXLUHKUSOGO JHODC, F ROPRMCTCUB CLMUQ RXLUHUEEOGO JHODC. -MGNSUEBOS O[UMCBOMC delete
KRHKUBQK CLMUQ OQROJOZLCUSO_ OJHCQBF. $U [XBC_BUQ\ OJaKRHKB\ FY RFMBNCH\EXSF; DOS[FHKBOM HFV\
[OQSUUBQK ECL RCSF. 5MF RXPORU O[UMCBOMC new DOS[FHKBOM BOWEO PECUB, Q DCDFS DHCQQOS OE FSUUB
LUHO, [O]BOSN v-BCJHF^C USN EU ENZEC. 5MF RXPORU O[UMCBOMC delete LUQBMNDBOM O[MULUHKUB, DCDOSN
DHCQQN ]BOB O[UMCBOM LOHZUE [MFECLHUZCB\. %QHF RX YOBFBU GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO JNLUB RXPXRCB\QK
O[UMCBOM delete [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC, BO RFMBNCH\EXS ENZEO QLUHCB\ LUQBMNDBOM, C EU O[UMCBOM
delete. 5UMUGMNPDF JNLNB NECQHULORCEX [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQC Foo, [O]BOSN ]BO [ORHFKUB F EC
[MOÛQQ RXLUHUEFK/OQROJOZLUEFK [CSKBF R EFY. $C [MCDBFDU EUMULDO QOPLCUBQK CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_
DHCQQ, DOBOMX_ EU LUHCUB [OWBF EFWUGO (DCD F R [MFRULUEEOS [MFSUMU) F FQ[OH\PNUBQK BOH\DO LHK
QOPLCEFK DHCQQOR Q LCEEO_ QYUSO_ N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I.
class Bar : public Baseclass, public Foo { ... };
"LUQ\ Bar ECQHULNUB RQU JCPORXU YCMCDBUMFQBFDF BF[C Baseclass, C EUQBCELCMBEOU N[MCRHUEFU
[CSKB\I OB Foo.
Orpauueuun ruuuranuuoro pasrepa
5UMUL BUS DCD YRCBCB\QK PC DOS[FHKBOM, EUOJYOLFSO [MFRUQBF R [OMKLOD [ODCPCEEX_ `MCGSUEB. #O-
[UMRXY, [MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO ]DPUS[HKM Foo QOLUMZFB [O DMC_EU_ SUMU EU SUE\VU JC_B, WUS
Foo::FreeNode*. *HK DHCQQOR RMOLU ECVUGO, EU FSUITUGO [UMUSUEEXY F RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_, ]BOGO
GCMCEBFMORCB\ EUH\PK. )E JNLUB FSUB\ O[MULUHUEEX_ MCPSUM (RO SEOGFY DOS[FHKBOMCY LRC JC_BC),
WBOJX OJaUDBX OJHCLCHF NEFDCH\EXS CLMUQOS, EO [O DOHFWUQBRN JC_B OE SOZUB JXB\ SUE\VU NDCPCBUHK
EC FreeNode. 6X LOHZEX GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO MCPSUM Foo EU SUE\VU MCPSUMC NDCPCBUHK LHK ]BOGO
ENZEO RDHIWFB\ R EUGO v-BCJHF^N FHF YOBK JX [UMUSUEEXU, LO[OHEKITFU UGO LO MCPSUMC NDCPCBUHK.
Rpouseopuue knaccu c poaeneuuuru nepereuuuru
*MNGCK [MOJHUSC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO [MFRULUEEX_ `MCGSUEB EU MCJOBCUB Q [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQCSF,
R DOBOMXY LOJCRHKIBQK EORXU [UMUSUEEXU. (CQQSOBMFS QHULNITNI FUMCMYFI DHCQQOR.
private:
int x;
};
0CZLX_ ]DPUS[HKM Bar [O DMC_EU_ SUMU EC [CMN JC_B JOH\VU, WUS ]DPUS[HKM Foo. %QHF NLCHFB\
]DPUS[HKM Foo, C PCBUS [O[XBCB\QK EUSULHUEEO RXLUHFB\ [CSKB\ LHK ]DPUS[HKMC Bar DCMCNH!
#XLUHUEEX_ JHOD ODCPXRCUBQK EC BN ZU EC [CMN JC_B DOMOWU. #OPSOZEOU QFHOROU MUVUEFU QLUHCB\
O[UMCBOM new LOQBCBOWEO NSEXS LHK BOGO, WBOJX OE [UMUYRCBXRCH BOH\DO [O[XBDF RXLUHUEFK
[MCRFH\EOGO DOHFWUQBRC JC_B. 5OPLEUU JNLNB MCQQSOBMUEX F JOHUU FPKTEXU MUVUEFK.
.95
class Foo {
public:
{
if (bytes != sizeof(Foo) || fgFreeList == NULL)
Return node;
}
};
6X FPJCRFHFQ\ HFV\ OB [MOJHUS, QRKPCEEXY Q RXLUHUEFUS [CSKBF. 5MOÛQQ OQROJOZLUEFK EUOJYOLFSO
FPSUEFB\ R QOOBRUBQBRFF Q ]BO_ QBMCBUGFU_. -H\BUMECBFRECK ÒMSC O[UMCBOMC delete FSUUB RBOMO_
CMGNSUEB DOHFWUQBRO OQROJOZLCUSXY JC_B. $C [UMRX_ RPGHKL DCZUBQK, WBO FP PCBMNLEUEF_ [OKRFHQK
FPKTEX_ RXYOL:
class Foo {
public:
void* operator new(size_t bytes); // F2. G<M"
void operator delete(void* space, size_t bytes)
{
if (bytes != sizeof(Foo))
::operator delete(space);
((FreeNode*)space)->next = fgFreeList;
}
};
+U[UM\ R Q[FQOD JNLNB PCEOQFB\QK BOH\DO ECQBOKTFU Foo F [MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX, QOR[CLCITFU [O
MCPSUMN. $U[HOYO, EO UQB\ OLEC [MOJHUSC. 0CD DOS[FHKBOM [ORULUB QUJK R QHULNITUS `MCGSUEBU?
Foo* foo = new Bar;
delete foo; // I$&'? 7$-2"7 ;30"* /)5'#,-'4$( &'25/#%*'7'2?
Bar JOH\VU Foo, [O]BOSN Foo::operator new [UMU[OMNWCUB MCJOBN GHOJCH\EOSN O[UMCBOMN new. $O
DOGLC [OLYOLFB RMUSK OQROJOZLCB\ [CSKB\, DOS[FHKBOM RQU [NBCUB. (CPSUM, [UMULCRCUSX_
Foo::operator delete, OQEORCE EC LOGCLDU DOS[FHKBOMC OBEOQFBUH\EO ECQBOKTUGO BF[C, C ]BC
LOGCLDC SOZUB ODCPCB\QK EURUMEO_. # LCEEOS QHNWCU SX QDCPCHF DOS[FHKBOMN, WBO ]BO Foo, C EU Bar;
DOS[FHKBOM NYSXHKUBQK F [MOLOHZCUB FGMCB\ [O ECVFS [MCRFHCS. 1BOJX Q[MCRFB\QK Q PCBMNLEUEFKSF,
EUOJYOLFSO PECB\ BOWENI [OQHULORCBUH\EOQB\ NEFWBOZUEFK, ROPEFDCITNI R O[UMCBOMCY RFLC delete
foo;. .ECWCHC RXPXRCIBQK LUQBMNDBOMX, ECWFECK Q [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC, F LCHUU RRUMY [O Û[OWDU.
"CBUS O[UMCBOM delete RXPXRCUBQK DOLOS, ODMNZCITFS LUQBMNDBOM [MOFPROLEOGO DHCQQC. 3BO
OPECWCUB, WBO [MOJHUSC ROPEFDCUB BOH\DO LHK EURFMBNCH\EXY LUQBMNDBOMOR. %QHF LUQBMNDBOM KRHKUBQK
RFMBNCH\EXS, CMGNSUEB MCPSUMC R O[UMCBOMU delete RQUGLC JNLUB [MCRFH\EXS 2438-_ LOROL R
[OH\PN [MFSUEUEFK RFMBNCH\EXY LUQBMNDBOMOR, UQHF BOH\DO N RCQ EU ECYOLFBQK LU_QBRFBUH\EO RUQDFY
[MFWFE [MOBFR EFY.
Paou knacc cnucka ceoopuo narnfu
4WFBXRCK RQU QDCPCEEOU, QHULNITF_ `MCGSUEB RQUGLC JNLUB [MCRFH\EO MCJOBCB\ EC DOS[FHKBOMCY,
FQ[OH\PNITFY v-BCJHF^X.
class Foo {
private:
struct FreeNode {
FreeNode* next;
};
.96
static FreeNode* fdFreeList;
public:
virtual ~Foo() {}
{
if (bytes != sizeof(Foo) || fgFreeList == NULL)
return node;
}
void operator delete(void* space, size_t bytes)
{
if (bytes != sizeof(Foo))
return ::operator delete(space);
((FreeNode*)space)->next = fgFreeList;
}
};
4DCPCBUH\ v-BCJHF^X GCMCEBFMNUB, WBO DCZLX_ Foo [O DMC_EU_ SUMU EU SUE\VU NDCPCBUHK EC
QHULNITF_ ]HUSUEB Q[FQDC (FreeNode*), C RFMBNCH\EX_ LUQBMNDBOM OJUQ[UWFRCUB [MCRFH\EOQB\
MCPSUMC, [UMULCRCUSOGO O[UMCBOMN delete.
5ORBOMKI: MCQQSOBMUEECK QYUSC N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I EU [MULECPECWUEC LHK [MCDBFWUQDOGO [MFSUEUEFK
(RQBMUBFR [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ, OEC QOJFMCUB RUTF F OB[MCRHKUBQK LOSO_). )EC HFV\ LUSOEQBMFMNUB
EUDOBOMXU JCPORXU [MFE^F[X [UMUGMNPDF O[UMCBOMOR new F delete.
Hacnepoeauue onepafopoe new u delete
%QHF [UMUGMNPFB\ O[UMCBOMX new F delete LHK EUDOBOMOGO DHCQQC, [UMUGMNZUEEXU RUMQFF JNLNB
NECQHULORCEX [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQCSF. $FWBO EU [OSUVCUB RCS QEORC [UMUGMNPFB\ new F/FHF delete R
OLEOS FP ]BFY [MOFPROLEXY DHCQQOR.
public:
virtual ~Bar(); // Foo::~Foo *'1" 0'#1"( ;<*, 4/7*3$#,(<2
void operator delete(void* space, size_t bytes);
};
. RFMBNCH\EXS LUQBMNDBOMOS RQU MCJOBCUB. %QHF LUQBMNDBOM EU RFMBNCH\EX_, R QHULNITUS `MCGSUEBU
JNLUB RXPRCE [MCRFH\EX_ O[UMCBOM new F O[UMCBOM delete JCPOROGO DHCQQC:
Foo* foo = new Bar;
delete foo;
>OBK ]BOB `MCGSUEB MCJOBCUB, [OLOJEOU [UMUO[MULUHUEFU [UMUGMNZUEEXY O[UMCBOMOR OJXWEO QWFBCUBQK
LNMEXS BOEOS. #O RQKDOS QHNWCU R DMNGN PECBODOR .++ O BCDFY RUTCY EU GOROMKB. 0OGLC [MOFPROLEX_
DHCQQ ECWFECUB RSUVFRCB\QK R N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I JCPOROGO DHCQQC, RO RQU_ [MOGMCSSU ECWFECIB
ROPEFDCB\ EU[MULRFLUEEXU ]`ÙDBX. %QHF RCS PCYOWUBQK FQ[OH\PORCB\ EUQDOH\DO QBMCBUGF_ N[MCRHUEFK
[CSKB\I R OLEO_ FUMCMYFF DHCQQOR, HNWVU QMCPN RDHIWFB\ ENZENI QBMCBUGFI R DOEDMUBEX_
[MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ QMULQBRCSF SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK, WUS NECQHULORCB\ UU F [OBOS PCKRFB\ R
[MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU: >C-YC, K [OVNBFH.
.97
Apryreufu onepafopa new
)[UMCBOM new SOZEO [UMUGMNPFB\ BCD, WBOJX [OSFSO MCPSUMC OE RXPXRCHQK F Q LMNGFSF
LO[OHEFBUH\EXSF CMGNSUEBCSF. 5UMUGMNPDC HFVCUB RCQ QBCELCMBEO_ QFGECBNMX void* operator
new(size_t), F, UQHF RCS ]BOGO EU YOWUBQK, UU [MFLUBQK RDHIWFB\ R [MOGMCSSN RMNWENI.
#define kPoolSize 4096
struct Pool {
unsigned char* next; // F#"03>K/? )4';'0(<? ;$?*
unsigned char space[kPoolSize];
Pool() : next(&space[0]) {}
};
class Foo {
public:
{ return ::operator new(bytes); }
void* operator new(size_t bytes, Pool* pool)
{
void* space = pool->next;
pool->next += bytes;
return space;
}
};
void f()
{
Pool localPool;
Foo* foo1 = new Foo; // D)5'#,-3"* '5"7$*'7 new 5' 32'#.$(/>
Foo* foo2 = new(&localPool) Foo; // D)5'#,-3"* 5"7"873-&3
}
"LUQ\ DHFUEB, C EU DHCQQ NDCPXRCUB, GLU QHULNUB MCPSUQBFB\ OJaUDB. 5ODCPCE HFV\ `MCGSUEB [OHEO_
QBMCBUGFF. $C[MFSUM, DCD O[UMCBOM delete NPECUB, OBDNLC JXHC RPKBC [CSKB\ FP GHOJCH\EOGO [NHC,
FQ[OH\PNUSOGO O[UMCBOMOS new [O NSOHWCEFI, FHF ECQBCELCMBEOGO [NHC, DOBOMX_ FQ[OH\PNUBQK
[UMUGMNZUEEXS O[UMCBOMOS new? #[MOWUS, OQEORECK FLUK [MOQBC: [MULOQBCRFB\ DHFUEBN DHCQQC
EUDOBOMNI QBU[UE\ DOEBMOHK ECL MCPSUTUEFUS ]DPUS[HKMOR R [CSKBF. 3BO OPECWCUB, WBO Q[OQOJ
RXLUHUEFK [CSKBF SOZUB RXJFMCB\QK LHK DOEDMUBEXY OJaUDBOR F EU OJKPCE QOR[CLCB\ LHK RQUY
]DPUS[HKMOR DHCQQC.
)[UMCBOM new SOZEO [UMUGMNZCB\ Q HIJXSF EORXSF QFGECBNMCSF [MF NQHORFF, WBO RQU OEF
MCPHFWCIBQK, C [UMRXS CMGNSUEBOS DCZLO_ [UMUGMNZUEEO_ RUMQFF KRHKUBQK size_t DOHFWUQBRO
ENZEXY JC_B. 5UMUGMNPDF SOGNB JXB\ DCD GHOJCH\EXSF, BCD F [MFECLHUZCB\ DOEDMUBEXS DHCQQCS.
0OGLC DOS[FHKBOM RQBMUWCUB CMGNSUEBX SUZLN new F FSUEUS DHCQQC, OE [OLQBCRHKUB MCPSUM R ECWCHO
Q[FQDC CMGNSUEBOR F FTUB [OLYOLKTNI QFGECBNMN.
Koucfpyupoeauue c paspeneuuer qas
3BC FLFOSC [MULHOZUEC *ZU_SQOS 0O[HFEOS (James Coplien), DOBOMX_ ECPRCH UU RFMBNCH\EXS
DOEQBMNDBOMOS. 1BO LUHCUB QHULNITF_ [UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM new?
class Foo {
public:
void* operator new(size_t, void* p) { return p; }
};
$C [UMRX_ RPGHKL EFWUGO; [NQBCK BMCBC RMUSUEF. $O BCD HF ]BO? 1BO [MOFPO_LUB R QHULNITUS
`MCGSUEBU?
.98
union U {
Foo foo;
Bar bar;
Banana banana;
};
U whatIsThis;
0OS[FHKBOM .++ EU SOZUB O[MULUHFB\, DCDO_ DOEQBMNDBOM QHULNUB RXPXRCB\ LHK whatIsThis
Foo::Foo(), Bar::Bar() FHF Banana::Banana(). (CPNSUUBQK, JOH\VU OLEOGO DOEQBMNDBOMC
RXPXRCB\ EUH\PK, [OQDOH\DN RQU WHUEX PCEFSCIB OLEO F BO ZU SUQBO R [CSKBF, EO JUP FEQBMND^F_ OB RCQ
EU SOZUB RXJMCB\ ENZEX_ DOEQBMNDBOM. 0CD F RO SEOGFY LMNGFY QFBNC^FKY, DOS[FHKBOM [OLEFSUB
MNDF; OE QOOJTCUB OJ OVFJDU F OBDCPXRCUBQK [MFEFSCB\ OJaULFEUEFU, WHUEX DOBOMOGO FSUIB
DOEQBMNDBOMX. %QHF RX YOBFBU, WBOJX OLEC OJHCQB\ [CSKBF SOGHC FEF^FCHFPFMORCB\QK EUQDOH\DFSF
MCPHFWEXSF Q[OQOJCSF, [MFLUBQK [OLNSCB\, DCD OJSCENB\ DOS[FHKBOM. )[FQCEEX_ RXVU [NQBO_
DOEQBMNDBOM [OLO_LUB HNWVU RQUGO.
unsigned char space[4096];
Foo* whatIsThis = new(&space[0]) Foo;
:CDBFWUQDF [MOFQYOLFB BO, WBO R .++ [MOFQYOLFB\ EU LOHZEO RXPOR DOEQBMNDBOMC. 5MF ]BOS [CSKB\
EC RXLUHKUBQK F EU OQROJOZLCUBQK, [OQDOH\DN O[UMCBOM new EFWUGO EU LUHCUB. +US EU SUEUU,
DOS[FHKBOM .++ QOWBUB, WBO ]BO EORX_ OJaUDB, F &.# 6+&*% &'9%&#" $%*."68$"%6. %QHF [OPLEUU RX
[UMULNSCUBU F PCYOBFBU FQ[OH\PORCB\ BN ZU OJHCQB\ [CSKBF LHK LMNGOGO OJaUDBC, BO QSOZUBU QEORC
RXPRCB\ YFBMONSEX_ O[UMCBOM new F FEF^FCHFPFMORCB\ UU PCEORO.
5MF QOPLCEFF OJaUDBC O[UMCBOMOS new DOS[FHKBOM RQUGLC FQ[OH\PNUB LRNYVCGORX_ [MOÛQQ:
/. #XLUHUEFU [CSKBF [OL OJaUDB.
2. #XPOR DOEQBMNDBOMC OJaUDBC.
3BOB DOL PC[MKBCE R RX[OHEKUSOS DOLU, GUEUMFMNUSOS DOS[FHKBOMOS, F R OJXWEXY QFBNC^FKY RBOMO_
VCG EU RX[OHEKUBQK JUP [UMROGO. !LFOSC RFMBNCH\EOGO DOEQBMNDBOMC [OPROHKUB ECLUB\ [ORKPDN EC GHCPC
DOS[FHKBOMN F OJO_BF ]BO OGMCEFWUEFU.
Onepafueuoe usreueuue funa oLekfa
%QHF [OPLEUU Foo RCS ECLOUQB F RX PCYOBFBU FQ[OH\PORCB\ BN ZU OJHCQB\ LHK Banana, BO [MF ECHFWFF N
Banana BOGO ZU [UMUGMNZUEEOGO O[UMCBOMC new RX QSOZUBU JXQBMO QSUEFB\ BF[ OJaUDBC.
Banana* b = new(&space[0]) Banana;
5N`! 8XH Foo, QBCH Banana. 3BO F ECPXRCUBQK FLFOSO_ &(6"8+2;*%7% $%*."68$"%6+. +CDOU MUVUEFU
[OHEOQB\I QOOBRUBQBRNUB Q[U^F`FDC^FF KPXDC.
Orpauueuun
5MFSUEKK ]BN FLFOSN, EUOJYOLFSO [OSEFB\ O LRNY OJQBOKBUH\QBRCY:
/. )JHCQB\, [UMULCRCUSCK O[UMCBOMN new, LOHZEC JXB\ LOQBCBOWEC LHK DOEQBMNFMORCEFK DHCQQC.
2. )J FPSUEUEFF LOHZEX PECB\ RQU DHFUEBX, YMCEKTFU CLMUQ OJaUDBC!
8NLUB RUQ\SC EU[MFKBEO, UQHF RX QSUEFHF BF[ OJaUDBC Q Foo EC Banana BOH\DO LHK BOGO, WBOJX DCDO_-
EFJNL\ DHFUEBQDF_ OJaUDB BNB ZU RXPRCH OLEN FP `NED^F_ Foo.
Yuufoeuue c paspeneuuer qas
)JaUDB, [UMULCEEX_ R DCWUQBRU CMGNSUEBC O[UMCBOMN delete, OJXWEO NEFWBOZCUBQK DOS[FHKBOMOS R
LRC ]BC[C:
/. #XPOR LUQBMNDBOMC.
2. #XPOR O[UMCBOMC delete LHK OQROJOZLUEFK [CSKBF.
*OROH\EO WCQBO SX DCWCUS GOHORO_ F GOROMFS: >OMOVO JX RXPRCB\ LUQBMNDBOM, EO EU BMOGCB\ [CSKB\.
*O[NQBFS, RX MCPSUQBFHF OJaUDB R [NHU, C BU[UM\ EU YOBFBU, WBOJX WCQB\ HODCH\EO QOPLCEEOGO [NHC
.99
RUMENHCQ\ R GHCREOU YMCEFHFTU [CSKBF. 5O CECHOGFF Q BUS, DCD SX MCPLUHFHF LRNYVCGORX_ [MOÛQQ
DOEQBMNFMORCEFK, SOZEO MCPLUHFB\ F LRNYVCGORX_ [MOÛQQ NEFWBOZUEFK, EC[MKSNI RXPXRCK
LUQBMNDBOMX. )LECDO R OBHFWFU OB BUY RXDMNBCQOR, DOBOMXSF QO[MOROZLCHOQ\ MCPLUHUEFU [MOÛQQC
DOEQBMNFMORCEFK, Q NEFWBOZUEFUS LUHO OJQBOFB OWUE\ [MOQBO LOQBCBOWEO RXPRCB\ LUQBMNDBOM BCD,
QHOREO ]BO OJXWECK `NED^FK DHCQQC.
void f()
{
Pool localPool;
Foo* foo1 = new Foo; // D)5'#,-3"* '5"7$*'7 new 5' 32'#.$(/>
Foo* foo2 = new(&localPool) Foo; // D)5'#,-3"* 5"7"873-&3
delete foo1; // :#% '5"7$*'7$ new 5' 32'#.$(/>
foo2->~Foo(); // =7%2'? 4<-'4 0")*73&*'7$
}
localPool JOH\VO_ JHOD [CSKBF, HODCH\EX_ [O OBEOVUEFI D `NED^FF. 5OQDOH\DN OE QOPLCUBQK R
QBUDU, [MF PCRUMVUEFF f() OE RXBCHDFRCUBQK FP QBUDC. #XLUHUEFU [MOFQYOLFB SOHEFUEOQEO, [OQDOH\DN
HODCH\EXU OJaUDBX PC[OHEKIB [NH QEFPN RRUMY. )QROJOZLUEFU [MOFQYOLFB UTU JXQBMUU, [OQDOH\DN
NEFWBOZCUBQK QMCPN RUQ\ [NH. %LFEQBRUEECK [MOJHUSC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO DOS[FHKBOM EU JNLUB
CRBOSCBFWUQDF RXPXRCB\ LUQBMNDBOMX OJaUDBOR, QOPLCEEXY RENBMF localPool. #CS [MFLUBQK QLUHCB\
]BO QCSOQBOKBUH\EO, FQ[OH\PNK BOH\DO WBO O[FQCEENI SUBOLFDN.
Kfo ynpaennef eupeneuuer narnfu?
*OROH\EO MCPGOROMOR O DOEDMUBEXY SUYCEFPSCY; [OGOROMFS OJ CMYFBUDBNMU. .NTUQBRNIB BMF OQEOREXU
QBMCBUGFF LHK O[MULUHUEFK BOGO, GLU OJaUDB JNLUB ECYOLFB\QK R [CSKBF F DCD PCEFSCUSCK FS [CSKB\ R
DOEUWEOS QWUBU ROPRMCBFBQK R QFQBUSN:
/. ,HOJCH\EOU N[MCRHUEFU.
2. 4[MCRHUEFU R DHCQQCY.
3. 4[MCRHUEFU [OL MNDOROLQBROS DHFUEBC.
#[MOWUS, ]BO EU ODOEWCBUH\ECK DHCQQF`FDC^FK: DHFUEBQDF_ DOL SOZUB O[MULUHKB\, C SOZUB F EU
O[MULUHKB\ SUQBO MCPSUTUEFK OJaUDBOR. 3BF MUVUEFK SOGNB [MFEFSCB\QK, C SOGNB F EU [MFEFSCB\QK
OJaUDBCSF DHCQQOR. $CDOEU^, RQK BKZUHCK MCJOBC SOZUB RX[OHEKB\QK RULNTFSF NDCPCBUHKSF, C SOZUB F
EU RX[OHEKB\QK.
Fnoanuuoe ynpaeneuue
5O NSOHWCEFI OJaUDBX QOPLCIBQK GHOJCH\EXS O[UMCBOMOS new F NEFWBOZCIBQK GHOJCH\EXS
O[UMCBOMOS delete. 5UMUGMNPDC ]BFY O[UMCBOMOR [OPROHKUB RCS MUCHFPORCB\ EUQBCELCMBENI QYUSN
N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, EO ]BO QWFBCUBQK LNMEXS BOEOS.
)WUE\ BMNLEO OJaULFEFB\ MCPLUH\EO EC[FQCEEXU JFJHFOBUDF, DCZLCK FP DOBOMXY [UMUGMNZCUB
PCLCEEXU [O NSOHWCEFI O[UMCBOMX new F delete.
#CVF [UMUGMNPDF RHFKIB EU BOH\DO EC RCV DOL, EO F EC DOL, EC[FQCEEX_ LMNGFSF (RDHIWCK
JFJHFOBUDF, LHK DOBOMXY EUB FQYOLEXY BUDQBOR).
#QU [UMUGMNPDF, [MFECLHUZCTFU DOEDMUBEOSN DHCQQN, [UMUGMNZCIB RCVF GHOJCH\EXU RUMQFF.
$C KPXDU .++ ]BO PRNWFB BCD, QHOREO RX PCDCPXRCUBU WC_ OLEORMUSUEEO Q SOHODOS F HFSOEOS.
%QHF RCS PCYOWUBQK [MOLUHCB\ EUWBO [OLOJEOU N QUJK LOSC FHF R O`FQU [OZCHN_QBC, EO K EU
QORUBNI N[OSFECB\ OJ ]BOS EC QUSFECMCY [O .++.
5OH\PORCBUHF SOGNB FPSUEFB\ RCVN [MUL[OHOZFBUH\EO GHOJCH\ENI QBMCBUGFI, [UMUGMNZCK
O[UMCBOMX new F delete R DOEDMUBEXY DHCQQCY. 5UMUGMNPDC QBCELCMBEXY GHOJCH\EXY
O[UMCBOMOR LCUB SUE\VU, WUS YOBUHOQ\ JX.
200
Bupeneuue u oceoopeuue narnfu e knaccax
5UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMOR new F delete DCD `NED^F_ DHCQQC EUQDOH\DO [ORXVCUB RCV DOEBMOH\ ECL
[MOFQYOLKTFS. !PSUEUEFK OBEOQKBQK BOH\DO D LCEEOSN DHCQQN F UGO [MOFPROLEXS DHCQQCS, BCD WBO
[OJOWEXU ]`ÙDBX OJXWEO ODCPXRCIBQK SFEFSCH\EXSF. +CDO_ RCMFCEB MCJOBCUB HNWVU RQUGO [MF
RXLUHUEFF EUQBCELCMBEO_ QYUSX N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I R OBLUH\EX_ DHCQQ F UGO [OQHULNITUS
[OLDHIWUEFF QMULQBRCSF SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK. *HK EUDOBOMXY QYUS N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I
BCDCK ROPSOZEOQB\ FQDHIWCUBQK, EO ]BO NZU BMNLEOQBF CMYFBUDBOMC [ODCPCB\, [OWUSN UU *# .2#)8#"
MUCHFPORXRCB\ EC JCPU [OLDHIWCUSXY DHCQQOR.
%QHF N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I MUCHFPORCEO R DHCQQU F RX SOZUBU QOPLCB\ OB EUGO [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ,
LUQBMNDBOM QHULNUB QLUHCB\ RFMBNCH\EXS, WBOJX BOB ZU DHCQQ SOG F FQROJOZLCB\ [CSKB\. 5MOFPROLEXU
DHCQQX EU LOHZEX [UMUGMNZCB\ [UMUGMNZUEEXU RUMQFF.
Ynpaeneuue narnfuk nop pykoeopcfeor knueufa
0CD LUSOEQBMFMNIB [MFRULUEEXU RXVU `MCGSUEBX, DHFUEBQDF_ DOL SOZUB RXJFMCB\, GLU OJaUDB
LOHZUE ECYOLFB\QK R [CSKBF. )JXWEO ]BO LUHCUBQK Q [OSOT\I [UMUGMNZUEEOGO O[UMCBOMC new,
FSUITUGO LO[OHEFBUH\EXU CMGNSUEBX [OSFSO size_t. # N[MCRHUEFF [CSKB\I OBDMXRCIBQK EORXU
[UMQ[UDBFRX N[MCRHUEFU EC NMOREU OBLUH\EXY OJaUDBOR, C EU DHCQQC R ÛHOS. 0 QOZCHUEFI, ]BC
QBMCBUGFK [UMUDHCLXRCUB EC DHFUEBC YHO[OBX, QRKPCEEXU Q OQROJOZLUEFUS [CSKBF. (UCHFPC^FK
[OHNWCUBQK QHOZEO_, C SOLNH\EOQB\ EFPDO_. $C[MFSUM, QBOFB FPSUEFB\ CMGNSUEBX EUQBCELCMBEOGO
O[UMCBOMC new, F RCS [MFLUBQK REOQFB\ FPSUEUEFK RO RQUY SUQBCY DHFUEBQDOGO DOLC, GLU OE
FQ[OH\PNUBQK. 5ODC RQU [UMUDOS[FHFMNUBQK PCEORO, SOZEO [OGNHKB\ EC QRUZUS ROPLNYU. #[MOWUS,
EUQSOBMK EC RQU [MOJHUSX, ]BC QBMCBUGFK HUGDO MUCHFPNUSC, OWUE\ ]`ÙDBFREC F YOMOVO MCJOBCUB R
[MOQBXY QFBNC^FKY.
OLekfu knaccoe u npouseopnue qyukuuu
(CQ[OHOZUEFU OJaUDBC R [CSKBF BCDZU SOZUB RXJFMCB\QK OJaUDBOS DHCQQC FHF [MOFPROLKTU_
`NED^FU_ (FHF `NED^FKSF). #OPSOZEX MCPEXU RCMFCEBX, OB [MOQBU_VFY (EC[MFSUM, [MULOQBCRHUEFU
OLEO_ QBMCBUGFF LHK RQUGO DHCQQC) LO RXJOMC QBMCBUGFF EC OQEORCEFF CMGNSUEBOR, [UMULCEEXY
[MOFPROLKTU_ `NED^FF. 5MF FQ[OH\PORCEFF EUQDOH\DFY QBMCBUGF_ RX EUFPSUEEO [MFLUBU D QBMCBUGFF
EURFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_, MCQQSOBMUEEO_ R QHULNITUS MCPLUHU. 8OHUU BOGO, ]BF LRU DOEÛ[^FF [MUDMCQEO
MCJOBCIB RSUQBU.
Ynpaeneuue narnfuk c npureueuuer eepyux ykasafene
5OYOZU, K QORMCH; R ]BO_ GHCRU ECS RQU ZU [MFLUBQK RUMENB\QK D NSEXS NDCPCBUHKS. 4[MCRHUEFU
[CSKB\I [OL MNDOROLQBROS DHFUEBC SOZEO NQORUMVUEQBRORCB\, FEDC[QNHFMNK MCPHFWEXU QBMCBUGFF R
NSEXY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHKY. (CQVFMUEFU CMYFBUDBNMX Q HODCH\EXSF [NHCSF LUSOEQBMFMNUB OQEORENI
FLUI, DOBOMCK SOZUB JXB\ [MFQ[OQOJHUEC [MCDBFWUQDF LHK HIJO_ QYUSX Q N[MCRHUEFUS EC NMOREU
OJaUDBOR.
Cneuuanusupoeauuue eepyue ykasafenu
5MOQBU_VCK QBMCBUGFK PCDHIWCUBQK R QOPLCEFF Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEOGO DHCQQC RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK FHF
VCJHOEC, DOBOMX_ PECUB O HODCH\EOS [NHU F FQ[OH\PNUB GHOJCH\ENI [UMUGMNPDN O[UMCBOMC new.
struct Pool { ... }; // I$& / 7$(,M"
void* operator new(Pool* p); // G<0"#"(/" /- 53#$
class PoolMP {
private:
Type* pointee;
PoolMP(const PoolMP<Type>&) {} // I'5/7'4$(/" (" 7$-7"M"('...
PoolMP<Type>& operator=(const PoolMP<Type>&)
{ return *this; } // .../ 57/)4$/4$(/" *'1"
public:
20.
PoolMP(Pool* p) : pointee(new(p) Type) {}
~PoolMP() { pointee->~Type(); }
Type* operator->() const { return pointee; }
};
5MF ZUHCEFF DHFUEB SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\ PoolMP LHK RXLUHUEFK F OQROJOZLUEFK [CSKBF R HODCH\EOS
[NHU. *UQBMNDBOM RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK RXPXRCUB LUQBMNDBOM NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, EO EU OQROJOZLCUB
[CSKB\. 5OQDOH\DN RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ EU QHULFB PC FQYOLEXS [NHOS, DO[FMORCEFU F [MFQRCFRCEFU
[OLLUMZFRCB\ EU NLCQBQK, BCD DCD RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ [OEKBFK EU FSUUB, R DCDOS [NHU QOPLCRCB\ EORXU
DO[FF. %QHF EU QWFBCB\ ]BFY EULOQBCBDOR, [UMUL ECSF `CDBFWUQDF [MOQBU_VF_ NDCPCBUH\, EU
OBKGOTUEEX_ EFDCDFSF FPLUMZDCSF.
$C ]BO SOZEO ROPMCPFB\, WBO DO[FMORCEFU F [MFQRCFRCEFU RQU ZU QHULNUB [OLLUMZFRCB\, EO Q
FQ[OH\PORCEFU O[UMCBOMOR new F delete [O NSOHWCEFI. # ]BOS QHNWCU DOEQBMNDBOM DO[F_ F O[UMCBOM
= MCJOBCIB BCD ZU, DCD F LHK OJXWEOGO RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK.
Opafuue ykasafenu ua nyn
1BOJX [OLLUMZFRCB\ DO[FMORCEFU F [MFQRCFRCEFU R [NHU, SOZEO PC[OSFECB\ CLMUQ [NHC.
class PoolMP {
private:
Type* pointee;
Pool* pool;
public:
PoolMP(Pool* p) : pointee(new(p) Type), pool(p) {}
~PoolMP() { pointee->Type::~Type(); }
PoolMP(const PoolMP<Type>& pmp) : pointee(new(pool) Type(*pointee)) {}
PoolMP<Type>& operator=(const PoolMP<Type>& pmp)
{
if (this == &pmp) return *this;
delete pointee;
pointee = new(pool) Type(*pointee);
return *this;
}
};
3BO OJO_LUBQK RCS R WUBXMU HFVEFY JC_BC [CSKBF, EO EU [OBMUJNUB HFVEFY BCDBOR [MOÛQQOMC [O
QMCREUEFI Q FQ[OH\PORCEFUS OJXWEXY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_.
Cocyecfeoeauue c ouuuru eepyuru ykasafennru
5MULHOZUEEOU MUVUEFU OBEIL\ EU FLUCH\EO. !EBUMÙ_Q PoolMP OBDMXRCUB SEOGOU FP BOGO, O WUS
QHULORCHO JX PECB\ BOH\DO DHCQQCS. 8OHUU BOGO, UQHF RCS PCYOWUBQK QORSUQBEO MCJOBCB\ Q OJaUDBCSF FP
[NHC F OJaUDBCSF, MCPSUTUEEXSF LMNGFS Q[OQOJOS (EC[MFSUM, Q [OSOT\I QBCELCMBEOGO SUYCEFPSC),
ECWFECIBQK ECQBOKTFU BMNLEOQBF. ;UEO_ LOJCRHUEFK v-BCJHF^X SX QSOZUS PECWFBUH\EO HNWVU
FEDC[QNHFMORCB\ OBHFWFK R QBMCBUGFKY N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I.
class MP {
protected:
MP(const MP<Type>&) {} // I'5/7'4$(/" (" 7$-7"M"('
MP<Type>& operator=(const MP<Type>&)
{ return *this; } // =7/)4$/4$(/" *'1"
MP() {} // D)5'#,-3"*)% *'#,&' 57'/-4'0(<2/ &#$))$2/
202
public:
virtual ~MP() {} // L)4';'10"(/" 4<5'#(%"*)% 57'/-4'0(<2/ &#$))$2/
virtual Type* operator->() const = 0;
};

class DefaultMP : public MP<Type> {
private:
Type* pointee;
public:
DefaultMP() : pointee(new Type) {}
DefaultMP(const DefaultMP<Type>& dmp)
: pointee(new Type(*dmp.pointee)) {}
virtual ~DefaultMP() { delete pointee; }
DefaultMP<Type>& operator=(const DefaultMP<Type>& dmp)
{
if (this == &dmp) return *this;
delete pointee;
pointee = new Type(*dmp.pointee);
return *this;
}
virtual Type* operator->() const { return pointee; }
};

class LocalPoolMP : public MP<Type> {
private:
Type* pointee;
Pool* pool;
public:
LocalPoolMP(Pool* p)
: pointee(new(p) Type), pool(p) []
LocalPoolMP(const LocalPoolMP<Type>& lpmp)
: pointee(new(lpmp.pool) Type(*lpmp.pointee)), pool(lpmp.pool) {}
virtual ~LocalPoolMP() { pointee->Type::~Type(); }
LocalPoolMP<Type>& operator=(const LocalPoolMP<Type>& lpmp)
{
if (this == &lpmp) return *this;
pointee->Type::~Type();
pointee = new(pool) Type(*lpmp.pointee);
return *this;
}
virtual Type* operator->() const { return pointee; }
};
+U[UM\ DefaultMP F LocalPoolMP SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ QORSUQBEO LOQBCBOWEO QOOJTFB\ DHFUEBN,
WBO OEF [MFECLHUZCB D BF[N MP<Type>&. 0O[FMORCEFU F [MFQRCFRCEFU [OLLUMZFRCUBQK LHK BUY
DHCQQOR, DOBOMXU RPCFSOLU_QBRNIB Q [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQCSF, EO PC[MUTUEO LHK BUY, DOBOMXU PECIB
BOH\DO O JCPOROS DHCQQU. # [MFRULUEEOS DOLU UQB\ OLEC BOEDOQB\: O[UMCBOMECK `NED^FK
LocalPoolMP::operator= RQUGLC FQ[OH\PNUB new(pool) RSUQBO new(lpmp.pool). 3BO [ORXVCUB
203
JUPO[CQEOQB\ R BUY QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC LRC RULNTFY NDCPCBUHK [OQBN[CIB FP MCPEXY OJHCQBU_ LU_QBRFK F
MCPEXY [NHOR.
Heeupurue ykasafenu
(CP NZ SX PC[HCBFHF RQBN[FBUH\EX_ RPEOQ F QOPLCHF FUMCMYFI DHCQQOR RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_, [OWUSN
JX EU [O_BF LCH\VU F EU QLUHCB\ ]BF NDCPCBUHF EURFLFSXSF? #SUQBO [MFSUEUEFK VCJHOEC ECS
[MFLUBQK MUCHFPORCB\ OBLUH\EX_ DHCQQ NDCPCBUHK LHK DCZLOGO DHCQQC NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, EO ]BO EU
QHFVDOS JOH\VCK ÛEC PC [OHNWCUSNI GFJDOQB\.
// G @$?#" foo.h
class Foo {
public:
static Foo* make(); // D)5'#,-3"* 4<0"#"(/" 5' 32'#.$(/>
static Foo* make(Pool*); // D)5'#,-3"* 53#
virtual ~Foo() {}
// :$#"" )#"03>* ./)*' 4/7*3$#,(<" @3(&B//
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
class PoolFoo : public Foo {
private:
Foo* foo;
Pool* pool;
public:
PoolFoo(Foo* f, Pool* p) : foo(f), pool(p) {}
virtual ~PoolFoo() { foo->~Foo(); }
// ="7"'57"0"#"(/% @3(&B/? &#$))$, 0"#"8/73>K/" & foo
};
// L;<.(<? ("4/0/2<? 3&$-$*"#,
};
class ConcreteFoo : public Foo { ... };
Foo* Foo::make()
{
return new PFoo(new ConcreteFoo);
}
Foo* Foo::make(Pool* p)
{
return new PoolFoo(new(p) ConcreteFoo, p);
}
+CDO_ RCMFCEB ECSEOGO WFTU LHK DHFUEBC. %LFEQBRUEEOU SUQBO, R DOBOMOS DHFUEBQDF_ DOL LOHZUE
PECB\ WBO-BO O [NHCY, QOPLCEFU OJaUDBC `NED^FU_ make(Pool*). )QBCH\EXU [OH\PORCBUHF
[OHNWUEEOGO EURFLFSOGO NDCPCBUHK [OEKBFK EU FSUIB, ECYOLFBQK FY MCJOWF_ OJaUDB R [NHU FHF EUB.
Cfekoeue oonoku
1BOJX LOJFB\QK SCDQFSCH\EO_ FEDC[QNHK^FF, QHULNUB REUQBF R O[FQCEENI CMYFBUDBNMN QHULNITFU
FPSUEUEFK:
.LUHCB\ Pool WFQBO CJQBMCDBEXS JCPORXS DHCQQOS Q FEDC[QNHFMORCEEXSF [MOFPROLEXSF
DHCQQCSF, [MOFPROLKTFSF `NED^FKSF F B.L.
5MULOQBCRFB\ `NED^FI static Foo::makePool(). :NED^FK make(Pool*) JNLUB MCJOBCB\ F
LHK LMNGFY MCPEORFLEOQBU_ Pool, EO makePool() [OPROHKUB Foo RXJMCB\ [MOFPROLKTNI
`NED^FI Pool, O[BFSCH\ENI LHK YMCEUEFK Foo (EC[MFSUM, Q [UMULCWU_ MCPSUMC ]DPUS[HKMC).
204
5UMUMCJOBCB\ QBCMX_ VCJHOE MP FP [MULXLNTFY GHCR (Q O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FU_ operator
Type*()), WBOJX [MF RXYOLU FP [NHC F NDCPCBUHU_ PC [MULUHX OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK RQU
EUOJYOLFSOU CRBOSCBFWUQDF NEFWBOZCHOQ\.
$FZU [ODCPCE [MFSUMEX_ RFL [OHNWUEEOGO FEBUMÙ_QC, Q `MCGSUEBOS DHFUEBQDOGO DOLC F JUP
RFMBNCH\EOGO O[UMCBOMC =.
// G @$?#" foo.h
// ='0&#>./*, ';E%4#"(/" ./)*' $;)*7$&*('8' ;$-'4'8' &#$))$
#include pool.h
class Foo {
private:
Foo(const Foo&) {}
Foo& operator=(const Foo&) { return *this; }
public:
static Pool* makePool(); // F'-0$*, 53#, '5*/2/-/7'4$((<? 0#% Foo
static Foo* make(); // +" /)5'#,-3"* 53#
static Foo* make(Pool*); // D)5'#,-3"* 53#
// D *.0.
};
// I#/"(*)&/? &'0
void g(Foo*);
void f()
{
MP<Pool> pool(Foo::makePool());
MP<Foo> foo(Foo::make(pool));
foo->MemberOfFoo(); // D)5'#,-3"* '5"7$*'7(3> @3(&B/> operator->()
g(foo); // D)5'#,-3"* '5"7$*'7(3> @3(&B/> operator Type*()
// G<C'0 /- ';#$)*/ 0"?)*4/% 30$#%"*)% )($.$#$ foo, -$*"2 pool
}
Repcnekfueu
,HCRC PCDCEWFRCUBQK YOMOVO NSEO_, ]`ÙDBFREO_ FEDC[QNHK^FU_ OWUE\ QHOZEO_ [MOJHUSX LFPC_EC.
%LFEQBRUEEXS NKPRFSXS SUQBOS KRHKUBQK RXPOR `NED^FF g(), DOBOMCK LOHZEC [OOJUTCB\ EU
QOYMCEKB\ LOHGORMUSUEEX_ NDCPCBUH\ EC QRO_ CMGNSUEB. #[MOWUS, [OLOJEX_ CECHFP EUOJYOLFSO
[MOROLFB\ LHK HIJO_ CMYFBUDBNMX, R DOBOMO_ FQ[OH\PNIBQK RMUSUEEXU [NHX; R ECVUS QHNWCU DHIWOS
KRHKUBQK FEDC[QNHK^FK.
$C RMUSK PCJNL\BU O [NHCY, RMUSUEEXY FHF FEXY, F RX NRFLFBU MCPEOOJMCPEXU QBMCBUGFF [MFSUEUEFK
RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ LHK [OLLUMZDF F FEDC[QNHK^FF N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I R .++.
Ocuoeu
ynpaeneuun
narnfuk
# ]BO_ GHCRU O[FQCEX EUDOBOMXU [MOQBXU QBMCBUGFF N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I. %QHF RX [MO[NQBFHF
[MULXLNTNI GHCRN, RUMEFBUQ\ F [MOWFBC_BU UU. #UQ\ SCBUMFCH, FPHOZUEEX_ R ]BO_ F QHULNITFY
GHCRCY, BMUJNUB LOQDOECH\EOGO [OEFSCEFK JCPOROGO SCBUMFCHC, [MFRULUEEOGO RXVU.
5UMRCK GMN[[C QBMCBUGF_ FSUUB OLEN OJTNI WUMBN: DHFUEBQDF_ DOL QCS MUVCUB, DOGLC QHULNUB NLCHFB\
OJaUDBX F RUMENB\ [CSKB\ R QFQBUSN. !EOGLC ]BO OQNTUQBRHKUBQK DOQRUEEO, EO R HIJOS QHNWCU [CSKB\
ROPRMCTCUBQK HFV\ [OQHU RX[OHEUEFK DHFUEBOS O[MULUHUEEXY LU_QBRF_.
.BMCBUGFF RBOMO_ GMN[[X [OQBMOUEX EC DOEÛ[^FF [OLQWUBC QQXHOD. 3BO [UMRX_ [MFSUM
CRBOSCBFWUQDO_ QJOMDF SNQOMC BUSX, DOBOMCK JNLUB OJOJTUEC R [OQHULEFY GHCRCY DEFGF. 5OLQWUB
QQXHOD Q[OQOJUE [MFEUQBF OGMOSENI [OH\PN, EO, DCD SX RQDOMU NRFLFS, OE BCDZU OJHCLCUB MKLOS
LOROH\EO ZUQBDFY OGMCEFWUEF_.
$CDOEU^, SX MCQQSOBMFS OJTNI DOEÛ[^FI, EC OQEORU DOBOMO_ QBMOKBQK JOHUU FPOTMUEEXU SUBOLFDF:
[MOQBMCEQBRO [CSKBF. $C QCSOS LUHU ]BO RQUGO HFV\ EORX_ [OLYOL D EFPDONMOREURXS SUBOLFDCS, [MF
DOBOMOS OEF [MULQBCIB R QRUBU CMYFBUDBNMX, C EU O[BFSFPC^FF.
Cfpoufenuuue noku
# WFQHU OQEOREXY [MFE^F[OR EUQBCELCMBEOGO N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I R .++ LOHZUE JXB\ QHULNITF_:
5MFLNSC_BU OBDMORUEENI GHN[OQB\; R[OHEU ROPSOZEO, FP ]BOGO WBO-EFJNL\ [OHNWFBQK. *CZU UQHF
FLUK EU QMCJOBCUB QCSC [O QUJU, OEC SOZUB [MFGOLFB\QK R DCWUQBRU OB[MCREO_ BOWDF.
Ronouoe oceoopeuue narnfu
%QHF RXLUHUEFU F OQROJOZLUEFU [CSKBF [HOYO RHFKUB EC JXQBMOLU_QBRFU [MOGMCSSX, FEOGLC QCSOU
[MOQBOU MUVUEFU [MOJHUSX PCDHIWCUBQK R RX[OHEUEFF O[UMC^F_ Q JHODCSF. 5CSKB\ RXLUHKUBQK QEFPN
JHODC D UGO RUMYN, C ROPRMCTCUBQK R QFQBUSN QMCPN ÛHXS JHODOS (C EU OBLUH\EXSF OJaUDBCSF).
4ukfueuoe ypaneuue
"CLCWC SEOGFY [MOGMCSS [OJXQBMUU OBMCJOBCB\ QROU F N_BF. 3BO OQOJUEEO Q[MCRULHFRO R QMULU Unix,
GLU QÛECMFF OJOHOWDF OJaULFEKIB SEOZUQBRO DMOVUWEXY, EULOHGORUWEXY [MOGMCSS. $UMULDO
RXLUHUEFU [CSKBF LHK EORXY OJaUDBOR ODCPXRCUBQK QCSXS QUM\UPEXS `CDBOMOS, QEFZCITFS
JXQBMOLU_QBRFU BCDFY [MOGMCSS. 5MOQBCK QBMCBUGFK O[BFSFPC^FF PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO RX RXLUHKUBU
[CSKB\ [OL OJaUDBX QEFPN RRUMY JOH\VOGO JHODC ( *# 8)+24#"# (?.
struct Pool {
static Pool* gCurrentPool; // =3# 0#% 4<0"#"(/% 5$2%*/
enum { block_size = 8096 }; // G<;"7/*" )4'? #>;/2<? 7$-2"7
unsigned char* space; // F#"03>K$% 4<0"#%"2$% ';#$)*,
size_t remaining; // I'#/.")*4' ')*$4M/C)% ;$?* 4 ;#'&"
.4
206
Pool() : space((unsigned char*)calloc(block_size, \0)),
remaining(block_size) {}
void* Allocate(size_t bytes)
{
if (bytes > block_size)
return ::operator new(bytes); // F#/M&'2 ;'#,M'? -$57')
if (gCurrentPool == NULL || bytes ? remaining)
gCurrentPool = new Pool;
void* memory = space;
space += bytes;
remaining -= bytes;
return memory;
}
};
class Foo {
public:
{
if (Pool::fCurrentPool == NULL)
Pool::gCurrentPool = new Pool;
return Pool::gCurrentPool->Allocate(bytes);
}
void operator delete(void*) {}
};
8XQBMUU EUDNLC! #XLUHUEFU PCEFSCUB HFV\ EUQDOH\DO SCVFEEXY BCDBOR, C OQROJOZLUEFU [MOFQYOLFB
SGEORUEEO. 0OEUWEO, ]BOB DOL EU PCROIUB [MFPC EC OHFS[FCLU [O .++, EO K RFLUH, DCD OE RQUGO PC
EUQDOH\DO WCQOR MCJOBX Q[CQCH [MOUDBX Q QUM\UPEXSF [MOJHUSCSF JXQBMOLU_QBRFK. 0CD SFEFSNS, OE
[OSOZUB O[MULUHFB\, EC WBO HNWVU EC[MCRFB\ NQFHFK [O O[BFSFPC^FF, [OQDOH\DN RXLUHUEFU F
OQROJOZLUEFU [CSKBF FQDHIWCUBQK FP MCQQSOBMUEFK. 5OQHULORCBUH\EO [MFSUEKK UGO D MCPEXS DHCQQCS,
RX QSOZUBU NQBCEORFB\, Q DCDFSF DHCQQCSF QRKPCEX OQEOREXU PCBMNLEUEFK.
)JMCBFBU REFSCEFU, WBO LHK RXLUHUEFK JHODOR RSUQBO O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF ::operator new
FQ[OH\PNUBQK `NED^FK calloc(). 8OH\VFEQBRO DOS[FHKBOMOR .++ RXLUHKUB JOH\VO_ JHOD Q [OSOT\I
`NED^FF calloc() (FHF `NED^FF O[UMC^FOEEO_ QFQBUSX), C PCBUS N[MCRHKUB OJaUDBCSF R [OHNWUEEOS
JHODU. %QHF FQ[OH\PORCB\ ::operator new LHK RXLUHUEFK JHODOR, QDOMUU RQUGO, LUHO DOEWFBQK
LRO_EXSF PCBMCBCSF F LRO_EO_ `MCGSUEBC^FU_, [OQDOH\DN ]BF JHODF JNLNB QNTUQBRORCB\ R
QBCELCMBEXY JHODCY SUEULZUMC [CSKBF. 5MF ECVU_ QBMCBUGFF HNWVU OJO_BF ::operator new.
)[FQCEECK QBMCBUGFK BCDZU YOMOVO MCJOBCUB R [MOGMCSSCY Q JOHUU [MOLOHZFBUH\EXS QMODOS ZFPEF,
DOBOMXU FPECWCH\EO QOPLCIB SEOZUQBRO OJaUDBOR EUDOBOMOGO DHCQQC, EO NLCHKIB FY OBEOQFBUH\EO
MULDO (UQHF ROOJTU NLCHKIB). %QHF O[UMCBOMX new F delete [UMUGMNZCIBQK EC NMOREU DHCQQOR, BO
O[BFSFPC^FI SOZEO OGMCEFWFB\ DHCQQCSF, OJHCLCITFSF NDCPCEEXS QRO_QBROS.
Copka rycopa ua ypoeue nokoneuu
6EOGFU CHGOMFBSX RXGHKLKB [MFSUMEO BCD:
void Eval(Structure s)
{
// F'-0$*, #'&$#,(<" ';E"&*<
Eval(s.SomePart()); // =7'/-4")*/ 4<./)#"(/% 0#% 5'0)*73&*37<
// H0$#/*, #'&$#,(<" ';E"&*<
}
207
)JYOL LUMUR\UR, RXWFQHUEFU MUDNMQFREXY RXMCZUEF_ R KPXDCY BF[C Prolog ]BF F SEOGFU LMNGFU
MUDNMQFREXU CHGOMFBSX FSUIB [ODCPCEENI QBMNDBNMN. (CPSUTUEFU HODCH\EXY OJaUDBOR R QBUDU SOZUB
NQDOMFB\ RXLUHUEFU F OQROJOZLUEFU [CSKBF, EO ]BOB RCMFCEB WCQBO EU[MCDBFWUE. -H\BUMECBFREX_
RCMFCEB QOPLCB\ [NH, HODCH\EX_ LHK Eval(), F NEFWBOZFB\ UGO ÛHFDOS [MF RXYOLU FP Eval(). #
OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK Eval() RQU RMUSUEEXU OJaUDBX MCPSUTCIBQK R ]BOS [NHU.
void* operator new(size_t size, Pool* p)
{
return p->Allocate(size);
}
class PoolP { // H&$-$*"#,, /)5'#,-3>K/? 53#
private:
Type* pointee;
public:
PoolP(Pool* p) : pointee(new(p) Type) {}
~PoolP { pointee->Type::~Type(); }
// G)" ')*$#,('" 0#% 4"03K/C 3&$-$*"#"?
};
void Eval(Structure s)
{
Pool p; // L;E%4#%"*)% 4 )*"&"!
PoolP<Foo> foo(&p); // D)5'#,-3"* 53#
Eval(s.SomePart()); // D)5'#,-3"* )4'? )';)*4"((<? 53#
f(p, s); // G2")*' f(s); f ;30"* /)5'#,-'4$*, *'* 1" 53#
// :")*73&*'7 p 3(/.*'1$"* 4)" )7$-3
}
Pool SOZUB [MULQBCRHKB\ QOJO_ HIJNI MCPEORFLEOQB\ [NHC [CSKBF. .DOMUU RQUGO, ]BO BN[O_ [NH,
DOBOMX_ [MOQBO RXLUHKUB [CSKB\ QEFPN RRUMY F EU JUQ[ODOFBQK O ROPRMCTUEFF [CSKBF. 4SEX_
NDCPCBUH\ PoolP RXPXRCUB LUQBMNDBOM NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC, EO EU OQROJOZLCUB UGO [CSKB\. $C ]BN
BUSN QNTUQBRNUB SEOZUQBRO RCMFCEBOR:
)JO_BFQ\ JUP PoolP. 'FJO [NQB\ [NH QCS RXPXRCUB LUQBMNDBOMX QOLUMZCTFYQK R EUS OJaUDBOR
FP QROUGO QOJQBRUEEOGO LUQBMNDBOMC (LHK ]BOGO RQU OEF LOHZEX FSUB\ OJTF_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ F
RFMBNCH\EX_ LUQBMNDBOM), HFJO ROOJTU EU RXPXRC_BU LUQBMNDBOMX. () GOQ[OLF! $UNZUHF K
QDCPCH J"%? $O LOROH\EO WCQBO BCDO_ RCMFCEB 6+/%"+#"; GHCREOU EU YRCQBC_BUQ\ ]BFS
[OLRFGOS EC QUSFECMCY [O .++.)
$CPECWFB\ BUDNTF_ [NH R GHOJCH\EO_ [UMUSUEEO_ FHF QBCBFWUQDO_ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC, C
PCBUS [UMUGMNPFB\ O[UMCBOM new LHK FQ[OH\PORCEFK BUDNTUGO [NHC, DCDFS JX OE EF JXH. 5MF
]BOS RCS EU [MFLUBQK [UMULCRCB\ BUDNTF_ [NH RQUS [OL`NED^FKS RMOLU N[OSFECRVU_QK RXVU
f().
5MULOQBCRFB\ QMULQBRC LHK [UMUSUTUEFK FHF DO[FMORCEFK OJaUDBOR FP HODCH\EOGO [NHC R BO
SUQBO, GLU OEF QSOGNB ZFB\ REU OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK Eval(). 3BC BUSC RXYOLFB PC MCSDF LCEEO_
GHCRX, C ROPSOZEO, F DEFGF, EO LHK EUU SOZEO [MFQ[OQOJFB\ SUBOLFDN LUQDMF[BOMOR FP
QHULNITU_ GHCRX.
5OQHULEF_ RCMFCEB FQ[OH\PNUBQK R QBMCBUGFKY N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I ECQBOH\DO QHOZEXY, WBO GOHORC
ECWFECUB JOHUB\ 9+6+*##, UTU LO [OLMOJEOGO PECDOSQBRC Q BUSO_. 0 QWCQB\I, RQU BMNLEOQBF
OJNQHORHUEX EUOJYOLFSOQB\I RXJOMC QBOFB FHF EU QBOFB [UMUSUTCB\ OJaUDBX FP-PC ROPSOZEXY
OJMCTUEF_ D EFS QO QBOMOEX WUGO-BO, [UMUZFRVUGO LCEEX_ JHOD. 3BOB RO[MOQ EU FP OJHCQBF .++, OE
QDOMUU OBEOQFBQK D CHGOMFBSCS F QBMNDBNMCS LCEEXY.
208
Ckpufan uuqoprauun
6EOGFU SUEULZUMX [CSKBF RXLUHKIB EUQDOH\DO LO[OHEFBUH\EXY JC_B R O[UMCBOMU new, WBOJX [MF
RXPORU O[UMCBOMC delete JXH FQ[OH\PORCE [MCRFH\EX_ MCPSUM EUPCRFQFSO OB BOGO, KRHKUBQK
LUQBMNDBOM RFMBNCH\EXS FHF EUB.
void* Foo::operator new(size_t bytes)
{
size_t real_bytes = bytes + sizeof(size_t);
unsigned char* space = (unsigned char*)::operator new(real_bytes);
((size_t)space) = real_bytes;
return space + sizeof(size_t);
}
+U[UM\ FEÒMSC^FI O MCPSUMU SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ R O[UMCBOMU delete FHF R HIJOS LMNGOS SUQBU, GLU
RCS PCYOWUBQK NPECB\ ECQBOKTF_ MCPSUM. +US EU SUEUU, [MF ]BO_ QBMCBUGFF EUOJYOLFSO NWUQB\ MKL
OJQBOKBUH\QBR.
Puuuue safpafu
# PCRFQFSOQBF OB DOS[FHKBOMC F O[UMC^FOEEO_ QFQBUSX ]BC SUBOLFDC NZU SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK
EUPCSUBEO LHK RCQ. %QHF RX QCSOQBOKBUH\EO LOJCRFBU FEÒMSC^FI O MCPSUMU, OEC SOZUB
[MOLNJHFMORCB\ NZU YMCEKTFUQK QRULUEFK. .DOMUU RQUGO, ]BO [MOFPO_LUB [MF LUHUGFMORCEFF
::operator new EC NMOREU OJaUDBOR (QS. RXVU). +CDCK SUBOLFDC [MFEOQFB ECFJOH\VNI [OH\PN R
QOWUBCEFF Q JHOWEXSF QYUSCSF RXLUHUEFK [CSKBF, OEC QODMCTCUB PCBMCBX ::operator new FHF
calloc LHK JHODC, C EU LHK OBLUH\EOGO OJaUDBC.
Onfurusauun pasrepa keaufa
8OH\VOU [MUFSNTUQBRO ]BO_ SUBOLFDF PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO RX SOZUBU RXLUHFB\ JOH\VU SUQBC, WUS
JXHO PC[MOVUEO. 0CD ]BO? 6OZUB HF [MFEUQBF [OH\PN RXLUHUEFU HFVEU_ EUFQ[OH\PNUSO_ [CSKBF? $C
QCSOS LUHU SOZUB, UQHF [OLO_BF D ]BOSN MCPNSEO. )LFE FP ROPSOZEXY RCMFCEBOR RQUGLC RXLUHKB\
[CSKB\ Q [MFMCTUEFUS R n JC_B, GLU SFEFSCH\EOU PECWUEFU n MCREO 4. 5MF ]BO [ORXVCUBQK RUMOKBEOQB\
BOGO, WBO [OQHU NLCHUEFK /7-JC_BOROGO OJaUDBC PCEFSCUSOU FS SUQBO NLCQBQK FQ[OH\PORCB\, QDCZUS, LHK
/8- FHF /9-JC_BOROGO OJaUDBC. 8OHUU FPOTMUEEX_ [OLYOL QOQBOFB R RXLUHUEFF [CSKBF [O QBU[UEKS 2,
FHF, UQHF RX OBEOQFBUQ\ D WFQHN FQBFEEXY GNMSCEOR N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, [O WFQHCS :FJOECWWF.
+CDFU QFQBUSX ECPXRCIBQK .(."#,+,( *+>+6*($%& (buddy systems), [OQDOH\DN LHK DCZLOGO
RXLUHUEEOGO JHODC RX QSOZUBU EC_BF UGO EC[CMEFDC (BO UQB\ LMNGNI [OHORFEDN JOH\VOGO JHODC, FP
DOBOMOGO OE JXH RXLUHUE) FQDHIWFBUH\EO [O MCPSUMN F ECWCH\EOSN CLMUQN. 5OKRHKUBQK ROPSOZEOQB\
]`ÙDBFREOGO ROQQOULFEUEFK QOQULEFY OQROJOZLUEEXY JHODOR. %QHF RX FEBUMUQNUBUQ\ [OLOJEXSF
RUTCSF, R GHCRU /6 MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK OQEORX QFQBUSX EC[CMEFDOR LHK QBU[UEU_ 2 R DOEBUDQBU
CRBOSCBFWUQDO_ QJOMDF SNQOMC.
pyran uuqoprauun
0MOSU MCPSUMC JHODC SOZUB QOYMCEKB\QK F LMNGCK FEÒMSC^FK, EC[MFSUM:
CLMUQ OJaUDBC DHCQQC LHK LCEEOGO OJaUDBC;
`HCGF JHODC (EC[MFSUM, `HCG POSJF, O DOBOMOS JNLUB MCQQDCPCEO EFZU);
QBCBFQBFWUQDCK FEÒMSC^FK EC[MFSUM, RMUSK QOPLCEFK OJaUDBC.
Cnucku ceoopuux nokoe
4[MOTUEEX_ Q[FQOD QROJOLEXY JHODOR, [MFRULUEEX_ R [MULXLNTU_ GHCRU, SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK
BOH\DO LHK OJaUDBOR [OQBOKEEOGO MCPSUMC. $C[MFSUM, OE EU JNLUB EOMSCH\EO MCJOBCB\ Q [MOFPROLEXSF
DHCQQCSF, R DOBOMXY LOJCRHKIBQK EORXU [UMUSUEEXU, [OQDOH\DN OEF JNLNB FSUB\ LMNGO_ MCPSUM. .CS
Q[FQOD BOZU OGMCEFWFRCHQK OLEFS MCPSUMOS; LHK [UMULCWF O[UMCBOMN delete [MCRFH\EOGO MCPSUMC
BMUJORCHFQ\ RFMBNCH\EXU LUQBMNDBOMX. #[MOWUS, QOPLCB\ JOHUU NEFRUMQCH\EXU Q[FQDF NZU EU BCD NZ
BMNLEO.
209
)LEO FP EUQHOZEXY NQORUMVUEQBRORCEF_ PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBOJX YMCEFB\ R DCZLOS NPHU Q[FQDC EU
BOH\DO CLMUQ QHULNITUGO NDCPCBUHK R Q[FQDU, EO F MCPSUM JHODC. 3BO [OPROHFB YMCEFB\ R OLEOS Q[FQDU
JHODF MCPEXY MCPSUMOR. 5MF RXLUHUEFF [CSKBF SX [MOQSCBMFRCUS Q[FQOD, [ODC EU ECYOLFS JHOD,
MCPSUMX DOBOMOGO LOQBCBOWEX LHK ECVFY ÛHU_. *HK ]BOGO [MFLUBQK YMCEFB\ QDMXBNI FEÒMSC^FI O
MCPSUMU JHODC LCZU [OQHU UGO RXLUHUEFK, WBOJX [MF NEFWBOZUEFF OJaUDBC ROQQBCECRHFRCB\ RUQ\ JHOD.
.BMCBUGFK, [MKSO QDCZUS, BN[CK F [OLYOLFB MCPRU WBO LHK OWUE\ SCHUE\DFY Q[FQDOR, [OQDOH\DN RMUSK
[OFQDC ROPMCQBCUB HFEU_EO Q MCPSUMOS Q[FQDC. #[MOWUS, OEC [OQHNZFB OB[MCREO_ BOWDO_ LHK ECVUGO
OJQNZLUEFK.
8OHUU ]`ÙDBFREOU [MULQBCRHUEFU DOHHUD^FK Q[FQDOR QROJOLEO_ [CSKBF, R DOBOMO_ DCZLX_ Q[FQOD
[MULQBCRHKUB JHODF O[MULUHUEEOGO MCPSUMC. $FZU [ODCPCEC NMOTUEECK, EO [OHUPECK MUCHFPC^FK.
class MemManager {
private:
struct FreeList { // F5/)'& ) ;#'&$2/ '57"0"#"(('8' 7$-2"7$
FreeList* next; // F#"03>K/? FreeList
void* top_of_list; // G"7C *"&3K"8' )5/)&$
size_t chunk_size; // O$-2"7 &$10'8' )4';'0('8' ;#'&$
FreeList(FreeList* successor, size_t size) : next(successor),
top_of_list(NULL), chunk_size(size) {}
};
FreeList* all_lists; // F5/)'& 4)"C FreeList
public:
MemManager() : all_lists(NULL) {}
void* Allocate(size_t bytes);
void Deallocate(void* space, size_t bytes);
};
void* MemManager::Allocate(size_t bytes)
{
for (FreeList* fl = all_lists;
fl != NULL && fl->chunk_size != bytes;
fl = fl->next)
{
if (fl->top_of_list != NULL)
{
void* space = fl->top_of_list;
fl->top_of_list = *((void**)(fl->top_of_list));
return space;
}
return ::operator new(bytes); // =3)*'? )5/)'&
}
return ::operator new(bytes); // A$&'8' )5/)&$ ("*
}
void MemManager::Deallocate(void* space, size_t bytes)
{
FreeList* fl = NULL;
for (fl = all_lists; fl != NULL; fl = fl->next)
if (fl->chunk_size == bytes) break;
if (fl == NULL) // F5/)&$ 0#% *$&'8' 7$-2"7$ ("*
{
fl = new FreeList(all_lists, bytes);
all_lists = fl;
2.0
}
*((void**)space) = fl->top_of_list;
fl->top_of_list = space;
}
:NED^FF Allocate() F Deallocate() RXPXRCIBQK FP [UMUGMNZUEEXY O[UMCBOMOR new F delete
QOOBRUBQBRUEEO. +CDO_ [OLYOL [MULUH\EO N[MOTUE, EO MCJOBCUB OE EU[HOYO. #X SOZUBU
ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK FS LHK HIJOGO QOWUBCEFK DHCQQOR, F OE JNLUB MCJOBCB\ Q [MOFPROLEXSF DHCQQCSF, R
DOBOMXY LOJCRFHFQ\ EORXU [UMUSUEEXU. )E BCDZU SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK R QYUSU N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I
EC JCPU RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. .NTUQBRNIB SEOGOWFQHUEEXU NQORUMVUEQBRORCEFK, DOBOMXU SOZEO
REUQBF R [ODCPCEENI OQEORN:
)GMCEFWFB\ MCPSUMX JHODOR WFQHCSF, DMCBEXSF EUDOBOMOSN WFQHN JC_B, QBU[UEKSF 2 FHF
WFQHCSF :FJOECWWF.
#OQ[OH\PORCB\QK JOHUU ]`ÙDBFREO_ QBMNDBNMO_ LCEEXY, WUS QRKPCEEX_ Q[FQOD Q[FQDOR
ROPSOZEO, JFECMEXS LUMUROS FHF LCZU SCQQFROS, UQHF LFC[CPOE MCPSUMOR EURUHFD.
5MULOQBCRFB\ `NED^FI Flush(), DOBOMCK [MF EUYRCBDU [CSKBF NLCHKUB RQU QOLUMZFSOU
Q[FQDOR.
# `NED^FF Allocate() [MF OBQNBQBRFF R Q[FQDU QROJOLEOGO SUQBC PCLCEEOGO MCPSUMC RXLUHFB\
[CSKB\ [OL SCQQFR JHODOR ]BOGO MCPSUMC RSUQBO OLEOGO JHODC.
Ropcef ccunok
5OLQWUB QQXHOD OQEORCE EC [MOQBO_ FLUU SX QHULFS PC DOHFWUQBROS NDCPCBUHU_, QQXHCITFYQK EC
OJaUDB. 0OGLC QWUBWFD QBCEORFBQK MCREXS 0, OJaUDB NLCHKUBQK. "RNWFB [MOQBO, EU [MCRLC HF? #
O[MULUHUEEXY NQHORFKY RQU LU_QBRFBUH\EO [MOQBO, EO [OLQWUB QQXHOD OJHCLCUB LOROH\EO ZUQBDFSF
OGMCEFWUEFKSF, DOBOMXU QEFZCIB UGO [MCDBFWUQDNI ÛEEOQB\.
Easoeu knacc c nopcefor ccunok
$CWEUS Q CJQBMCDBEOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC, OB DOBOMOGO SOZEO QOPLCB\ [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ Q [OLQWUBOS
QQXHOD. 8CPORX_ DHCQQ QOLUMZFB [UMUSUEENI, R DOBOMO_ YMCEFBQK DOHFWUQBRO RXPOROR `NED^FF
Grab() PC RXWUBOS DOHFWUQBRC RXPOROR `NED^FF Release().
class RefCount {
private:
unsigned long count; // F."*./& ))<#'&
public:
RefCount() : count(0) {}
RefCount(const RefCount&) : count(0) {}
RefCount& operator=(const RefCount&)
{ return *this; } // +" /-2"(%"* )."*./&
virtual ~RefCount() {} // T$8'*'4&$
void Grab() { count++; }
void Release()
{
if (count > 0) count --;
if (count == 0) delete this;
}
};
5ODC DHFUEBQDF_ DOL [MCRFH\EO RXPXRCUB `NED^FF Grab() F Release(), RQU MCJOBCUB CJQOHIBEO
ECLUZEO. 0CZLX_ MCP, DOGLC DHFUEB [OHNWCUB FHF DO[FMNUB CLMUQ OJaUDBC, [MOFPROLEOGO OB RefCount,
OE RXPXRCUB Grab(). 0OGLC DHFUEB GCMCEBFMNUB, WBO CLMUQ JOH\VU EU FQ[OH\PNUBQK, OE RXPXRCUB
Release(). %QHF QWUBWFD [CLCUB LO 0 JC^! $UB JOH\VU OJaUDBC!
2..
$ULOQBCBOD BCDO_ SUBOLFDF OWURFLUE OEC QHFVDOS [OHCGCUBQK EC QOJHILUEFU RQUY [MCRFH
[MOGMCSSFQBOS. 6OZEO QLUHCB\ [OHNWVU.
Yksafenu c nopcefor ccunok
*CRC_BU NQORUMVUEQBRNUS JCPORX_ DHCQQ RefCount F QOPLCLFS SOLF`F^FMORCEEX_ VCJHOE NSEOGO
NDCPCBUHK LHK HIJXY DHCQQOR, [MOFPROLEXY OB RefCount.
class CP { // H&$-$*"#, ) 5'0)."*'2 ))<#'&
private:
Type* pointee;
public:
CP(Type* p) : pointee(p) { pointee->Grab(); }
CP(const CP<Type>& cp) : pointee(cp.pointee)
{ pointee->Grab(); }
~CP() { ponintee->Release(); }
CP<Type>& operator=(const CP<Type>& cp)
{
if (this == &cp) return *this;
pointee->Release();
pointee = cp.pointee;
pointee->Grab();
return *this;
}
Type* operator->() { return pointee; }
};
%QHF RUQ\ DHFUEBQDF_ DOL JNLUB OJMCTCB\QK D DHCQQCS Q [OLQWUBOS QQXHOD WUMUP ]BOB FHF CECHOGFWEX_
VCJHOE, [OLQWUB QQXHOD OQNTUQBRHKUBQK CRBOSCBFWUQDF. 5MF DCZLOS QOPLCEFF EORO_ DO[FF NDCPCBUHK
[MOFQYOLFB CRBOSCBFWUQDF_ RXPOR Grab(). 5MF DCZLOS NEFWBOZUEFF NDCPCBUHK UGO LUQBMNDBOM
NSUE\VCUB PECWUEFU QWUBWFDC. %LFEQBRUEECK O[CQEOQB\ PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO DHFUEB OJO_LUB NSEX_
NDCPCBUH\. . ]BO_ [MOJHUSO_ SOZEO Q[MCRFB\QK Q [OSOT\I [MOFPROLKTFY `NED^F_ ÛHUROGO DHCQQC.
class Foo : public RefCount {
private:
Foo(); // G2")*" ) 0738/2/ &'()*73&*'7$2/
public:
static CP<Foo> make(); // F'-0$"2 Q&-"25#%7
// :$#"" )#"03"* /(*"7@"?) Foo
};
+US QCSXS SX GCMCEBFMNUS, WBO LOQBN[ D Foo JNLUB OQNTUQBRHKB\QK BOH\DO WUMUP NDCPCBUH\ Q
[OLQWUBOS QQXHOD. )JMCBFBU REFSCEFU: ]BO EU RULNTF_, C QCSX_ OJXWEX_ NSEX_ NDCPCBUH\.
Bepyue ykasafenu c nopcefor ccunok
*CZU UQHF RX EU YOBFBU SOLF`F^FMORCB\ DOEDMUBEX_ DHCQQ, WBOJX QLUHCB\ UGO [MOFPROLEXS OB
RefCount (EC[MFSUM, UQHF OE FSUUB DMFBFWUQDFU BMUJORCEFK [O JXQBMOLU_QBRFI F OJaUSN FHF RYOLFB
R DOSSUMWUQDNI JFJHFOBUDN DHCQQOR), EU OBWCFRC_BUQ\. 5OLQWUB QQXHOD SOZEO [UMUSUQBFB\ R RULNTF_
NDCPCBUH\.
class CMP { // G"03K/? 3&$-$*"#, ) 5'0)."*'2 ))<#'&
private:
Type* pointee;
unsigned long count;
2.2
public:
CMP() : pointee(new Type), count(0) {}
CMP(const CMP<Type>& cmp)
: pointee(new Type(*(cmp.pointee))), count(0) {}
~CMP() { delete pointee; } // +"-$4/)/2' '* )."*./&$
CMP<Type>& operator=(const CMP<Type>& cmp)
{
if (this == &cmp) return *this;
delete pointee;
pointee = new Type(*(cmp.pointee));
return *this;
}
void Grab() { count++; }
void Release()
{
if (count > 0) count--;
if (count <= 0)
{
delete pointee;
delete this;
}
}
};
# QNTEOQBF, ]BO MCREOQFH\EO OJaULFEUEFI QBCMOGO VCJHOEC RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK Q JCPORXS DHCQQOS
RefCount. 5OLQWUB QQXHOD NZU EU RXLUHKUBQK R OBLUH\EX_ DHCQQ, EO PCBO ECS QEORC [MFYOLFBQK
[OHCGCB\QK EC [MCRFH\EOU [ORULUEFU [MOGMCSSFQBOR QNTUQBR, D QOZCHUEFI, EUQORUMVUEEXY.
eckpunfopu c nopcefor ccunok
$C QÛEN RXYOLFB EUWBO EOROU: LUQDMF[BOM (handle) Q [OLQWUBOS QQXHOD. 5O OBEOVUEFI D VCJHOEN CMP
OE QBCEUB BUS ZU, WUS CP JXH LHK RefCount, BO UQB\ OE CRBOSCBFWUQDF RXPXRCUB `NED^FF Grab() F
Release() R QROFY DOEQBMNDBOMCY, LUQBMNDBOMU F O[UMCBOMU =.
class CH { // :")&7/5*'7 ) 5'0)."*'2 ))<#'&
private:
CMP<Type>* pointee;
public:
CH(CMP<Type>* p) : pointee(p) { pointee->Grab(); }
CH(const CH<Type>& ch) : pointee(ch.pointee) { pointee->Grab(); }
~CH() { pointee->Release(); }
CH<Type>& operator=(const CH<Type>& ch)
{
if (this == &ch) return *this;
if (pointee == ch.pointee) return *this;
pointee->Release();
pointee = ch.pointee;
pointee->Grab();
return *this;
}
2.3
CMP<Type> operator->() { return *pointee; }
};
%QHF FQ[OH\PORCB\ LUQDMF[BOMX R QOWUBCEFF Q RULNTFSF NDCPCBUHKSF, SOZEO RXJMCB\, LHK DCDFY
]DPUS[HKMOR DHCQQC QHULNUB [OLQWFBXRCB\ QQXHDF, C DCDFU ]DPUS[HKMX LOHZEX N[MCRHKB\QK LMNGFS
Q[OQOJOS.
Tpypuocfu nopcefa ccunok
#QU RXGHKLFB BCD [MOQBO; OLECDO JUP HOZDF LUGBK LUHO RQU ZU EU OJYOLFBQK. 5OLQWUB QQXHOD OJHCLCUB
OLEFS OWUE\ MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEXS EULOQBCBDOS PC^FDHFRCEFUS. 5MULQBCR\BU QUJU QFBNC^FI: OJaUDB -
PCYRCBFH OJaUDB # (BO UQB\ RXPRCH LHK EUGO `NED^FI Grab()), C OJaUDB # QLUHCH BO ZU QCSOU LHK
OJaUDBC -. $F EC -, EF EC # LMNGFU OJaUDBX EU QQXHCIBQK. "LMCRX_ QSXQH [OLQDCPXRCUB, WBO - QHULNUB
NLCHFB\ RSUQBU Q #, EO OEF [MOLOHZCIB QNTUQBRORCB\, [OQDOH\DN FY QWUBWFDF QQXHOD BCD F EU
OJENHKIBQK. )JFLEO, LC?
5OLOJEOU PC^FDHFRCEFU ROPEFDCUB Q[HOV\ F MKLOS. )EO SOZUB OBEOQFB\QK EU BOH\DO D [CMCS OJaUDBOR,
EO F ÛHXS [OLGMC`CS. A -> B -> C -> D -> A, EO EFDBO PC [MULUHCSF ]BO_ GMN[[X EU QQXHCUBQK EF EC
OLFE FP ]BFY OJaUDBOR. ,MN[[C QHOREO [HXRUB EC 'UBNWUS ,OHHCELÛ, [OQBMOUEEOS R ][OYN RXQODFY
BUYEOHOGF_ F OJMUWUEEOS EC RUWEXU QDFBCEFK R [CSKBF. .NTUQBRNUB EUQDOH\DO QBMCBUGF_ JOM\JX Q
PC^FDHFRCEFKSF. #QU OEF EU OJHCLCIB OQOJO_ NEFRUMQCH\EOQB\I, F R RCVU_ DOEDMUBEO_ QFBNC^FF ]BO
SOZUB [MFRUQBF D OBDCPN OB [OLQWUBC QQXHOD. 0CD [MCRFHO, RQBMUWCKQ\ Q [MOJHUSO_ ^FDHFWUQDFY
QQXHOD, QBOFB MCQQSOBMUB\ JOHUU YFBMONSEXU [MFUSX, O[FQCEEXU R LRNY [OQHULEFY GHCRCY. 0CD RFLFBU,
SXQH\ OJ OBDCPU OB [OLQWUBC QQXHOD [MFYOLFB LOROH\EO JXQBMO.
ekornosuuun
5MUL[OHOZFS, - PCYRCBXRCUB #, C PCBUS # PCYRCBXRCUB EUDOBOMX_ DOS[OEUEB -:
class A {
private:
Foo* foo;
B* b;
};
%QHF QLUHCB\ BCD, WBOJX # RX[OHEKH PCYRCB R `NED^FF foo, [MOJHUS EU ROPEFDCUB. 0OGLC [OQHULEKK
QQXHDC EC A HFDRFLFMNUBQK, UGO QWUBWFD QBCEORFBQK MCREXS 0, [OQDOH\DN # UGO EU NRUHFWFRCUB. *HK
]BOGO [MFLUBQK [MOKRFB\ EUDOBOMNI FPMKLENI FPOJMUBCBUH\EOQB\ [MF DOLFMORCEFF, D BOSN ZU LFPC_E
QFH\EO PCRFQFB OB OQOJUEEOQBU_ DOEDMUBEXY OJaUDBOR, EO EC NLFRHUEFU WCQBO OE MUVCUB [MOJHUSN
PC^FDHFRCEFK.
Cunuuue u cnaue peckpunfopu
5MUL[OHOZFS, QQXHDC - EC # QOPLCRCHCQ\ WUMUP Grab(), C QQXHDC # EC - EUB. # BOB SOSUEB, DOGLC
FQWUPEUB [OQHULEKK QQXHDC EC - FP REUVEUGO SFMC, [OLQWUB QQXHOD LHK OJOFY OJaUDBOR [CMX [MUDMCBFB
FY QNTUQBRORCEFU. $C ]BO_ FLUU OQEORCEO MCPHFWFU SUZLN .(2;*',( (strong) F .2+/',( (weak)
LUQDMF[BOMCSF FHF NDCPCBUHKSF Q [OLQWUBOS QQXHOD. )[FQCEEX_ RXVU VCJHOE CH JNLUB OBEOQFB\QK D
QFH\EXS LUQDMF[BOMCS, [OQDOH\DN [OLLUMZFRCUB QWUBWFD QQXHOD. )JXWEX_ VCJHOE LUQDMF[BOMC (JUP
RXPORC Grab F Release) JNLUB OBEOQFB\QK D QHCJXS. %QHF Q[MOUDBFMORCB\ CMYFBUDBNMN OJaUDBOR BCD,
WBOJX EU QNTUQBRORCHO ^FDHFWUQDFY [OLGMCÒR, QOLUMZCTFY FQDHIWFBUH\EO QFH\EXU LUQDMF[BOMX, BO
RQK QYUSC [OLQWUBC QQXHOD QEORC ROPRMCTCUBQK R FGMN. .CSCK MCQ[MOQBMCEUEECK QFBNC^FK Q BCDFS
MUVUEFUS FUMCMYFK ÛHOU/WCQB\, R DOBOMO_ [CMX NLCHKIBQK [MF NLCHUEFF ÛHOGO. ;UHXU
[OLLUMZFRCIB QFH\EXU QQXHDF, WCQBF QHCJXU.
Ropcef ccunok u eepyue ykasafenu
)LEO FP QCSXY MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEXY F [OHUPEXY [MFSUEUEF_ [OLQWUBC QQXHOD PCDHIWCUBQK R N[MCRHUEFF
RULNTFSF NDCPCBUHKSF. # [MULXLNTFY GHCRCY ]BC BUSC N[OSFECHCQ\ EUOLEODMCBEO. *UQDMF[BOMX
ZFRNB R QBUDU F [OBOSN CRBOSCBFWUQDF NEFWBOZCIBQK [MF QJOMDU SNQOMC, RX[OHEKUSO_ DOS[FHKBOMOS.
)LECDO RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF ([O BUS ZU [MFWFECS, WBO F OJaUDBX) OJXWEO [MFYOLFBQK QOPLCRCB\ R DNWU.
0CD NPECB\, DOGLC QHULNUB NLCHKB\ RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\? 5OLQWUB QQXHOD N[MOTCUB ]BN PCLCWN.
2.4
5MOJHUS Q PC^FDHFRCEFUS EU JNLUB: [OQDOH\DN RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ EU YMCEFB QQXHOD EC QROF
LUQDMF[BOMX, QRKP\ KRHKUBQK OLEOQBOMOEEU_. 0O[FMNUSXU F [UMULCRCUSXU LUQDMF[BOMX QOYMCEKIB
LHFEN R WUBXMU JC_BC JUP RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_, C HFV\ BMFRFCH\EXSF [OLQBCRHKUSXSF `NED^FKSF.
Grab F Release QaULCIB EUQDOH\DO LO[OHEFBUH\EXY SCVFEEXY BCDBOR, EO ]BO SUHOWF [O QMCREUEFI Q
BUS, WBO RCS [MFVHOQ\ JX [MOLUHXRCB\ LHK N[MCRHUEFK RULNTFSC NDCPCBUHKSF JUP EFY. $UQDOH\DO
HFVEFY JC_B LHK QWUBWFDC R RULNTFS NDCPCBUHU EU FGMCIB OQOJO_ MOHF; D BOSN ZU OEF RXLUHKIBQK R
DNWU, QBU[UE\ LUBCHFPC^FF DOBOMO_ OJXWEO PCSUBEO [MURXVCUB WUBXMU JC_BC.
#OPSOZEO, RCS QBOFB RUMENB\QK D [MULXLNTFS GHCRCS F [OLNSCB\, DCD FQ[OH\PORCB\ [ODCPCEENI QYUSN
[OLQWUBC QQXHOD RUPLU, GLU RQBUWCIBQK RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF. 3BO QBCEUB DHIWOS D EUBMFRFCH\EOSN
N[MCRHUEFI [CSKB\I R LCH\EU_VFY GHCRCY.
Rpocfpaufcea narnfu
#QU ]BF ÒDNQX OJMCPNIB `NELCSUEB LHK LCH\EU_VUGO QBMOFBUH\QBRC, EO OBEOQFB\ FY D CMYFBUDBNMU
JXHO JX EURUMEO. *HK LU_QBRFBUH\EO EUBMFRFCH\EOGO N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I [OECLOJKBQK EUBMFRFCH\EXU
OMGCEFPC^FOEEXU DOEÛ[^FF. # [MOQBU_VUS QHNWCU RQK LOQBN[ECK [CSKB\ MCQQSCBMFRCUBQK DCD OLFE
JOH\VO_ JHOD, FP DOBOMOGO RXLUHKIBQK JHODF SUE\VUGO MCPSUMC. *HK ]BOGO SOZEO HFJO EC[MKSNI
OJMCBFB\QK D O[UMC^FOEEO_ QFQBUSU Q BMUJORCEFUS RXLUHFB\ JOH\VO_ JHOD [CSKBF [MF PC[NQDU, HFJO
DOQRUEEO, R DOEUWEOS QWUBU [UMU[OMNWCK MCJOBN O[UMCBOMEXS `NED^FKS ::operator new F
::operator delete.
# LRNY [OQHULEFY GHCRCY SX RPGHKEUS EC [MOJHUSN Q EUBMFRFCH\EXY [OPF^F_ F [OLUHFS LOQBN[ENI
[CSKB\ EC >6%."6+*."&+ (memory spaces). 5MOQBMCEQBRC [CSKBF ]BO DOEÛ[^FK; UU SOZEO
MUCHFPORCB\ EC OQEORU [MCDBFWUQDF HIJO_ O[FQCEEO_ RXVU JHOWEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEO_ QYUSX
N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I. $C[MFSUM, R OLEOS [MOQBMCEQBRU [CSKBF SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK QFQBUSC
EC[CMEFDOR, C R LMNGOS Q[FQDF QROJOLEO_ [CSKBF. 0OEÛ[^FK [MULQBCRHUEC R QHULNITUS
CJQBMCDBEOS JCPOROS DHCQQU:
class MemSpace {
public:
void* Allocate(size_t bytes) = 0;
void Deallocate(void* space, size_t bytes) = 0;
};
(%QHF RCV DOS[FHKBOM [OLLUMZFRCUB OJMCJOBDN FQDHIWUEF_, [MF OJaKRHUEFF OJOFY `NED^F_ QHULNUB
NDCPCB\ ROPSOZEOQB\ FEF^FFMORCEFK FQDHIWUEF_.) $UDOBOMXS [MOQBMCEQBRCS [CSKBF SOZEO EU
QOOJTCB\ R `NED^FF Deallocate() MCPSUM ROPRMCTCUSXY JHODOR; LHK DOEDMUBEXY QYUS SOGNB
[OKRFB\QK LMNGFU `NED^FF, EO SFEFSCH\EX_ FEBUMÙ_Q RXGHKLFB FSUEEO BCD. #OPSOZEO, BCDZU JNLUB
[OLLUMZFRCB\QK GHOJCH\ECK QBMNDBNMC LCEEXY DOHHUD^FK RQUY MemSpace ([MFWFEX
MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK EFZU). 0OHHUD^FK LOHZEC ]`ÙDBFREO OBRUWCB\ EC RO[MOQ: 0CDOSN [MOQBMCEQBRN
[CSKBF [MFECLHUZFB LCEEX_ CLMUQ? 5O FSUITUSNQK CLMUQN OJaUDBC RX O[MULUHKUBU [MOQBMCEQBRO
[CSKBF, R DOBOMOS OE ZFRUB.
# MUCHFPC^FF [MOQBMCEQBR [CSKBF SOGNB JXB\ FQ[OH\PORCEX HIJXU SUBOLFDF, O[FQCEEXU R
[MULXLNTU_ GHCRU:
,HOJCH\ECK [UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMOR new F delete (OJXWEO EU MUDOSUELNUBQK).
5UMUGMNPDC O[UMCBOMOR new F delete EC NMOREU DHCQQC.
!Q[OH\PORCEFU O[UMCBOMC new Q CMGNSUEBCSF [OL MNDOROLQBROS DHFUEBC.
!Q[OH\PORCEFU O[UMCBOMC new Q CMGNSUEBCSF EC JCPU RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_.
.NTUQBRNUB EUSCHO [MFWFE LHK LUHUEFK [CSKBF EC [MOQBMCEQBRC. $FZU O[FQCEX EUDOBOMXU
MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEXU QBMCBUGFF RXJOMC OJaUDBOR, DOBOMXU LOHZEX ECYOLFB\QK R OLEOS [MOQBMCEQBRU
[CSKBF.
eneuue no knaccar
# [MULXLNTFY GHCRCY SX GOROMFHF OJ OJaUDBCY DHCQQOR, EO BCD F EU OBRUBFHF EC[MKSNI EC RO[MOQ: DCD
O[MULUHFB\ DHCQQ OJaUDBC LHK FSUITUGOQK OJaUDBC? 5MOQBU_VUU MUVUEFU LOJCRFB\ [UMUSUEENI,
2.5
DOBOMCK QQXHCUBQK EC OJaUDB DHCQQC. 0 QOZCHUEFI, OEO QRKPCEO Q PCSUBEXSF PCBMCBCSF DCD [O [CSKBF,
BCD F DOLC DOEQBMNDBOMC. )LECDO QNTUQBRNIB LRC LMNGFY RCMFCEBC:
/. >MCEFB\ NDCPCBUH\ EC OJaUDB DHCQQC R RULNTUS NDCPCBUHU. 5OHNWCUS BU ZU PCBMCBX, EO Q
NHNWVUEEO_ FEDC[QNHK^FU_.
2. #XLUHFB\ RQU ]DPUS[HKMX EUDOBOMOGO DHCQQC R OLEO [MOQBMCEQBRO [CSKBF F YMCEFB\ NDCPCBUH\
EC OJaUDB DHCQQC R ECWCHU [MOQBMCEQBRC (QS. MFQNEOD).

Knacc
OLekf
Rpocfpaucfeo
narnfu

#BOMO_ RCMFCEB QNTUQBRUEEO QEFZCUB PCBMCBX [MF NQHORFF, WBO [O CLMUQN OJaUDBC SOZEO ]`ÙDBFREO
O[MULUHFB\ ECWCHO CLMUQEOGO [MOQBMCEQBRC [CSKBF, DOBOMOSN OE [MFECLHUZFB (ROPSOZEO, Q [OSOT\I
N[OSKENBO_ RXVU DOHHUD^FF [MOQBMCEQBR [CSKBF).
$C [UMRX_ RPGHKL DCZUBQK, WBO NQBMCFRCB\ BCDNI QNUBN RODMNG [MOQBU_VU_ [MOJHUSX GHN[O. 5OWUSN JX
[MOQBO EU LOJCRFB\ LO[OHEFBUH\ENI [UMUSUEENI, QQXHCITNIQK EC OJaUDB DHCQQC? 5MFRULN [O
DMC_EU_ SUMU LRU [MFWFEX:
/. 0HCQQ, Q DOBOMXS RX MCJOBCUBU, SOZUB RYOLFB\ R DOSSUMWUQDNI JFJHFOBUDN, LHK DOBOMO_ N RCQ
EUB FQYOLEXY BUDQBOR, FHF UGO SOLF`FDC^FK EUZUHCBUH\EC [O LMNGFS [MFWFECS.
2. 0HCQQ SOZUB [MULQBCRHKB\ QOJO_ BMFRFCH\ENI OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEENI OJOHOWDN LHK
[MFSFBFREOGO BF[C LCEEXY (QDCZUS, int). 'FVEFU JC_BX LHK NDCPCBUHK EC OJaUDB DHCQQC (EU
GOROMK NZU O v-BCJHFÛ, DOBOMCK EUFPJUZEO [OBMUJNUBQK LHK RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_ LOQBN[C D
EUSN) SOGNB ODCPCB\QK RUQ\SC QNTUQBRUEEXSF.
eneuue no pasrepy
#[OHEU MCPNSEO OJaULFEFB\ RQU OJaUDBX OLFECDOROGO MCPSUMC (FHF [MFECLHUZCTFU OLEOSN LFC[CPOEN
MCPSUMOR) R OLEO [MOQBMCEQBRO [CSKBF LHK O[BFSFPC^FF QOPLCEFK F NEFWBOZUEFK. 6EOGFU QBMCBUGFF
N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I MCJOBCIB LHK OLEFY LFC[CPOEOR HNWVU, WUS LHK LMNGFY. $C[MFSUM, [MF QOPLCEFF
SEOZUQBRC JOH\VFY, QFH\EO MCPHFWCITFYQK [O MCPSUMCS OJaUDBOR QYUSC QO QBU[UEKSF 2 ECRUMEKDC
OQBCRFB SEOGO EUFQ[OH\PORCEEXY `MCGSUEBFMORCEEXY JHODOR. )LECDO LHK OJaUDBOR OBEOQFBUH\EO
SCHXY (FHF JHFPDFY [O MCPSUMN D QBU[UEKS 2) BCDCK QYUSC MCJOBCUB [MOQBO PCSUWCBUH\EO. # DMC_EFY
QHNWCKY RQU [MOQBMCEQBRO [CSKBF SOZUB PC[OHEKB\QK OJaUDBCSF OLFECDOROGO MCPSUMC. +CDFU
[MOQBMCEQBRC OJHCLCIB WMUPRXWC_EO ]`ÙDBFREXS [MULQBCRHUEFUS F HUGDO N[MCRHKIBQK.
eneuue no cnocoy ucnonusoeauun
%TU OLFE ROPSOZEX_ RCMFCEB LUHFB\ OJaUDBX R QOOBRUBQBRFF QO Q[OQOJOS FY FQ[OH\PORCEFK.
$C[MFSUM, LHK SEOGO[OBOWEOGO [MFHOZUEFK-QUMRUMC OJaUDBX SOZEO MCPLUHFB\ [O DHFUEBCS. (ULDO
FQ[OH\PNUSXU OJaUDBX SOGNB ECYOLFB\QK R OLEOS [MOQBMCEQBRU, C WCQBO FQ[OH\PNUSXU R LMNGOS.
)JaUDBX, D]VFMNUSXU EC LFQDU, SOGNB OBLUHKB\QK OB OJaUDBOR, [OQBOKEEO ECYOLKTFYQK R [CSKBF.
*UHUEFU SOZUB OQNTUQBRHKB\QK DCD EC NMOREU DHCQQOR, BCD F EC NMOREU OBLUH\EXY OJaUDBOR.
eneuue no cpepcfear pocfyna
*MNGCK RCZECK [MFWFEC LHK MCPLUHUEFK [O [MOQBMCEQBRCS [CSKBF PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBOJX YMCEFB\ [O
OBLUH\EOQBF OJaUDBX, LOQBN[ D DOBOMXS OQNTUQBRHKUBQK FP QBUDC, FP LMNGFY [MOÛQQOR FHF WFQBO
2.6
RENBMUEEFU FP DNWF. 0CD JNLUB [ODCPCEO R [OQHULEFY GHCRCY, ]BO FGMCUB RCZENI MOH\ R QYUSCY
N[HOBEUEFK F QJOMDF SNQOMC.
# LRNY QHULNITFY GHCRCY ]BC SUBOLFDC JNLUB [MFSUEKB\QK LOROH\EO WCQBO. 5UMUSUTCUSXU OJaUDBX
OBLUHKIBQK OB OJaUDBOR, OQBCITFYQK EC OLEOS SUQBU. #ULNTFU NDCPCBUHF, LOQBN[EXU FP QBUDC,
ECYOLKBQK R OLEOS [MOQBMCEQBRU [CSKBF, C LOQBN[EXU FP LMNGFY [MOÛQQOR R LMNGOS.
Rpocfpaucfea cfeka u kyu
$CDOEU^, QCS QBUD BOZU SOZEO QWFBCB\ MCPEORFLEOQB\I [MOQBMCEQBRC [CSKBF, C RXLUHKUSXU R QBUDU
[NHX FY WCQBEXS QHNWCUS. 3BOB [OLYOL [MFSUEKHQK MCEUU R ]BO_ GHCRU LHK [NHOR, HODCH\EXY [O
OBEOVUEFI D OJHCQBF LU_QBRFK DOEDMUBEO_ `NED^FF. 3BC OQOJCK FEBUM[MUBC^FK QBUDC N[OSFECUBQK F R
LRNY [OQHULNITFY GHCRCY.
Ynnofueuue
narnfu
5MULQBCR\BU QUJU OJXWEOU N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I R .++: RX PCZFGCUBU JHCGOROEFK, [MFEOQFBU ZUMBRN
JOZUQBRCS O[UMC^FOEEO_ QFQBUSX F NLCHKUBU OJaUDB. %QHF RQU FLUB EOMSCH\EO, OJaUDB JNLUB LOHZEXS
OJMCPOS LUFEF^FCHFPFMORCE F NEFWBOZUE F EFDBO EFDOGLC EU [O[XBCUBQK FS ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK. >C!
#QUS FPRUQBEO, WBO R MUCH\EO_ ZFPEF BCD EU JXRCUB.
)LEC FP GHCREXY LOQBO[MFSUWCBUH\EOQBU_ LFECSFWUQDFY KPXDOR BCDFY DCD SmallTalk F Lisp EU
FSUUB EFDCDOGO OBEOVUEFK D QCSOSN KPXDN, C HFV\ D BOSN, WBO OE NLCHKUB OJaUDBX PC RCQ,
CRBOSCBFWUQDF F ECLUZEO. #XYOLFB [OBMKQCITCK ]DOEOSFK RMUSUEF F ]EUMGFF, EU GOROMK NZU O
JHCGOROEFKY F ZUMBRCY. 6OZEO HF BO ZU QCSOU QLUHCB\ EC .++? #SUQBO [MKSOHFEU_EOGO LC FHF
EUB K OBRUWN: #QU PCRFQFB OB BOGO, QDOH\DO BMNLC RX YOBFBU RHOZFB\ R MUVUEFU.
# ]BO_ GHCRU ECWFECUBQK ECQBOKTUU RUQUH\U RX NRFLFBU, DCD [UMUSUTCB\ OJaUDBX R [CSKBF, WBOJX
QRUQBF D SFEFSNSN `MCGSUEBC^FI QROJOLEO_ [CSKBF. $CLUIQ\, [MF RFLU SOFY CHGOMFBSOR EFDBO EU
JNLUB DCBCB\QK [O [OHN OB QSUYC. "COLEO SX [OLGOBORFS QÛEN LHK [OHEOÛEEXY CHGOMFBSOR QJOMDF
SNQOMC, O DOBOMXY MUW\ [O_LUB R QHULNITU_ GHCRU.
Rouck ykasafene
5OSFSO [OLQWUBC QQXHOD F EUQBCELCMBEXY O[UMCBOMOR new F delete R JOH\VFEQBRU QBMCBUGF_
N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I QOWUBCIBQK LRU SUBOLFDF: O[MULUHUEFU SOSUEBC, DOGLC LOQBN[ D OJaUDBN
QBCEORFBQK EUROPSOZEXS, LHK UGO CRBOSCBFWUQDOGO NEFWBOZUEFK (QJOMDC SNQOMC) F [UMUSUTUEFU
OJaUDBOR R [CSKBF (N[HOBEUEFU). # QROI OWUMUL\, ]BF QBMCBUGFF PCRFQKB OB BOGO, WBO R LMNGFY KPXDCY
LUHCUBQK HUGDO F [MOQBO, EO ODCPXRCUBQK L\KROH\QDF QHOZEXS R .++ OB PCLCWF [OFQDC RQUY
NDCPCBUHU_ EC OJaUDBX.
5OFQD NDCPCBUHU_ R [MOGMCSSU EC .++ WMUPRXWC_EO QHOZUE, [OQDOH\DN DOS[FHKBOM EU OQBCRHKUB
EFDCDFY FEQBMND^F_ EC ]BOB QWUB. 8OHUU BOGO, R .++ [MOGMCSSC SOZUB [OHNWFB\ CLMUQ WCQBF OJaUDBC,
[O]BOSN EUDOBOMXU NDCPCBUHF SOGNB QQXHCB\QK EC QUMULFEN JOH\VOGO OJaUDBC.
Mara, ofkypa epyfcn ykasafenu?
# .++ QNTUQBRNIB EURUMOKBEO MCPEOOJMCPEXU Q[OQOJX [OHNWUEFK NDCPCBUHU_. )LEF QRKPCEX Q
DOEDMUBEXS [MULQBCRHUEFUS OJaUDBOR R [CSKBF, LMNGFU Q ECQHULORCEFUS, BMUB\F Q [UMUSUEEXSF
DHCQQOR. 0OEUWEO, QCSX_ OWURFLEX_ Q[OQOJ ]BO ECYOZLUEFU CLMUQC. - BU[UM\ LCRC_BU MCQQSOBMFS
LMNGFU, EU QBOH\ BMFRFCH\EXU Q[OQOJX.
Appeca nepereuuux knacca
!SUK OJaUDB, RX SOZUBU [OHNWFB\ CLMUQ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC, [OQ[OH\PORCB\QK FS FHF [UMULCB\ LMNGOSN
OJaUDBN.
class Foo {
private:
int x;
String y;
.5
2.8
public:
int& X() { return x; } // F)<#&$ ($ x
String* Name() { return &y; } // N07") y
};
0CZLX_ ]DPUS[HKM Foo RXGHKLFB [MFSUMEO BCD, DCD [ODCPCEO EC [MULQBCRHUEEO_ EFZU LFCGMCSSU
(ROOJTU GOROMK, RQU PCRFQFB OB DOS[FHKBOMC, EO R JOH\VFEQBRU DOS[FHKBOMOR LUHO OJQBOFB FSUEEO
BCD):
vtable
x
y
Foo*
x&
y*

0CD [MCRFHO, EUQDOH\DO [UMRXY JC_B PCEFSCUB NDCPCBUH\ EC v-BCJHF^N LHK DHCQQC LCEEOGO OJaUDBC. "C
EFS QHULNIB [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC R [OMKLDU FY OJaKRHUEFK. %QHF RX [OHNWCUBU CLMUQ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC
R RFLU QQXHDF FHF NDCPCBUHK, ROPEFDCUB NDCPCBUH\ EC QUMULFEN OJaUDBC.
Appeca asoeux knaccoe
$CQHULORCEFU BCDZU SOZUB RXPRCB\ SCQQN [OHOZFBUH\EXY ]SO^F_.
class A {...}; // L0/( ;$-'4<? &#$))
class B {...}; // :738'? ;$-'4<? &#$))
class C : public A, public B {...}; // 9('1")*4"(('" ($)#"0'4$(/"
5MF OLFEOWEOS ECQHULORCEFF [MUOJMCPORCEFU OB derived* D base* (GLU base JCPORX_, C derived
[MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ) CLMUQ OQBCUBQK [MUZEFS, LCZU UQHF DOS[FHKBOM [OHCGCUB, WBO BF[ FPSUEFHQK.
5MF SEOZUQBRUEEOS ECQHULORCEFF LUHO OJQBOFB EUQDOH\DO QHOZEUU.
C* c = new C;
A* a = c; // =7"';7$-'4$(/" '* 57'/-4'0('8' & 5"74'23 ;$-'4'23 &#$))3
B* b = c; // =7"';7$-'4$(/" '* 57'/-4'0('8' &' 4*'7'23 ;$-'4'23 &#$))3
cout << c << endl;
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;
#MOLU JX RQU [MOQBO, EO R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF DOS[FHKBOM [MOLUHXRCUB LOROH\EO-BCDF YFBMX_ ÒDNQ.
5MF [MUOJMCPORCEFF C* D A* NDCPCBUH\ OQBCUBQK [MUZEFS. )LECDO [MF [MUOJMCPORCEFF C* D B*
DOS[FHKBOM LU_QBRFBUH\EO (9,#*4#" +)6#.. 3BO QRKPCEO Q BUS, DCD OJaUDB YMCEFBQK R [CSKBF
(QBMNDBNMC OJaUDBOR PCRFQFB OB DOS[FHKBOMC, EO QDCPCEEOU OBEOQFBQK DO RQUS DOS[FHKBOMCS, Q
DOBOMXSF K MCJOBCH).
A
B
C
C*, A*
B*

0OS[FHKBOM QBMOFB OJaUDB R [OMKLDU [OKRHUEFK JCPORXY DHCQQOR, PC DOBOMXSF QHULNUB [MOFPROLEX_
DHCQQ. 0OGLC DOS[FHKBOM [MUOJMCPNUB C* D A*, OE QHOREO ECJMCQXRCUB WUMEOU [ODMXRCHO EC
QOQBCRHKITFU B F C F NJUZLCUB DHFUEBQDF_ DOL, WBO BOB FSUUB LUHO Q QCSXS ECQBOKTFS A.
A
A*(c)

2.9
(CPSUTUEFU v-BCJHF^X R ECWCHU OJaUDBC [MFROLFB D BOSN, WBO [MFECLHUZCTFU C MUCHFPC^FF
RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_, OJaKRHUEEXY R A, OQBCENBQK LOQBN[EXSF, EO JNLNB FSUB\ BU ZU QSUTUEFK, WBO F
LHK A. (CJOBCK Q C*, DOS[FHKBOM PECUB [OHENI QBMNDBNMN RQUGO OJaUDBC F SOZUB OJMCTCB\QK D WHUECS A,
B F C EC FY PCDOEEXY SUQBCY. $O DOGLC DOS[FHKBOM RX[OHEKUB [MUOJMCPORCEFU DO RBOMOSN FHF OLEOSN
FP QHULNITFY DHCQQOR R Q[FQDU SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK, CLMUQ FPSUEKUBQK DHFUEBQDF_ DOL
JNLUB QWFBCB\, WBO OE FSUUB LUHO Q B.
B
B*(c)

$C QCSOS LUHU v-BCJHF^ LRU. )LEC ECYOLFBQK R ECWCHU OJaUDBC F QOLUMZFB RQU RFMBNCH\EXU `NED^FF,
[UMROECWCH\EO OJaKRHUEEXU R A FHF C, C LMNGCK R ECWCHU DOS[OEUEBC B F QOLUMZFB RFMBNCH\EXU
`NED^FF, OJaKRHUEEXU R B. 3BO OPECWCUB, WBO [MUOJMCPORCEFU BF[C OB [MOFPROLEOGO D JCPOROSN DHCQQN
R .++ SOZUB [MF EUDOBOMXY OJQBOKBUH\QBRCY [OMOLFB\ NDCPCBUH\ EC QUMULFEN OJaUDBC ([O CECHOGFF Q
NDCPCBUHKSF EC [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC, O DOBOMXY GOROMFHOQ\ RXVU). 0MOSU BOGO, R .++ OBDMXRCUBQK
ROPSOZEOQB\ LNMC^DFY ÒDNQOR:
C* anotherC = C*(void*(B*(c)));
anotherC->MemberOfC();
#FLFBU, R WUS [MOJHUSC? 5MUOJMCPORCEFU B*(c) QSUTCUB NDCPCBUH\. "CBUS OE [MUOJMCPNUBQK D BF[N
void*. *CHUU QHULNUB OJMCBEOU [MUOJMCPORCEFU D C* F ECVC [MOGMCSSC JNLUB NRUMUEC, WBO C
ECWFECUBQK Q EURUMEOGO CLMUQC. 8UP [MUOJMCPORCEFK D void* RQU MCJOBCUB, [OQDOH\DN DOS[FHKBOM SOZUB
O[UMULUHFB\ QSUTUEFU B* R C*. # QNTEOQBF, [MUOJMCPORCEFU OB base* D derived* (GLU base
JCPORX_, C derived [MOFPROLEX_ DHCQQ) RX[OHEKUBQK DCZLX_ MCP, DOGLC DHFUEB RXPXRCUB
RFMBNCH\ENI `NED^FI B, [UMUO[MULUHUEENI R C. $O DOGLC [MOFQYOLFB [MUOJMCPORCEFU OB void* D C*,
DOS[FHKBOM HFV\ ECFREO [OHCGCUB, WBO [MOGMCSSFQB LU_QBRNUB QOPECBUH\EO.
"C[OSEFBU: DCZLX_ [MOGMCSSFQB EC .++ PC QROI DCM\UMN [MOROLFB DCD SFEFSNS OLEN JUQQOEENI EOW\,
[XBCKQ\ [OEKB\, [OWUSN UGO OJaUDB JMULFB. 5OBOS [MFYOLFB DCDO_-EFJNL\ GNMN, Q YOLN QBCRFB LFCGEOP
QFELMOS DHCQQ-void-DHCQQ [MFBOS BCD, WBOJX QHXVCHF ODMNZCITFU F MCPMCZCUBQK PHOMCLEXS
QSUYOS. #[MOWUS, K OBDHOEFHQK OB BUSX.
Bupfyanuuue asoeue knaccu
%QHF RX [OH\PNUBUQ\ RFMBNCH\EXSF JCPORXSF DHCQQCSF, [O[MOTC_BUQ\ QO RQUSF QYUSCSF N[HOBEUEFK F
QJOMDF SNQOMC, BMUJNITFSF [UMUSUTUEFK OJaUDBOR R [CSKBF. $FZU [MFRULUE `MCGSUEB [MOGMCSSX F
[ODCPCEO, DCD OJaUDB [MULQBCRHUE R [CSKBF.
class Base {...};
class A : virtual public Base {...};
class B : virtual public Base {...};
class Foo : public A, public B {...};
+\`N. 0OS[FHKBOMN BCD QBXLEO, WBO Base [MFYOLFBQK MUCHFPORXRCB\ DCD RFMBNCH\EX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ,
WBO OE [MKWUB UGO DCD SOZEO LCH\VU, [OL Foo. A F B QOLUMZCB NDCPCBUHF EC ]DPUS[HKM Base LC, RQU
RUMEO, NDCPCBUHF, BO UQB\ EU[OQMULQBRUEEXU CLMUQC R [CSKBF. #X EU FSUUBU LOQBN[C D ]BFS NDCPCBUHKS
F, QHULORCBUH\EO, EU QSOZUBU OJEORFB\ FY [MF [UMUSUTUEFF OJaUDBC R [CSKBF.
B
A
Foo
Base

220
Ykasafenu ua nepereuuyk knacca
!LUK NDCPCBUHK EC [UMUSUEENI DHCQQC PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO [UMUSUEENI SOZEO OLEOPECWEO
FLUEBF`F^FMORCB\ EU [O UU EU[OQMULQBRUEEOSN CLMUQN, EO [O CLMUQN QOLUMZCTUGO UU OJaUDBC F
QSUTUEFI [UMUSUEEO_ RENBMF OJaUDBC. %QHF RX EFDOGLC EU [OH\PORCHFQ\ NDCPCBUHKSF EC [UMUSUEEXU
DHCQQC, FPNWFBU QHULNITF_ `MCGSUEB DCD SOZEO REFSCBUH\EUU.
class Foo {
private:
int x;
public:
static int& Foo::*X() { return &Foo::x; }
};
Foo f = new Foo; // F'-0$*, Q&-"25#%7
int& Foo::*pm = Foo::X(); // G<./)#/*, )2"K"(/" int
int& i = f->*pm; // =7/2"(/*, )2"K"(/" & Q&-"25#%73
:NED^FK X() ROPRMCTCUB EU QQXHDN EC int, C QSUTUEFU EUDOBOMOGO int R ]DPUS[HKMCY DHCQQC Foo.
:NED^FK Foo::X() OJaKRHUEC QBCBFWUQDO_, [OQDOH\DN OBEOQFBQK EU D DOEDMUBEOSN ]DPUS[HKMN, C D
DHCQQN R ÛHOS. 0OSCELC return &Foo::x; O[MULUHKUB QSUTUEFU DOEDMUBEO_ [UMUSUEEO_, x. # QBMODU
int& Foo::*pm = Foo::X(); OJaKRHKUBQK [UMUSUEECK pm, DOBOMCK QOLUMZFB QSUTUEFU [UMUSUEEO_
int DHCQQC Foo. )EC FEF^FCHFPFMNUBQK QSUTUEFUS, [OHNWUEEXS OB Foo::X(). $CDOEU^, R QBMODU int&
i = f->*pm; QSUTUEFU [MFSUEKUBQK D DOEDMUBEOSN ]DPUS[HKMN LHK RXWFQHUEFK CLMUQC DOEDMUBEOGO
int. )JMCBFBU REFSCEFU: PECWUEFU pm QCSO [O QUJU JUQ[OHUPEO LO BUY [OM, [ODC RX EU [MFSUEFU UGO D
OJaUDBN.
#QU ]BF int& Q BCDFS ZU NQ[UYOS SOZEO PCSUEFB\ EC int*. # HIJOS QHNWCU RQU PCRUMVCUBQK
DOQRUEEXS [OHNWUEFUS CLMUQC EUDOBOMO_ WCQBF OJaUDBC BCD, QHOREO RX [OHNWFHF KREX_ CLMUQ
[UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC. 4DCPCBUHF EC WHUEX DHCQQOR BCDZU SOGNB [MFSUEKB\QK LHK DOQRUEEXY QQXHOD EC
`NED^FF, C EU EC [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC, EO ]BO EU OBEOQFBQK D ECVU_ BUSU N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I. 0 BOSN
ZU K EU YOWN RPRCHFRCB\ EC QUJK HFVEII GOHORENI JOH\.
vtable
x
y
f
pm = Foo::X()
F->*pm

Rocnepcfeun
#QU QDCPCEEOU OJHCLCUB `NELCSUEBCH\EXSF [OQHULQBRFKSF LHK N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I. 1BOJX
[UMUSUQBFB\ OJaUDB R [CSKBF, RCS [MFLUBQK [MOQHULFB\ PC BUS, WBOJX [UMUSUTCHQK RSUTCITF_ OJaUDB
RUMYEUGO NMOREK, C EU EUDOBOMX_ RHOZUEEX_ OJaUDB, CLMUQ DOBOMOGO N RCQ FSUUBQK. 8OHUU BOGO, [MF
[UMUSUTUEFF OJaUDBC [MFLUBQK OJEORHKB\ &.# NDCPCBUHF EU BOH\DO EC QCS OJaUDB, EO F EC RQU
RHOZUEEXU OJaUDBX F JCPORXU DHCQQX.
%QHF RX YOBFBU NPECB\, QNTUQBRNIB HF QQXHDF EC EUDOBOMX_ OJaUDB, [MFLUBQK FQDCB\ NDCPCBUHF EU
BOH\DO EC ECWCHO OJaUDBC, EO F EC RQU UGO [UMUSUEEXU F JCPORXU DHCQQX.
Rouck ykasafene
!BCD, BU[UM\ SX PECUS, Q DCDFSF MCPEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF ECS [MFLUBQK FSUB\ LUHO. 0CD ZU OBXQDCB\ FY
RQU? 1BOJX [UMUSUQBFB\ OJaUDB, ECS [MFLUBQK OJEORFB\ RQU NDCPCBUHF EC EUGO. 1BOJX [OEKB\, LOQBN[UE
HF OJaUDB, [MFLUBQK QOJMCB\ RQU NDCPCBUHF.
Cneuuanusupoeauuue npocfpaucfea narnfu pnn ykasafene
)LEO FP QFHORXY MUVUEF_ QHOZFB\ RQU NDCPCBUHF R OLEO SUQBO, GLU FY JNLUB HUGDO EC_BF. # QROI
OWUMUL\, ]BO [OLMCPNSURCUB, WBO RQU NDCPCBUHF LOHZEX JXB\ NSEXSF F YMCEFB\QK R Q[U^FCH\EXY
[MOQBMCEQBRCY [CSKBF. 3BF [MOQBMCEQBRC LOHZEX JXB\ OMGCEFPORCEX BCD, WBOJX RX SOGHF [UMUJMCB\ FY
22.
QOLUMZFSOU (BO UQB\ QOPLCB\ FBUMC^FI LHK ECJOMC NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_). # DHCQQCY RQU ]BF *-NDCPCBUHF
PCSUEKIBQK LUQDMF[BOMCSF FHF QQXHDCSF EC NSEXU NDCPCBUHF, [OQDOH\DN QCSF NDCPCBUHF LOHZEX
ECYOLFB\QK R OBLUH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU. # QHULNITUS `MCGSUEBU [MOGMCSSX P F H [MULQBCRHKIB QOJO_
QBCELCMBEXU NDCPCBUHF F LUQDMF[BOMX QOOBRUBQBRUEEO, PC FQDHIWUEFUS BOGO, WBO P QOYMCEKUB
]DPUS[HKMX NDCPCBUHU_ R Q[U^FCH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU [CSKBF. 3BC SUBOLFDC YOMOVO [OLO_LUB F LHK
EURFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_, UQHF LHK FY QOYMCEUEFK R ECLUZEOS, YOMOVO FPRUQBEOS SUQBU JNLUB
FQ[OH\PORCEC OLEC FP SUBOLFD EUQBCELCMBEXY [MOQBMCEQBR [CSKBF. 4DCPCBUH\ P OJXWEO KRHKUBQK
RULNTFS, EO ]BO EU OJKPCBUH\EO.
class P { // H&$-$*"#,
private:
Type* pointee;
public:
void* operator new(size_t); // D)5'#,-3"* )5"B/$#,('"
// 57')*7$()*4' 5$2%*/
void operator delete(void*); // D)5'#,-3"* )5"B/$#,('"
// 57')*7$()*4' 5$2%*/
// G)" 0#% 32(<C 3&$-$*"#"?
};
class H { // :")&7/5*'7
private:
P<Type>* ptr;
public:
// G)" 0#% 0")&7/5*'7'4
};
class Foo {
private:
P<Bar>& bar; // F)<#&$ ($ 32(<? 3&$-$*"#, ($ Bar
// DWD
H<Bar>& bar; // :")&7/5*'7 Bar
};
# [UMROS RCMFCEBU SX YMCEFS QQXHDN EC NSEX_ NDCPCBUH\, [MFWUS QCS NDCPCBUH\, RUMOKBEO, YMCEFBQK
GLU-BO R LMNGOS SUQBU. #O RBOMOS RCMFCEBU SX FQ[OH\PNUS FLFOSN LUQDMF[BOMC NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK EC
NSEX_ NDCPCBUH\. .CS LUQDMF[BOM ECYOLFBQK R OJaUDBU, EO NDCPCBUH\, EC DOBOMX_ OE QQXHCUBQK, R
Q[U^FCH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU NDCPCBUHU_, FQ[OH\PNUSOS O[UMCBOMCSF new F delete DHCQQC P. %QHF
[MOQBMCEQBRO NDCPCBUHU_ JNLUB MUCHFPORCEO BOHDORO, RQU NDCPCBUHF SOZEO JNLUB [UMUJFMCB\ [MKSO FP
EUGO. # ]BO QHNWCU PCLCWC [UMUSUTUEFK OJaUDBC EUQDOH\DO N[MOTCUBQK (YOBK F EU QBCEORFBQK [MOQBO_),
[OQDOH\DN RQU NDCPCBUHF EC EUGO SOZEO EC_BF R [MOQBMCEQBRU NDCPCBUHU_. 5OHECK MUCHFPC^FK ]BO_
SUBOLFDF [MFRULUEC EFZU R ]BO_ GHCRU.
Ckpufue konnekuuu ykasafene
*MNGOU ROPSOZEOU MUVUEFU [OLLUMZCB\ QDMXBXU DOHHUD^FF NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_.
class P {
private:
static P<Type>* head; // +$.$#' )5/)&$ MP
static P<Type>* tail; // I'("B )5/)&$
P<Type>* next; // F#"03>K/? Q#"2"(* )5/)&$
P<Type>* previous; // =7"0<03K/? Q#"2"(* )5/)&$
Type* pointee;
222
public:
P(); // T$(")*/ this 4 )5/)'&
P(const P<Type>& p); // T$(")*/ this 4 )5/)'&
~P(); // H0$#/*, this /- )5/)&$
P<Type>& operator=(const P<Type>& p); // +" /-2"(%% )5/)'&,
// )&'5/7'4$*, p.pointee
// G)" 0#% 32(<C 3&$-$*"#"?
};
#CS [MFLUBQK QOJHILCB\ OQBOMOZEOQB\ [MF RX[OHEUEFF O[UMC^F_ QO Q[FQDOS R DOEQBMNDBOMU DO[F_ F
O[UMCBOMU =, EO RO RQUS OQBCH\EOS MUCHFPC^FK LOQBCBOWEO BMFRFCH\ECK. !Q[OH\PNK ]BOB VCJHOE, DHCQQ
OJYOLFBQK JUP YMCEUEFK QQXHOD EC NSEXU NDCPCBUHF; OE YMCEFB FY EU[OQMULQBRUEEO.
class Foo {
private:
P<Bar> bar; // H&$-$*"#, $4*'2$*/.")&/ -$(')/*)% 4 )&7<*3> &'##"&B/>
};
5MF DOEQBMNFMORCEFF Foo RXPXRCUBQK QOOBRUBQBRNITF_ DOEQBMNDBOM P, DOBOMX_ CRBOSCBFWUQDF
PCEOQFB bar R QDMXBNI DOHHUD^FI. 5MF NEFWBOZUEFF Foo RXPXRCUB LUQBMNDBOM P, DOBOMX_ NLCHKUB
bar FP DOHHUD^FF. (CPNSUUBQK, RSUQBO LRNQRKPEOGO Q[FQDC SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK LMNGFSF
QBMNDBNMCSF LCEEXY. 0MOSU BOGO, DCD RX RQDOMU NJULFBUQ\, LHK RQUY ]BFY Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEXY
NDCPCBUHU_ QBOFB QOPLCB\ OJTF_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ F QOYMCEFB\ FY RQU R OLEO_ DOHHUD^FF. # [MFRULUEEOS
RXVU `MCGSUEBU LHK DCZLOGO BF[C NDCPCBUHK QOPLCUBQK OBLUH\ECK DOHHUD^FK.
Auanus sksernnnpoe
8OHUU MCLFDCH\EX_ [OLYOL FQ[OH\PORCB\ QCSXU OJXWEXU NDCPCBUHF F [MULNQSOBMUB\ QMULQBRC LHK
[UMUJOMC RQUY NDCPCBUHU_, REULMUEEXY R ]DPUS[HKM.
class Foo {
private:
Bar* bar;
};
# LCEEO_ QYUSU ]BO MCPMUVCUBQK, [MF NQHORFF, WBO DCDCK-BO OWUE\ QHOZECK CMYFBUDBNMC QSOZUB
O[MULUHFB\ Bar* [O FSUITUSNQK Foo. 1BOJX MUCHFPORCB\ UU, ECS [OECLOJFBQK DOL, DOBOMX_ PECUB
QBMNDBNMN DCZLOGO ]DPUS[HKMC (C BOWEUU, NSUUB ECYOLFB\ [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC, DOBOMXU KRHKIBQK
CLMUQCSF FHF SOGNB QOLUMZCB\ CLMUQC [OQMULQBROS MUDNMQFF), F ROPSOZEOQB\ BOWEO O[MULUHFB\ BF[
NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. $C[MFSUM, NQ[UVEO EC_LUEEX_ bar EU [OSOZUB, UQHF RX EU PECUBU, Q WUS
FSUUBU LUHO Q ECQBOKTFS Bar FHF DCDFS-BO DHCQQOS, [MOFPROLEXS OB Bar. # [MOFPROLEOS DHCQQU
SOGNB [OKRFB\QK LO[OHEFBUH\EXU NDCPCBUHF, OBQNBQBRNITFU R Bar.
6X UTU RUMEUSQK D ]BOSN MUVUEFI, EO UQHF JX ]BO JXHC MUDHCSC CRBOSOJFHK, BO R EFZEU_ WCQBF
]DMCEC RX JX NRFLUHF [MULN[MUZLUEFU: 5MOÙQQFOECH\EX_ DCQDCLUM EC PCDMXBOS BMUDU. $U
[XBC_BUQ\ [ORBOMFB\ R LOSCVEFY NQHORFKY. +US EU SUEUU, RO SEOGFY QFBNC^FKY [MOQBXU MUVUEFK EU
MCJOBCIB, [O]BOSN R QHULNITU_ GHCRU SX Q GOHORO_ EXMEUS R ]BN QYUSN.
Cfekoeue nepereuuue
0OEUWEO, EU RQU NDCPCBUHF KRHKIBQK WHUECSF OJaUDBOR. $UDOBOMXU FP EFY OJXWEXU [UMUSUEEXU,
ECYOLKTFUQK R QBUDU. (CPNSUUBQK, MUVUEFU QO Q[U^FCH\EXSF [MOQBMCEQBRCSF LHK QBUDORXY [UMUSUEEXY
EU [OLO_LUB, UQHF BOH\DO OEF EU KRHKIBQK LUQDMF[BOMCSF FHF QQXHDCSF EC NSEXU NDCPCBUHF,
YMCEKTFUQK R LMNGOS SUQBU. .DMXBXU DOHHUD^FF Q BUS ZU NQ[UYOS JNLNB MCJOBCB\ LHK NDCPCBUHU_,
YMCEKTFYQK R QBUDU FHF DNWU [MF NQHORFF, WBO RX OMGCEFPNUBU OJMCJOBDN FQDHIWUEF_, DOBOMCK JNLUB
[MCRFH\EO MCQDMNWFRCB\ QBUD. )QOJOGO OJMCTUEFK BMUJNUB HFV\ OLEC [UMUSUEECK this, PECWUEFU
DOBOMO_ PCLCUBQK DOS[FHKBOMOS, C EU RCVFS DOLOS, MCJOBCITFS Q NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF. .BUDORXU
[UMUSUEEXU PECWFBUH\EO NQHOZEKIB MUVUEFU Q CECHFPOS ]DPUS[HKMOR, [OQDOH\DN RCS BCDZU [MFLUBQK
MCPMCJCBXRCB\ OBLUH\ENI QYUSN OJECMNZUEFK FHF YOBK JX [MULOBRMCTUEFK DOHHFPF_.
223
eckpunfopu, noeckpy peckpunfopu
)LEC FP QBMCBUGF_ N[HOBEUEFK F QJOMDF SNQOMC R .++, DOBOMCK PCFSQBRNUB DOU-WBO FP LFECSFWUQDFY
KPXDOR QQXHCB\QK EC RQU OJaUDBX BOH\DO WUMUP LUQDMF[BOMX.
class Foo {
private:
H<Bar> bar; // :")&7/5*'7 Bar
public:
H<Bar> GetBar() { return bar; }
};
"LUQ\ H VCJHOE LUQDMF[BOMC (RMOLU BUY, DOBOMXU SX MCQQSCBMFRCHF R [MULXLNTFY GHCRCY). 0CZLX_
H<Bar> [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ NSEX_ NDCPCBUH\ EC RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ EC Bar. :NED^FF, DOQRUEEO
OBDMXRCITFU [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC (BCDFU DCD GetBar()), ROPRMCTCIB DO[FI LUQDMF[BOMC. #QU RULNTFU
NDCPCBUHF ([O DMC_EU_ SUMU, R ]BO_ RUMQFF) ZFRNB R Q[U^FCH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU [CSKBF, [O]BOSN EC_BF
FY EUQHOZEO.
$FZU O[FQXRCUBQK OLEC FP EUQHOZEXY MUCHFPC^F_ N[HOBEUEFK Q [MFSUEUEFUS LUQDMF[BOMOR. 0OEUWEO,
ROPSOZEX F LMNGFU RCMFCEBX.
Oee onucauue apxufekfypu
# OJTFY WUMBCY ECVC CMYFBUDBNMC QBMOFBQK EC QHULNITFY [MFE^F[CY:
5OQDOH\DN MCPHFWEXU BF[X OJaULFEKIBQK R OLFE ECJOM RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_, SX ROQ[OH\PNUSQK
CJQBMCDBEXS JCPORXS DHCQQOS VoidPtr LHK RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. 0OEDMUBEXU RULNTFU
NDCPCBUHF JNLNB QOPLCRCB\QK [O VCJHOEN, [MOFPROLFSOSN OB ]BOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC.
#ULNTFU NDCPCBUHF ECYOLKBQK R Q[U^FCH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU, OJUQ[UWFRCITUS [MOQBO_ [UMUJOM
NDCPCBUHU_.
0CZLX_ RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ OJUQ[UWFRCUB [OLQWUB QQXHOD F NLCHKUB QUJK, DOGLC QWUBWFD
[UMUYOLFB OB / D 0. # QROI OWUMUL\, UGO LUQBMNDBOM RXPXRCUB LUQBMNDBOM NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC
F, R PCRFQFSOQBF OB FQ[OH\PNUSXY CHGOMFBSOR, [XBCUBQK (FHF EU [XBCUBQK) RUMENB\ PCEFSCUSNI
OJaUDBOS [CSKB\.
#O RQUY [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQOR F OJXWEXY [UMUSUEEXY FQ[OH\PNIBQK LUQDMF[BOMX RULNTFY
NDCPCBUHU_ RSUQBO [MKSXY NDCPCBUHU_ EC LMNGFU OJaUDBX.
5CSKB\ ROPRMCTCUBQK HFV\ R [MOÛQQU N[HOBEUEFK N[MCRHKUSO_ WCQBF DNWF. !ECWU GOROMK, UQHF
ECS [OECLOJFBQK JOH\VU [CSKBF, SX ECWFECUS Q[NQDCB\ CDBFREXU OJaUDBX REFY [O DNWU, WBOJX
OQROJOLFB\ SUQBO ECRUMYN. #XLUHUEFU [CSKBF RQUGLC [MOFQYOLFB QEFPN RRUMY.
)[FQCEC HFV\ OLEC FP ROPSOZEXY CMYFBUDBNM N[HOBEUEFK. 6X EU [XBCUSQK EF MUVFB\ [MOJHUSX
PC^FDHFRCEFK, EF NLCHFB\ OJaUDBX, QBCRVFU EULOQBN[EXSF, EO UTU EU NLCHUEEXU. )J ]BOS MUW\ [O_LUB
R QHULNITU_ GHCRU.
Bepyue ykasafenu
0CD F RO SEOGFY LMNGFY QBMCBUGFKY N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I, ECS [MFLUBQK YMCEFB\ SEOZUQBRO MCPHFWEXY
RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ R OLEO_ QBMNDBNMU Q ROPSOZEOQB\I [UMUJOMC. $C[MCVFRCUBQK OJTF_ CJQBMCDBEX_
JCPORX_ DHCQQ LHK RQUY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. 0 ECVFS RULNTFS NDCPCBUHKS [MULaKRHKIBQK QHULNITFU
BMUJORCEFK:
/. #ULUEFU QWUBWFDC QQXHOD.
2. >MCEUEFU FY R Q[U^FCH\EOS [MOQBMCEQBRU [CSKBF Q [OLLUMZDO_ [UMUJOMC.
3. #XPOR LUQBMNDBOMC NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC R LUQBMNDBOMU NDCPCBUHK. # PCRFQFSOQBF OB
FQ[OH\PNUSOGO CHGOMFBSC QJOMDF SNQOMC SX OLEORMUSUEEO [XBCUSQK (FHF EU [XBCUSQK)
RUMENB\ PCEFSCUSNI OJaUDBOS [CSKB\. # ECVUS [MFSUMU EU QBOFB JUQ[ODOFB\QK O ROPRMCBU
[CSKBF OJaUDBC.
224
Easoeu knacc VoidPtr
$FZU [ODCPCE CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ, NLORHUBROMKITF_ ]BFS BMUJORCEFKS.
class VoidPtrPool; // D)5'#,-3"*)% 0#% )'-0$(/%, 3(/.*'1"(/%
// / 5"7";'7$ VoidPtr
class VoidPtr {
friend class VoidPtrPool;
private:
unsigned long refcount; // F."*./& ))<#'&
protected:
void* address; // N07") 3&$-<4$"2'8' ';E"&*$
size_t size; // O$-2"7 3&$-<4$"2'8' ';E"&*$ 4 ;$?*$C
VoidPtr() : address(NULL), size(0), refcount(0) {}
VoidPtr(void* adr, size_t s) : address(adr), size(s), refcount(0) {}
public:
static VoidPtrPool* pool;
virtual ~VoidPtr() { size = 0; address = NULL; }
void* operator new(size_t)
{
if (pool == NULL)
pool = new VoidPtrPool;
return pool->Allocate();
}
void operator delete(void* space)
{ pool->Deallocate((VoidPtr*)space); }
void Grab() { refcount++; }
void Release()
{
if (refcount > 0) refcount--;
if (refcount <= 0) delete this;
}
};
Lanou eepyero ykasafenn
$CV RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ VCJHOE, [MOFPROLEX_ OB VoidPtr. )E QNTUQBRNUB R
OQEOREOS LHK BOGO, WBOJX MUCHFPORCB\ O[UMCBOM -> F RFMBNCH\EX_ LUQBMNDBOM, DOBOMX_ PECUB, DCDO_
LUQBMNDBOM LOHZUE RXPXRCB\QK LHK NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. & MUVFH PC[MUBFB\ DO[FMORCEFU F
[MFQRCFRCEFU. 5MF DO[FMORCEFF LUQDMF[BOMC LOHZUE DO[FMORCB\QK CLMUQ RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK, C EU QCS
RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ FHF NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB. .HULORCBUH\EO, EUB OQOJO_ EUOJYOLFSOQBF [OLLUMZFRCB\
DO[FMORCEFU F [MFQRCFRCEFU LHK RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. 0CD OJXWEO, QNTUQBRNUB SEOZUQBRO RCMFC^F_ EC
BUSN DOEQBMNDBOMOR. # LCEEOS QHNWCU K RXJMCH BN, R DOBOMO_ DOEQBMNDBOM RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK QOPLCUB
NDCPXRCUSX_ OJaUDB.
class MP : public VoidPtr {
private: // S*';< -$57"*/*, &'5/7'4$(/" / 57/)4$/4$(/"
MP(const MP<Type>&) {}
MP<Type>& operator=(const MP<Type>&) { return this; }
public:
MP() : VoidPtr(new Type, sizeof(Type)) {}
virtual ~MP() { ((Type*)address)->Type::~TypeOf(); }
225
Type* operator->() { return (Type*)address; }
};
Lanou peckpunfopa
3BO NZU PECDOSX_ ECS VCJHOE LUQDMF[BOMC Q [OLQWUBOS QQXHOD FP [MULXLNTU_ GHCRX.
class Handle {
private:
MP<Type>* pointer;
public:
Handle() : pointer(new MP<Type>) { pointer->Grab(); }
Handle(const Handle<Type>& h) : pointer(h.pointer)
{ pointer->Grab(); }
Handle<Type>& operator=(const Handle<Type>& h)
{
if (this == &h) return *this;
if (pointer == h.pointer) return *this;
pointer->Release();
h.pointer->Grab();
return *this;
}
MP<Type>& operator->() { return *pointer; }
};
# [MOGMCSSU OE FQ[OH\PNUBQK LHK [UMUSUEEXY, QQXHCITFYQK EC OJaUDBX.
class Bar {
private:
H<Foo> foo;
public:
void f();
};
void Bar::f()
{
Handle<Foo> f; // Y&4/4$#"(*(' Foo* f = new Foo;
f = foo; // D)5'#,-3"* operator=(Handle<Type>(foo));
foo = f; // D)5'#,-3"* '5"7$*'7 H<Type>(f)
}
Ryn eepyux ykasafene
5MOQBOBX MCLF SX [MUL[OHOZFS, WBO DHCQQX, [MOFPROLEXU OB VoidPtr, QOR[CLCIB [O MCPSUMN Q QCSFS
VoidPtr; FECWU GOROMK, R EFY EU LOJCRHKIBQK EORXU [UMUSUEEXU. $CVC PCLCWC N[MOTCUBQK;
VoidPtrPool BU[UM\ SOZUB JXB\ [MOQBXS QRKPCEEXS Q[FQDOS SCQQFROR VoidPtr. .BMNDBNMC SCQQFRC
ECPXRCUBQK VoidPtrBlock.
struct VoidPtrBlock {
VoidPtrBlock* next; // F#"03>K/? ;#'& 4 )5/)&"
VoidPtr slots[BLOCKSIZE]; // 9$))/4 5'-/B/?
VoidPtrBlock(VoidPtrBlock* next_in_list) : next(next_in_list)
{
// L78$(/-'4$*, ('4<" 5'-/B// 4 )4%-$((<? )5/)'&
for (int i = 0; i < BLOCKSIZE - 1; i++)
226
slots[i].address = &slots[i + 1];
slots[BLOCKSIZE - 1].address = NULL;
}
~VoidPtrBlock() { delete next; }
}
class VoidPtrPool {
private:
VoidPtr* free_list; // F5/)'& )4';'0(<C VoidPtr
VoidPtrBlock* block_size; // +$.$#' )5/)&$ ;#'&'4
public:
VoidPtrPool() : block_list(NULL), free_list(NULL) {}
~VoidPtrPool() { delete block_list; }
VoidPtr* Allocate();
void Deallocate(VoidPtr* vp);
};
VoidPtr* VoidPtrPool::Allocate()
{
if (free_list == NULL) // G<0"#/*, 0'5'#(/*"#,(<? ;#'&
{
block_list = new VoidPtrBlock(block_list);
// :';$4/*, 4 )5/)'&
block_list->slots[BLOCKSIZE 1].address = free_list;
free_list = &block_list->slots[0];
}
VoidPtr* space = (VoidPtr*)free_list;
free_list = (VoidPtr*)space->address;
return space;
}
void VoidPtrPool::Deallocate(VoidPtr* p)
{
vp->address = free_list;
free_list = (VoidPtr*)vp->address;
vp->size = 0;
}
# OJTUS, EFWUGO YFBMOGO. 5MF RXLUHUEFF EOROGO JHODC SX OMGCEFPNUS UGO [OPF^FF QRKPCEEX_ Q[FQOD
F ROLMNZCUS [ORUMY Q[FQDC QROJOLEXY NDCPCBUHU_. %QHF Q[FQOD QROJOLEXY NDCPCBUHU_ [NQB, C ECS
[OBMUJORCHQK UTU OLFE RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\, SX RXLUHKUS EORX_ JHOD, C PCBUS JUMUS NDCPCBUH\ FP
Q[FQDC QROJOLEXY, R DOBOMOS D ]BOSN RMUSUEF [OKRFHFQ\ RCDCEQFF.
Hfepafop eepyux ykasafene
*HK [UMUJOMC RQUY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ SX QOPLCLFS DHCQQ FBUMCBOMC Q FSUEUS VoidPtrIterator.
VoidPtrPool ROPRMCTCUB FBUMCBOM, [UMUJFMCITF_ RQU CDBFREXU NDCPCBUHF (BO UQB\ RQU NDCPCBUHF, EU
[MFQNBQBRNITFU R Q[FQDU QROJOLEXY). )E JNLUB OJaKRHUE DCD WFQBO CJQBMCDBEX_ JCPORX_ DHCQQ,
[OQDOH\DN R QHULNITU_ GHCRU BOB ZU FEBUMÙ_Q JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCE LHK [UMUJOMC NDCPCBUHU_,
REULMUEEXY R OJaUDBX.
class VoidPtrIterator {
protected:
VoidPtrIterator() {}
public:
227
virtual VoidPtr* Next() = 0;
};
.CS FBUMCBOM MCJOBCUB RUQ\SC [MKSOHFEU_EO. )E [MOQBO [UMUJFMCUB JHODF R ^FDHU F FTUB NDCPCBUHF Q
EUENHURXS PECWUEFUS [UMUSUEEO_ size.
class VoidPtrPoolIterator : public VoidPtrIterator {
private:
VoidPtrBlock* block;
int slot; // +'2"7 5'-/B// 4 *"&3K"2 ;#'&"
virtual void Advance() // +$?*/ )#"03>K3> /)5'#,-3"23> 5'-/B/>
{
while (block != NULL)
{
if (slot >= BLOCKSIZE)
{
block = block->next;
slot = 0;
}
else if (block->slots[slot].size != 0)
break;
slot++;
}
}
public:
VoidPtrPoolIterator(VoidPtrBlock* vpb)
: block(vpb), slot(0), { Advance(); }
virtual bool More() { return block != NULL; }
virtual VoidPtr* Next()
{
VoidPtr* vp = &block->slots[slot];
Advance();
return vp;
}
};
0MOSU BOGO, SX LOJCRFS R VoidPtrPool QHULNITNI `NED^FI:
VoidPtrIterator* iterator()
{ return new VoidPtrPoolIterator(this); }
$CDOEU^, ECS [MFVHOQ\ OJaKRFB\ VoidPtrPoolIterator LMNGOS VoidPtr, WBOJX R [MOGMCSSU SOZEO
JXHO OJMCBFB\QK D UGO [UMUSUEEO_ size. "CJUGCK R[UMUL, QDCZN, WBO R GHCRU /6 SX ROQ[OH\PNUSQK ]BFS
FBUMCBOMOS LHK LMNGFY ÛHU_; [O]BOSN `NED^FK Advance() F OJaKRHUEC RFMBNCH\EO_, WBOJX
[MOFPROLEXU DHCQQX SOGHF LOJCRFB\ QROI QOJQBRUEENI `FH\BMC^FI. %QHF EC_LUEECK [OPF^FK FSUUB
ENHUROU PECWUEFU size, SX [MO[NQDCUS UU. #O RQUS OQBCH\EOS MCJOBC QROLFBQK D [MOQBOSN [UMUJOMN R
SCQQFRCY, OJMCPNITFY JHODF NDCPCBUHU_.
Bapuauuu
5UMUL BUS DCD O[FQXRCB\ QCSF CHGOMFBSX N[HOBEUEFK, LCRC_BU MCQQSOBMFS LMNGFU RCMFCEBX FQYOLEO_
[OQBCEORDF PCLCWF. )EF EU ODCPXRCIB [MFE^F[FCH\EOGO RHFKEFK EC CMYFBUDBNMN FHF CHGOMFBSX, C
BOH\DO EC FLFOSX .++ R FY MUCHFPC^FF.
228
Heeupurue eepyue ykasafenu
1BOJX EU FQ[OH\PORCB\ VCJHOEX LUQDMF[BOMOR F RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_, SOZEO JXHO OMGCEFPORCB\
SEOZUQBRUEEOU ECQHULORCEFU RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ OB VoidPtr F GOSOSOMÈOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC. !ECWU
GOROMK, RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF QBCEORKBQK EURFLFSXSF, DCD OJaKQEKHOQ\ R [MULXLNTFY GHCRCY. # FGMN
RQBN[CIB RQU SUYCEFPSX, QO[NBQBRNITFU FLFOSU EURFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_ (EC[MFSUM, [MOFPROLKTFU
`NED^FF).
class Foo {
public:
static Foo* make(); // G'-47$K$"* 5$73 3&$-$*"#,-3&$-<4$"2<? ';E"&*
virtual void Member1() = 0;
// D *.0. 0#% '*&7<*'8' /(*"7@"?)$
};
// G @$?#" foo.cpp
class FooPtr : public Foo, public VoidPtr {
public:
FooPtr(Foo* foo, size_t size) : VoidPtr(foo, size) {}
virtual ~FooPtr() { delete (Foo*)address; }
virtual void Member1()
{ ((Foo*)address)->Member1(); }
// D *.0. 0#% ')*$#,(<C '*&7<*<C @3(&B/?
};
class RealFoo : public Foo { ... };
Foo* Foo::make()
{
return new FooPtr(new RealFoo, sizeof(RealFoo));
}
// G &#/"(*)&'2 &'0"
class Bar {
private:
Foo* foo; // +$ )$2'2 0"#" ("4/0/2<? 3&$-$*"#,
public:
Bar() : foo(Foo::make()) {}
};
+CDOU MUVUEFU NHNWVCUB FEDC[QNHK^FI [MFSUEUEFK RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_. 0MOSU BOGO, OEO [OPROHKUB
[MOFPROLKTFS `NED^FKS MUVFB\, DCDFU ]DPUS[HKMX LOHZEX N[MCRHKB\QK [OLOJEXS OJMCPOS, C DCDFU
Q [OSOT\I OJXWEXY EURFLFSXY NDCPCBUHU_ FHF LCZU ROOJTU JUP NDCPCBUHU_. #QU [MUDMCQEO
MCJOBCUB, [ODC RX QOJHILCUBU OQBOMOZEOQB\ F RXLUHKUBU R VoidPtrPool LOQBCBOWEO SUQBC LHK
FooPtr. 5OSEFBU, WBO FP-PC SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK [O QMCREUEFI Q VoidPtr MCPSUM
NRUHFWFRCUBQK, [O DMC_EU_ SUMU, EC v-BCJHF^N.
OLekfu knaccoe
#OPSOZUE F LMNGO_ RCMFCEB [OBMUJORCB\, WBOJX RQU OJaUDBX [MOFQYOLFHF OB OJTUGO DHCQQC-[MULDC,
Q[OQOJEOGO ROPRMCBFB\ OJaUDB DHCQQC LHK LCEEOGO OJaUDBC FHF, [O DMC_EU_ SUMU, MCPSUM OJaUDBC. #
]BOS QHNWCU RCS NZU EU [MFLUBQK YMCEFB\ R NDCPCBUHU OJaUDB ]DPUS[HKMC, [OQDOH\DN UGO SOZEO JNLUB
[OHNWFB\ N OJaUDBC DHCQQC. %QHF RX GOBORX QSFMFB\QK Q EUDOBOMXS ECQFHFUS R OBEOVUEFF BF[OR R
LUQDMF[BOMCY, ]BO BCDZU [OPROHFB RCS FPJUZCB\ VCJHOEOR RBOMOGO NMOREK, FQ[OH\PNUSXY LHK GHCREXY
NDCPCBUHU_. #SUQBO void* R VoidPtr SOZEO JNLUB YMCEFB\ CommonBase* (GLU CommonBase OJTF_
JCPORX_ DHCQQ). 6X FPJCRHKUSQK OB [UMUSUEEO_ size, OB EUOJYOLFSOQBF FSUB\ VCJHOE, [MOFPROLEX_ OB
VoidPtr, F OB RFMBNCH\EOGO LUQBMNDBOMC R VoidPtr, F DCD QHULQBRFU OB 4-JC_BOROGO CLMUQC v-
BCJHF^X. . LMNGO_ QBOMOEX, UQHF N[MCRHKUSXU OJaUDBX NZU QOLUMZCB v-BCJHF^X F EU [MFENZLCIB RCQ
D [MFSUEUEFI SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK, LO[OHEFBUH\EXY PCBMCB EU JNLUB.
229
Onfurusauun e ocoux cufyauunx
%QHF CLMUQ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC [OHNWCB\ EU BMUJNUBQK, UU SOZEO YMCEFB\ R RFLU REULMUEEOGO OJaUDBC.
#[MOWUS, DCD [ODCPXRCUB QHULNITF_ `MCGSUEB, QFBNC^FK EU RQUGLC ECYOLFBQK [OL DOEBMOHUS
MCPMCJOBWFDC DHCQQC:
void f(int);
class Foo {
private:
int x; // N07") 5'#3.$*, (" (31(', 5'Q*'23 C7$(/2 ("5')7"0)*4"(('
public:
void F() { f(x); }
};
#XVKLFB R[OHEU JUPO[CQEO, EU [MCRLC HF? - BU[UM\ [MUL[OHOZFS, WBO CRBOM `NED^FF f() [MFRUH UU
FEBUMÙ_Q D QHULNITUSN RFLN:
void f(int&);
! ROB RQK BTCBUH\EO Q[MOUDBFMORCEECK O[BFSFPC^FK OJMNVFRCUBQK RCS EC GOHORN. 4 REULMUEEXY
OJaUDBOR UQB\ UTU OLEC [MOJHUSC: RX LOHZEX [MOQHULFB\ EU BOH\DO PC BUS, WBOJX EFDOGLC EU [OHNWCB\
CLMUQ OJaUDBC, EO F PC BUS, WBOJX EFDOGLC EU [OHNWCB\ CLMUQOR MUDNMQFREO REULMUEEXY WHUEOR.
class Bar {
private:
Foo foo;
};
*O[NQBFS, RX QSOZUBU LODCPCB\, WBO EF OLEC FP `NED^F_ Bar EU [OHNWCUB CLMUQ foo. $O RCS [MFLUBQK
QLUHCB\ QHULNITF_ VCG F [MOQHULFB\ UTU F PC BUS, WBOJX RQU `NED^FF Foo BOZU JXHF JUPO[CQEXSF.
+C ZU HOGFDC OBEOQFBQK F D JCPORXS DHCQQCS. #CZEO [OEFSCB\, WBO BCDCK O[BFSFPC^FK LOHZEC
OQNTUQBRHKB\QK EC NMOREU RQU_ [MOGMCSSX, C EU BOH\DO [MOUDBFMNUSOGO DHCQQC.
Anropufr Eekepa
)LFE FP CHGOMFBSOR N[HOBEUEFK ZUMBRNUB EUFSORUMEXS DOHFWUQBROS (C BOWEUU, [OHORFEO_) [CSKBF R
FEBUMUQCY QDOMOQBF. 5MOÛQQ N[HOBEUEFK [OEUSEOGN R[HUBCUBQK R OJXWENI MCJOBN [MOGMCSSX. 3BOB
CHGOMFBS ECPXRCUBQK +27%6(",%, T#3$#6+ (Bakers Algorithm).
5NH [CSKBF LUHFBQK EC LRU [OHORFEX, A F B. # HIJO_ SOSUEB RMUSUEF OLEC FP ]BFY [OHORFE KRHKUBQK
+$"(&*%3 (BO UQB\ R EU_ QOPLCIBQK EORXU OJaUDBX). 5CSKB\ RXLUHKUBQK QEFPN RRUMY, C R SOSUEB
NLCHUEFK OJaUDBC EU LUHCUBQK EFDCDFY [O[XBOD RUMENB\ PCEFSCUSNI FS [CSKB\. #MUSK OB RMUSUEF RQU
CDBFREXU OJaUDBX DO[FMNIBQK FP OLEO_ [OHORFEX [CSKBF R LMNGNI. # [MOÛQQU DO[FMORCEFK
CRBOSCBFWUQDF [MOFQYOLFB N[HOBEUEFU EFZEU_ WCQBF EORO_ CDBFREO_ [OHORFEX. -DBFREXS ECPXRCUBQK
OJaUDB, LHK DOBOMOGO R QBCEU RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ EC_LUBQK QQXHCITF_QK EC EUGO RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ (R
ECVUS QHNWCU VoidPtr).
Rpocfpaucfea oLekfoe
5OHORFEX [MULQBCRHUEX R RFLU [MOQBMCEQBR [CSKBF LHK QOPLCEFK OJaUDBOR. 0HCQQ HalfSpace
FPOJMCZCUB OLEN [OHORFEN, C Space RQI [CSKB\, RFLFSNI DHFUEBCS.
Knacc HalfSpace
0CZLCK [OHORFEC [O OBLUH\EOQBF RXGHKLFB DCD OJXWEOU [MOQBMCEQBRO [CSKBF QO Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEO_
`NED^FU_ Allocate(). 5CMECK `NED^FK Deallocate() EU [OECLOJFBQK.
class HalfSpace {
private:
unsigned long next_byte; // F#"03>K/? 4<0"#%"2<? ;$?*
unsigned char bytes[HALFSIZE];
public:
230
HalfSpace() : next_byte(0) {}
void* Allocate(size_t size);
void Reinitialize() { next_byte = 0; }
};
void* HalfSpace::Allocate(size_t size)
{
// G<7'4(%*, 0' 87$(/B< )#'4$
size = ROUNDUP(size);
if (next_byte + size >= HALFSIZE)
return NULL; // +" C4$*$"* 5$2%*/
void* space = &bytes[next_byte];
next_byte += size;
return space;
}
Knacc Space
)JTF_ [NH [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ QORODN[EOQB\ LRNY [OHORFE. )E BCDZU FSUUB `NED^FI Allocate(),
DOBOMCK R OJXWEXY QFBNC^FKY [MOQBO [OMNWCUB MCJOBN CDBFREO_ [OHORFEU. %QHF R CDBFREO_ [OHORFEU
EU EC_LUBQK LOQBCBOWEO [CSKBF, [MOFQYOLFB [UMUDHIWUEFU [OHORFE F DO[FMORCEFU CDBFREXY OJaUDBOR
R LMNGNI [OHORFEN `NED^FU_ Swap(). 3BC QYUSC OQEORCEC EC [MULXLNTUS SCBUMFCHU
Q[U^FCHFPFMORCEEOS [NHU VoidPtr QO QMULQBRCSF [UMUJOMC.
class Space {
private:
HalfSpace A, B;
HalfSpace* active;
HalfSpace* inactive;
void Swap(); // ="7"&#>./*, $&*/4(3> 5'#'4/(3, )&'5/7'4$*, ';E"&*<
public:
Space() : active(&A), inactive(&B) {};
};
void* Space::Allocate(size_t size)
{
void* space = active->Allocate(size);
if (space != NULL) return space;
Swap();
Space = active->Allocate(size);
if (space == NULL)
// D)&#>."(/" ("C4$*&$ 5$2%*/
return space;
}
void Space::Swap()
{
if (active == &A)
{
active = &B;
inactive = &A;
}
else
23.
{
active = &A;
inactive = &B;
}
active->Reinitialize();
// ="7";7$*, 4)" VoidPtr / ($?*" $&*/4(<" ';E"&*<
VoidPtrIterator* iterator = VoidPtr::pool->iterator();
while (iterator->More())
{
VoidPtr* vp = iterator->Next();
if (vp->address >= inactive &&
vp->address < inactive + sizeof(*inactive))
{
void* new_space = active->Allocate(vp->size);
if (new_space == NULL)
// D)&#>."(/" ("C4$*&$ 5$2%*/
memcpy(new_space, vp->address, vp->size);
vp->address = new_space;
}
}
delete iterator;
}
#QU QNTUQBRUEEOU [MOFQYOLFB R ^FDHU while `NED^FF Space::Swap(). 0CZLX_ OJaUDB R
[MULXLNTU_, MCEUU CDBFREO_ [OHORFEU DO[FMNUBQK R EORNI CDBFRENI [OHORFEN. #QDOMU RX [O_SUBU,
PCWUS SX [MORUMKUS, [MFECLHUZFB HF CLMUQ QBCMO_ [OHORFEU.
Onepafop new
0OEUWEO, N ECQ [OKRHKUBQK [UMUGMNZUEEX_ O[UMCBOM new, DOBOMX_ FQ[OH\PNUB ]BN QBMNDBNMN.
void* operator new(size_t size, Space* space)
{
return space->Allocate(size);
}
Bepyue ykasafenu
$CDOEU^, RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF LOHZEX FQ[OH\PORCB\ ]BO [MOQBMCEQBRO [MF QOPLCEFF OJaUDBOR.
class BMP : public VoidPtr {
private: // T$57"*/*, &'5/7'4$(/" / 57/)4$/4$(/" 3&$-$*"#"?
BMP(const MP<Type>&) {}
BMP<Type>& operator=(const BMP<Type>&) { return *this; }
public:
BMP() : VoidPtr(new(object_space) Type, sizeof(Type)) {}
virtual ~BMP() { ((Type*)address->Type::~Type(); }
Type* operator->() { return (Type*)address; }
};
"LUQ\ object_space GHOJCH\ECK [UMUSUEECK (C SOZUB JXB\, QBCBFWUQDCK [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC
VoidPtr), DOBOMCK QQXHCUBQK EC MCJOWUU [MOQBMCEQBRO Space.
232
Rocnepoeafenuuoe konupoeauue
:NED^FK Swap() RXPXRCUBQK R [MOFPROH\EXU SOSUEBX F, QDOMUU RQUGO, JNLUB MCJOBCB\ R BUWUEFU
EUDOBOMOGO RMUSUEF. # MCJOBU [MOGMCSSX ROPEFDCIB EU[MULQDCPNUSXU PCBKZDF, C ]BO JUQFB
[OH\PORCBUHU_ ULRC HF EU JOH\VU, WUS C[[CMCBEXU QJOF. 0 QWCQB\I, CHGOMFBS 8U_DUMC HUGDO
SOLF`F^FMORCB\, WBOJX DO[FMORCEFU RX[OHEKHOQ\ [O]BC[EO R ÒEOROS MUZFSU.
$C SOQBN 8U_-8MFLZ R .CE-:MCE^FQDO [OQBOKEEO MCJOBCUB JMFGCLC SCHKMOR. )EC ECWFECUB DMCQFB\
SOQB Q OLEOGO DOE^C F WUMUP [CMN HUB NQ[UVEO LODMCVFRCUB LO LMNGOGO. 0 ]BOSN RMUSUEF SOZEO
ECWFECB\ DMCQFB\ PCEORO, R LMNGNI QBOMOEN. (CJOBC FLUB [OQBOKEEO, EU QWFBCK MULDFY [UMUMXROR FP-PC
PUSHUBMKQUEF_ FHF LUSOEQBMC^F_ [MOBUQBC. # QNTEOQBF, FSUEEO BCD CHGOMFBS 8U_DUMC [MURMCTCUBQK R
QYUSN [OQHULORCBUH\EOGO N[HOBEUEFK.
$CWFECUS QHULNITF_ PCYOL EC DHCQQ Space. :NED^FK Swap() LUHFBQK EC LRU WCQBF, OLEC FP DOBOMXY
[UMUDHIWCUB CDBFREXU [OHORFEX, C LMNGCK SEOGODMCBEO RXPXRCUBQK F [MF DCZLOS RXPORU DO[FMNUB [O
OLEOSN OJaUDBN.
class Space {
private:
VoidPtrIterator* iterator; // D(@'72$B/% ' &'5/7'4$(//
HalfSpace A, B;
HalfSpace* active;
void Swap(); // ="7"&#>./*, $&*/4(3> 5'#'4/(3, )&'5/7'4$*, ';E"&*<
public:
Space() : active(&A), inactive(&B), iterator(NULL) { Swap(); }
void Copy1();
};
{
if (space != NULL)
// D)&#>."(/" ("C4$*&$ 5$2%*/
return space;
}
void Space::Swap()
{
if (active == &A)
{
active = &B;
inactive = &A;
}
else
{
active = &A;
inactive = &B;
}
delete iterator;
iterator = VoidPtr::pool->iterator();
}
void Space::Copy1()
233
{
if (!iterator->More())
Swap(); // +$.$*, 7$;'*3 4 07383> )*'7'(3
else
{
if (vp->address >= inactive &&
vp->address < inactive + sizeof(*inactive))
{
void* new_space = active->Allocate(size);
throw(OutOfMemory());
}
}
}
:NED^FI Copy1() EUOJYOLFSO RXPXRCB\ DCD SOZEO WCTU, OLECDO LUHCB\ ]BO SOZEO R YOLU
EOMSCH\EO_ MCJOBX [MOGMCSSX. $ORXU OJaUDBX MCPSUTCIBQK R CDBFREO_ [OHORFEU, QSUVFRCIBQK QO
QDO[FMORCEEXSF OJaUDBCSF, EO ]BO EU [MFEOQFB RMULC. 5OQDOH\DN [UMUL DO[FMORCEFUS SX
NJUZLCUSQK, WBO OJaUDB R LCEEX_ SOSUEB ECYOLFBQK R EUCDBFREOS [MOQBMCEQBRU, QOPLCEEXU R CDBFREO_
[OHORFEU OJaUDBX OQBCIBQK JUP FPSUEUEF_.
Bueuuue oLekfu
5MUL[OHOZFS, CLMUQ OJaUDBC [MFVHOQ\ [UMULCB\ QFQBUSEO_ `NED^FF, DOBOMCK EFWUGO EU PECUB EF O
LUQDMF[BOMCY, EF O RULNTFY NDCPCBUHKY. +CDOSN OJaUDBN HNWVU OQBCRCB\QK EC QROUS SUQBU, [ODC
QFQBUSECK `NED^FK EU PCRUMVFB QROI MCJOBN!
SystemCall(&aString); // aString (" )#"03"* 5"7"2"K$*, 0' *"C 5'7,
// 5'&$ "8' $07") ')*$"*)% 4 7$)5'7%1"(// )/)*"2<
5MUZLU RQUGO, QORUMVUEEO EUOWURFLEO, DCD [OHNWFB\ CLMUQ OJaUDBC, [OQDOH\DN MCQQSCBMFRCRVFUQK LO
ECQBOKTUGO SOSUEBC RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF F LUQDMF[BOMX EU [MULOQBCRHKHF [MKSOGO LOQBN[C D CLMUQCS
OJaUDBOR. $O LCZU UQHF [MUL[OHOZFB\, WBO BCDCK Q[OQOJEOQB\ JXHC LOJCRHUEC, [MFYOLFBQK LU_QBRORCB\
OQBOMOZEO. 5UMROU [OJNZLUEFU RDHIWFB\ R RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ `HCG, [ODCPXRCITF_, WBO OJaUDB EU
LOHZUE [UMUSUTCB\QK. $O BUS QCSXS RX VRXMEUBU GEFHO_ [OSFLOM R CHGOMFBS N[HOBEUEFK; RCS
[MFLUBQK BTCBUH\EO OJYOLFB\ ]BOB OJaUDB, WBOJX EU QDO[FMORCB\ WBO-EFJNL\ [ORUMY EUGO. 8OHUU
NLCWEX_ RXYOL NJMCB\ OJaUDB FP QZFSCUSOGO [MOQBMCEQBRC EC RQU RMUSK, [ODC OE LOHZUE OQBCRCB\QK
EC `FDQFMORCEEOS SUQBU.
class Space {
public:
void Externalize(VoidPtr* vp)
{
void* space = ::operator new(vp->size);
memcpy(space, vp->address, vp->size);
vp->address = space;
}
void Internalize(VoidPtr* vp)
{
void* space = Allocate(vp->size);
memcpy(space, vp->address, vp->size);
::operator delete(vp->address);
vp->address = space;
234
}
}
:NED^FK Externalize() [UMUSUTCUB OJaUDB PC [MULUHX QZFSCUSOGO [MOQBMCEQBRC; Internalize()
ROPRMCTCUB UGO OJMCBEO. -HGOMFBS Copy1() JNLUB EOMSCH\EO MCJOBCB\, [OQDOH\DN EU [XBCUBQK
[UMUSUTCB\ OJaUDBX REU EUCDBFREO_ [OHORFEX.
3BOB Q[OQOJ BCDZU SOZUB [MFSUEKB\QK LHK [UMULCWF CLMUQC [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC FHF this (QS. EFZU)
EUDOBOMO_ `NED^FF DHCQQC FHF GHOJCH\EO_ `NED^FF. *O[NQBFS, RCS [OBMUJORCHOQ\ OMGCEFPORCB\
RPCFSOLU_QBRFU QROFY DHCQQOR Q DOSSUMWUQDO_ JFJHFOBUDO_, DOBOMCK [OEKBFK EU FSUUB O RCVFY
YFBMONSEXY [MCRFHCY N[HOBEUEFK.
5OSFSO EUOJYOLFSOQBF NPECRCB\, DOGLC REUVEF_ DOL [UMUQBCH [OH\PORCB\QK RCVFS OJaUDBOS, ]BOB
RCMFCEB SOZUB RXPRCB\ [MOJHUSX F [MF WCQBO_ [UMULCWU CLMUQOR REUVEFS `NED^FKS, [OQDOH\DN
DO[FMORCEFU ÛHOGO OJaUDBC FP [MOQBMCEQBRC [CSKBF F OJMCBEO SOZUB OJYOLFB\QK LOROH\EO LOMOGO.
Anropufr Eekepa: yxop u koprneuue e C++
5MCDBFWUQDOU FQ[OH\PORCEFU O[FQCEEXY RXVU CHGOMFBSOR BMUJNUB EUQDOH\DFY ZUQBDFY OGMCEFWUEF_.
-HGOMFBS 8U_DUMC LHK OJaUDBOR .++ EC[OSFECUB DOBUEDC, DOBOMOGO RCV MUJUEOD [MFEOQFB R LOS F
DHKEUBQK RQUGLC-RQUGLC DOMSFB\ F PCJOBFB\QK. *MNGFSF QHORCSF, RQU QORUMVUEEO FQDMUEEU DHKENBQK
QOJHILCB\ [MCRFHC, C RCS HNWVU ECLURCB\ [UMULEFD F FLBF PC BMK[DO_.
Oepepu onepauu u ykasafenu this
%QHF EC SOSUEB RXPORC Copy1() QNTUQBRNUB NDCPCBUH\ this, BO OJaUDB, EC DOBOMX_ OE QQXHCUBQK,
SOZUB [UMUSUQBFB\QK FP OLEO_ [OHORFEX R LMNGNI. 5MF ]BOS this JNLUB MCLOQBEO QQXHCB\QK EC
QBCMNI DO[FI. 6X [OPCJOBFHFQ\ OJO RQUY OQBCH\EXY QBUDORXY [UMUSUEEXY F [MURMCBFHF FY R
LUQDMF[BOMX. +U[UM\, WBOJX [OHNWFB\ LOQBN[ D OJaUDBN, FS [MFYOLFBQK MCPROMCWFRCB\QK EC /80 F
LU_QBRORCB\ WUMUP RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\. #OPSOZEO, QFHOROU MUVUEFU, DOBOMOU MCJOBCUB, YOBK F
EUECSEOGO HNWVU [OBMUJORCB\, WBOJX `NED^FK Copy1() RQUGLC RXPXRCHCQ\ R QCSOS DOEÛ `NED^F_
DHCQQC:
class Foo {
public:
void Fn()
{
// I'0, &'*'7<? 0"#$"* (".*' ')2<)#"(('"
VoidPtr::pool->Copy1();
}
};
(CPNSUUBQK, RQU JNLUB EOMSCH\EO HFV\ R BOS QHNWCU, UQHF OJaUDB RXPXRCRVF_ Fn(), EN JNLUB
FQ[OH\PORCB\ QRO_ NDCPCBUH\ this [OQHU ROPRMCTUEFK FP Fn(). $U PECI, DCD RX, C HFWEO K [MUL[OWFBCI
Q[CB\ Q[ODO_EO F EU LNSCB\ O BOS, DCD OLFE FP 2435 [MOGMCSSFQBOR, MCJOBCITFY Q SOU_ JFJHFOBUDO_
DHCQQOR, [MFLNSCUB Q[OQOJ RQU FQ[OMBFB\.
8OHUU LOQBO_EOU MUVUEFU QLUHCB\ BCD, WBOJX `NED^FK Copy1() RXPXRCHCQ\ FP EUDOBOMOGO ^FDHC
QOJXBF_ RUMYEUGO NMOREK. $C QCSOS LUHU EUZUHCBUH\EO, WBOJX R SOSUEB RXPORC Copy1() `NED^FF
FQWUPCITFY OJaUDBOR ECYOLFHFQ\ R QBUDU. # MUPNH\BCBU [OHNWCUBQK CMYFBUDBNMC, DOBOMNI K ECPXRCI
%>%.6#)%&+**%3 (inside-out), `NED^FK DHCQQC EU RX[OHEKUB MCJOBN QCSC, C QOPLCUB %/0#$"-%>#6+C(F
(operational object) F EC[MCRHKUB UGO R EUDOBOMNI GHCRENI OWUMUL\. 3BO MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEOU MUVUEFU
RQBMUWCUBQK RO SEOGFY JFJHFOBUDCY DHCQQOR.
class Operation {
friend void MainLoop();
private:
static Queue<Operation> OperationQ;
public:
virtual void DoSomething() = 0;
void Post() { OperationQ.Push(this); }
235
};
void MainLoop()
{
Operation* op;
while ((op = Operation::OperationQ.Pop()) != NULL)
{
op->DoSomething();
object_space->Copy1();
}
}
%QHF BU[UM\ OJaUDB PCYOWUB RX[OHEFB\ DCDOU-EFJNL\ LU_QBRFU, OE EU RX[OHEKUB UGO QCS, C QOPLCUB
DHCQQ, [MOFPROLEX_ OB Operation, F PCEOQFB UGO R OWUMUL\. %QHF OJMCJOBDC QRKPCEC Q FBUMC^FKSF,
OJaUDB Operation [MOLOHZCUB EC[MCRHKB\ QUJK R OWUMUL\ R DOEÛ DCZLOGO RXPORC DoSomething() LO
PCRUMVUEFK FBUMC^F_. 5MFRULN DMCBDF_ ECJMOQOD BMCLF^FOEEOGO [OLYOLC F O[OQMULORCEEO_
CMYFBUDBNMX:
// A7$0/B/'((<? )5')'; )0"#$*, .*'-*'
void Foo::SomeOperation()
{
for (...)
OnePass();
}
%QHF O[UMC^FK PCEFSCUB SEOGO RMUSUEF, [UMUL RCSF ROPEFDCIB LRC EUNLOJEXY RCMFCEBC: EU RX[OHEKB\
QJOMDN SNQOMC F N[HOBEUEFU LO PCRUMVUEFK Foo::SomeOperation(), C QHULORCBUH\EO, NBMCBFB\
SEOGFU [MUFSNTUQBRC OB N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I; FHF DOQRUEEO RXPRCB\ Copy1() RO RMUSK RXPORC
Foo::SomeOperation(), C ]BO EUJUPO[CQEO. )WUMUL\ O[UMC^F_ [MULOQBCRHKUB LMNGOU MUVUEFU
[MOJHUSX:
// L5')7"0'4$(($% $7C/*"&*37$ ) '."7"0%2/ '5"7$B/?
class FooSomeOperation : public Operation }
public:
virtual void DoSomething();
{
// G<5'#(/*, '0/( 57'C'0
if ("K" (" 8'*'4')
this->Post(); // =')#$*, -$('4' 0#% )#"03>K"8' -$C'0$
delete this;
}
};
void Foo::SomeOperation()
{
Operation* op = new FooSomeOperation(args);
op->Post();
// op->DoSomething 4<5'#(%"* 7$;'*3
}
+U[UM\ `NED^FK Copy1() PCRULOSO EU JNLUB RXPRCEC R SOSUEB ECYOZLUEFK R QBUDU
FooSomeOperation::DoSomething(). 5OLOJEXU OWUMULF O[UMC^F_ BCD WCQBO [MFEOQKB [OH\PN, WBO
KRHKIBQK ULRC HF EU QBCELCMBEO_ ROPSOZEOQB\I OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEEXY JFJHFOBUD DHCQQOR.
.DOH\DO JFJHFOBUD QBOH\DO F RCMFC^F_ (QDCZUS, ECPECWUEFU [MFOMFBUBOR O[UMC^F_ FHF
ROPSOZEOQB\ JHODFMORCEFK OLEFY O[UMC^F_ LO PCRUMVUEFK LMNGFY), EO RO RQUY MCPEORFLEOQBKY
RQBMUWCUBQK OLEC OJTCK WUMBC SCDQFSCH\EOU OQROJOZLUEFU QBUDC EC RMUSK [UMFOLFWUQDOGO
RX[OHEUEFK RQ[OSOGCBUH\EXY O[UMC^F_.
236
Appeca nepereuuux knacca
-ECHOGFWECK [MOJHUSC ROPEFDCUB F [MF [OHNWUEFF CLMUQC [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC, LCZU UQHF ]BO
[MOFQYOLFB R `NED^FKY DHCQQC, DOBOMXS SX N[MCRHKUS. !SUEEO [O ]BO_ [MFWFEU SX F [OBMUJORCHF,
WBOJX RUPLU [MFSUEKHFQ\ LUQDMF[BOMX. 8HCGOLCMK O[OQMULORCEEO_ SUBOLFDU [MOJHUS EU ROPEFDCUB
[MF NQHORFF, WBO RX [OHNWCUBU CLMUQ [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC, FQ[OH\PNUBU F PCJXRCUBU [MO EUGO R BUWUEFU
OLEOGO ^FDHC. #[MOWUS, OB YHO[OB, QRKPCEEXY Q O[OQMULORCEEO_ CMYFBUDBNMO_, SOZEO F OBDCPCB\QK.
%QHF RX CJQOHIBEO NRUMUEX, WBO CLMUQ EU QOYMCEFBQK LO QHULNITUGO RXPORC `NED^FF Copy1(), BO
SOZUBU FPJFMCBUH\EO QEFSCB\ BMUJORCEFU OJKPCBUH\EOGO [MFSUEUEFK LUQDMF[BOMOR.
Muoecfeeuuoe uacnepoeauue
6EOZUQBRUEEOU ECQHULORCEFU JUPO[CQEO [MF NQHORFF QOJHILUEFK RQUY [MFRULUEEXY RXVU
MUDOSUELC^F_ [O NYOLN F DOMSHUEFI NDCPCBUHK this. +O OJQBOKBUH\QBRO, WBO this [HKVUB R [CSKBF
[MF RXPORU `NED^F_ RBOMOGO F BMUB\UGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC, EU RXPORUB EORXY [MOJHUS ]BO RQU BC ZU
[MOJHUSC Q this, BOH\DO PCSCQDFMORCEECK. 0OEUWEO, RX EFDOGLC EU LOHZEX ROPRMCTCB\ CLMUQ OJaUDBC,
[MUOJMCPORCEEOGO D JCPOROSN DHCQQN, EO [UMULCWC this BOZU EUJUPO[CQEC.
Heycfoueue oLekfu
)JaUDBX, CLMUQC DOBOMXY (R OBHFWFU OB CLMUQOR FY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_) [UMULCIBQK PC [MULUHX RCVU_
POEX DOEBMOHK QDCZUS, [MF RXPORU QFQBUSEO_ `NED^FF EUOJYOLFSO QECWCHC RXRUQBF FP
OWFTCUSOGO [MOQBMCEQBRC. .CSOU [MOQBOU MUVUEFU QOPLCB\ OJaUDB-O[UMC^FI, DOBOMCK [UMUSUTCUB
QRO_ OJaUDB F RXPXRCUB QFQBUSENI `NED^FI, DOGLC ODCPXRCUBQK R EOROS JUPO[CQEOS SUQBU.
Ynnofueuue ua recfe
)WURFLEX_ EULOQBCBOD CHGOMFBSC 8U_DUMC PCDHIWCUBQK R EC[MCQEO_ [OBUMU [OHORFEX [CSKBF.
.NTUQBRNUB F LMNGO_, SUEU OWURFLEX_ EULOQBCBOD [MF DCZLOS [MOYOLU RQU OJaUDBX DO[FMNIBQK FP
OLEOGO SUQBC [CSKBF R LMNGOU. +CDOU DO[FMORCEFU SOZUB OBMF^CBUH\EO [ORHFKB\ EC JXQBMOLU_QBRFU
[MOGMCSSX. )JU [MOJHUSX MUVCIBQK R LMNGOS CHGOMFBSU, DOBOMX_ ECPXRCUBQK 8>2%"*#*(#, *+ ,#."#
(compaction in place). #SUQBO LRNY [OHORFE QNTUQBRNUB ULFEOU [MOQBMCEQBRO, C R [MOÛQQU N[HOBEUEFK
RQU OJaUDBX QSUTCIBQK REFP. $C QHULNITU_ LFCGMCSSU [ODCPCEO QOQBOKEFU [CSKBF LO F [OQHU
N[HOBEUEFK.
o Rocne

0O[FMORCEFU OJaUDBOR LOHZEO [MOFQYOLFB\ R [MCRFH\EOS [OMKLDU, QEFPN RRUMY, R [MOBFREOS QHNWCU
OJaUDBX JNLNB ECDHCLXRCB\QK LMNG EC LMNGC. 3BOGO SOZEO LOJFB\QK LRNSK Q[OQOJCSF: OBQOMBFMORCB\
RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF [UMUL ECWCHOS [UMUJOMC FHF FPECWCH\EO YMCEFB\ FY R OBQOMBFMORCEEOS [OMKLDU.
>MCEFB\ RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF R LRNQRKPEOS Q[FQDU, OBQOMBFMORCEEOS [O CLMUQN NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC,
LOROH\EO [MOQBO [MF NQHORFF, WBO RX GOBORX [OBMCBFB\ HFVEII [CMN QHOR LHK NDCPCBUHU_ EC
QHULNITF_ F [MULXLNTF_ ]HUSUEB. <CJHOE RULNTUGO NDCPCBUHK F LUQDMF[BOMX CECHOGFWEX BUS,
DOBOMXSF SX [OH\PORCHFQ\ LO ECQBOKTUGO SOSUEBC. 8CPORX_ DHCQQ VoidPtr JXH NQORUMVUEQBRORCE
LHK YMCEUEFK ]DPUS[HKMOR R QRKPCEEOS Q[FQDU.
Easoeu knacc VoidPtr
5CSKB\ [OL OJaUDBX RQUGLC RXLUHKUBQK QEFPN RRUMY. %QHF EORXU OJaUDBX VoidPtr RQUGLC JNLNB
LOJCRHKB\QK R DOEU^ QRKPCEEOGO Q[FQDC, BO Q[FQOD RQUGLC JNLUB OBQOMBFMORCE [O ROPMCQBCEFI CLMUQOR
237
NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR. 0OEQBMNDBOMX (QS. LCHUU) EC[MKSNI MCJOBCIB Q [UMUSUEEO_
VoidPtrPool::tail. *UQBMNDBOM FQDHIWCUB ]DPUS[HKM FP Q[FQDC. #O RQUS OQBCH\EOS DHCQQ VoidPtr
OQBCHQK [MUZEFS. $FZU [ODCPCEX FPSUEUEFK R VoidPtr.
class VoidPtr {
private:
// +'4<" 5"7"2"((<" 0#% 4"0"(/% )5/)&$
VoidPtr* next; // F#"03>K/? Q#"2"(* )5/)&$
VoidPtr* previous; // =7"0<03K/? Q#"2"(* )5/)&$
protected:
// D-2"(/4M/")% &'()*73&*'7<
VoidPtr() : address(NULL), size(0), refcount(0),
next(NULL), previous(NULL) {}
VoidPtr(void* addr, size_t s) : address(addr), size(s), refcount(0),
next(NULL), previous(pool->tail->previous)
{
pool->tail->next = this;
pool->tail = this;
}
public:
// D-2"("((<? 0")*73&*'7
virtual ~VoidPtr()
{
if (size != 0) // N&*/4(<? 3&$-$*"#, /)&#>./*, /- )5/)&$
{
if (previous != NULL)
previous->next = next;
if (next != NULL)
next->previous = previous;
if (pool->tail == this)
pool->tail = previous;
}
size = 0;
address = NULL;
}
};
Ryn eepyux ykasafene
!PSUEUEFK R [NHU RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ VoidPtrPool BCDZU RUQ\SC BMFRFCH\EX.
class VoidPtrPool { // I$& / 57"10", 5#>) )#"03>K""
friend class VoidPtr; // L;")5"./4$"* 0')*35 & tail
private:
// +'4<" 5"7"2"((<" 0#% 4"0"(/% )5/)&$
VoidPtr head; // J/&*/4(<? VoidPtr, &'*'7<? ))<#$"*)%
// ($ )5/)'& $&*/4(<C 3&$-$*"#"?
VoidPtr* tail; // I'("B )5/)&$
public:
// +'4$% 4"7)/% &'()*73&*'7$
VoidPtrPool() : block_list(NULL), free_list(NULL), tail(&head) {}
};
238
0HCQQ VoidPtrPool FLUEBFWUE BOSN, DOBOMX_ FQ[OH\PORCHQK R CHGOMFBSU 8U_DUMC, Q LOJCRHUEFUS
QRKPCEEOGO Q[FQDC CDBFREXY VoidPtr.
Hfepafop eepyux ykasafene
!BUMCBOM RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ NQBMOUE ]HUSUEBCMEO. )E [MOQBO [UMUJFMCUB ]HUSUEBX Q[FQDC OB ECWCHC
D DOE^N FECWU GOROMK, OB EFZEFY CLMUQOR [CSKBF D RUMYEFS.
class VoidPtrPoolIterator : public VoidPtrIterator {
private:
VoidPtr* next;
public:
VoidPtrIterator(VoidPtr* first) : next(first) {}
virtual bool More() { return next != NULL; }
virtual VoidPtr* Next()
{
VoidPtr* vp = next;
next = next->next;
return vp;
}
};
VoidPtrIterator* VoidPtrPool::iterator()
{
return new VoidPtrPoolIterator(&head.next);
}
Anropufr ynnofueuun
-HGOMFBS N[HOBEUEFK RXGHKLFB BCD [MOQBO, WBO UGO SOZEO JXHO JX F EU [MFROLFB\.
class Space {
private:
unsigned long next_byte;
unsigned char bytes[SPACESIZE];
public:
Space() : next_byte(0) {}
void Compact();
};
{
// G<7'4(%*, ($ 87$(/B3 )#'4$
size = ROUNDUP(size);
if (next_byte + size > SPACESIZE)
{
Compact();
if (next_byte + size > SPACESIZE)
// D)&#>."(/" ("C4$*&$ 5$2%*/
}
void* space = &bytes[next_byte];
next_byte += size;
return space;
}
239
void Space::Compact()
{
next_byte = 0;
VoidPtrIterator* iterator = VoidPtrPool::iterator();
while (iterator->More())
{
void* space = Allocate(vp->size);
if (space < vp->address) // =7'4"7/*,, .*' ';E"&* 5'2")*/*)%
}
delete iterator;
}
Onfurusauun
.NTUQBRNUB SEOGO ROPSOZEOQBU_ [ORXQFB\ ]`ÙDBFREOQB\ ]BO_ QYUSX LHK MKLORXY DHCQQOR. )LFE FP
[MOQBU_VFY RFLOR O[BFSFPC^FF YMCEUEFU *(D*#7% 86%&*4, DOBOMX_ O[MULUHKUB QCSX_ EFZEF_
NLCHUEEX_ OJaUDB. $FZEF_ NMORUE\ [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ QCSX_ EFZEF_ VoidPtr FP CDBFREOGO Q[FQDC,
EFZU DOBOMOGO NLCHUEEXY OJaUDBOR EUB. )E YMCEFBQK R RFLU [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC VoidPtr* RSUQBU Q
ECWCHOS F DOEÔS Q[FQDC. *UQBMNDBOM VoidPtr [MORUMKUB, ECYOLFBQK HF CLMUQ NDCPXRCUSOGO OJaUDBC
EFZU BUDNTUGO EFZEUGO NMOREK; UQHF LC, OE PCSUEKUB EFZEF_ NMORUE\ EORXS PECWUEFUS. 4[HOBEUEFU
ECWFECUBQK Q EFZEUGO NMOREK, [OQDOH\DN EFZU EUGO [UMUSUTCB\ EFWUGO EU BMUJNUBQK. !ECWU GOROMK, SX
ECWFECUS EU Q ECWCHC Q[FQDC, C GLU-BO Q QUMULFEX Q EFZEUGO NMOREK.
3BOB [MFUS OQOJUEEO [OHUPUE, UQHF NWFBXRCB\ Q[U^F`FDN N[HOBEUEFK EC SUQBU. 8XHO PCSUWUEO, WBO WUS
QBCMVU QBCEORFBQK OJaUDB, BUS SUE\VU RUMOKBEOQB\ BOGO, WBO OE JNLUB NLCHUE R JHFZC_VUU RMUSK.
.BCMXU OJaUDBX R ]BO_ QYUSU GMN[[FMNIBQK R EFZEU_ WCQBF [NHC. #OPEFDCUB JOH\VO_ JHOD OJaUDBOR,
DOBOMXU [MCDBFWUQDF EU [UMUSUTCIBQK, [OQDOH\DN EFZEF_ NMORUE\ RQUGLC ECYOLFBQK ECL EFSF.
*MNGO_ [MFUS O[BFSFPC^FF OJaULFEKB\ EUQDOH\DO QSUZEXY OJaUDBOR R OLEO_ O[UMC^FF
[UMUSUTUEFK. 3DOEOSFK EU BCD NZ RUHFDC, EO EUQDOH\DO BCDBOR RQU ZU NLCUBQK Q]DOEOSFB\.
Rocnepoeafenuuoe ynnofueuue ua recfe
-HGOMFBS N[HOBEUEFK EC SUQBU EUBMNLEO [MFQ[OQOJFB\ LHK NQHORF_ [OQHULORCBUH\EOGO N[HOBEUEFK R
ÒEOROS MUZFSU. #QU [MOQBO: SX QOYMCEKUS VoidPtrIterator R RFLU [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC Space F
FQ[OH\PNUS UGO, WBOJX QSUTCB\ REFP OLFE OJaUDB [MF DCZLOS RXPORU `NED^FF Copy1(). (UCHFPC^FK
[MOQBC F [MKSOHFEU_EC, EUOJYOLFSO HFV\ QOJHILCB\ OQBOMOZEOQB\ Q NLCHUEFUS RO RMUSK N[HOBEUEFK.
5OSEFBU, WBO R [MOÛQQU [UMUJOMC Q[FQDC VoidPtr NLCHKUBQK OLFE FP UGO ]HUSUEBOR. 3BO [MOQBO_
WCQBEX_ QHNWC_ [MOJHUSX ECLUZEOQBF FBUMCBOMOR, DOBOMNI SX OJQNZLCHF R GHCRU 8.
#QU, WBO GOROMFHOQ\ OJ CHGOMFBSU 8U_DUMC R DOEBUDQBU REUVEFY OJaUDBOR, R MCREO_ QBU[UEF OBEOQFBQK
F D N[HOBEUEFI EC SUQBU. -LMUQC, EC DOBOMXU QQXHCIBQK VoidPtr, QHULNUB [MORUMKB\ [O FEBUMRCHCS
CLMUQOR R [MOQBMCEQBRU N[HOBEUEFK, F OJaUDBX SOGNB QROJOLEO [UMUSUTCB\QK FP [MOQBMCEQBRC [CSKBF F
R EUGO.
,HCRC [OHNWFHCQ\ OWUE\ LHFEEO_, C [OLOJECK QYUSC N[HOBEUEFK MULDO [MFSUEKUBQK EC [MCDBFDU.
5OLMOJEOQBF OQBCRHKI WFBCBUHI R DCWUQBRU QCSOQBOKBUH\EXY N[MCZEUEF_.
Repcnekfueu
5MOGMCSSFQBCS EC .++ OJXWEO EU BCD NZ WCQBO [MFYOLFBQK JUQ[ODOFB\QK OJ N[HOBEUEFF, [O]BOSN RQU
QDCPCEEOU QBOFB ROQ[MFEFSCB\ QO PLOMORXS QDU[QFQOS. %QHF RCS NLCQBQK OMGCEFPORCB\ EOMSCH\EX_
[OLQWUB QQXHOD, N[HOBEUEFU SOZUB ODCPCB\QK [MFKBEXS LO[OHEUEFUS, EO R ÛHOS ]BC GHCRC GOBORFB
[OWRN LHK [MFUSOR QJOMDF SNQOMC, MCQQSOBMUEEXY R QHULNITU_ GHCRU. 0MOSU BOGO, OEC [OSOGCUB
OWUMBFB\ REUVEFU GMCEF^X KPXDC, [OQDOH\DN .++ [O QROU_ QNBF EU MCQQWFBCE EC QROJOLEOU
[UMUSUTUEFU OJaUDBOR R [CSKBF.
240
# QHULNITU_ GHCRU SX RUMEUSQK D QBMCBUGFF LUQDMF[BOMOR [ORQILN. 0OEUWEO, OMGCEFPORCB\
NEFRUMQCH\EO N[HOBEUEFU [CSKB\I LHK [MOFPROLEXY DOSSUMWUQDFY DHCQQOR EUROPSOZEO. $O [O
DMC_EU_ SUMU RX NRFLFBU, DCD LCHUDO SOZEO PC_BF R .++, [MUZLU WUS [OLEKB\ MNDF, QRULUEEXU
QNLOMOGO_ OB LOHGOGO QFLUEFK PC DHCRFCBNMO_.
Copka rycopa
#X OBDMXHF [OQHULEII GHCRN DEFGF. %QHF LO QFY [OM RX UU EU OBJMOQFHF [MFSFBU SOF ROQYFTUEFU
F QOWNRQBRFU. #UMOKBEO, K EC RQI ZFPE\ OBJFH N RCQ RDNQ D HIJXS MUCH\EXS [MOUDBCS, DMOSU [MOGMCSS
N[MCRHUEFK KLUMEXSF MUCDBOMCSF F [OHUBOR EC 6CMQ. !BCD, UQHF DOSN-EFJNL\ FP WFBCBUHU_
[OBMUJNUBQK OMGCEFPORCB\ R .++ QJOMDN SNQOMC, ]BC GHCRC NDCZUB FS [NB\. - LHK OQBCH\EXY OEC QBCEUB
OWUMULEO_ FEBUHHUDBNCH\EO_ [MOJUZDO_ [O OJVFMEXS [OHKS FLFOS F N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I R .++.
ocfynuocfu
5UMROU, WBO OB ECQ [OBMUJNUBQK O[MULUHFB\, DCDFU OJaUDBX LOQBN[EX, C DCDFU EUB. .MCPN ZU
ROPEFDCUB RO[MOQ: LOQBN[EX %"$8)+? # ]BOS MCPLUHU O[FQCEX OQEOREXU RCMFCEBX [UMUSUTUEFK RENBM\
OB DOEDMUBEOGO [UMFSUBMC. "C EFSF QHULNIB LRU DOEDMUBEXU CMYFBUDBNMX QJOMDF SNQOMC, R DOBOMXY
FQ[OH\PNIBQK O[FQCEEXU [MFUSX.
Repurefp
'IJCK SUBOLFDC QJOMDF SNQOMC, EU QRKPCEECK Q [OLQWUBOS QQXHOD, LOHZEC ECWFECB\QK Q EUDOBOMOGO
REUVEUGO [UMFSUBMC GMC`C OJaUDBOR. 5MOWUS, LCZU O[MULUHFB\ ]BOB [CMCSUBM [OMO_ ODCPXRCUBQK
EU[MOQBO.
Cfekoeue nepereuuue
%QHF QBMKYENB\ Q [MOGMCSSX EC .++ RQI OJaUDBEO-OMFUEBFMORCEENI VUHNYN, N RCQ OQBCENBQK
`MCGSUEBX DOLC. # ]BFY `MCGSUEBCY QOPLCIBQK HODCH\EXU [UMUSUEEXU, DOBOMXU WCTU RQUGO
FQ[OH\PNIBQK LHK OJMCTUEF_ D OJaUDBCS.
void f()
{
Foo* foo = new Foo; // L;E"&* foo 0')*35"(
}
.BUDORXU [UMUSUEEXU SOGNB EU[OQMULQBRUEEO (BO UQB\ JUP NWCQBFK LMNGOGO OJaUDBC) OJMCBFB\QK D
OJaUDBN EUQDOH\DFSF Q[OQOJCSF:
4DCPCBUH\ this KRHKUBQK EUKREXS NDCPCBUHUS EC OJaUDB, LOQBN[EXS FP DOLC `NED^FF DHCQQC.
5UMUSUEECK SOZUB QOLUMZCB\ NDCPCBUH\ (*) FHF QQXHDN (&) EC OJaUDB.
5UMUSUEECK SOZUB JXB\ OJaUDBOS.
5UMUSUEECK SOZUB QOLUMZCB\ FEÒMSC^FI, EUOJYOLFSNI LHK OJMCTUEFK D OJaUDBN.
0MOSU BOGO, WUMUP QBUDORNI [UMUSUEENI D OJaUDBN SOZEO OJMCBFB\QK F DOQRUEEO. $C[MFSUM, UQHF this
QOLUMZFB [UMUSUEENI Bar*, BO Bar JNLUB DOQRUEEO LOQBN[UE FP HIJO_ `NED^FF this.
Bueuuue ykasafenu
%QHF CLMUQ OJaUDBC FHF UGO [UMUSUEEO_ [UMULCUBQK QFQBUSEO_ `NED^FF, [CMCHHUH\EOSN [MOÛQQN FHF
DNLC NGOLEO PC [MULUHX RCVUGO BTCBUH\EO [MOLNSCEEOGO DOLC QJOMDF SNQOMC, BCDO_ OJaUDB BCDZU
QBCEORFBQK EU[OQMULQBRUEEO LOQBN[EXS.
.6
242
class String {
private:
char* str;
public:
operator char*() { return str; }
};
strcpy(aString, bString); // D)5'#,-3"* '5"7$*'7 char*
*HK RXPORC strcpy(char*, char*) FQ[OH\PNUBQK O[UMCBOM [MUOJMCPORCEFK. #O RMUSK RX[OHEUEFK
strcpy OJU QBMODF EU[OQMULQBRUEEO LOQBN[EX FP DOLC `NED^FF strcpy, DOBOMXU RCSF EU
DOEBMOHFMNIBQK. ! ]BO UTU OBEOQFBUH\EO EU[HOYO, [OQDOH\DN strcpy SOZEO QWFBCB\ CBOSCMEO_
O[UMC^FU_. >NZU, UQHF RX [UMULCLFBU QQXHDN EC `NEDBOM, QDCZUS, `NED^FF JCPX LCEEXY DCD OJaUDBO-
OMFUEBFMORCEENI `NED^FI OJMCBEOGO RXPORC (callback). #X SOZUBU PCEFSCB\QK QROFSF LUHCSF, [ODC
EU PCPRUEFB PROEOD, EO LO BUY [OM EU QSU_BU NEFWBOZCB\ `NEDBOM!
Hupekcupoeauuue konnekuuu
#UQ\SC Q[U^F`FWUQDF_ QHNWC_. 5MUL[OHOZFS, DOHHUD^FK OJaUDBOR FELUDQFMNUBQK OWUE\ JOH\VFS
ÛHXS WFQHOS.
class Array {
public:
Type* operator[] (LargeInt);
};
0OEUWEO, SOZEO PCKRFB\, WBO RQU OJaUDBX DOHHUD^FF LOQBN[EX, UQHF LOQBN[EC QCSC DOHHUD^FK, EO
BCDOU MUVUEFU EU RQUGLC NLORHUBROMFBUH\EO. *OROH\EO WCQBO BMUJNUBQK NPECB\, SOZEO HF D OJaUDBN
DOHHUD^FF OJMCBFB\QK [O FELUDQN; BO UQB\ FSUUB HF DCDO_-EFJNL\ OJaUDB, DMOSU QCSO_ DOHHUD^FF,
FELUDQ OJaUDBC X? %QHF EUB PECWFB, CLMUQ X FSUUBQK BOH\DO N DOHHUD^FF, F OB EUGO ZUHCBUH\EO
FPJCRFB\QK. 6X EU JNLUS NGHNJHKB\QK R ]BN BUSN F HFV\ SUH\DOS OJMCBFS REFSCEFU EC [MOJHUSN.
1CTU RQUGO OEC ROPEFDCUB [MF D]VFMORCEFF OJaUDBOR EC LFQDU F R MCQ[MULUHUEEXY OJaUDBXY QFQBUSCY.
Buyfpu nepurefpa
5OQHU BOGO DCD JNLNB O[MULUHUEX RQU EU[OQMULQBRUEEO LOQBN[EXU OJaUDBX, ROPEFDCUB QHULNITCK
[MOJHUSC: FLUEBF`F^FMORCB\ OJaUDBX, D DOBOMXS ROPSOZEX DOQRUEEXU OJMCTUEFK RENBMF [UMFSUBMC.
+UOMUBFWUQDF DCZLX_ OJaUDB SOZUB OJMCBFB\QK D HIJOSN LMNGOSN OJaUDBN. +US EU SUEUU, OJaUDBX
QQXHCIBQK LMNG EC LMNGC OGMCEFWUEEXS WFQHOS Q[OQOJOR.
Repereuuue knaccoe
)LFE OJaUDB SOZUB JXB\ REULMUE R LMNGO_ DCD [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC, FHF ZU [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC SOZUB
[MULQBCRHKB\ QOJO_ NDCPCBUH\ FHF QQXHDN EC LMNGO_ OJaUDB.
Apryreufu qyukuu knaccoe
)LFE OJaUDB SOZUB [OHNWFB\ LOQBN[ D LMNGOSN WUMUP CMGNSUEBX QROFY `NED^F_. $C QCSOS LUHU ]BO
HFV\ WCQBEX_ QHNWC_ MCQQSOBMUEEXY RXVU QBUDORXY [UMUSUEEXY.
void Foo::f(Bar* b)
{
b->member_of_Bar();
}
Easoeue knaccu
8CPORX_ DHCQQ R .++ FEBUM[MUBFMNUBQK BCD, QHOREO OE KRHKUBQK REULMUEEXS OJaUDBOS. 0CD JXHO
[ODCPCEO R [MULXLNTU_ GHCRU, ]BO OQOJUEEO Q[MCRULHFRO LHK SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK F
RFMBNCH\EXY JCPORXY DHCQQOR. 5O CLMUQN OLEOGO OJaUDBC RX SOZUBU QOQHCB\QK EC EUQDOH\DO MCPEXY
243
HOGFWUQDFY OJaUDBOR RENBMF EUGO OLEF KRHKIBQK [UMUSUEEXSF DHCQQC, C LMNGFU JCPORXSF
DHCQQCSF. 0CD [MCRFHO, CLMUQC ]BFY OJaUDBOR OBHFWEX OB BOGO OJaUDBC, DOBOMOSN OEF [MFECLHUZCB.
Auanus sksernnnpoe
-HGOMFBSX QJOMDF SNQOMC OJXWEO ECWFECIB QROI MCJOBN Q [UMFSUBMC. *HK DCZLOGO OJaUDBC [UMFSUBMC
QOQBCRHKUBQK Q[FQOD OJaUDBOR, DOBOMXU OE QOLUMZFB F EC DOBOMXU QQXHCUBQK. "CBUS LHK DCZLOGO BCDOGO
OJaUDBC QOQBCRHKUBQK EORX_ Q[FQOD F B.L. (UDNMQFREX_ [UMUJOM [MOLOHZCUBQK LO BUY [OM, [ODC NLCUBQK
ECYOLFB\ EORXU OJaUDBX. *HK ]BOGO ECS [OECLOJKBQK EUDOBOMXU QMULQBRC, DOBOMXU [OPROHKIB LHK
LCEEOGO OJaUDBC EC_BF RQU UGO REULMUEEXU OJaUDBX F NDCPCBUHF/QQXHDF.
# SmallTalk F LMNGFY LFECSFWUQDFY KPXDCY O[FQCEFU QBMNDBNMX ]DPUS[HKMC KRHKUBQK PCLCWU_ OJaUDBC
DHCQQC. # .++ QNTUQBRNUB EUQDOH\DO RCMFCEBOR. 5UMRXU LRC MUVUEFK (QS. EFZU) R[OHEU [MCDBFWEX, C
BMUB\U OBWCKEECK SUMC, DOBOMCK [OLYOLFB BOH\DO LHK [MOÙQQFOECH\EXY DCQDCLUMOR EC PCDMXBXY
BMUDCY.
Bupfyanuuue qyukuuu
%QHF RQU OJaUDBX [MOFQYOLKB OB OLEOGO OJTUGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC, R ]BOS JCPOROS DHCQQU SOZEO
OJaKRFB\ RFMBNCH\ENI `NED^FI LHK [UMUWFQHUEFK NDCPCBUHU_ F REULMUEEXY OJaUDBOR. 3BC `NED^FK
[UMUO[MULUHKUBQK R DCZLOS DHCQQU, DOBOMX_ LOJCRHKUB EORXU [UMUSUEEXU FHF OJaULFEKUB JCPORXU
DHCQQX [OQMULQBROS SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK.
OLekfu knaccoe
#X BCDZU SOZUBU QOPLCB\ QROF QOJQBRUEEXU OJaUDBX DHCQQOR, DCD JXHO [ODCPCEO R [MULXLNTFY GHCRCY,
F ECNWFB\ FY [UMUWFQHKB\ REULMUEEXU OJaUDBX F NDCPCBUHF R ]DPUS[HKMCY.
Oceeporneuuue ykasafenu
# DMC_EUS QHNWCU SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK NSEXSF NDCPCBUHKSF F OJMCTCB\QK D EFS Q [MOQ\JO_ O[FQCB\
OJaUDB.
class Foo {
private:
Bar* bar;
};
class PFoo { // H2(<? 3&$-$*"#, ($ Foo
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
FunctionThatEnumeratesPointersInFoo();
};
5OWUSN K ECPXRCI ]BOB QHNWC_ DMC_EFS? #X MFQDNUBU BUS, WBO NDCPCBUH\ EURUMEO O[MULUHFB BF[
OJaUDBC, EC DOBOMX_ OE QQXHCUBQK. 0OEUWEO, UQHF PFoo RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\, SX PECUS, WBO foo
LU_QBRFBUH\EO KRHKUBQK Foo*, EO WBO LUHCB\ Q bar? 0CD NPECB\, WBO ]BO LU_QBRFBUH\EO Bar, C EU WBO-BO
[MOFPROLEOU OB EUGO? %QHF Bar EU FSUUB BOH\DO WBO N[OSFECRVU_QK QCSOO[FQXRCITU_ RFMBNCH\EO_
`NED^FF F EU ROPRMCTCUB OJaUDB DHCQQC, OQBCUBQK OLEO [ORQILN MCQDFLCB\ NSEXU NDCPCBUHF F
ECLUKB\QK EC HNWVUU.
class Bar {
};
class Pbar { // H2(<? 3&$-$*"#, ($ Bar
};
class Foo {
private:
Pbar bar;
};
244
class PFoo { // H2(<? 3&$-$*"#, ($ Foo
private:
Foo* foo;
public:
FunctionThatEnumeratesPointersInFoo();
};
+U[UM\ SX ECWFECUS Q OLEOGO NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK, PFoo, F MUDNMQFREO ECYOLFS LMNGO_, PBar. 0CZLX_ FP
]BFY NSEXY NDCPCBUHU_ MCPJFMCUBQK R OQOJUEEOQBKY QBMOUEFK OJaUDBC, EC DOBOMX_ OE QQXHCUBQK. # ]BOS
OEF [MURPOVHF NSEXU NDCPCBUHF, [O]BOSN K ECPXRCI FY %.&#)%,2#**',( (ingenious), YOBK ^FEFD,
RUMOKBEO, ECPRCH JX FY *#6+..8D)+FL(,(.
Repeop rpaqa oLekfoe
# LCH\EU_VUS SX ROQ[OH\PNUSQK SUBOLFDO_ RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_ FP [MFRULUEEOGO RXVU Q[FQDC, YOBK
SCBUMFCH Q BCDFS ZU NQ[UYOS [MFSUEFS F D OJaUDBCS DHCQQOR. 5UMUWFQHUEFU MUCHFPNUBQK LRNSK
OQEOREXSF Q[OQOJCSF: Q [MFSUEUEFUS MUDNMQFREXY `NED^F_ F `NEDBOMOR, C BCDZU Q [MFSUEUEFUS
FBUMCBOMOR.
Pekypcueuue qyukuuu u qyukfopu
5UMRCK UQBUQBRUEECK MUCD^FK: OMGCEFPORCB\ SUYCEFPS DOQRUEEOGO RXPORC, QOPLCB\ `NED^FI FHF
`NEDBOM, RXPXRCUSXU LHK DCZLOGO LOQBN[EOGO OJaUDBC, F [OLOZLCB\, [ODC PCDOEWFBQK MUDNMQFREX_
[UMUJOM.
class Functor { // J3(&B/% ';7$*('8' 4<-'4$
public:
virtual void Apply(MotherOfAllClasses*) = 0;
};
class MotherOfAllClasses {
public:
// =7/2"(/*, fn & &$10'23 0')*35('23 ';E"&*3
virtual void EachObject(Functor& fn);
};
:NED^FK EachObject() RXPXRCUB fn.Apply(this), C PCBUS RXPXRCUB EachObject() LHK DCZLOGO
REULMUEEOGO OJaUDBC FHF OJaUDBC, EC DOBOMX_ NDCPXRCUB [UMUSUEECK DHCQQC. 0MOSU BOGO,
EachObject() RXPXRCUB Base::EachObject() LHK DCZLOGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC, BCDFS OJMCPOS WHUEX
JCPOROGO DHCQQC BOZU RDHIWCIBQK R [UMUWFQHUEFU. # PCRFQFSOQBF OB CHGOMFBSC R
MotherOfAllClasses SOZEO RDHIWFB\ JFB [MFPECDC, [ODCPXRCITF_, WBO OJaUDB JXH MCQQSOBMUE
MCEUU. #[MOWUS, DCD SX RQDOMU NJULFSQK, FEOGLC JUP ]BOGO SOZEO OJO_BFQ\.
Hfepafopu
8OHUU NLCWEOU MUVUEFU OMGCEFPORCB\ ROPRMCTUEFU OJaUDBOS FBUMCBOMC LHK RQUY REULMUEEXY
OJaUDBOR (RDHIWCK JCPORXU DHCQQX), R BOS WFQHU F BUY, EC DOBOMXU EU[OQMULQBRUEEO QQXHCIBQK UGO
[UMUSUEEXU.
class MOAOIterator { // MotherOfAllObjectsIterator
public:
virtual MotherOfAllObjects* Next() = 0;
};
class MotherOfAllObjects {
public:
virtual MOAOIterator* EachObject();
};
245
0OEUWEO, EC ]BOB MCP [OBMUJNUBQK JOHUU YFBMONSEX_ DOL, WUS R RCMFCEBU Q RFMBNCH\EXSF `NED^FKSF FP
[OQHULEUGO MCPLUHC. +US EU SUEUU, SUBOLFDC FBUMCBOMX RQILN OJHCLCUB OLEFS GMOSCLEXS
[MUFSNTUQBROS: OEC [OPROHKUB RX[OHEKB\ LU_QBRFK [OQHULORCBUH\EO. #CMFCEB Q MUDNMQFREXSF
`NED^FKSF EU [OPROHKUB DCZLNI SFHHFQUDNELN FHF ODOHO BOGO LUHCB\ [UMULXVDN F LCRCB\ [OMCJOBCB\
LMNGOSN DOLN. 5MF FQ[OH\PORCEFF FBUMCBOMOR, UQHF QOJHILCB\ OQBOMOZEOQB\, ]BO EU [MOJHUSC. *CHUU
SX JNLUS FQ[OH\PORCB\ FSUEEO ]BOB RCMFCEB.
Copka rycopa no anropufry Eekepa
$CRUMEOU, RCS YOWUBQK PECB\, PCWUS ENZUE CHGOMFBS 8U_DUMC, EU [MCRLC HF? # [MULXLNTU_ GHCRU K
RXLCH UGO PC CHGOMFBS N[HOBEUEFK, EO WBO BOHDN N[HOBEKB\ [CSKB\, UQHF LHK ]BOGO [MFYOLFBQK
ZUMBRORCB\ 50 [MOÛEBCSF UU OJTUGO OJaUSC? +U[UM\ SX NPECUS ECQBOKTNI [MUHUQB\ CHGOMFBSC
8U_DUMC UGO [MFSUEUEFU R CMYFBUDBNMCY QJOMDF SNQOMC.
$C LCEEX_ SOSUEB SX EU JNLUS JUQ[ODOFB\QK OJ OJaUDBCY, LOQBN[EXY FPREU, F QOQMULOBOWFS REFSCEFU
EC [UMFSUBMU QBUDORXY [UMUSUEEXY.
5OQDOH\DN EC ]BOB MCP SX PCEFSCUSQK QJOMDO_ SNQOMC, EUB [MFWFE [OHCGCB\QK RO RQUS EC [OLQWUB
QQXHOD. +US EU SUEUU, [OLQWUB QQXHOD [MOLOHZCUB FGMCB\ RCZENI MOH\: OE [MFSUEKUBQK LHK [OLQWUBC
LUQDMF[BOMOR R QBUDU, QQXHCITFYQK EC DOEDMUBEX_ RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\. #ULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\, N DOBOMOGO
QWUBWFD QQXHOD JOH\VU 0, EU[OQMULQBRUEEO LOQBN[UE FP QBUDC, C QHULORCBUH\EO, RYOLFB R [UMFSUBM. 6X
ROQ[OH\PNUSQK QFH\EXSF LUQDMF[BOMCSF LHK QBUDORXY [UMUSUEEXY F QHCJXSF LUQDMF[BOMCSF LHK
QQXHOD FP OLEOGO OJaUDBC EC LMNGO_ WUMUP [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQC. VoidPtr F LMNGFU QBMNDBNMX LCEEXY FP
[MULXLNTU_ GHCRX OQBCIBQK JUP FPSUEUEF_, PC OLEFS FQDHIWUEFUS: VoidPtr::Release() EU NLCHKUB
RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ [MF OJENHUEFF QWUBWFDC. "C[OSEFBU: ENHURO_ QWUBWFD QQXHOD OPECWCUB EU BO, WBO
OJaUDB ROOJTU EULOQBN[UE, C HFV\ BO, WBO OE EULOQBN[UE EU[OQMULQBRUEEO FP QBUDC.
Lanou cnaoro peckpunfopa
.HCJX_ LUQDMF[BOM NQBMOUE [MOQBO.
class WH {
friend class Handle<Type>;
private:
BMP<Type>* pointer;
WH() : pointer(new BMP<Type> (new(object_space) Type)) {};
BMP<Type>& operator->() { return *pointer; }
};
)E FQ[OH\PNUBQK R [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQOR, DOBOMXU QQXHCIBQK EC LMNGFU OJaUDBX.
class Foo {
private:
WH<Bar> bar; // =7/ &'()*73/7'4$(// )'-0$"* Bar + MP<Bar>
};
Lanou cunuuoro peckpunfopa
<CJHOE QFH\EOGO LUQDMF[BOMC FLUEBFWUE VCJHOEN QHCJOGO, PC FQDHIWUEFUS BOGO, WBO OE [OLLUMZFRCUB
QWUBWFD QQXHOD LHK NDCPCBUHK.
class SH {
private:
BMP<Type>* pointer;
public:
SH() : pointer(new BMP<Type>(new Type)) { pointer->Grab(); }
SH(const SH<Type>& h) : pointer(h.pointer) { pointer->Grab(); }
246
SH(const WH<Type>& h) : pointer(h.pointer) { pointer->Grab(); }
operator WH<Type>() { return WH<Type>(pointer); }
SH<Type>& operator=(const SH<Type>& h)
{
if (this == &h) return *this;
if (pointer == h.pointer) return *this;
pointer->Release();
h.pointer->Grab();
return *this;
}
BMP<Type>& operator->() { return *pointer; }
};
<CJHOE FQ[OH\PNUBQK LHK OJXWEXY [UMUSUEEXY (C EU LHK [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQC), QQXHCITFYQK EC
OJaUDBX. 8HCGOLCMK DOEQBMNDBOMN, [MFEFSCITUSN H<Type>, F O[UMCBOMEO_ `NED^FF operator
H<Type>() OE BCDZU SOZUB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK R O[UMC^FKY [MFQRCFRCEFK Q NWCQBFUS [UMUSUEEXY DHCQQOR,
BO UQB\ QHCJXY LUQDMF[BOMOR.
class Bar {
private:
WH<Foo> foo;
public:
void f();
};
void Bar::f()
{
SH<Foo> f; // Y&4/4$#"(*(' Foo* f = new Foo;
f = foo; // D)5'#,-3"* operator=(SH<Type>(foo));
foo = f; // D)5'#,-3"* operator WH<Type>(f);
}
Hfepafopu eepyux ykasafene
5OSEFBU VoidPtrIterator? VoidPtrPool ROPRMCTCUB OLFE FBUMCBOM LHK [UMUJOMC RQUY NDCPCBUHU_ Q
EUENHURXSF QWUBWFDCSF QQXHOD. #QU OQBCUBQK JUP FPSUEUEF_, OLECDO QWUBWFD QQXHOD BU[UM\
FEBUM[MUBFMNUBQK [O-LMNGOSN. (CE\VU EUENHURO_ QWUBWFD QQXHOD OPECWCH, WBO OJaUDB EU QHULNUB
NEFWBOZCB\. +U[UM\ OE FSUUB JOHUU NPDOU PECWUEFU: OJaUDB LOQBN[UE EU[OQMULQBRUEEO FP QBUDC. #QU ]BF
OJaUDBX QOYMCEKIBQK, [OQDOH\DN OEF ECYOLKBQK EC [UMFSUBMU, EO SX BCDZU QOYMCEFS OJaUDBX Q
ENHURXSF QWUBWFDCSF QQXHOD, UQHF OEF LOQBN[EX DOQRUEEO.
*HK OJaUDBOR RENBMF [UMFSUBMC SX LOHZEX [UMUJMCB\ LUQDMF[BOMX DCZLOGO OJaUDBC [UMFSUBMC, C
PCBUS MUDNMQFREO LRFGCB\QK RENBM\ LO BUY [OM, [ODC EU JNLNB [UMUJMCEX RQU LOQBN[EXU OJaUDBX. *HK
]BOGO ECS [MFLUBQK CECHFPFMORCB\ OJaUDBX OLEFS FP O[FQCEEXY RXVU Q[OQOJOR. # LCEEOS [MFSUMU
JNLUB FQ[OH\PORCEO QOWUBCEFU RFMBNCH\EXY `NED^F_/FBUMCBOMOR. *HK ]BO_ ÛHF SOZEO QHUGDC
[UMUMCJOBCB\ QBCMX_ FEBUMÙ_Q VoidPtrIterator.
class VoidPtrIterator {
protected:
VoidPtrIterator() {}
public:
virtual VoidPtr* Next() = 0;
};
+U[UM\ [NH LOHZUE [OLLUMZFRCB\ LRC BF[C FBUMCBOMOR. )LFE FBUMCBOM [UMUJFMCUB NDCPCBUHF,
ECYOLKTFUQK EC [UMFSUBMU (BO UQB\ FSUITFU EUENHURXU QWUBWFDF QQXHOD). #BOMO_ NDCPCBUHF EC
247
OJaUDBX, ECYOLKTFUQK R NDCPCEEO_ [OHORFEU. !BUMCBOM VoidPtrPool::iterator() FP GHCRX /5
PCSUEKUBQK QHULNITFS:
// G&#>./*, 4 &#$)) VoidPtrPool
class VoidPtrPool {
public:
VoidPtrIterator* Reachable()
{ return new ReachableIterator(this); }
VoidPtrIterator* InRange(void* low, void* high)
{ return new RangeIterator(this); }
};
Ykasafenu nepurefpa
)LFE FP BF[OR FBUMCBOMOR, ROPRMCTCUSXY [NHOS, [UMUJFMCUB EU[OQMULQBRUEEO LOQBN[EXU NDCPCBUHF
(FSUITFU EUENHURO_ QWUBWFD QQXHOD). # QNTEOQBF, [UMUL ECSF BOB ZU VoidPtrPoolIterator Q OLEO_
FPSUEFRVU_QK QBMODO_ BU[UM\ Advance() [MO[NQDCUB [OPF^FF Q ENHURXS QWUBWFDOS QQXHOD. 0HCQQ
MUCHFPORCE DCD [MOFPROLEX_ OB VoidPtrPoolIterator.
class ReachableIterator : public VoidPtrPoolIterator {
protected:
{
do
VoidPtrPoolIterator::Advance();
while (block != NULL && block->slots[slot].refcount == 0);
}
public:
ReachableIterator(VoidPtrBlock* vpb) : VoidPtrPoolIterator(vpb) {}
};
Hepocfynuue ykasafenu
# DOEÛ ^FDHC SX LOHZEX [MO_BFQ\ [O RULNTFS NDCPCBUHKS F EC_BF RQU BU, DOBOMXU [MOLOHZCIB
QQXHCB\QK EC EUCDBFRENI [OHORFEN. 3BO F JNLNB EULOQBN[EXU OJaUDBX. "CLCWN MUVCUB QHULNITF_
FBUMCBOM, R DOBOMOS FQ[OH\PNUBQK OWUMULEOU BMFRFCH\EOU [UMUO[MULUHUEFU VoidPtrPoolIterator.
class InRange : public VoidPtrPoolIterator {
private:
void* low; // +/1(/? $07") 0/$5$-'($
void* high; // G"7C(/? $07") 0/$5$-'($
{
do
VoidPtrPoolIterator::Advance();
while (block != NULL &&
(block->slots[slot].address < low ||
block->slots[slot].address >= high));
}
public:
InRange(VoidPtrBlock* vpb, void* low_addr, void* high_addr)
: VoidPtrPoolIterator(vpb), low(low_addr), high(high_addr) {}
};
248
Repeop ykasafene e oLekfax
0CZLX_ OJaUDB ROPRMCTCUB LMNGO_ FBUMCBOM VoidPtrIterator, DOBOMX_ [UMUJFMCUB NDCPCBUHF,
LOQBN[EXU EU[OQMULQBRUEEO FP OJaUDBC. *HK DCZLOGO DHCQQC ]BOB FBUMCBOM LOHZUE JXB\ QROFS. *CHUU
[ODCPCE [MFSUM.
class MotherOfAllObject { // P$-'4<? &#$)) 0#% 4)"C ')*$#,(<C
public:
virtual VoidPtrIterator* Pointers() = 0;
};
class VoidPtrArrayIterator : public VoidPtrIterator {
private:
VoidPtr* ptrs[Entries];
int next; // F#"03>K$% 5'-/B/% 4 5"7";'7"
public:
VoidPtrArrayIterator() : next(0)
{
for (int i = 0; i < Entries; i++)
ptrs[i] = NULL;
}
VoidPtr*& operator[](uint slot) { return ptrs[slot]; }
virtual bool More() { return next < Entries; }
virtual VoidPtr* Next() { return ptrs[next++]; }
};
// =7/2"7 &#$))$ / /*"7$*'7$
class Foo {
private:
WH<Bar> bar;
public:
virtual VoidPtrIterator* Pointers()
{
new VoidPtrArrayIterator<1>* iterator = new VoidPtrArrayIterato<1>;
iterator[0] = bar.Pointer();
return iterator;
}
};
VoidPtrArrayIterator QLUHCE EC QDOMNI MNDN F R MUCH\EOS [MOUDBU UGO FQ[OH\PORCB\ EU QBOFB, EO [O
DMC_EU_ SUMU OE LUSOEQBMFMNUB OJTF_ [MFE^F[. 0OEUWEO, UGO QHULNUB LO[OHEFB\ [MORUMDCSF
LFC[CPOEOR F FEF^FFMORCEFUS FQDHIWUEF_, UQHF JNLUB PCBMUJORCE VoidPtr* LHK NULL.
Foo::Pointers() [ODCPXRCUB OJTF_ [MFE^F[ FQ[OH\PORCEFK VoidPtrArrayIterator. *HK DCZLOGO
DHCQQC SX FPSUEKUS MCPSUM SCQQFRC, WBOJX OE QOR[CLCH Q DOHFWUQBROS WH<Widget> F LOJCRHKUS LHK
DCZLOGO LUQDMF[BOMC [O OLEO_ QBMODU RFLC iterator(index++) = widget.Pointer(). 3BOB VCJHOE
Q[MCRHKUBQK QO RQUSF [MOQBXSF QHNWCKSF, R DOBOMXY ECS EU [MFYOLFBQK JUQ[ODOFB\QK O JCPORXY
DHCQQCY. %QHF Foo FSUUB JCPORXU DHCQQX, [MFLUBQK OMGCEFPORCB\ RHOZUEFU FBUMCBOMOR LHK UGO
QOJQBRUEEXY NDCPCBUHU_ F NDCPCBUHU_ JCPORXY DHCQQOR.
Repeop ykasafene
$CQBCH SOSUEB QOJMCB\ RQU ROULFEO R CHGOMFBSU [UMUJOMC RQUY LOQBN[EXY OJaUDBOR. #QBMUWCK OJaUDB,
DOBOMX_ R LCEEX_ SOSUEB ECYOLFBQK R EUCDBFREO_ [OHORFEU, SX DO[FMNUS UGO R CDBFRENI [OHORFEN F
FPSUEKUS CLMUQ R RULNTUS NDCPCBUHU EC EORNI DO[FI. %QHF EC_LUEEX_ OJaUDB NZU ECYOLFBQK R
CDBFREO_ [OHORFEU, [MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO OE NZU JXH QDO[FMORCE, [O]BOSN SX EU BMCBFS RMUSK EC
249
LCH\EU_VFU SCEF[NHK^FF Q EFS. )JaUDBX, EU [MFECLHUZCTFU EF OLEO_ FP [OHORFE, SX [ODC
FGEOMFMNUS.
!EBUMÙ_Q Space QHUGDC OBHFWCUBQK OB BOGO, DOBOMX_ FQ[OH\PORCHQK LHK N[HOBEUEFK. #SUQBO OLEOGO
FBUMCBOMC [MFYOLFBQK [OLLUMZFRCB\ QBUD FBUMCBOMOR, [OQDOH\DN SX [UMUSUTCUSQK [O GMC`N OJaUDBOR.
0MOSU BOGO, [OKRFHCQ\ EORCK `NED^FK Scavenge(), DOBOMCK RXPXRCUBQK R DOEÛ DCZLOGO [MOYOLC [O
[OHORFEU. 5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO N ECQ NZU FSUUBQK GOBORX_ VCJHOE QBUDC Stack.
class Stack {
public:
Push(Type*);
Type* Pop(); // G'-47$K$"* NULL 0#% 53)*'8' )*"&$
};
class Space {
private:
VoidPtrIterator* iterator; // D*"7$*'7 4"7C("8' 37'4(%
Stack<VoidPtrIterator> iterator_stack;
HalfSpace A, B;
HalfSpace* active;
void Scavenge(); // H(/.*'1/*, ("0')*35(<" ';E"&*<
void Swap(); // ="7"&#>./*, $&*/4(3> 5'#'4/(3
public:
Space() : active(&a), inactive(&B), iterator(NULL) { Swap(); }
void* Allocate(size_t size)
{
if (space == NULL) throw(OutOfMemory());
return space;
}
void Copy1();
};
+MF DHIWURXU `NED^FF Scavenge(), Swap() F Copy1() EFZU MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK JOHUU [OLMOJEO.
Scavenge
:NED^FK Scavenge() RXPXRCUBQK [OQHU OLEOGO [OHEOGO ^FDHC. )EC [UMUJFMCUB RQU RULNTFU NDCPCBUHF
F FTUB OJaUDBX, OQBCRVFUQK R EUCDBFREO_ [OHORFEU. 3BF OJaUDBX EULOQBN[EX. *HK DCZLOGO OJaUDBC
OEC NLCHKUB NDCPCBUH\, DOBOMX_, R QROI OWUMUL\, RXPXRCUB LUQBMNDBOM OJaUDBC.
void Space::Scanvege()
{
VoidPtrIterator* vpi =
VoidPtr::pool->InRange(inactive, inactive + sizeof(*inactive));
while (vpi->More()) {
VoidPtr* vp = vpi->Next();
delete vp; // G<-<4$"* 0")*73&*'7 3&$-<4$"2'8' ';E"&*$
}
delete vpi;
}
250
Swap
:NED^FK Swap() [UMUDHIWCUB CDBFRENI [OHORFEN. .ECWCHC OEC RXPXRCUB Scavenge() R PCRUMVUEFU
[MULXLNTUGO ^FDHC, C [OBOS QJMCQXRCUB RQU R FQYOLEOU QOQBOKEFU, WBOJX [MF QHULNITUS RXPORU
`NED^FF Copy1() DO[FMORCEFU [OVHO R OJMCBENI QBOMOEN.
void Space::Swap()
{
Scavenge(); // H(/.*'1/*, ';E"&*< 4 ("$&*/4('? 5'#'4/("
if (active == &A)
{
active = &B;
inactive = &A;
}
else
{
active = &A;
inactive = &B;
}
iterator = VoidPtr::pool->iterator();
}
Copy1
:NED^FK Copy1() MCQQSCBMFRCUB OLFE OJaUDB. %QHF OJaUDB ECYOLFBQK R EUCDBFREO_ [OHORFEU, OE
DO[FMNUBQK R CDBFRENI. %QHF OJaUDBC EUB, BO R MCSDCY BUDNTU_ PCLCWF SX [MUL[OHCGCUS, WBO OE
ECYOLFBQK R CDBFREO_ [OHORFEU, C QHULORCBUH\EO, JXH [UMUSUTUE MCEUU.
void Space::Copy1()
{
if (!iterator->More())
{
// ="7";'7 -$&'(."(, 30$#/*, /*"7$*'7 / 4<*'#&(3*, /- )*"&$
delete iterator;
iterator = iterator_stack.Pop();
if (iterator == NULL) // 6'*'4'!
Swap(); // +$./($"2 04/8$*,)% 4 07383> )*'7'(3
}
else
{
if (vp->address >= &inactive &&
vp->address < &inactive + sizeof(*insactive))
{
// L;E"&* 0')*35"( / "8' (31(' 5"7"2")*/*,
void* new_space = active->Allocate(vp->size);
// D)&#>."(/" ("C4$*&$ 5$2%*/
iterator_stack.Push(iterator);
iterator = vp->address->Pointers();
25.
}
// D($." 5"7"2"K"(/" 31" )')*'%#'),
}
}
Onfurusauun
+OH\DO WBO O[FQCEEX_ CHGOMFBS Q[OQOJUE MUPDO BOMSOPFB\ [MOGMCSSN [MF DCZLOS PC[NQDU `NED^FF
Scavenge(). *HK O[BFSFPC^FF [O OBLUH\EOQBF FHF RSUQBU SOGNB FQ[OH\PORCB\QK LRC QHULNITFY
[OLYOLC:
/. :NED^FK Scavenge() MCJOBCUB [O]BC[EO, C EU DCD ULFECK O[UMC^FK. *HK ]BOGO RCS [MFLUBQK
SOLF`F^FMORCB\ Copy1(), WBOJX UU [OQHULORCBUH\EX_ CECHOG RXPXRCHQK LO PCRUMVUEFK
QJOMDF SNQOMC.
2. #ULUEFU OBLUH\EXY Q[FQDOR FQ[OH\PNUSXY RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ LHK DCZLO_ [OHORFEX RSUQBO
[UMUJOMC QOLUMZFSOGO VoidPtrPool LHK FY [OFQDC. 5MF [UMUSUTUEFF DCZLOGO OJaUDBC FP
EUCDBFREO_ [OHORFEX R CDBFRENI RULNTF_ NDCPCBUH\ BCDZU [UMUSUTCUBQK FP OLEOGO Q[FQDC R
LMNGO_. # DOEÛ ^FDHC N[HOBEUEFK LHK EUCDBFREO_ [OHORFEX OQBCUBQK Q[FQOD HFV\ BUY
RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_, DOBOMXU LOHZEX JXB\ NEFWBOZUEX.
#MKL HF ]BF RCMFCEBX O[BFSFPC^FF QBOFB [MFSUEKB\ R MUCH\EXY [MOUDBCY OQOJUEEO RBOMO_,
[OQDOH\DN RULUEFU Q[FQDOR [OBMUJNUB PECWFBUH\EO JOH\VFY PCBMCB [CSKBF F JXQBMOLU_QBRFK.
Bueuuue oLekfu
)JaUDBX, DOBOMXU QNTUQBRNIB PC [MULUHCSF [MOQBMCEQBRC QJOMDF SNQOMC, QHUGDC NQHOZEKIB ECVN
PCLCWN. )JaUDBX RENBMF [MOQBMCEQBRC SOGNB QQXHCB\QK EC ]BF REUVEFU OJaUDBX. .CSO [O QUJU ]BO EU
RXPORUB [MOJHUS, [OQDOH\DN [UMUSUTCIBQK BOH\DO OJaUDBX EUCDBFREO_ [OHORFEX. 5MOJHUSX
ROPEFDCIB R QFBNC^FKY, DOGLC REUVEFU OJaUDBX QQXHCIBQK EC RENBMUEEFU. #UMOKBEO, OEF JNLNB
FQ[OH\PORCB\ LUQDMF[BOMX, EO ]BO PCSUBEO [ORXQFB QHOZEOQB\ CHGOMFBSC QJOMDF SNQOMC/N[HOBEUEFK.
5OBMUJNIBQK QHULNITFU FPSUEUEFK:
/. 0CZLX_ REUVEF_ OJaUDB BCDZU LOHZUE OJHCLCB\ QMULQBRCSF [UMUJOMC NDCPCBUHU_ F QOJHILCB\
[MCRFHO LUQDMF[BOMX [ORQILN, [O DMC_EU_ SUMU LHK QQXHOD EC RENBMUEEFU OJaUDBX.
2. 0CZLX_ REUVEF_ OJaUDB RO RMUSK OWUMULEOGO [MOYOLC LOHZUE NSUB\ [OSUWCB\ QUJK DCD
[MOQSOBMUEEX_.
3. %QHF OJaUDB R `NED^FF Copy1() KRHKUBQK REUVEFS F EU[OSUWUEEXS, OE [OSUWCUBQK, C UGO
FBUMCBOM PCEOQFBQK R QBUD, EO QCS OJaUDB [MF ]BOS EU [UMUSUTCUBQK.
Muoecfeeuuue npocfpaucfea
0OGLC JCPORCK QBMNDBNMC JNLUB ECHCZUEC, OJaUDBX R [MOQBMCEQBRU QJOMDF SNQOMC SOZEO JUP OQOJXY
[MOJHUS OJaULFEFB\ Q OJaUDBCSF, N[MCRHKUSXSF LMNGFSF QMULQBRCSF. ,HCREOU WBOJX RQU OJaUDBX
QOBMNLEFWCHF R [MOÛQQU [UMUJOMC NDCPCBUHU_. .[OQOJ N[MCRHUEFK OJaUDBOS HUGDO O[MULUHKUBQK [O UGO
CLMUQN.
Copka rycopa u ynnofueuue ua recfe
(UVUEFK FP [MULXLNTU_ GHCRX, DOBOMXU [OSOGHF ECS [MURMCBFB\ QYUSN LUQDMF[BOMX [ORQILN R
N[HOBEUEFU EC SUQBU, SOZEO [MFSUEFB\ F R LCEEO_ QYUSU. 3BO [OPROHFB OMGCEFPORCB\ QJOMDN SNQOMC EC
SUQBU F OJO_BFQ\ JUP DO[FMORCEFK OJaUDBOR R [CSKBF. .NTUQBRNIB LRC RCMFCEBC ]BO_ QYUSX: Q
N[HOBEUEFUS F JUP. # OJOFY QHNWCKY FQ[OH\PNUBQK CHGOMFBS [OSUBDF F NLCHUEFK EC [UMROS [MOYOLU
O[MULUHKIBQK LOQBN[EXU OJaUDBX, C EC RBOMOS [MOFQYOLFB QJOMDC SNQOMC F [MF EUOJYOLFSOQBF
N[HOBEUEFU. -HGOMFBS [MUL[OHCGCUB, WBO R DHCQQ VoidPtr LOJCRHUE Q[U^FCH\EX_ JFB [OSUBDF:
/. .EKB\ [OSUBDN QO RQUY VoidPtr, OBQNBQBRNITFY R Q[FQDU QROJOLEXY NDCPCBUHU_.
2. 5OSUBFB\ RQU VoidPtr Q EUENHURXS QWUBWFDOS QQXHOD; BO UQB\ [OSUBFB\ OJaUDBX, LOQBN[EXU
EU[OQMULQBRUEEO FP QBUDC.
252
3. *HK DCZLOGO BOH\DO WBO [OSUWUEEOGO VoidPtr [OSUBFB\ RQU VoidPtr, REULMUEEXU R OJaUDBX,
EC DOBOMXU OEF QQXHCIBQK. 5MF ]BOS FQ[OH\PNIBQK BU ZU FBUMCBOMX, WBO F LHK CHGOMFBSC
8U_DUMC.
4. 5ORBOMKB\ VCG 3, [ODC NLCUBQK ECYOLFB\ EORXU [OSUWCUSXU OJaUDBX.
5. 4LCHFB\ RQU VoidPtr, EU [OSUWUEEXU F EU ECYOLKTFUQK R Q[FQDU QROJOLEXY; R QROI OWUMUL\,
]BO [MFRULUB D RXPORN LUQBMNDBOMOR NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR. %QHF RX EU QOJFMCUBUQ\ RX[OHEKB\
N[HOBEUEFU, QHULNUB RUMENB\ [CSKB\, PCEFSCUSNI ]BFSF OJaUDBCSF.
6. %QHF N[HOBEUEFU RX[OHEKUBQK, [UMUJMCB\ RQU [OSUWUEEXU VoidPtr R [OMKLDU ROPMCQBCEFK
CLMUQOR NDCPXRCUSXY OJaUDBOR F QSUQBFB\ OJaUDBX REFP LHK N[HOBEUEFK `MCGSUEBFMORCEEOGO
[MOQBMCEQBRC.
.LUHCB\ RQU ]BO [O]BC[EO EUQDOH\DO QHOZEUU, EO UQHF LU_QBRORCB\ REFSCBUH\EO, ROPSOZEO F ]BO.
,HCREOU [OSEFB\, WBO OJaUDB, QBCRVF_ EULOQBN[EXS, LOQBN[EXS NZU EU QBCEUB. )JaUDB, DOBOMX_
JXH LOQBN[UE R ECWCHU [MOYOLC, EO QBCH EULOQBN[EXS RO RMUSK EUGO, SOZEO EU NEFWBOZCB\. 5CSKB\
]BOGO OJaUDBC JNLUB ROPRMCTUEC RO RMUSK QHULNITU_ [MOGNHDF [O [CSKBF.
Hyuo nu eusueafu pecfpykfopu?
$NZEO HF RXPXRCB\ LUQBMNDBOMX OJaUDBOR, QBCRVFY EULOQBN[EXSF? $C ]BOB RO[MOQ BMNLEO LCB\
OLEOPECWEX_ OBRUB. >OBFBU HF RX, WBOJX OEF RXPXRCHF `NED^FF LMNGFY OJaUDBOR (LOQBN[EXY FHF
EUB)? 5MUL[OHCGCUBQK, WBO LUQBMNDBOMX EU NLCHKIB LMNGFU OJaUDBX; Q ]BO_ ÛH\I SX F OMGCEFPORCHF
QJOMDN SNQOMC, [O]BOSN EC LOHI LUQBMNDBOMOR OQBCUBQK EU BCD NZ SEOGO. . LMNGO_ QBOMOEX, FEOGLC R
QROFY LUQBMNDBOMCY OJaUDBX LUHCIB WBO-BO LMNGOU EC[MFSUM, OQROJOZLCIB QFQBUSEXU MUQNMQX FHF
PCDMXRCIB `C_HX. # OJTUS, N SUEK EUB GOBOROGO OBRUBC. (UVC_BU QCSF R PCRFQFSOQBF OB QFBNC^FF.
Tonuko pnn npoqeccuouanuuux kackapepoe
$CRUMEKDC RX PCGHKENHF R ]BOB MCPLUH YOBK JX FP HIJO[XBQBRC, EU [MCRLC HF? - SOZUB, RX QBOFBU R
DEFZEOS SCGCPFEU F LNSCUBU, QBOFB HF [ODN[CB\ ]BN DEFGN, F RLMNG [MF [MOQSOBMU OGHCRHUEFK RCS R
GHCPC JMOQFHOQ\ FEBMFGNITUU ECPRCEFU. *C HCLEO, [MFPECRC_BUQ\ K F QCS BCDO_.
#SUQBU Q ECQBOKTFSF QOMRFGOHORCSF, DOBOMXU [MFRXDHF ZFB\ EC GMCEF MFQDC, SX [OQSOBMFS, DCD
OMGCEFPORCB\ N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I LHK BMCLF^FOEEXY DHCQQOR (R OBHFWFU OB DHCQQOR, [OQBMOUEEXY [O
[MFE^F[N LUQDMF[BOMX [ORQILN). #UMOKBEO, [MFRULUEEX_ EFZU SCBUMFCH [OECLOJFBQK HFV\ OWUE\
EUSEOGFS WFBCBUHKS, LC F BU LOHZEX OWUE\ YOMOVO [MOGMCSSFMORCB\ EC .++. $N, C UQHF RX RQU UTU
MCPLNSXRCUBU ECL BUS, QBOFB HF [ODN[CB\ DEFGN DN[FBU F [MOWFBC_BU EUQDOH\DO QOBUE [MULXLNTFY
QBMCEF^.
$FZU O[FQCEX EUDOBOMXU DOEÛ[^FF QJOMDF SNQOMC, DOBOMXU EU [UMUSUTCIB OJaUDBX R [CSKBF F
BMUJNIB EFDCDFY OQOJXY [MCRFH [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK (PC FQDHIWUEFUS [UMRO_ DOEÛ[^FF). &
OGMCEFWFRCIQ\ OJTFSF ECJMOQDCSF, [OQDOH\DN DOL QFH\EO PCRFQFB OB QBMNDBNM LCEEXY, RXJMCEEXY
LHK MUCHFPC^FF CMYFBUDBNMX. # DOEÛ DOEÔR, [MURMCTUEFU FLU_ R [MOGMCSSEX_ DOL [MCRO BUY, DBO
EC ]BO Q[OQOJUE.
Kouuenuuu rafepu ecex oLekfoe
$CWEUS Q MUVUEF_, [OQBMOUEEXY EC FLUU SCBUMF RQUY OJaUDBOR (Mother Of All Objects, MOAO).
1BOJX EU ROPRMCTCB\ FBUMCBOM LHK VoidPtr, RFMBNCH\ECK `NED^FK SOZUB ROPRMCTCB\ FBUMCBOM LHK
void*& FHF MOAO*&. #XGHKLFB R[OHEU MCPNSEO, [ODC RX EU OQBCEORFBUQ\ F Q[MOQFBU QUJK C [OWUSN
SX OBDCPCHFQ\ OB LUQDMF[BOMOR [ORQILN? .DOMUU RQUGO, FP-PC BOGO, WBO EU SOGHF R LOQBCBOWEO_
QBU[UEF N[MCRHKB\ FSF. #OPSOZEO, RX NECQHULORCHF (VNBDC FP OJHCQBF .++) JFJHFOBUDN DHCQQOR,
QOPLCEENI DUS-BO LMNGFS, F EU PCYOBUHF [UMU[FQXRCB\ UU [O [MFE^F[N LUQDMF[BOMX, OLEF
LUQDMF[BOMX F EFWUGO, DMOSU LUQDMF[BOMOR. 6OZUB, RX QWFBCUBU, WBO RCVF DHFUEBX F DOHHUGF
[O[MOQBN EU [O_SNB QBOH\ QHOZEO_ CMYFBUDBNMX. - SOZUB, RCS EU YOWUBQK [MURMCTCB\ .++ R EUDOU
[OLOJFU SmallTalk, YOBK JX R OJHCQBF SUZOJaUDBEXY QQXHOD. 0CDFSF JX [MFWFECSF RX EF
MNDOROLQBRORCHFQ\, EUHOGFWEO OBDCPXRCB\QK OB LUQDMF[BOMOR [ORQILN F OQBCRHKB\ LMNGFU
BMUJORCEFK [MOFPROLFB\ RQU OB OJTUGO JCPOROGO DHCQQC, [UMUJFMCB\ NDCPCBUHF F [HKQCB\ RODMNG
CLMUQOR [UMUSUEEXY F JCPORXY DHCQQOR. *CRC_BU-DC HNWVU PC_SUSQK BUS, WBO LOQBO_EO ECQBOKTFY
[MOGMCSSFQBOR.
253
6CBUMFCH, FPHOZUEEX_ LCHUU, LUHFBQK EC WUBXMU BUSX:
/. )MGCEFPC^FK [CSKBF.
2. 5OFQD [UMFSUBMC.
3. 5UMUJOM RENBMF [UMFSUBMC.
4. .JOMDC SNQOMC.
Oprauusauun narnfu
.NTUQBRNUB EUQDOH\DO DHIWURXY RO[MOQOR, EC DOBOMXU RX LOHZEX NSUB\ JXQBMO OBRUWCB\. - LHK ]BOGO
EUOJYOLFSO, WBOJX [CSKB\ ECYOLFHCQ\ R JOHUU-SUEUU OMGCEFPORCEEOS QOQBOKEFF:
/. !PRUQBUE EUDF_ NWCQBOD [CSKBF. >MCEFBQK HF R EUS CLMUQ FHF WBO-BO LMNGOU QDCZUS, EOSUM
JCEDORQDOGO QWUBC?
2. !PRUQBUE CLMUQ. .QXHCUBQK HF OE EC OJaUDB FHF [MOQBO EC QHNWC_EOU SUQBO R [CSKBF?
3. !PRUQBUE CLMUQ OJaUDBC. 0 WUSN OE OBEOQFBQK D RSUTCITUSN OJaUDBN FHF ZU D [UMUSUEEO_
FHF JCPOROSN DHCQQN LMNGOGO OJaUDBC?
Enoku narnfu
4[MCRHKUSX_ JHOD [CSKBF ECWFECUBQK Q DOMOBDOGO PCGOHORDC, R DOBOMOS YMCEFBQK QHULNITCK
FEÒMSC^FK:
`FPFWUQDF_ MCPSUM JHODC;
[MFPECD FQ[OH\PORCEFK JHODC;
HOGFWUQDF_ MCPSUM JHODC.
5UMROECWCH\EO RQK [CSKB\ [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ OLFE JOH\VO_ JHOD. 0OGLC JHOD LUHFBQK, OE RQUGLC
LUHFBQK [O[OHCS. (UDNMQFREOU LUHUEFU [MOLOHZCUBQK, [ODC EU JNLUB EC_LUE JHOD, MCPSUM DOBOMOGO
MCRUE SFEFSCH\EO_ QBU[UEF 2, LOQBCBOWEO_ LHK YMCEUEFK QOPLCRCUSOGO OJaUDBC. # [MOÛQQU NLCHUEFK
[O ECWCH\EOSN CLMUQN JHODC F UGO MCPSUMN SOZEO HUGDO O[MULUHFB\ UGO [CMEX_ JHOD; ]BO OJUQ[UWFRCUB
]`ÙDBFREOU OJaULFEUEFU QSUZEXY QROJOLEXY JHODOR.
- BU[UM\ OBRUBFS EC RO[MOQX, [UMUWFQHUEEXU RXVU.
Hennefcn nu suaeuue appecor?
&RHKUBQK HF EUDOBOMCK WUBMUYJC_BORCK (EC JOH\VFEQBRU DOS[\IBUMOR) RUHFWFEC CLMUQOS [CSKBF?
8NLUS QWFBCB\, WBO KRHKUBQK, UQHF OEC NDCPXRCUB RENBM\ RQUGO N[MCRHKUSOGO [MOQBMCEQBRC (BO UQB\
FQYOLEOGO, EUMCPLUHUEEOGO JHODC).
Hennefcn nu appec appecor oLekfa?
8NLUS QWFBCB\, WBO KRHKUBQK, UQHF CLMUQ HUZFB R HOGFWUQDOS LFC[CPOEU FQ[OH\PNUSOGO JHODC.
'OGFWUQDF_ LFC[CPOE ECWFECUBQK [OQHU PCGOHORDC F PCRUMVCUBQK EC UGO HOGFWUQDOS MCPSUMU.
$CFSUE\VF_ JHOD, QOLUMZCTF_ LCEEX_ CLMUQ, ECYOLFBQK Q [OSOT\I [OFQDC R JFECMEOS LUMURU
[CSKBF. %QHF CLMUQ ECYOLFBQK PC [MULUHCSF N[MCRHKUSO_ [CSKBF F NDCPXRCUB EC EUFQ[OH\PNUSX_ JHOD
FHF EC PCGOHOROD JHODC, OE EU SOZUB JXB\ CLMUQOS OJaUDBC.
Ccunaefcn nu appec ua oLekf eepxuero ypoeun?
%QHF BOWDC, EC DOBOMNI QQXHCUBQK CLMUQ, MCQ[OHOZUEC QMCPN ZU [OQHU PCGOHORDC FQ[OH\PNUSOGO JHODC,
BO CLMUQ QQXHCUBQK EC OJaUDB RUMYEUGO NMOREK. %QHF CLMUQ QQXHCUBQK EC EUDOBOMNI RENBMUEEII BOWDN
OJaUDBC, OE QOOBRUBQBRNUB [UMUSUEEO_ DHCQQC FHF JCPOROSN DHCQQN RSUTCITUGO OJaUDBC.
Eucfpopecfeue
%QHF N[MCRHKUSCK [CSKB\ FSUUB LHFEN N JC_B F RX EFDOGLC EU RXLUHKUBU SUEUU 2
M
JC_B, BO OBRUBX EC
RQU BMF RO[MOQC [OBMUJNIB EU JOHUU N-M [MOQSOBMOR PCGOHORDOR JHODOR. $C[MFSUM, UQHF N=20 (OLFE
SUGCJC_B), C M=4 (SFEFSCH\EX_ MCPSUM JHODC MCRUE /6 JC_BCS), [OBMUJNUBQK EU JOHUU /6 [O[XBOD. 3BO
254
EU BCD NZ SCHO, [O]BOSN RCZEO EC_BF O[BFSCH\EX_ MCPSUM JHODC JOH\VFU JHODF NRUHFWFRCIB
`MCGSUEBC^FI, EO QODMCTCIB DOHFWUQBRO [MOQSOBMOR.
Rouck nepurefpa
.EKBFU OGMCEFWUEFK LUQDMF[BOMX [ORQILN OPECWCUB, WBO JNLUB MCPMUVUE DOL EC[OLOJFU
QHULNITUGO:
class Foo {
private:
Bar* bar;
};
Foo* f = new Foo;
0MOSU BOGO, ]BO OPECWCUB, WBO JNLNB MCPMUVUEX NDCPCBUHF EC JCPORXU DHCQQX ([OSEFBU LNMC^DFU
ÒDNQX Q this?) F NDCPCBUHF EC [UMUSUEEXU DHCQQOR. 0OEWUEO, QBCEORFBQK ECSEOGO QHOZEUU
O[MULUHFB\, WBO LOQBN[EO, C WBO EUB, ECWFECK Q [OFQDC [UMFSUBMC. (CQQSOBMFS LRC RCMFCEBC.
Yruue ykasafenu
0CD F [MUZLU, QCSOU ECLUZEOU YMCEFB\ NSEXU NDCPCBUHF R QBUDU, LCZU UQHF OEF F EU KRHKIBQK
LUQDMF[BOMCSF. *HK [UMUJOMC ]BFY NDCPCBUHU_ SOZEO ROQ[OH\PORCB\QK QDMXBO_ DOHHUD^FU_.
0OEQBMNDBOM NSEOGO NDCPCBUHK PCEOQFB UGO R DOHHUD^FI, C LUQBMNDBOM NLCHKUB.
Repeop cfeka
#OPSOZEO, ]BO PRNWFB LOROH\EO QBMCEEO, OLECDO [UMFSUBM SOZEO O[MULUHFB\ [MFJHFZUEEO, Q OVFJDO_
R DOEQUMRCBFRENI QBOMOEN (BO UQB\ Q PC[CQOS). *OQBCBOWEO [MOQBO [MOQDCEFMORCB\ QBUD F EC_BF R EUS
PECWUEFK, QOOBRUBQRNITFU CLMUQCS OJaUDBOR. #QUGLC QNTUQBRNUB RUMOKBEOQB\, WBO BCS EC_LUBQK
[UMUSUEECK Q BUHUÒEOS BUBNVDF 6FHHF FP $UJMCQDF, DOBOMCK [O WFQBO_ QHNWC_EOQBF QOR[CLCUB Q
CLMUQOS EUDOBOMOGO OJaUDBC R [CSKBF. 3BO ECPXRCUBQK (,("+C(#3 8$+9+"#24 (pointer aliasing). #
MUPNH\BCBU OJaUDB [OSUWCUBQK DCD LOQBN[EX_, YOBK R LU_QBRFBUH\EOQBF OE EULOQBN[UE. )JXWEO ]BO EU
FSUUB RMULEXY [OQHULQBRF_, MCPRU WBO EUQDOH\DO EUFQ[OH\PNUSXY JC_B EU JNLNB ROPRMCTUEX R
QFQBUSN. 5OLNSC_BU YOMOVUE\DO QHNWC_EX_ CLMUQ R QBUDU LOHZUE EU BOH\DO QQXHCB\QK EC ENZEOU
SUQBO R [CSKBF, EO F JXB\ #)(*."&#**', NDCPCBUHUS EC EULOQBN[EX_ OJaUDB. # OJTUS, OQOJUEEO
[UMUZFRCB\ EU QBOFB.
Rorefka oLekfoe
!BCD, RX O[MULUHFHF, WBO QBUDORCK RUHFWFEC QQXHCUBQK EC LO[NQBFSX_ OJaUDB. +U[UM\ EUOJYOLFSO
[OSUBFB\ ]BOB OJaUDB. 8FB [OSUBDF LOHZUE JXB\ WCQB\I PCGOHORDC JHODC, [O]BOSN ULFEQBRUEECK
YFBMOQB\ PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, DCD ]`ÙDBFREO EC_BF ECFSUE\VF_ QOLUMZCTF_ JHOD. *HK ]BOGO [MFLUBQK
[UMUJFMCB\ LUMURO [CSKBF LO BUY [OM, [ODC EU JNLUB EC_LUE PCGOHOROD ECFSUE\VUGO JHODC.
Repeop euyfpu nepurefpa
5OQHU BOGO DCD RX O[MULUHFBU [UMFSUBM OLEFS FP [UMUWFQHUEEXY RXVU Q[OQOJOR, ROPEFDCUB
QHULNITCK PCLCWC [MO_BFQ\ [O RQUS OJaUDBCS RENBMF [UMFSUBMC. ! QEORC QNTUQBRNIB LRC OQEOREXY
RCMFCEBC: CECHFP OJaUDBC FHF FEBUM[MUBC^FK RQUY PECWUEF_ DCD [OBUE^FCH\EXY NDCPCBUHU_.
Auanus oLekfa
5MOGMCSSN SOZEO RFLOFPSUEFB\, WBOJX R [UMUJOM RDHIWCHFQ\ BOH\DO NDCPCBUHF RENBMF DCZLOGO
OJaUDBC. 5MF ]BOS SOZEO FQ[OH\PORCB\ MUVUEFU Q RFMBNCH\EXSF `NED^FKSF, OJaUDBCSF DHCQQOR FHF
LCZU PCQBCRFB\ NSEXU NDCPCBUHF OMGCEFPORCB\ [UMUJOM NDCPCBUHU_ R BUY OJaUDBCY, EC DOBOMXU OEF
QQXHCIBQK. # HIJOS QHNWCU RCS [MFLUBQK OQEORCBUH\EO [OBMNLFB\QK ECL SOLF`FDC^FU_ DOLC RCVFY
DHCQQOR.
Cunoeoe peueuue
#BOMO_ RCMFCEB [MOQDCEFMORCB\ RUQ\ HOGFWUQDF_ MCPSUM DCZLOGO [OSUWUEEOGO OJaUDBC R [OFQDCY
[OBUE^FCH\EXY CLMUQOR OJaUDBOR. 6X LUHCUS BO ZU QCSOU, WBO LUHCHOQ\ MCE\VU LHK QBUDC, F
255
QBCHDFRCUSQK QO PECDOSO_ [MOJHUSO_ FSFBC^FF NDCPCBUHU_ MCPLMCZCITU_, EO JUPRMULEO_. 0CZLX_
MCP, DOGLC JNLUB EC_LUEO PECWUEFU, QOOBRUBQBRNITUU CLMUQN EUDOBOMOGO OJaUDBC, ]BOB OJaUDB
[OSUWCUBQK F RDHIWCUBQK R MUDNMQFI.
Bueuuue oLekfu
5MF N[MCRHUEFF EUQDOH\DFSF [MOQBMCEQBRCSF [CSKBF SOZEO RQBMUBFB\ OJaUDBX, ECYOLKTFUQK EU R
GHCREOS [MOQBMCEQBRU, R DOBOMOS [MOFQYOLFB QJOMDC SNQOMC, C R LMNGOS [MOQBMCEQBRU [O RCVUSN
RXJOMN. +OB `CDB, WBO OJaUDB KRHKUBQK REUVEFS, EU QEFSCUB Q RCQ OBRUBQBRUEEOQBF OE R[OHEU SOZUB
QQXHCB\QK OJMCBEO, R N[MCRHKUSOU [MOQBMCEQBRO. %QHF ]BO [MOQBMCEQBRO EU JXHO MCQQWFBCEO EC
]`ÙDBFREX_ [UMUJOM NDCPCBUHU_ (BO UQB\ EU FSUUB PCGOHORDOR OJaUDBOR), LCH\VU RXDMNWFRC_BUQ\
QCSF.
Copka rycopa
!BCD, D DOE^N `CPX [OSUBDF RX O[MULUHFHF LOQBN[EXU OJaUDBX. 1BO ZU LCH\VU? 8UP LUQDMF[BOMOR F
RULNTFY NDCPCBUHU_ N[HOBEUEFU EUO[MCRLCEO, [OQDOH\DN EU QNTUQBRNUB ULFEOGO SUQBC, R DOBOMOS
SOZEO JXHO JX OJEORFB\ CLMUQ [UMUSUTCUSOGO OJaUDBC. +UOMUBFWUQDF SOZEO QLUHCB\ RBOMO_ [MOYOL
[O [CSKBF F OJEORFB\ RQU NDCPCBUHF BUS ZU Q[OQOJOS, DOBOMX_ FQ[OH\PORCHQK [MF [OSUBDU LOQBN[EXY
OJaUDBOR. 5MUZLU WUS ]BO LUHCB\, PCDN[FBU [OJOH\VU CD^F_ [MOFPROLFBUHU_ SOTEXY RISC-
DOS[\IBUMOR: MCJOBX N EFY [MFJCRFBQK. 8OHUU [MCDBFWEOU MUVUEFU OMGCEFPORCB\ QJOMDN SNQOMC EC
SUQBU.
%QHF RX EU SOZUBU GCMCEBFMORCB\, WBO RQU OJaUDBX [MOFQYOLKB OB OJTUGO [MULCD, LUQBMNDBOMX HNWVU
EU RXPXRCB\ (C UQHF SOZUBU, BO PCWUS FQ[OH\PORCB\ BCDNI FPRMCTUEENI F EUECLUZENI CMYFBUDBNMN?).
#[OHEU SOZUB ODCPCB\QK, WBO RX FSUUB LUHO Q int FHF char*; EFDBO EU GCMCEBFMNUB, WBO N RCVUGO
OJaUDBC UQB\ v-BCJHF^C! $U PCJXRC_BU O BOS, WBO .++ ]BO RQU-BCDF EU Lisp F EU SmallTalk.
Rocnepoeafenuuan copka rycopa
-HGOMFBSX [OSUBDF F NLCHUEFK LOROH\EO BMNLEO MUCHFPORCB\ R [OQHULORCBUH\EOS RCMFCEBU, EO [MF
LOHZEOS REFSCEFF ROPSOZEO F ]BO. 0 QOZCHUEFI, [OLMOJEOQBF RXYOLKB PC MCSDF ]BO_ DEFGF, EO OEF
OBEOQKBQK EU D .++, C D RXJMCEEXS RCSF DOEDMUBEXS CHGOMFBSCS.
Hforoeue nepcnekfueu
# LRNY [OQHULEFY GHCRCY K [O[XBCHQK [ODCPCB\, DCD QLUHCB\ EC .++ BO, LHK WUGO OE EU [MULECPECWUE. #
SUBOLFDCY N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I QOWUBCUBQK RQU, O WUS GOROMFHOQ\ R DEFGU, OB [MOQBU_VFY NSEXY
NDCPCBUHU_ F GOSOSOM`FPSC LO OJaUDBOR DHCQQOR F [OLQWUBC QQXHOD. $O FSUUB HF RQU QDCPCEEOU DCDOU-
EFJNL\ [MCDBFWUQDOU PECWUEFU FHF KRHKUBQK RXQODOFEBUHHUDBNCH\EXS MCPRHUWUEFUS?
#O-[UMRXY, HNWVF_ Q[OQOJ [OEKB\ GMCEF^X ROPSOZEOQBU_ .++ F MCPOJMCB\QK R UGO FLFOSCY PCHUPB\
R LUJMF N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I. *CZU UQHF R RCVFY [MOUDBCY ]BO EU ENZEO, YOMOVUU [OEFSCEFU KPXDORXY
OGMCEFWUEF_ F [MULQBCRHUEFK OJaUDBOR R [CSKBF BOH\DO [O_LUB RCS EC [OH\PN. # DOEÛ DOEÔR, ]BO
[ORXQFB RCVN DRCHF`FDC^FI R OBHCLDU, [OQDOH\DN RX JNLUBU LOQDOECH\EO [OEFSCB\, DCD OJaUDBX
YMCEKBQK R [CSKBF.
#O-RBOMXY, R OLFE [MUDMCQEX_ LUE\ [UMUL RCSF SOZUB ROPEFDENB\ PCLCWC: OMGCEFPORCB\ QUM\UPEOU
N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I [O [MOSXVHUEEXS QBCELCMBCS. 0OGLC ]BC JULC [MOFPO_LUB, RX JNLUBU D EU_
GOBORX. ! [OSEFBU, WBO ]BF GHCRX EU QOLUMZCB DOEDMUBEXY MUVUEF_, C HFV\ [ODCPXRCIB, DCD
MUCHFPNIBQK EC .++ CHGOMFBSX, RXDO[CEEXU [XHF CDCLUSFWUQDFY FPLCEF_. #QU O[FQCEEXU [MFUSX
[MFGOLKBQK, EO SX HFV\ SFSOYOLOS DOQENHFQ\ ]BO_ OJVFMEO_ BUSX.
#-BMUB\FY, [MULQBCR\BU QUJU RUWUMFEDN [O .++. #X ZLUBU, DOGLC ODMNZCITFU [MFLNB R YOMOVUU
MCQ[OHOZUEFU LNYC, JUMUBU SCMBFEF F [MOFPEOQFBU DHIWURNI `MCPN: 5OSEI, HUBOS 95-GO LUHCHF SX
OLFE [MOUDB EC .++, F ROPEFDHC PCLCWC: MUCHFPORCB\ QYUSN QJOMDF SNQOMC Q N[HOBEUEFUS
(CPRHUDC_BUQ\!
RPHROXEHHE

Java npofue C++
5MF RFLU CZFOBCZC, [OLEKBOGO RODMNG Java, EUROH\EO ROPEFDCUB RO[MOQ: C EU KRHKUBQK HF ]BO OJXWEO_
MUDHCSEO_ VNSFYO_, ULFEQBRUEECK ÛH\ DOBOMO_ PCQBCRFB\ RCQ DN[FB\ OWUMULEO_ KPXD, OJEORFB\
DOS[\IBUM F [MFOJMUQBF DNWN DEFG? #UMKBEO, RCS [MFYOLFHOQ\ RFLUB\, DCD OJOPMURCBUHF R RCVUS
HIJFSOS DOS[\IBUMEOS ZNMECHU ECPXRCIB Java EORO_ RUMQFU_ .++. %QHF ]BO LU_QBRFBUH\EO BCD, BO
QBOFB HF RCS, PECBODN .++, JUQ[ODOFB\QK OJ ]BOS EOROS KPXDU?
Java ]BO [MOQBO )(+2#$" .++. 0OU-DBO ECPXRCUB Java RXWFTUEEXS RCMFCEBOS .++, FP DOBOMOGO
NJMCEX EUDOBOMXU MULDO FQ[OH\PNUSXU F EUHOGFWEXU ROPSOZEOQBF. #XYOLFB, RX [OWBF WBO PECUBU Java,
EU OBDMXR EF OLEO_ DEFGF. +US EU SUEUU, N Java UQB\ O[MULUHUEEXU CQ[UDBX, Q[OQOJEXU [ODOHUJCB\
RCVN NRUMUEEOQB\. # ]BOS [MFHOZUEFF MCQQSCBMFRCIBQK EUDOBOMXU OBHFWFK SUZLN KPXDCSF.
"CJNL\BU O MNWEOS N[MCRHUEFF [CSKB\I, JHCGOLCMK DOBOMOSN EC .++ SOZEO [FQCB\ [MFHOZUEFK,
[MUROQYOLKTFU Java-CECHOGF [O JXQBMOLU_QBRFI F JOHUU ]`ÙDBFREO MCQYOLNITFU [CSKB\.
(CPMCJOBWFDF Java HFDRFLFMORCHF MNWEOU RXLUHUEFU F OQROJOZLUEFU [CSKBF ([MFSUM /), QBMUSKQ\
QEFPFB\ RUMOKBEOQB\ OVFJOD [MF DOLFMORCEFF.
Rpurep 1
int* pt = new int;
delete pt;
-MF`SUBFWUQDFU O[UMC^FF Q NDCPCBUHKSF R Java OBQNBQBRNIB (QS. [MFSUM 2). 6CQQFRX Java
[MULQBCRHKIB QOJO_ ECQBOKTFU SCQQFRX, C EU NDCPCBUHF, DCD R .++. !Q[OH\PNUSCK R Java SOLUH\
NDCPCBUHU_ `CDBFWUQDF HFDRFLFMNUB QFEBCDQFQ NDCPCBUHU_ .++. !PSUEUEFK JXHF REUQUEX LHK
[MULOBRMCTUEFK QHNWC_EXY ECMNVUEF_ [CSKBF F [OMWF LCEEXY FP-PC OVFJOWEXY QSUTUEF_ R
CMF`SUBFWUQDFY O[UMC^FKY Q NDCPCBUHKSF.
Rpurep 2
char* na = Bob Smith
na++;
Java [MULOBRMCTCUB NBUWDF [CSKBF PC QWUB UU CRBOSCBFWUQDOGO OQROJOZLUEFK QROUGO MOLC
CRBOSCBFWUQDCK QJOMDC SNQOMC.
0MOSU BOGO, MCPSUM RQBMOUEEXY BF[OR LCEEXY R Java EU PCRFQFB OB DOS[FHKBOMC FHF BF[C DOS[\IBUMC,
DCD R .++. +F[X LCEEXY FSUIB `FDQFMORCEEX_ MCPSUM QDCZUS, int R Java RQUGLC KRHKUBQK 32-
MCPMKLEXS WFQHOS (BCJH. /). 0OS[FHKBOM Java GUEUMFMNUB FEQBMND^FF JC_B-DOLC, DOBOMXU ]`ÙDBFREO
[MUOJMCPNIBQK R ECJOM SCVFEEXY DOSCEL.

258
*ABCDEA .. +F[X LCEEXY Java
Tun Pasuep
int 4 JC_BC
short 2 JC_BC
long 8 JC_B
float 4 JC_BC
double 8 JC_B
0MOSU BOGO, RX EU RQBMUBFBU UTU EUDOBOMXY PECDOSXY DOEQBMND^F_. (CPMCJOBWFDF Java HFDRFLFMORCHF
UTU LRU DOEQBMND^FF, QRKPCEEXU Q N[MCRHUEFUS [CSKB\I QBMNDBNMX (QS. [MFSUM 3) F OJaULFEUEFK.
Java EU [OLLUMZFRCUB ]BFY QFEBCDQFWUQDFY QMULQBR .++.
Rpurep 3
struct name {
char fname[20];
char lname[30];
}
)LEC FP PCLCW Java PCDHIWCHCQ\ R BOS, WBOJX [MULOBRMCBFB\ LFECSFWUQDFU OVFJDF PC QWUB HFDRFLC^FF
FQBOWEFDC MCQ[MOQBMCEUEEXY OVFJOD R .++. .MULF BCDFY OVFJOD O[UMCBOM [MFQRCFRCEFK (=),
[UMU[NBCEEX_ Q O[UMCBOMOS MCRUEQBRC (==). # [MFSUMU 4 [ODCPCEC MCQ[MOQBMCEUEECK OVFJDC .++,
[MULOBRMCTCUSCK DOS[FHKBOMOS Java.
Rpurep 4
if (value = 10)
#X [MORUHF JUQWFQHUEEXU WCQX PC MCPMCJOBDO_ FPOTMUEEO_ FUMCMYFF SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK F
BU[UM\ ZUHCUBU [UMUEUQBF UU R Java? #CQ ZLUB EUDOBOMOU MCPOWCMORCEFU. 5MFE^F[FCH\EOU OBHFWFU
SUZLN Java F .++ PCDHIWCUBQK R BOS, WBO Java EU [OLLUMZFRCUB SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK FP-PC
QHOZEOQBU_ R N[MCRHUEFF FUMCMYFKSF. +US EU SUEUU, R Java QNTUQBRNIB FEBUMÙ_QX, DOBOMXU
OJHCLCIB [MUFSNTUQBRCSF SEOZUQBRUEEOGO ECQHULORCEFK JUP BUY PCBMNLEUEF_, DOBOMXU Q EFS QRKPCEX.
)QBUMUGC_BUQ\ DORCMQBRC Java! 3BOB KPXD [OHOE HORNVUD LHK [MOGMCSSFQBOR EC .++. $C[MFSUM DHCQQX
Java [OYOZF EC .++. +US EU SUEUU, RQU `NED^FF R Java (R BOS WFQHU F main) LOHZEX [MFECLHUZCB\
EUDOBOMOSN DHCQQN. # QOOBRUBQBRFF Q BMUJORCEFKSF Java LHK main EUOJYOLFSO QOPLCB\ DHCQQ-OJOHOWDN
(QS. [MFSUM 5). # Java EUB `NED^F_ DHCQQOR, C UQB\ SUBOLX, [O]BOSN main SUBOL, C EU `NED^FK
Rpurep 5
public class ShellClass
{
public static void main(Strings[] args)
{
}
}
(CJOBC QO QBMODCSF R Java EUQDOH\DO PC[NBCEEC. # .++ QBMODC [MULQBCRHKUB QOJO_ SCQQFR QFSROHOR, F
RX SOZUBU SOLF`F^FMORCB\ OBLUH\EXU QFSROHX R QBMODU. # Java LUHO OJQBOFB FECWU. .BMODF Java
JOH\VU EC[OSFECIB NDCPCBUH\ char*. .BMODORXU OJaUDBX Java NLOJEX LHK [MOGMCSSFQBOR, [OQDOH\DN
OEF CRBOSCBFWUQDF RXLUHKIB F OQROJOZLCIB [CSKB\. 3BO [MOFQYOLFB R O[UMCBOMU [MFQRCFRCEFK, R
DOEQBMNDBOMU F LUQBMNDBOMU.
6UBOLX Java [OYOZF EC `NED^FF DHCQQOR .++, EO RQU ZU EU FLUEBFWEX FS. $C[MFSUM, R Java EUB
GHOJCH\EXY `NED^F_ F [MOBOBF[OR `NED^F_. 0OS[FHKBOM Java MCJOBCUB R EUQDOH\DO [MOYOLOR, WBO
259
[OPROHKUB FQ[OH\PORCB\ SUBOLX LO FY O[MULUHUEFK. 8OHUU BOGO, `NED^FF EUH\PK [UMULCB\ CLMUQ
[UMUSUEEO_, [OQDOH\DN CMGNSUEBOR-NDCPCBUHU_ F QQXHOD R Java EU QNTUQBRNUB.
$UDOBOMXU WCQBF Java NPECIBQK Q [UMROGO RPGHKLC. $C[MFSUM, OJaUDBEXU [UMUSUEEXU Java CECHOGFWEX
OJaUDBXS NDCPCBUHKS .++ (QS. [MFSUM 6). )JaUDBX Java ECYOLKBQK R DNWU, C OJaUDB, QOLUMZCTF_
OJaUDBENI [UMUSUEENI LMNGOGO OJaUDBC, EC QCSOS LUHU NDCPXRCUB EC LMNGO_ OJaUDB R DNWU.
Rpurep 6
// Java
MyObject ob1;
// C++
MyObject* ob1;
6UBOLX Java LOHZEX O[MULUHKB\QK RENBMF DHCQQC. #EUVEUU O[MULUHUEFU, DCD R .++, EU LO[NQDCUBQK.
:MCGSUEB, [ODCPCEEX_ R [MFSUMU 7, MCJOBCUB R .++, EO EU R Java. >OBK SUBOLX O[MULUHKIBQK RENBMF
DHCQQC, ]BO EU PECWFB, WBO OEF CRBOSCBFWUQDF QBCEORKBQK [OLQBCRHKUSXSF (inline) `NED^FKSF.
Rpurep 7
class Person
{
};

void Person::Raise()
{
salary *= 1000
}
.BOFB HF JMOQCB\ .++ F [UMUYOLFB\ EC Java? +MNLEO QDCPCB\. Java PCQHNZFRCUB [MFQBCH\EOGO REFSCEFK
[MF MCPMCJOBDU [MFHOZUEF_ LHK Internet, DOM[OMCBFREXY FHF REUVEFY QUBU_. 8FJHFOBUDC Java QOLUMZFB
RQU QMULQBRC, EUOJYOLFSXU LHK MCJOBX Q [MOBODOHCSF TCP/IP, HTTP F FTP. 8HCGOLCMK ]BOSN
OJMCBFB\QK D QUBUROSN OJaUDBN [O URL BCD ZU [MOQBO, DCD F R HODCH\EO_ `C_HORO_ QFQBUSU.
&PXD Java CMYFBUDBNMEO EU_BMCHUE, [OQDOH\DN DO[FHKBOM GUEUMFMNUB OJaUDBEX_ DOL F LUHCUB Java-
[MFHOZUEFK EUPCRFQFSXSF OB MUCHFPC^FF. 3BO OQOJUEEO RCZEO LHK Internet-[MFHOZUEF_. )LECDO R Java
RCS EU NLCQBQK FQ[OH\PORCB\ QMULQBRC N[MCRHUEFK [CSKB\I .++, WBOJX RXZCB\ RQU ROPSOZEOU
JXQBMOLU_QBRFU LHK LCEEO_ [HCBÒMSX. +CD [MFYOLFBQK MCQ[HCWFRCB\QK PC N[MCRHUEFU [CSKB\I,
[UMULCEEOU R MCQ[OMKZUEFU Java.
0CD BOH\DO MUW\ PCYOLFB O SEOGO[OBOWEOQBF, CMYFBUDBNMECK EU_BMCH\EOQB\ Java FQWUPCUB.
6EOGO[OBOWEX_ DOL CMYFBUDBNMEO EU_BMCHUE, EO LHK MUCHFPC^FF SEOGO[OBOWEOQBF Java [MFJUGCUB D
NQHNGCS O[UMC^FOEEO_ QFQBUSX, [OQDOH\DN MUCHFPC^FK [MOGMCSSEXY [OBODOR QNTUQBRUEEO MCPHFWCUBQK
EC MCPEXY [HCBÒMSCY.
5MOFPRULUB HF Java MUROHI^FI R KPXDCY [MOGMCSSFMORCEFK? .BCEUB HF ]BO DOEÔS .++? $U Q[UVFBU
RXJMCQXRCB\ QRO_ DOS[FHKBOM .++. 5MF MCPMCJOBDU [MFHOZUEF_ LHK Internet, C BCDZU DOM[OMCBFREXY F
REUVEFY QUBU_ Java ODCPXRCUBQK JOHUU [MOQBXS F NLOJEXS KPXDOS, WUS .++. ! RQU ZU RO[MOQ O BOS,
NLCQBQK HF Java QBCB\ LU_QBRFBUH\EO RQUQBOMOEEFS KPXDOS F [UMUSCEFB\ EC QROI QBOMOEN
[MOGMCSSFQBOR, OQBCUBQK OBDMXBXS.

C++ For Real Programmers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

C++ For Real Programmers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

xeqq Dnpxep

You might also like