Mathematics 113, Problem Set 3 Solutions

Alexander P. Ellis
1. Let T be a triangle, and say f is holomorphic on T {w}, and bounded around w. We integrate
over the contour which is the union of T and a small, negatively oriented circle around w (technically,
were doing a keyhole argument, but we always ignore the cancelling sides):
_

f =
_
T
f
_
|zw|=
f. This
integral vanishes by Cauchys Theorem. Since f is bounded around w, as we shrink the circle, the ML
estimate shows the integral over this circle vanishes (M stays bounded, while L 0):
_
|zw|=
f = 0. Thus
_
T
f = 0. By Moreras Theorem, if we can show f is continuous at w, we will know it is holomorphic on all
of .
Dene the function
g(z) =
1
2i
_
C
f()
z
d
for z D, where D is some disk around w and C = D. The function of given by
f()
z
is holomorphic
on D D
1
D
2
, where D
1
D (with boundary C
1
)is a small disk around w and D
2
D (with boundary
C
2
) is a small disk around z. The overall boundary (D D
1
D
2
), then, is a circle with two keyholes.
Then integral around C
2
goes to f(z) as the circle shrinks down to z, by the Cauchy Integral Formula. The
integral around C
1
, as C
1
shrinks down to w, vanishes by the ML estimate (M is bounded, L goes to 0).
The overall integral vanishes by Cauchys Theorem. Then, for z = w,
g(z) =
1
2i
_
C
f()
z
dz =
1
2i
_
C2
f()
z
= f(z),
so g(z) = f(z) on {w}. And since w = for all C, g is holomorphic (and in particular, continuous)
on , and thus is an extension of f which completes the proof.
2. For any x R, choose a disk D of positive radius R < 1, centered at x. By the Cauchy inequalities,
|f
(n)
(z)|
n!
R
n
sup
wD
|f(w)|
n!A
R
n
(2 +|x|)

.
Then as R 1, this becomes
|f
(n)
(z)| n!A(1 +|x|)

_
1 +
1
1 +|x|
_

.
For > 0, we may then set A

= n!A2

, and for 0, A = n!A

.
3. We may assume z
0
= 0 by replacing with z
0
= {z C : z + z
0
} and (z) with (z) z
0
.
Then (0) = 0 and

(0) = 1. Let n be the order of the next non-vanishing derivative (after the rst). Then
we can write
(z) = z +a
n
z
n
+O(z
n+1
),
by Taylors theorem. Say we have another Taylor expansion
(z) = z +b
n
z
n
+O(z
n+1
),
where converges on some neighborhood of 0 as well. Then since both power series converge absolutely, we
can re-arrange terms to compute
( )(z) =
_
z +a
n
z
n
+O(z
n+1
)
_
+b
n
_
z +a
n
z
n
+O(z
n+1
)
_
n
+O(z
n+1
)
= z + (a
n
+b
n
)z
n
+O(z
n+1
).
1
Inducting with = , we have

k
(z) = z +ka
n
z
n
+O(z
n+1
),
where
k
(z) = (k times). Applying the Cauchy inequalities for some radius R less than the radius
of convergence and setting M = sup

|z| sup|
k
(z)|, we obtain
|a
n
| =

(n)
k
(z)
k n!

M
R
n
k
,
which goes to 0 as k . Thus a
n
= 0. But a
n
was assumed to be the rst non-zero term in the Taylor
series after the linear term, so is linear.
4. The problem is invariant under rotation, as you may easily check; thus assume z
0
= 1 without loss of
generality. Expand (z z
0
)
m
in a power series about 0:
1
(z z
0
)
m
=

k=0
b
k
z
k
.
Although it is dicult to explicitly compute this expansion, it is clear from binomial expansion considerations
that the b
k
are of the form p(k) for some polynomial p of degree m1. Then choosing M < larger than the
absolute value of the largest zero of p, for m M we have
lim
m
p(m)
p(m+ 1)
= 1,
as p(m) and p(m + 1) have the same leading term. To see this is also the limit of the ratios of the terms
in the expansion of f, note that lim
m
(a
m
p(m)) = 0, by considering the principal part (that is, the
inverse power terms) in the expansion of f(z). Thus
lim
n
a
n
a
n+1
= lim
n
p(n)
p(n + 1)
= 1,
as desired. I apologize for the sketchiness of this solutions: to expand on this any more explicitly would be
messy, unenlightening, and time-consuming.
5. Let D denote the unit circle. Since f sends D to D, the extension
f(z) =
_
f(z) |z| < 1
_
f(z
1
)
_1
|z| > 1
makes sense and is continuous (also using the fact that f is nowhere vanishing, so
1
f
is well-dened). That
this extended f is holomorphic on CD is immediate from the limit denition of the complex derivative;
alternatively, if

a
n
(z z
0
)
n
is a power series expansion of f around z
0
, then

a
n
_
z
1
z
1
0
_
n
is a
power series expansion of the extended f around z
1
0
, after a re-arrangement (such as the one from the
rst problem set). Since |z| = 1 implies |f(z)| = 1, f takes D to D, and the inside and outside
versions of f agree on D. Thus f is a well-dened continuous function on C, which is holomorphic on
C D. A Moreras Theorem 3 argument similar to that in the book or in lecture used to establish the
Schwarz Reection Principle shows that f is holomorphic on all of C. And then by Liouvilles Theorem, f
must be constant: it was bounded on D by compactness, and the values on CD are the same as those on D.
6. a. Consider z = e
2ip/2
k
.
f(z) =

n=0
_
e
2ip/2
k
_
2
n
=

n=0
e
2ip2
nk
=
k1

n=0

n=0
e
2ip2
nk
+

n=k
1 = .
2
Thus no point of the form

n=0
e
2ip/2
k
is regular for f, for any continuation g of f would need to be
innite at that point. It is well known from real analysis that such numbers are dense in the unit circle; we
use this to show that no point of the unit circle is regular for f. Indeed, by density, any open point y on
the unit circle with a neighborhood U must contain some point x of the above form, which does not allow a
continuation g of f to exist on U.
b. It is immediate from the reprinted results that this function extends continuously onto the closed unit
disk (we must extend it via the function given, for continuity determines the values on the boundary). The
reprinted results also show that this function is not dierentiable in the real-variable sense at any point of
the unit circle. But being non-dierentiable on the unit circle implies being non-dierentiable in the complex
sense, since the approach taken in the limit denition of the derivative may be taken along the circle. Thus
the continuous extension given is complex-dierentiable nowhere on the unit circle, so the function cannot
be analytically continued past any of these points.
3