Grammar Study

Prepared by Kartika Noez

G-1 Check Subjects, Objects, and Noun Complements

Peter gave Jane a book for her birthday
S P IO DO O of Prep

Jack is a doctor
SC

They elected him president

OC

The S,O, and OC:

N (phrase): Roses are beautiful plants Pronoun : You gave him the roses Gerund (phrases) : Growing roses is your favorite hobby. Inf (phases) : You like to grow roses Noun Clause : everyone says that you grow beautiful roses

G-2 Check Subjects and Verbs -- Check the verb tenses

TENSE FORM
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future The Continuous Tenses The Perfect Tenses

TENSE MEANINGS
Expresses an event or situation that exists now or that usually, always, or often exists. Expresses an event or situation that began and ended in the past. Expresses an event or situation that will happen at one particular time in the future. Give the idea that an event or situation is in progress during a particular time. Give the idea that one event happens or happened before another time or event.

SOME COMMON TIME MARKERS USED ON THE TOEFL Since often used with the perfect tenses- to indicate a particular time For often used with the perfect tenses or the simple tenses to indicate a duration of time Yet Often used with the perfect tenses in negative meanings and in questions Already Often used with the perfect tenses in affirmative meanings. Yesterday Often used with the past tenses Today Often used with the present tenses.

SOME COMMON TIME MARKERS USED ON THE TOEFL (continued)

Tomorrow Often used with the future tenses or with the present continuous tense when it refers to the future During - Often used with the simple and continuous tenses to show a duration of time. Not usually used with the perfect tenses. Over the past few Often used with the present perfect tense to indicate time starting in the past and continuing to the present Usually Often used with the simple tenses to indicate habitual actions Now Often used with the present continuous tense.

G-3 PASSive
ActiVe: Clifford ate the whole pie
S V DO

Passive 1: The whole pie was eaten by Clifford

S V O of Prep .

Passive 2: The whole pie was eaten

S V

G- 4 Check Modals and Modal-Like Verbs

MODALS may might can could shall should would must will MODAL-LIKE VERBS

be able to be able to be to/ought to/had better/ be supposed to used to have to/have got to be going to would like to would rather

REVIEW
1. 2. 3. Nutritionists currently believe that vitamin A and betacarotene aids in preventing some kinds of cancer. The Swedish settlers who builded the first log cabin in the State of Delaware brought their logs with them from their homeland. During the early 1970s, the American public collectively has become health conscious, turning away from the highly processed foods that had been so popular in the past. In 1968, John Steinbeck was gave the Nobel prize for literature for his acclaimed novel, The Grapes of Wrath. It has always been thought that cell mutation is a random event; however, geneticists find evidence to the contrary over the past few years.

4. 5.

G-5 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrases consists of a preposition and an object. Noun (phrs) : I sat by my mother Pronoun : I sat by her Gerund (phrs) : She entertains herself by reading. Noun Clause : I could tell from what you said that you are not interested in this book. NOTE: Infinitives cannot function as objects of prepositions.

G-5 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases (Contd)

Some prepositions contain more than one word and are called compound prepositions. According to Max, Dolores will be late Certain verb + prep. Combinations having special meanings are very common.(Many of these combinations are often referred to as two-word verbs.) Jerry looked up the word in the dictionary Some Adj + prep. Combinations are very common She is capable of almost anything