CHAPTER 4 COUNTING METHODS

4.1 Basic principles

Multiplication principle If an activity can be performed in k successive steps,

Step

1 can be done in n1 ways Step 2 can be done in n2 ways Step k can be done in nk ways

Then: the number of different ways that the activity can be performed is the product n1n2nk

Factorial:

Factorial: Factorial means a series of multiplications from 1 up to some number. An exclamatory symbol (!) indicates a factorial. Example
i. ii.

3! = 3 2 1 = 6 7! = ?

4.2 Permutations and combinations

A permutation of n distinct elements x1, x2,, xn is an ordering of the n elements. There are n! permutations of n elements. Permutation : Permutation means arrangement of things or ordering of objects.

Example of permutation:
1.

2.

3.

Example: There are 3! = 6 permutations of three elements a, b, c: abc bac cab acb bca cba How many ways suppose Amy, Brian, and Charles are to sit side by side? How many ways are there to put 8 children in a line to get ice cream?

The permutation of n objects taken r at a time is represented as P(n, r) = n ! (n-r)! Example:

i. ii. iii.

Arrangement of 9 different balls in 3 different rows = 504 ways Find P(25, 5). In how many ways can you select a committee of 3 people from a group of 12 members? The committee members consist of a chairperson, treasurer and a secretary.

Combinations

Combination: Combination means selection of things. The word selection is used, when the order of things has no importance. C(n, r) = n! = n r! (n r)! r

Example:
1.

2. 3.

You have five places left for stamps in your stamp book and you have eight stamps. How many different ways can you select five? Picking a team of 3 people from a group of 10. There are five flavors of ice-cream: banana, chocolate, lemon, strawberry and vanilla. You can have three scoops. How many variations will there be?

Answer (Combinations)
1. 2. 3.

56 120 10

Mid Term (20%)

Tuesday (30th October2012) Venue: BK 6 Time: 9 10.30 a.m. Chapters:

LOGIC AND PROOFS 2. THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS 3. INTRODUCTION TO NUMBER THEORY NOTE: Tutorial 6 (Due date: 30/10/12, before 4 p.m.)
1.

Pop Quiz:
1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

Find factorial of 5! ? Suppose there are 3 doors in a room, 2 on one side and 1 on other side. A man want to go out from the room. In how may ways that he can come out by door A or door B or door C? How many ways can first and second place be awarded to 10 people? To make a team of 11 players out of 20 players. Find the number of ways to take 20 objects and arrange them in groups of 5 at a time where order does not matter.

Answer:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

F: 120 P: 3 P: 90 C: 167,960 C: 15,504