QC DVB T2 Tin Hieu Trong Vung Phu Song - Thuyet Minh

B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

VIN KHOA HC K THUT BU IN
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THUYT MINH D THO QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA

V TN HIU TRUYN HNH S MT T (DVB-T2) TI IM THU
TRONG VNG PH SNG
Thuyt minh d tho quy chun
H NI, THNG 09-2012
Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng
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MC LC
Thuyt minh d tho quy chun........................................................................2

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Tn gi quy chun...........................................................................................1
Thuyt minh d tho quy chun........................................................................1
...........................................................................................................................1
t vn .........................................................................................................1
2.1Tnh hnh tiu chun ha..............................................................................1
2.2L do v mc ch xy dng tiu chun.......................................................8
2.3Gii hn phm vi xy dng quy chun.........................................................9
S c xy dng tiu chun..............................................................................9
Ni dung chnh bn d tho quy chun......................................................12
1.1Tn ca quy chun......................................................................................12
1.2B cc ca tiu chun.................................................................................12
Tnh ton xy dng cc ch tiu k thut....................................................13
1.3Di tn hot ng.....................................................................................13
1.4 di tn....................................................................................................14
1.5Di thng ca tn hiu DVB-T2...............................................................14
1.6T s li bit................................................................................................14
1.7T s sng mang trn tp m..................................................................15
1.8Mc cng trng trung bnh ti thiu............................................20
Tn gi quy chun
Tn quy chun: Quy chun k thut quc gia v tn hiu truyn hnh s mt
t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng.
t vn
2.1 Tnh hnh tiu chun ha
a) Tnh hnh tiu chun ha tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti
im thu trong vng ph sngtrn th gii
Hin nay cha c mt t chc chun ha no cng b cc yu cu i vi tn
hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng, mt
s khuyn ngh, tiu chun lin quan c th c ch ra nh sau:
T chc ITU
ITU c mt h cc khuyn ngh v tiu chun k thut i vi dch v truyn
hnh qung b (ITU-R BT.xxxx). Gm mt s cc khuyn ngh chnh lin
quan n truyn hnh nh sau:
ITU-R BT. 470: Conventional analogue television systems Khuyn ngh ny cp n cc c tnh k thut c bn ca cc h
truyn hnh tng t truyn thng.
ITU-R BT.1439: Measurement methods applicable in the analogue
television studio and the overall analogue television systems Khuyn ngh ny cp n cc phng php o cc h thng truyn
hnh tng t.
ITU-R BT.1701: Characteristics of radiated signals of conventional
analogue television systems - Khuyn ngh ny cp n cc c
tnh ca cc tn hiu pht x trong cc h thng truyn hnh tng t
truyn thng.
ITU-R SM. 329-10: Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain Khuyn ngh ny cp n cc gii hn bc x gi cho nhiu loi
thit b v dch v, trong c c dch v truyn hnh qung b.
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ITU-R BT.601-4: "Encoding parameters of digital television for

studios"- Khuyn ngh ny cp n cc tham s m ha truyn hnh
s khi x l tn hiu ti cc phng dng hnh.
ITU-R P.1546: "Method for point-to-area predictions for terrestrial
services in the frequency range 30Mhz to 3000Mhz" - Khuyn ngh
ny cp n phng thc d bo ni suy cho cc dch v s trong
di tn 30Mhz n 3Ghz.
ITU-R BT.419-3: "Directivity and polarization discrimination of
antennas in the reception of television broadcasting"- Khuyn ngh
ny cp n cc c im hng tnh v phn cc anten thu ca dch
v truyn fhnh s mt t.
ITU-R BT.1368-3/7: "Planning criteria for digital terrestrial
television
services in the VHF/UHF bands" - Khuyn ngh ny cp n
phng php quy hoch cho cc dch v truyn hnh s mt t trong
bng VHF/UHF.
ITU-R
P.370-7: "VHF and UHF propagation curves for the
frequency range from 20 to 1000 Mhz" - H khuyn ngh ny cp

n c tuyn truyn sng bng tn VHF v UHF nm trong di tn s
t 20Mhz n 1Ghz.
ITU-R BT.1735: "Methods for objective quality coverage assessment
of digital terrestrial television broadcasting signals of System B
specified in Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306"- Khuyn ngh ny
cp n cc phng thc nh gi cht lng ph sng mt cch khch
quan i vi tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t thuc h B c xc nh
ti khuyn ngh ITU-R BT.1306.
ITU-R BS.1283-1: "A guide to ITU-R Recommendations for
subjective assessment of sound quality" - Khuyn ngh ny cp n
cc hng dn ca ITU trong vic nh gi ch quan cht lng m
thanh.
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ITU-R BT.798-1: "Digital television terresstrial broadcasting in the

VHF/UHF bands" - H khuyn ngh ny cp n cc yu cu
chung ca truyn hnh s mt t hot ng trong bng tn VHF/UHF.
ITU-R SM.328-9 : "Spectra and bandwidth of emisions" - Khuyn
ngh ny cp n cc yu cu v ph tn v bng thng ca tn hiu
bc x.
ITU-R SM.378-7: "Field-strength measurements at monitoring
stations" - H khuyn ngh ny cp n cc yu cu v o cng
trng tn hiu ti cc im/trm kim tra tn hiu.
ITU-R SM.443-2 : "Bandwidth measurement at monitoring
stations" - H khuyn ngh ny cp n cc yu cu v o lng
bng thng ti cc im/trm kim tra tn hiu.
ITU-R
SM.1682 : "Methods for measurements on digital
broadcasting signals"- Khuyn ngh ny ch dn cc phng php o
tn hiu pht sng s.
ITU-R BT.2143-2: "Boundary coverageas sessment of digital
terrestrial television broadcasting signals" - H khuyn ngh ny
cp phng thc v ch tiu nh gi bin gii ph sng ca tn hiu
truyn hnh s mt t.
ITU-R RRC6: "Final acts of the Regional Radiocommunication
Conference for planning of the digital terrestrial broadcasting service
in parts of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 MHz
and 470-862 MHz" - Ti liu ny cp n cc chi tit c th v yu
cu thc t i vi cc ch tiu k thut p dng trong quy hoch mng
dch v truyn hnh s mt t trong bng tn 174-230Mhz v 470862Mhz.
T chc IEC
IEC 62273-1: Methods of measurement for radio transmitter - Part 1:
Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital television transmitters
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- Tiu chun ny khuyn ngh v cc ch tiu k thut ca my pht

hnh s mt t DVB-T v phng php o nh gi.
IEC 60278-1: Cables distribution systems for television and sound
signals and interactive services Part 1: System performance of
forward paths (TA5) - Tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc ch tiu k
thut v phng php nh gi i vi h thng phn phi tn hiu
truyn hnh cp v cc dch v tng tc, c cp cc ni dung lin
quan n truyn hnh s mt t.
IEC 60244-1: Methods of measurement for radio transmitters Part
1: General characteristics for broadcast transmitters - Tiu chun ny
khuyn ngh cc c tnh chung ca cc my pht v tuyn qung b v
tiu chun ho iu kin cng nh phng php o c s dng
nh gi cht lng ca mt my pht vo otuyn qung b.
5: Performance characteristics of television transmitters - Tiu chun
ny khuyn ngh cc phng php o nh gi c tnh cht lng ca
cc my pht hnh. Tiu chun ny a ra cc iu kin o chung, v
phng php o cc c tnh lin quan n tn hiu hnh.
10: Methods of measurement for television transmitters and tranposers
employing insertion test signals - Tiu chun ny l mt trong h cc
tiu chun IEC 60244, khuyn ngh cc phng php o my pht v
tuyn, m t cc phng php o khuyn ngh p dng nh gi cht
lng ca cc my pht v tuyn. Tiu chun ny p dng cho cc my
pht hnh hot ng ph hp vi cc h thng truyn hnh. Cc phng
php o trong tiu chun rt hu ch trong vic kim tra cht lng ca
my pht khi ang pht chng trnh.
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IEC 62216-1: "Methods of measurement for the DVB-T system - Part

1: Baseline receiver specification" - Tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc
phng php o, nh gi cc c tnh k thut c bn ca my thu
DVB-T.
IEC 62002-1: "Mobile and portable DVB-T/H radio access - Part 1:
Interface specification" - Tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc c im v
giao din truy nhp dch v truyn hnh s mt t trong iu kin di
ng v lu ng.
IEC 62002-2: ""Mobile and portable DVB-T/H radio access - Part 2:
Interface conformance testing" - Tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc php
kim tra s thch ng ca giao din truy nhp dch v truyn hnh s
mt t trong iu kin do ng v lu ng..
T chc ETSI
ETSI EN 300744: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Framing
structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial
television- Ti liu tiu chun ny khuyn ngh c t cu trc khung,
iu ch v m ha knh cho truyn hnh s mt t s dng cng ngh
DVB-T.
ETSI ETR 154: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Implementation
Guidelines for the Use of MPEG-2 Systems, Video and Audio in
Satellite, Cable and Terrestrial Broadcasting Applications- Ti liu
tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc hng dn p dng cc h thng nn
hnh nh MPEG-2, hnh nh v m thanh trong h thng truyn hnh v
tinh, cp v cc ng dng trong truyn hnh s mt t.
ETSI ETR 211: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Guidelines on
Implementation and Usage of Service Information (SI)- Ti liu tiu
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chun ny khuyn ngh cc c t m ha cc thng tin dch v trong

h thng truyn hnh s DVB.
ETSI EN 301 958: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Interaction
Channel for Digital Terrestrial Television (RCT) Incorporating
Multiple Access OFDM- Ti liu tiuchun ny khuyn ngh cc c
t v c tnh c bn ca knh truyn hnh tng tc cho h thng phn
phi tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t s dng tiu chun DVB-T ph
hp ti liu tiu chun ETSI EN 300 744.
ETSI TS 102 005: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Specification
for the use of video and audio coding in DVB services delivered
directly over IP- Ti liu tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc c t
phng php m ha hnh nh v m thanh ca cc dch v c truyn
dn qua giao thc internet (IP).
ETSI
TR
101
190:Digital
Video
Broadcasting
(DVB)
Implementation Guidelines for DVB Terrestrial Services; Transmission

Aspects - Ti liu tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc c t v cc dch
v trong h thng truyn hnh s mt t s dng cng ngh DVB-T v
m t chung v cu hnh mng n tn v a tn trong h thng truyn
hnh s mt t DVB-T.
ETSI TR 101 290: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Measurement
guidelines for DVB systems - Ti liu tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc
ch dn v o lng v phng php o nh gi cht lng h thng
truyn hnh s DVB.
ETSI EN 302 755: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) - Frame
structure channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital
terrestrial television broadcasting system (DVB-T2) - Ti liu tiu
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chun ny khuyn ngh cc c t v cu trc khung, m ha knh v

iu ch cho truyn hnh s mt t th h 2.
ETSI TS 102773: Modulator Interface (T2-MI) for a second
generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting system (DVB-T2)
- Tiu chun v thng s k thut Giao din iu ch cho h thng
truyn hnh s th h th hai.
ETSI TS 102 831 (08/2012): Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Implementation guidelines for a second generation digital terrestrial
television broadcasting system (DVB-T2)- Truyn hnh s (DVB);Cc
hng dn thc hin cho h thng truyn hnh s mt t th h th
hai (DVB-T2)
ETSI EN 302 296: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM); Transmitting equipment for the digital
television broadcast service, Terrestrial (DVB-T); Harmonized EN
under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive -Ti liu tiu chun ny
khuyn ngh cc c t v tng thch in t v ph tn, cc thit b
truyn dn cho dch v truyn hnh s.
ETSI EN 302 297: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Transmitting equipment for the analouge television
broadcast service; Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R&TTE
Directive -Ti liu tiu chun ny khuyn ngh cc c t v tng
thch in t v ph tn; cc thit b truyn dn cho dch v truyn hnh
tng t.
T chc NoDig
T chc Nordig gm i din ca 5 nc v 3 qun o thuc khu vc
Bc u hp tc xy dng cc quy nh v truyn hnh s ni chung v thit b
thu truyn hnh s ni ring:
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NorDig Unified Test Specifications: for SD and HD Level Integrated Receiver Decoders for use in cable, satellite, terrestrial and
IP-based networks - B ti liu m t cc c im kim tra i vi cc
thit b thu gii m tch hp dng cho cc mng truyn hnh s mt t,
v tinh, cp v IP.
NorDig Unified Requirements: for profiles - Basic TV, Enhanced,
Interactive and Internet for Digital Integrated Receiver Decoders for
use in cable, satellite, terrestrial and IP-based networks - B ti liu
ny quy nh cc yu cu v tp thng s c s cho TV, dch v nng
cao, dch v tng tc v internet i vi my thu gii m truyn hnh
s s dng trn mng cp, v tinh, mt t v mng IP.
b) Tnh hnh tiu chun ha v tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2)
ti im thu trong vng ph sng Vit Nam
Hin ti B Thng tin Truyn thng cha c mt quy chun no quy nh v
cht lng tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng
ph sng p dng.
Nhn xt:
Cn thit a ra mt quy chun quy nh cc ch tiu i vi tn hiu
truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sngnhm gip
cc C quan qun l nh nc v cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v thc
hin qun l cht lng dch v truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) mt cch
thng nht, ng thi cng l c s ngi s dngv doanh nghip cung
cp dch vgim st cht lng dch v truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) khi
cng ngh ny c trin khai p dng.
2.2 L do v mc ch xy dng tiu chun
Cng ngh truyn hnh s mt t theo chun DVB-T2 c nghin
cu, th nghim v trin khai rng ri cho thy nhng u im ni bt so vi
DVB-T v c cho l bc pht trin tip theo ca DVB-T. Hin ti, DVBT2 c mt s nh cung cp dch v s dng ti Vit Nam, tuy nhin
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cha c mt tiu chun quc gia nhm nh gi cht lng tn ca truyn

hnh theo chun DVB-T2.
Vic xy dng Quy chun k thut tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVBT2) l rt cn thit nhm mc ch:
Phc v cho cng tc quy hoch mng truyn hnh s mt t.
Phc v cho cng tc qun l cht lng dch v m bo quyn li ngi
s dng dch v.
p ng yu cu n s ha truyn dn pht sng pht thanh truyn
hnh.
2.3 Gii hn phm vi xy dng quy chun
Trn c s phn tch l do v mc ch xy dng tiu chun, nhn thy
rng vic xy dng quy chun k thut quc gia v tn hiu truyn hnh
hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng l cn thit
v hu ch.
Gii hn phm vi xy dng quy chun: Quy chun c xy dng v
chun ha i vi h thng DVB-T2 c nh im thu trn cao.
Tn ca quy chun c xy dng l:
"Quy chun k thut quc gia v tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti
im thu trong vng ph sng"
S c xy dng tiu chun
Trn c s nh gi tnh hnh thc tin v s cn thit phi xy dng mt
b thng s chun i vi tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t s gip c quan
qun l nh nc chuyn ngnh qun l, gim st cht lng dch v truyn
hnh s mt t s v cc n v cung cp dch v tham chiu thit k v xy
dng mng cung cp dch v. T cc ti liu tham kho, phng php xy
dng chun ha cc thng s k thut tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t DVBT2 ti Vit Nam.B thng s k thut chun ha tn hiu truyn hnh s mt
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t s s c xy dng gm cc thng s quan trng nht, ti thiu cn thit

m bo cht lng dch v truyn hnh s mt t.Mt s ti liu c
tham chiu chnh c th nh sau:
a) Tiu chun ETSI EN 302 755:Frame structure channel coding and
modulation for a second generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting
system (DVB-T2).
Tiu chun ny c bin son bi Vin cc tiu chun vin thng Chu
u ETSI, chun ny hng dn thc hin v gii thch cc thut ng, cc
yu cu trong kha cnh truyn dn pht sng tn hiu theo chun DVB-T2.
Tiu chun ny trnh by cc ni dung c bn nh sau:
Tng quan v cng ngh DVB-T2;
X l u vo;
iu ch v m ha bt an xen;
To lp, m ha v iu ch bo hiu lp 1;
B to khung;
To OFDM;
c t v tri ph.
b) Tiu chun TS ETSI102 831 Digital Video Broadcasting
(DVB);Implementation guidelines for a second generationdigital terrestrial
television broadcasting system (DVB-T2)
tiu chun ny hng dn thc hin mt h thng truyn hnh s mt t th
h th 2 DVB-T2. Phin bn 1.2.1 ca tiu chun ny c cng b vo
thng 8 nm 2011. Cc ch tiu c nh ngha, gii hn c th nh sau:
Tng quan v cng ngh DVB-T2;
La chn cc tham s bao gm: la chn kch thc FFT, la chn cc
ch thng thng v ch m rng, la chn khong bo v, La
chn pilot pattern, la chn chiu di khung, la chn ch u vo, la
chn cc tham s trn thi gian, la chn xoay ca chm sao iu ch,
la chn tc m ha, la chn cc ch thch ng;
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Phn tch tn hiu DVB-T2;

iu ch giao din v cu hnh mng;
Cc tham s iu ch;
Cc yu cu v my thu tn hiu;
Cc yu cu v truyn dn.
c) Bo coITU RRC-06: Final acts of the Regional Radiocommunication
Conference for planning of the digital terrestrial broadcasting service in parts
of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 MHz and 470-862 MHz.
y l cc cam kt ca cc t chc tham gia hi ngh truyn thng cc
quc gia v dch v truyn hnh s mt t.
Ni dung c bn ca cam kt ny nh sau:
Th tc iu chnh k hoch v th tc phi hp gia cc dch v mt t
c bn;
Thng bo v tp tn s;
Gii quyt tranh chp;
Cc ph lc thng nht m cc t chc cam kt tun th nh: Cc k
hoch tn s; cc yu t v tiuchunk thutcsdngtrongpht trin
k hoch vthc hin cchip nh; Cc c im c bn phi chp nht trong
hip nh...
d) Bo co EBU - TECH 3348: Frequency and Network Planning Aspects of
DVB-T2
y l bo co ca EBU v quy hoch mng v tn s cho DVB-T2.
Ni dung c bn ca bo co ny nh sau:
Cc thuc tnh ca h thng DVB-T2;
Cc thuc tnh ca b thu, cc tham s v quy hoch mng, kh nng
tng thch, kh nng chia s;
Cc Quy hoch mi;
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Cc kch bn thc hin;

Cc ph lc tham kho v: Tham s, phng php quy hoch, tiu chun;
ngun gc v so snh cc gi tr C/N
e) Bo co ITU-R BT.2254:Frequency and network planningaspects of
DVB-T2
Mc ch ca bo co ny l thu thp thng tin lin quan n mng li v
quy hoch tn s cho DVB-T2. B sung cc c tnh c thuyt minh
trong cc bo co trc ca ETSI EN 302 755, ETSI TS 102 831, v DVB
Blue Books[A122, A133]. Bo cao ny bao gm cc ni dung sau:
Khuyn ngh cc thuc tnh ca h thng DVB-T2;
Khuyn ngh cc thuc tnh ca my thu, cc tham s quy hoch mng ;
Cc c tnh mi cn ch khi quy hoch mng;
M phng thc hin mt s kch bn in hnh.
Ni dung chnh bn d tho quy chun
1.1 Tn ca quy chun
"Quy chun k thut quc gia v tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVBT2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng".
1.2 B cc ca tiu chun
Tiu chun c xy dng vi b cc nh sau:
1. QUY NH CHUNG
1.1. Phm vi iu chnh
1.2. i tng p dng
1.3. Gii thch t ng
1.4. K hiu/ Ch vit tt
2. QUY NH K THUT
2.1. Bng tn hot ng
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2.2. di tn
2.3. Di thng ca tn hiu
2.4. T s li bit
2.5. T s sng mang trn tp m
2.6. Mc cng trng
3. IU KIN V PHNG PHP O
3.1 iu kin mi trng o
3.2 Thit lp cu hnh o
4. QUY NH V QUN L
5. TRCH NHIM CA T CHC C NHN
6. T CHC THC HIN
PH LC A
A.1. Tnh ton ni suy gi tr t s sng mang trn tp m
A.2. Tnh ton ni suy gi tr cng trng ti thiu
Tnh ton xy dng cc ch tiu k thut
1.3 Di tn hot ng
Khong bng tn s dng cho tn hiuDVB-T2 phi tun theo Quyt nh
125/2009/Q-TTg ngy 23 thng 10 nm 2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph v
Quy hoch ph tn s v tuyn in quc gia, cng nh trong d tho thng
t "Quy hoch s dng knh tn s cho truyn hnh mt t bng tn
VHF/UHF n nm 2020" ca B Thng tin v Truyn thng. C th nh
sau:
Trong bng tn VHF c kh nng pht tn hiu vi cc tn s t 174 MHz
n 230 MHz.
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Trong bng tn UHF c kh nng pht tn hiu vi cc tn s t 470 MHz

n 790 MHz.
1.4 di tn
di tn c nh ngha l lch ln nht gia tn s tc thi ca
tn hiu RF so vi tn s danh nh.
Theo ti liu D-Book Release 3.05 (19 June 2012) Minimum
Requirements on the Receiving Equipment for Services in the DVB-T and
DVB-T2 Networks di tn c quy nh ti a l 50 kHz so vi tn s
danh nh. Ti liu ny l do c quan qun l v vin thng ca Cng ha Sc
ban hnh vi mc ch khuyn ngh cho cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v
truyn hnh s v cc nh sn xut thit b DVB-T2 trn lnh th ca cng
ha Sec. V vy, y l mt ngun ti liu tin cy c th tham kho trong vic
xy dng quy chun.
Do , di tn ti a cho php i vi tn hiu DVB-T2 ti im thu
trong vng ph song c xc nh trong quy chun ny l 50 kHz
1.5 Di thng ca tn hiu DVB-T2
Trn th gii hin nay chu u n nh di thng cho mi knh l 8MHz,
Bc M n nh 6MHz. i vi Vit Nam chin lc pht trin pht thanh
truyn hnh quy nh s dng mt knh 8MHz cho truyn hnh s, do di
thng ti a ca tn hiu DVB-T2 khng c vt qu 8MHz.
rng bng thng s dng:
+ 7,61 MHz i vi ch thng thng
+ 7,72 MHz i vi ch m rng 8k
7,77 MHz i vi ch m rng 16k v 32k
1.6 T s li bit
T s li bit l thng s c bn xc nh cht lng kt ni truyn dn
s; thng s BER l t l s bit li trn tng s bit c truyn.
Trong tiu chun ETSI 102 831 vn v t s li bit c tho
lun v mt gi tr BER 10-7 sau m ha LDPC c khuyn ngh p dng,
iu ny c th hin bng 44 trang 219 v bng 45 trang 220. gi tr BER
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10-7 sau m ha LDPCcng c ITU khuyn ngh trong bo co ca ITUR-BT.2254 ti bng 2.10 trang 17, bng A.4.1 trang 111, bng A.4.2 trang
112. Do vy t s li bt c xc nh: BER 10-7sau m ha LDPC.
1.7 T s sng mang trn tp m
T s tn hiu trn tp m l t s mt cng sut ph tn hiu ca tn
hiu so vi tp m.
Trong bo co ca ITU-R-BT.2254 phn 2.5 trang 13 c a ra yu cu
i vi C/N cho cc knh v tuyn in hnh bao gm Knh Guassian, knh
Ricean, knh Rayleigh. Tuy nhin i vi phm vi quy chun ny tn hiu
DVB-T2 ch c xt cho cc im thu ngoi tri c nh v vy cc tnh ton
cho knh Ricean c tham kho. Do , yu cu C/N i vi tn hiu truyn
hnh DVB-T2 ti im thu c nh trong vng ph sng c tnh ton c th
nh sau:
C/NRice = C/NRice + D
C/NRice = C/NGauss-raw + DELTARice +A +B + C
Vi:
C/NRice
Gi tr t s sng mang trn tp m knh Rice.
C/NRice
Gi tr t s sng mang trn tap m knh Rice c tnh ton

m cha tnh n gi tr tp m bin.
C/NGauss-raw
Gi tr C/N th cho knh Gaussian. Gi tr ny c quy nh

c th nh Bng 1.
Gi tr c thm cho C/N tng ng vi tp m bin ti 33

dBc. Phn c thm vo ti bin l tp m nt iu chnh v
tp m lng t trong b chuyn i tng t sang s c
xc nh ti Bng 2v hnh 1
DELTA
H s tng C/N cho knh Rice v knh Rayleigh i vi knh

Gausian. Gi tr DELTARicecho knh Rice nh Bng 3.
A = 0,1 dB gi tr b sung cho C/N t c BER = 10-7

sau LDPC (c coi l im QEF thch hp cho DVB-T2)
H s nng cng sut pilot, cc gi tr ca B c cho

biBng 4
Trang 15
H s nh hng do sai s c lng knh thc, gii m

LDPC v cc vn thc t khc.Gi tr C bng 2,0 dB (PP1-
PP2), 1,5 dB (PP3-PP4), 1,0 dB (PP5-PP7)

Bng 1: Gi tr C/N th cho knh Gaussian (AWGN channel)
Loi iu ch
Tc m
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
Knh Gaussian
(C/NGauss-raw)
1,0
2,2
3,1
4,1
4,7
5,2
6,2
7,6
8,9
10,0
10,8
11,3
10,5
12,3
13,6
15,1
16,1
16,7
14,4
16,7
18,1
20,0
21,3
22,0
Bng 2: Ch s D, Suy gim C/N, cho cc gi tr C/N t 15 n 32
Trang 16
C/N [dB]
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
D [dB]
0,07
0,09
0,11
0,14
0,18
0,22
0,28
0,36
0,46
0,58
0,75
0,97
1,26
1,65
2,20
3,02
4,33
6,87
Bng cc php m phng, gi tr c th hn i vi ch s D nh hnh

1
Hnh 1: Ch s D, Suy gim C/N cho mc tp m bin -33 dBc
Trang 17
Bng 3: Gi tr DELTA [dB] ca C/N cho knh Rice

Loi iu ch
Tc m
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
256-QAM
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
1/2
3/5
2/3
3/4
4/5
5/6
DELTA C/N Rice

(dB)
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,4
Bng 4: Cc h s hiu chnh C/N

Pilot Pattern
PP1
PP2
PP
3
PP
4
PP
5
PP
6
PP7
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Trang 18
B
C
0,4
2,0
0,4
2,0
0,5
1,5
0,5
1,5
0,5
1,0
0,5
1,0
0,3
1,0
Vi h thng DVB-T2: PP2 32K 8Mhz GI 1/8 iu kin thu c nh

gi tr C/N c tnh ton nh Bng 5.
Bng 5: gi tr C/N yu cu i vi h thng DVB-T2: PP2 32K 8Mhz GI
1/8.
TT
Ch
T l
iu ch m sa
s
sai
Knh thu a ng c tnh n nhiu

nhit, pha thu c nh (Rice)
QPSK
1/2
3,7
QPSK
3/5
4,9
QPSK
2/3
5,9
QPSK
3/4
6,9
QPSK
4/5
7,5
QPSK
5/6
8,1
16QAM
1/2
8,9
16QAM
3/5
10,3
16QAM
2/3
11,6
10
16QAM
3/4
12,9
11
16QAM
4/5
13,8
12
16QAM
5/6
14,4
13
64QAM
1/2
13,3
14
64QAM
3/5
15,2
15
64QAM
2/3
16,5
16
64QAM
3/4
18,0
17
64QAM
4.5
19,3
18
64QAM
5/6
19,8
19
256QAM
1/2
17,4
20
256QAM
3/5
19,6
21
256QAM
2/3
21,2
Trang 19
22
256QAM
3/4
23,2
23
256QAM
4.5
24,8
24
256QAM
5/6
25,6
1.8 Mc cng trng trung bnh ti thiu

c nh ngha l gi tr ca cng trng ti thiu cho php pha
thu t c cht lng thu mong mun ti im thu c nh trong vng ph
sng truyn hnh DVB-T2 (tnh bng dBV/m).
H thng truyn hnh s DVB-T2 phi c gi tr mc cng trng ti
thiu khng nh hn gi tr tng ng vi cc ch iu chv t l m sa
sai khc nhau ca h thng truyn hnh s DVB-T2trong iu kin thu c
nh.
Vi bng tn VHF xc nh ti tn s 200 MHz v vi bng tn UHFxc nh
ti tn s 650MHz yu cu i vi mc cng trng ti thiu khng c
thp hn gi tr quy nh ti bng sau.
Bng 6: Gi tr cng trng ti thiu (dBV/m)
T l m
Ch
sa li
Tn s
C/N
Emed
iu ch
hng
(MHz)
TT
s
pht
1
QPSK
2/3
200
5,9
27,7
2
16QAM
2/3
200
11,6
33,4
3
64QAM
2/3
200
16,5
38,3
256QAM
2/3
200
21,2
43,0
QPSK
2/3
650
5,9
34,0
16QAM
2/3
650
11,6
39,7
64QAM
2/3
650
16,5
44,6
256QAM
2/3
650
21,2
49,3
i vi cc ch , cc knh tn s khc ca h thng DVB-T2, yu cu i

mc tn hiu DVB-T2 ti im thu trong vng ph sng c th c ni suy
nh sau:
Emed= med + 120 + 10 log10 (120) = med + 145.8
med = min + Pmmn + Cl
Trang 20
min = Ps min Aa + Lf
Aa = G + 10 log (1.642/4 )
Ps min = C/N + Pn
Pn = F + 10 log (k T0 B)
Vi:
Emed
Mc cng ng trng tng ng ti thiu (dBV/m)
med
Mt cng sut trung bnh ti thiu (dBW/m2)
min
Mt cng sut ti thiu ti im thu (dBW/m2)
Pmmn
H s b nhiu do cc tc nhn nhn to (dB), gi tr Pmmnc

cho bi Bng 7 v Bng 8
Cl
H s hiu chnh v tr (dB). Gi tr ca Cl xem ti cng thc

di.
Ps min
Cng sut u vo my thu ti thiu (dBW) (Tham kho theo

d tho quy chun quc gia v thit b gii m (Set top box)
trong mng truyn hnh s mt t (ang c son tho, sp
ban hnh))
Aa
Khu n ten hiu dng (dBm2).
Lf
Suy hao do feeder (dB). Gi tr c th xem tiBng 9
li ca anten (dBd). Gi tr li antena i vi cc bng

tn khc nhau c th nh Bng 10
Bc sng ca sng mang tn hiu (m). Gi tr c th quy i

t tn s ca sng mang tn hiu
Pn
C/N
Cng sut nhiu u vo my thu (dBW).

T s sng mang trn tp m. Gi tr c th ni suy theo cng
thc mc 5.5
Tp m my thu (dB). Gi tr tp m my thu c ITU

khuyn ngh l 6 dB trong ITU-R-BT.2254 (Trc EBU
khuyn ngh gi tr tp m my thu l 7dB)
Hng s Boltzmann (k = 1,38 1023 (J/K))
T0
Nhit tuyt i (T0 = 290 (K))
Trang 21
tp m bng thng my thu (B = 7,61 106 (Hz) i vi mi
bng thng 8MHz ch thng thng, B = 7,71 106 (Hz)

i vi mi bng thng 8 MHz ch m rng 8k v B = 7,77
106 (Hz) i vi mi bng thng 8 MHz ch m rng 16k
v 32k)
H s hiu chnh v tr c tnh theo cng thc:
C1
Vi :
: H s phn phi bng 0.52 cho 70%; 1.28 cho 90%; 1.64 cho
95% v 2.33 cho 99%.
t :
lch chun c gi tr l 5,5 dB i vi im thu c nh ngoi
tri.
Bng 7: H s b nhiu do cc tc nhn nhn to ti khu vc th
Khu vc th
Bng III
Bng IV/ bng V
0 dB
0 dB
Gi tr i vi antena ngoi
1 dB
0 dB
Gi tr i vi antena trn mi
2 dB
0 dB
Gi tr i vi antena thch nghi
8 dB
1 dB
Gi tr i vi antena tch hp lin

quan
Bng 8: H s b nhiu do cc tc nhn nhn to ti khu vc nng thn

Khu vc nng thn
Bng III
Bng IV/ bng V
0 dB
0 dB
Gi tr i vi antena ngoi
0 dB
0 dB
Gi tr i vi antena trn mi
2 dB
0 dB
Gi tr i vi antena thch nghi
5 dB
0 dB
Gi tr i vi antena tch hp lin

quan
Trang 22
Bng 9: Suy hao feeder cho cc bng tn khc nhau.

Suy hao feeder (dB)
Band III
Band IV/V
Ch thu
Thu c nh trn mi
Antena c nh trn mi
Bng 10: li antena i vi cc bng tn khc nhau

li ca antena (dBd)
Antena c nh trn mi
Band III
Bands IV/V
11
Ch thu
Thu c nh trn mi
Trang 23
Bng i chiu ni dung QCVN v ti liu tham kho.

Quy chun k thut
quc gia v tn hiu
truyn hnh s mt t Ti liu tham kho
(DVB-T2) ti im thu
trong vng ph sng
Sa i, b sung
1. Quy nh chung
1.1. Phm vi iu chnh
T xy dng
1.2. i tng p dng
T xy dng
1.3. Gii thch t ng

1.3.1. Tn hiu s
Theo
31:2011/BTTTT
1.4.21
QCVN
Chp nhn nguyn
mc
vn
1.3.2. Truyn hnh s

mt t th h th hai
T xy dng
1.3.3. Doanh nghip

cung cp dch v truyn TCVN-8688:2011
hnh
Chp nhn nguyn

vn
1.3.4. Thu bao (ngi

TCVN-8688:2011
s dng dch v)
Chp nhn nguyn

vn
1.3.5. Phng php xc

TCVN-8688:2011
nh
Chp nhn nguyn

vn
1.3.6.im thu c nh
trong vng ph sng
truyn hnh s mt t
T xy dng
1.3.7. iu kin thu c ITU-RRC06

nh
trang 168
mc
3.4.3
Tham kho
1.3.8. Mc cng RRC06 Anex 3.2 trang

trng trung bnh ti 185.
Tham kho
thiu Emed
Trang 24
1.3.9. Di tn s hot
ng
T xy dng
1.3.10. Di thng ca
TCVN-8688:2011
mi knh
Vin dn
1.3.11. di tn
T xy dng
1.3.12. T s li bit
TCVN-8688:2011
Vin dn
1.3.13. T s sng mang

TCVN-8688:2011
trn tp m
Vin dn
1.4. K hiu/ Ch vit

tt
T xy dng
2. Quy nh k thut
2.1. Di tn hot ng
ITU-R-BT.2254 mc 2.1
trang 8.
Tham
Quyt nh 125/2009/Q- hp.
TTg
2.2. di tn
D-Book
Minimum
Requirements
on
the
Tham
Receiving Equipment for
hp.
Services in the DVB-T and
DVB-T2 Networks
ETSI 302 755 Bng 66

2.3. Di thng ca mi trang 116.
Tham
knh truyn hnh DVBITU-R-BT.2254 mc 2.1 hp.
T2
trang 8
2.4. T s li bit
2.6. T s sng mang
trn tp m
Bng 1: gi tr C/N
yu cu i vi h
thng DVB-T2: PP2
32K 8Mhz GI 1/8.
2.6.
Mc
kho
tng
kho
tng
kho
tng
ITU-R-BT.2254 bng 2.10

trang 17, bng A.4.1 trang Tham kho tng hp
111, bng A.4.2 trang 112
ITU-R-BT.2254
trang 13
mc 2.5
Tham kho tng hp
Tham
kho
ITU-RBT.2254 - TABLE 2.14: Tng hp la chn
C/N QEF valid for DVB- cc gi tr cho knh
T2 PP2 32k normal BW GI Rice
1/8 Trang 20
cng ITU-R-BT.2254
mc 3.3
Trang 25
trng ti thiu Emed
trang 35
Bng 2: Gi tr cng Bng tnh ton mc cng

Tham
trng cho DVB-T2
trng ti thiu.
hp
bng III v bng IV/V
kho,
tng
3. iu kin v phng
php o
3.1. iu
trng
kin
mi QCVN 51:2011/BTTTT
Trang 6 mc 2.2.3.1
3.2. Phng php o
Tham kho
T xy dng
Ph lc A (quy nh)
A.1. Tnh ton ni suy
gi tr t s sng mang
trn tp m
Cng thc:
C/NRice = C/NRice + D
Tham
kho
ITU-R- Chp nhn nguyn
C/NRice = C/NGauss-raw + BT.2254 trang 19.
vn
DELTARice +A +B + C
Tham
kho
ITU-RBng A.1.1: Gi tr C/N BT.2254
- TABLE
Chp nhn nguyn
th cho knh Gaussian 2.9Raw C/N values for a
vn
(AWGN channel)
Gaussian Channel(AWGN
channel)
Tham
kho
ITU-RBT.2254
- TABLE
Bng A.1.2: Ch s D,
2.11:Factor
D,
C/N Chp nhn nguyn
Suy gim C/N, cho cc
degradation as table for vn
gi tr C/N t 15 n 32
C/N values from 15 to 32
Trang 17.
Tham
kho
ITU-RHnh A.1: Ch s D, Suy BT.2254 - FIGURE 2.2:
Chp nhn nguyn
gim C/N cho mc tp Factor D, C/N degradation
vn
m bin -33 dBc
for a back-stop noise level
of 33 dBc,
Bng A.1.3: Gi tr Tham
kho
ITU-R- Chn lc gi tr cho
Trang 26
BT.2254 - TABLE 2.13:

Increase DELTA (dB) of
DELTA [dB] ca C/N
C/N for Rice and static knh Rice
cho knh Rice
Rayleigh
channelswith
regard to Gaussian channel
Tham
kho
ITU-RBng A.1.4: Cc h s BT.2254
- TABLE Chp nhn nguyn
hiu chnh C/N
2.10Averaged
C/N vn
correction factors
A.2. Tnh ton ni suy
gi tr cng trng
ti thiu
Cng thc:
Emed= med + 120 + 10
Tham
kho
log10 (120) = med +
BT.2254 trang 92
145.8
Cng thc:
med = min + Pmmn + Cl
Cng thc:
min = Ps min Aa + Lf
ITU-T- Chp nhn nguyn

vn
Tham
kho
BT.2254 trang
fixed reception)
ITU-TChp nhn nguyn

92 (for
vn
Tham
kho
BT.2254 trang 91

vn
Cng thc:
Tham
kho
ITU-TChp nhn nguyn
Aa
= G + 10 log BT.2254 trang 91 trong vn
mc gii thch gi tr Aa
(1.642/4 )
Cng thc:
Tham
kho
BT.2254 trang 34

vn
Tham
kho
Pn = F + 10 log (k T0 B) BT.2254 trang 34

vn
Cng thc:

vn
Ps min = C/N + Pn
Cng thc:
C1
Tham
kho
BT.2254 trang 92
Bng A.2.1: H s b Tham
kho
Trang 27
BT.2254
TABLE
nhiu do cc tc nhn A1.3:Allowance for mannhn to ti khu vc made noise used in the vn
th
calculation for urban areas
Trang 94
Tham
kho
ITU-TBng A.2.2: H s b BT.2254 -TABLE A1.4:
nhiu do cc tc nhn Allowance for man-made Chp nhn nguyn
nhn to ti khu vc noise
used
in
the vn
nng thn
calculation for rural areas
Trang 95
Tham
kho
ITU-TBng A.2.3: Suy hao
BT.2254 -TABLE A1.2: Chp nhn nguyn
feeder cho cc bng tn
Feeder loss in dB for the vn
khc nhau
different bands Trang 93
Tham
kho
ITU-TBT.2254 -TABLE A1.1:
Bng A.2.4 li
Antenna gain in dBd for Chp nhn nguyn
antena i vi cc bng
the different bands and for vn
tn khc nhau
the different reception
modes Trang 93.
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] ETSI EN 302 755 v1.3.1 (04/2012) : Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Frame structure channel coding and modulation for a second generation
digital terrestrial television broadcasting system (DVB-T2)
[2] ETSI TR 101 290 v1.2.1 (05/2001): Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Measurement guidelines for DVB systems
[3] ETSI TS 102 831 v1.2.1 (08/2012): Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Implementation guidelines for a second generation digital terrestrial
television broadcasting system (DVB-T2).
[4] DVB Document A114 (04/2007): Commerical Requirement for DVB-T2.
[5] ITU RRC-06: Final acts of the Regional Radiocommunication Conference
for planning of the digital terrestrial broadcasting service in parts of
Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 MHz and 470-862 MHz.
Trang 28
[6] EBU-TECH3348 v2.0 (05/2012): Frequency and Network Planning

Aspects of DVB-T2.
[7] ITU-R-BT.2254 (09/2012) Frequency and network planning aspects of
DVB-T2
[8] D-Book Minimum Requirements on the Receiving Equipment for
Services in the DVB-T and DVB-T2 Networks - Release 3.05 (19 June
2012)
[9] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation guiderlines for a
second generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting system (DVBT2).
[10] ITU-T J.193 (06-2004): Requirements for the next generation of
set-top-boxes
[11] IEC - 61883-1 (03-2001), Consumer audio/video equipment - Digital
Interface - Part 1: General
[12] ETSI EN 300 - 468 V1.6.1: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):
Specification for Service Information (SI) in DVB systems
[13] ETSI EN 300 - 743 V1.2.1: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):
Subtitling Systems
[14] ETSI ES 201 - 488 -1, -2, - 3 V1.1.1: Data over cable system; Part 1:
General; Part 2: Radio Frequency Interface Specification; Part 3: Baseline
Privacy Plus Interface Specificatio
[15] ETSI TS 102 - 006 V1.3.1: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):
Specification for System Software Update in DVB Systems
[16] ETSI TS 102 - 201 V1.1.1: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):
Interfaces for DVB Integrated Receiver Decoder (DVB-IRD)
[17] Tiu chun quc gia v thit b Set Top Box (STB) trong mng truyn
hnh s mt t s dng k thut s - Yu cu k thut 2010.
[18] Quy chun k thut Quc gia v ph tn v tng thch in t i vi
thit b pht hnh qung b mt t s dng k thut DVB-T.
[19] Understanding digital tv (ROVER laboratories).
Trang 29

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B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

THUYT MINH D THO QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

H NI, THNG 09-2012

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun........................................................................2

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

ITU-R BT.601-4: "Encoding parameters of digital television for

P.370-7: "VHF and UHF propagation curves for the

frequency range from 20 to 1000 Mhz" - H khuyn ngh ny cp

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

ITU-R BT.798-1: "Digital television terresstrial broadcasting in the

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

- Tiu chun ny khuyn ngh v cc ch tiu k thut ca my pht

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

IEC 62216-1: "Methods of measurement for the DVB-T system - Part

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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chun ny khuyn ngh cc c t m ha cc thng tin dch v trong

Implementation Guidelines for DVB Terrestrial Services; Transmission

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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chun ny khuyn ngh cc c t v cu trc khung, m ha knh v

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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cha c mt tiu chun quc gia nhm nh gi cht lng tn ca truyn

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

t s s c xy dng gm cc thng s quan trng nht, ti thiu cn thit

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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Phn tch tn hiu DVB-T2;

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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Cc kch bn thc hin;

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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Trong bng tn UHF c kh nng pht tn hiu vi cc tn s t 470 MHz

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Gi tr t s sng mang trn tp m knh Rice.

Gi tr t s sng mang trn tap m knh Rice c tnh ton

Gi tr C/N th cho knh Gaussian. Gi tr ny c quy nh

Gi tr c thm cho C/N tng ng vi tp m bin ti 33

H s tng C/N cho knh Rice v knh Rayleigh i vi knh

A = 0,1 dB gi tr b sung cho C/N t c BER = 10-7

H s nng cng sut pilot, cc gi tr ca B c cho

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

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H s nh hng do sai s c lng knh thc, gii m

PP2), 1,5 dB (PP3-PP4), 1,0 dB (PP5-PP7)

Bng 2: Ch s D, Suy gim C/N, cho cc gi tr C/N t 15 n 32

Tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t (DVB-T2) ti im thu trong vng ph sng

Thuyt minh d tho quy chun

Bng cc php m phng, gi tr c th hn i vi ch s D nh hnh