VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Running head: VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB

Vocational Fit and Counterproductive Work Behavior : A !el"#Regulation $er pective

#%#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB A& tract Thi paper "ocu e on e ta&li hing a link &et'een vocational "it and one do(ain o" )o& per"or(ance: counterproductive 'ork &ehavior *CWB+, The author o""er a (odel e-plaining "ro( a el"#regulation per pective ho' vocational (i "it generate CWB. and te t thi (odel in t'o tudie and three (ulti# ource a(ple , The "ir t tud/ o""er upport "or the (ediation

(odel linking vocational (i "it to "ru tration and then to CWB, The econd tud/ ho' acro t'o a(ple . u ing &oth el"# and upervi or#rating o" CWB. that vocational (i "it ha incre(ental validit/ "or the prediction o" CWB over e ta&li hed predictor a &road and narro' per onalit/ trait and a""ect,

Keywords: vocational intere t . vocational "it. counterproductive 'ork &ehavior . el"#regulation theor/,

#0#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB T'o (a)or develop(ent have haped per onnel election re earch in the pa t t'o decade , Fir t. e-ten ive re earch ha &een conducted 'ith the goal o" identi"/ing non#cognitive predictor o" )o& per"or(ance uch a the Big Five per onalit/ trait and "acet *e,g,. Barrick 1 2ount. %33%4 Dudle/. Orvi . Le&iecki. 1 Cortina. 0556+. e(otional intelligence *7o eph 1 Ne'(an. 05%5+. and a""ect *8aplan. Bradle/. Luch(an. 1 9a/ne . 05534 !hockle/. I pa . Ro i. 1 Levine. 05%0+, !econd. the criterion do(ain ha &een e-panded to include. in addition to ta k per"or(ance. organi:ational citi:en hip &ehavior and counterproductive 'ork &ehavior *!ackett 1 Lieven . 055;+, De pite the a&undance o" re earch. one et o" non#cognitive predictor that ha received little attention in the election literature are vocational intere t *Van Iddekinge. Roth. $utka. 1 Lanivich. 05%%4 Van Iddekinge. $utka. 1 Ca(p&ell. 05%%+, Recent 'ork &/ Van Idekkinge and colleague ha linked vocational intere t to i(portant organi:ational outco(e uch a )o& per"or(ance *(o tl/ conceptuali:ed a ta k per"or(ance+.

training per"or(ance. and turnover. and that vocational intere t have incre(ental validit/ "or predicting )o& per"or(ance a&ove and &e/ond cognitive a&ilit/ and per onalit/ (ea ure , The goal o" the current paper are to contri&ute to thi gro'ing &od/ o" re earch in three di""erent 'a/ , Fir t. 'e e-a(ine the link &et'een vocational intere t *VI+ and counterproductive 'ork &ehavior *CWB+, Although CWB are con idered a one o" the three (a)or do(ain o" )o& per"or(ance *e,g,. !ackett 1 Lieven . 055;+. 'e 'ere not a&le to "ind pu&li hed re earch linking VI and CWB, CWB are de"ined a volitional &ehavior in the 'orkplace that har( or are intended to har( peci"ic individual and<or the organi:ation *!pector. Fo-. $enne/. Bruur e(a. =oh. 1 8e ler. 0556+, CWB are con idered to &e an i(portant organi:ational outco(e conceptuall/ di""erent "ro( ta k per"or(ance "or &eing e-tra# role and non#ta k in nature *Rotundo 1 !ackett. 0550+, I" 'e are to recon ider the role o" VI.

#>#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB re earch hould e-a(ine the relation hip &et'een VI and all (a)or di(en ion o" per"or(ance. not )u t ta k per"or(ance, !econd. 'e propo e and te t a theoretical (odel linking VI and CWB, !o(e o" the (echani ( through 'hich VI i(pact ta k per"or(ance are 'ell de cri&ed *e,g, Van Iddekinge. 05%%&+ and upported &/ evidence *e,g, Acker(an. %3364 Ca(p&ell. 2cClo/. Oppler. 1 !ager. %33>+, For e-a(ple. Van Iddekinge *05%%&+ identi"ie t'o theoretical "ra(e'ork 'hich e-plain ho' VI in"luence e(plo/ee per"or(ance: *a+ through the pre"erred ac?ui ition o" kno'ledge in the 'orkplace. and *&+ through (otivation. 'ith VI orienting the &ehavior o" e(plo/ee to'ard pre"erred activitie , 9o'ever. none o" the e (echani ( re i t crutin/ 'hen applied to the VI#CWB relation hip, For e-a(ple. one i(portant (echani ( de cri&ing the e""ect o" VI on per"or(ance i &a ed on the ac?ui ition o" )o&#relevant kno'ledge *Acker(an. %3364 Barrick. 2ount. 1 =upta. 055>+, According to thi theor/. intere t are volitional a pect 'hich erve to orient a per on to'ard their pre"erred kno'ledge do(ain , A a re ult. &ecau e o" heightened e-po ure. ac?ui ition o" kno'ledge "ro( the pre"erred kno'ledge do(ain i ac?ui ition o" kno'ledge "ro( other. le tronger than the

pre"erred kno'ledge do(ain , For e-a(ple. an

e(plo/ee ho'ing a trong Conventional intere t 'ill &e (ore (otivated in learning the )o& kno'ledge a ociated 'ith Conventional activitie . uch a u ing o""ice (achiner/. than an e(plo/ee 'ith a 'eak Conventional intere t, Becau e )o&#related kno'ledge i an i(portant predictor o" ta k per"or(ance *e,g,. 9unter. %3;6+. the orienting e""ect o" VI ha an e""ect on ta k per"or(ance, 9o'ever. 'hile )o&#related kno'ledge i a predictor o" ta k per"or(ance. it i not a predictor o" e-tra#role per"or(ance *9o""(an 1 Dilchert. 05%0+, A a con e?uence. thi theoretical "ra(e'ork i inade?uate "or e-plaining the link &et'een VI and CWB,

#@#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Another (echani ( linking VI and ta k per"or(ance i &a ed on theorie o" (otivation, According to Ca(p&ell et al, *%33>+. VI are volitional a pect # i,e, (otivator # in"luencing the choice (ade &/ people a&out a pect o" their 'orking li"e, The/ dictate 'hat 'ork activitie to pur ue or avoid. and ho' (uch e""ort and per i tence to inve t in the(, Thi theor/ can e-plain 'h/ a per on 'ill engage in a po itive &ehavior at 'ork or 'ill avoid another activit/, But a CWB i not a 'ork activit/ per e. and the energi:ing e""ect o" a (otivator for an activit/ i di""icult to reconcile 'ith uch CWB a &ull/ing or a&otage, For e-a(ple. an e(plo/ee having a trong Conventional intere t 'ill &e (otivated to pur ue and inve t (ore energ/ in clerical activitie . uch a u ing o""ice in tru(ent and (achine . and 'orking indoor . than an e(plo/ee 'ith a 'eak Conventional intere t, 9o'ever. it i di""icult to e-plain 'h/ the a(e e(plo/ee having a trong Conventional intere t 'ill &e (otivated &/ hi intere t to engage in ver&al violence or a&u e again t a "ello' e(plo/ee or to a&otage production, A a con e?uence. thi theor/ too cannot e-plain the link &et'een VI and CWB, Third. 'e propo e a di""erent conceptuali:ation o" VI: the upple(entar/ coe""icient e-tracted "ro( VI inventorie , 2ea ure o" VI traditionall/ provide core not onl/ "or vocational intere t . &ut al o "or a nu(&er o" coe""icient . 'hich de"ine a vocational pro"ile, For e-a(ple. one uch traditional coe""icient addre e the congruence o" a pro"ile 'ith a given environ(ent, Ba ed on in"luential criti?ue (ade &/. a(ong other . Ad'ard and $arr/ *%33>+ re earch into the e upple(entar/ coe""icient 'a largel/ a&andoned, The criti?ue 'a &a ed on the "act that congruence indice i(po e con traint that o"ten are not upported &/ the data and. there"ore. can re ult in u&opti(al prediction o" criteria *Ad'ard 1 $arr/. %33>+, A a re ult. the/ can (a k potentiall/ i(portant di""erential relation &et'een co(ponent o" the inde- and criteria *Ad'ard . %33@a. %33@&+, It i i(portant to point out. ho'ever. that thi criti?ue to'ard

#B#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB pro"ile coe""icient 'a atheoretical in nature, O&viou l/. pro"ile coe""icient capture variance. and 'hile. granted. thi variance can &e u&opti(al 'hen co(pared to the input varia&le it i &a ed on. it can till &e related to i(portant varia&le 'hich have a role in a predictive (odel, I" the "it o" a pro"ile 'ith an environ(ent can &e (eaning"ull/ integrated in a predictive "ra(e'ork. (ethodological concern can then &e al o addre ed. &ut the e hould not have prevalence over theor/ develop(ent, Fro( an e(pirical point o" vie'. recent (eta#anal/tical re earch *N/e. !u. Round . 1 Dra go'. 05%>+ actuall/ ho' that Cthe correlation &et'een congruence indice and per"or(ance 'ere tronger than "or intere t core aloneC *p, >;@+, The Current Study The goal o" the current tud/ i to addre the e li(itation &/ e-a(ining the relation hip

&et'een vocational intere t *conceptuali:ed a vocational "it+ and counterproductive 'ork &ehavior *CWB+, We 'ill (ake everal contri&ution to the literature, Fir t. 'e develop and te t a theoretical (odel de cri&ing the (echani ( through 'hich vocational intere t and CWB are linked, The vocational intere t literature i in need o" greater theoretical 'ork peci"/ing 'h/ uch intere t predict i(portant 'ork &ehavior , Thi i e peciall/ i(portant "or e-tra#role 'ork &ehavior . uch a CWB, To addre thi i ue. 'e

developed a theoretical (odel o" intere t that e-plain the link &et'een the( and CWB, !econd. 'e develop an e-planation o" vocational intere t a generali:a&le predictor , In order to do o. 'e look &e/ond vocational intere t per se. 'hich have proven to have onl/ li(ited and ungenerali:a&le validit/. and delve into pro"ile coe""icient , $ro"ile coe""icient have &een largel/ neglected &a ed on (ethodological and a#theoretical concern , 9o'ever. pro"ile coe""icient carr/ the po i&ilit/ "or VI to &e valid in heterogeneou di""erent intere t . 'orking in di""erent environ(ent , a(ple o" e(plo/ee 'ith

#6#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Third. 'e e-a(ine the criterion#related validit/ o" vocational intere t "or predicting CWB. a 'ell a their incre(ental validit/ over 'ell#e ta&li hed predictor , Incre(ental validit/ re"er to the degree to 'hich a (ea ure increa e the a&ilit/ to predict an i(portant pheno(enon *9a/ne 1 Lench. 055>+, The utilit/ o" a ne' predictor hould &e )udged in ter( o" it incre(ental validit/ over co((onl/ u ed predictor *e,g,. !ch(idt 1 9unter. %33;+: i" the ne' predictor "ail to e-plain upple(entar/ variance over other con truct . the practical need "or it i everel/ li(ited, Re earch ugge t that CWB are &e t predicted &/ non#cognitive con truct uch a &road and narro' per onalit/ trait *e,g,. Berr/. One . 1 !ackett. 055D4 7udge. Le$ine. 1 Rich. 05564 7udge. 0553+ and a""ect<e(otion *e,g,. 8aplan et al,. 05534 !hockle/ et al,. 05%0+, We contri&ute to the literature &/ e-a(ining i" VI have incre(ental validit/ over the e e ta&li hed con truct 'hen predicting CWB, Vocational Interests: Definition and Conceptualization Vocational intere t are non#cognitive con truct . and are de"ined a relativel/ ta&le individual pre"erence "or certain t/pe o" 'ork activitie and environ(ent *9ar(on. 9an en. Borgen. 1 9a((er. %33@+, Vocational intere t have &een tudied pri(aril/ in the coun eling literature. &ut the/ have &een ho'n to predict a nu(&er o" 'ork#related outco(e . uch a )o& ati "action *7ack on. $aunonen. 1 Roth tein. %3;D4 Wiener 1 8lein. %3D;+. 'ell#&eing *Dik 1 9an en. 055;+. )o& per"or(ance *T:iner. 2eir. 1 !egal. 0550+. cu to(er ervice ?ualit/ *Frit: che. $o'ell. 1 9o""(an. %333+. and (anagerial e""ectivene *=ellatl/. $aunonen. 2e/er.

1 7ack on. %33%+, 2ore recentl/. vocational intere t have &een revived in the election literature and have &een ho'n to &e pro(i ing predictor "or )o& per"or(ance. )o& kno'ledge and turnover<continuance *Van Iddekinge et al,. 05%%a. 05%%&+,

#D#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB The (o t in"luential theoretical "ra(e'ork "or the tud/ o" vocational intere t i 9ollandE *%3D>. %330+ (odel, Although not 'ithout critici ( *e,g,. =ati. %3D3. %3;0. %33%4 Round 1 Trace/. %3364 Tin le/. 0555+. Van Iddekinge and colleague *05%%a+ con ider 9ollandE theor/ o" vocational t/pe Fto have attained a&out the a(e tatu in the intere t literature that the "ive#"actor (odel ha attained in the per onalit/ literatureG *p, %@+, 9olland *%330+ ee vocational intere t a e-pre ion o" per onalit/. and ha la&eled hi i- categorie

o" vocational intere t a Cper onalit/ t/pe C, Ba ed on thi a u(ption. 9ollandE theor/ po tulate that people can &e categori:ed into i- per onalit/ t/pe . that the a(e t/polog/ can &e applied to 'ork environ(ent . and that a per onE &ehavior in relation 'ith the 'ork environ(ent i deter(ined &/ the interaction &et'een that per onE t/pe and the t/pe o" the environ(ent, The i- per onalit/ t/pe propo ed &/ 9olland *%330+. na(el/ R *Reali tic+. I *Inve tigative+. A *Arti tic+. ! *!ocial+. A *Anterpri ing+. and C *Conventional+. are tructured in a circu(ple- *he-agonal+ tructure, $eople 'ith Reali tic intere t ee the( elve a practical.

like hand #on occupation . re?uiring the( to 'ork outdoor . or 'ith (achiner/ and tool . and u uall/ have (echanical a&ilitie , $eople 'ith Inve tigative intere t ee the( elve a

anal/tical. like to under tand. e-plore and re earch thing . and u uall/ have cienti"ic a&ilitie , $eople 'ith Arti tic intere t ee the( elve a creative and e-pre ive. like creating original ee the( elve a "riendl/.

'ork. and u uall/ have arti tic a&ilitie , $eople 'ith !ocial intere t

kind and generou . like to help people &/ teaching. coun eling and a i ting the(. and u uall/ have ocial and interactional a&ilitie , $eople 'ith Anterpri ing intere t ee the( elve a

a(&itiou and ac?ui itive. like to per uade. in"luence and direct other . and u uall/ have leader hip a&ilitie , $eople 'ith Conventional intere t ee the( elve a care"ul and

#;#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB con"or(ing. like to 'ork indoor . to (eet clear tandard and to 'ork &a ed on clear rule and procedure . and u uall/ have clerical a&ilitie , 9ollandE (odel allo' coring &e/ond the traditional i- vocational t/pe , 9olland

*%330+ ha propo ed three upple(entar/ pro"ile coe""icient : a Congruence Inde-. a Di""erentiation Inde-. and a Con i tenc/ Inde-, The Congruence Inde- (ea ure the degree o" "it &et'een an individualH vocational pro"ile and hi or her 'ork environ(ent, The Di""erentiation Inde- (ea ure the trength o" a per onH vocational choice "or one or the other o" the i- t/pe 4 a 'ell#de"ined *i,e,. di""erentiated+ pro"ile o" intere t ha ideall/ onl/ one ver/ trong pre"erence and i indicative o" a per on 'ith trong option to'ard one 'ork environ(ent and neutralit/ or even re)ection 'ith regard to other , The Con i tenc/ Inde(ea ure the degree to 'hich a peci"ic pro"ile o" vocational intere t i aligned 'ith the a u(ption o" 9ollandH (odel regarding 'hich t/pe hould occur together 'ith 'hich other ,

The pro"ile coe""icient re"lect the interpla/ &et'een variou intere t . or &et'een VI and the environ(ent: the/ (ea ure F"itG, The u ual approach in the tud/ o" vocational intere t i to con ider the i- t/pe *R. I. A. !. A. and C+ a predictor o" variou outco(e , In the ver/ "e' tudie pu&li hed in the per onnel election literature 'hich inve tigated the link &et'een vocational intere t and per"or(ance outco(e . e(pha i 'a placed on the i- t/pe *e,g,. 7ohn on 1 9ogan. %3;%+, Thi approach ha led to di appointing "inding *9unter 1 9unter. %3;@+. and a a re ult vocational intere t have &een under tudied *Van Iddekinge et al,. 05%%a+, $ro"ile coe""icient have not &een ver/ (uch tudied in the literature and have rarel/ &een linked to prediction , Thi i due to the "act that pro"ile coe""icient have &een con idered to &e le than opti(al "ro( a variance than the

(ethodological point o" vie', $ro"ile coe""icient are con idered to cover le

#3#

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB data the/ are &a ed on *Tin le/. 0555+. &ecau e the/ are co(puted &a ed on a u(ption 'hich are o(eti(e not upported &/ the data the/ are &a ed on *Ad'ard 1 $arr/. %33>+4 in thi ca e. their u age could thu (a k i(portant relation in the underl/ing data *Ad'ard . 0550+, We "eel that the e tati tical concern . 'hile valid. hould not &ar re earch into the do(ain. &ut rather urge re earch to'ard (ore ophi ticated and ound approache to the co(putation o" the e indice , While 'e concede that the co(putational approach to uch indice could &e i(proved. 'e argue that the e indice are i(portant &ecau e the/ capture variance 'hich i not captured &/ the vocational cale , A(pirical evidence point to thi conclu ion: "or e-a(ple the (eta#anal/ i o" N/e et al, *05%>+ ho' that the relation hip &et'een uch indice and )o& per"or(ance are tronger than tho e o" the intere t core alone, A 'e argue in thi paper. pro"ile coe""icient could 'ell &e the &e t 'a/ to recuperate VI "or re earch and practice in I<O p /cholog/ and thi (ean that 'e need (ore re earch. not le Vocational Interests and CWB: A Theoretical Model Theorie o" vocational intere t at 'ork are theorie o" per on#organi:ation *$O+ "it, $O "it re"er to the co(pati&ilit/ &et'een individual and organi:ation *8ri to". %336+, Re earch ha ho'n that congruence &et'een people and organi:ation i related to po itive &ehavioral re earch into their utilit/,

outco(e . uch a )o& per"or(ance. organi:ational citi:en hip &ehavior. reduced turnover *9o""(an 1 Woehr. 0556+, !i(ilarl/. 9olland *%330+ al o argue that &oth congruence and the lack o" congruence i(pact &ehavior at 'ork, A-a(ple o" $O "it theorie in the real( o" vocational intere t are 9ollandE theor/ o" vocational t/pe v , environ(ent "it. or !chneiderE *%3;D+ attraction# election#attrition *A!A+, The e (odel vie' &oth the per on and the environ(ent a &eing tatic. and the "it &et'een tho e t'o tatic con truct a having al o a tatic i(pact, The "it or lack o" "it i een in the e theorie a in"luencing deci ion li(ited to attraction

# %5 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB or re)ection. and not (uch thought i given to ho' the "it or lack thereo" 'ill in"luence the hundred o" el"#regulator/ and goal#directed deci ion and &ehavior (ani"e ted &/ an e(plo/ee in the 'orkplace, For e-a(ple. !chneiderE *%3;D+ A!A (odel 'ill predict ho' potential e(plo/ee 'ill &e attracted to )o& and co(panie 'here the/ perceive "it *deci ion to )oin the co(pan/+. and ho'. i" the )o& doe not (atch their intere t. the/ 'ill leave the co(pan/ *turnover+, But the e $O "it theorie ignore the "act that an e(plo/ee doe not "unction on a da/# to#da/ &a i onl/ &ecau e o" uch over'hel(ing and i(portant deci ion a )oining or leaving the co(pan/, A a re ult. the e theorie do not tr/ to e-plain all the "ine#grained da/#to#da/ regulator/ deci ion in the li"e o" an e(plo/ee or the 'ealth o" e(otion and cognition around uch attitude a )o& ati "action. 'hich are an i(portant antecedent o" the "inal deci ion to leave *7udge. %33>+, We propo e el"#regulation theor/ a an overarching "ra(e'ork to e-plain the e""ect o" VI on goal#directed &ehavior in general and on CWB in particular, !el"#regulation theor/ i a leading (eta#theor/ in the e-planation o" e(plo/ee &ehavior *Lord. Die"endor"". !ch(idt. 1 9all. 05%5+, !el"#regulation re"er to the (otivational proce e that de"ine goal#directed &ehavior *Carver 1 !cheier. %33;4 Lord et al,. 05%5+, !el"#regulation theor/ di""erentiate &et'een t'o tate . or condition : the current. e-perienced tate. and the de ired. ideal. or goal tate, The concept o" a FgoalG i central "or el"#regulation: goal are een a internal repre entation o" 'hat i de ira&le *Carver 1 !cheier. %33;+, A central tenet o" el"#regulation theor/ i the "act that e(plo/ee are (otivated to reduce the di crepanc/ &et'een the e-perienced tate and the goal *ideal+ tate, Thi i the proce through 'hich goal 'ork in

order to give (eaning to hu(an &ehavior and to the allocation o" re ource * uch a ti(e. e""ort etc,+ *Bandura. 055%+,

# %% #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Thi t/pical el"#regulation proce ha &een co(pared to a negative "eed&ack loop.

con i ting o" "ive ele(ent : the input. the tandard. the co(parator. the output. and the di tur&ance *Carver 1 !cheier. %33;4 7ohn on. 9o'e. 1 Chang. 05%>+, The t/pical proce &egin 'ith in"or(ation &eing &rought in "ro( the environ(ent4 thi i the e-perienced tate *the input+, Thi input i co(pared &/ the co(parator *the e(plo/ee+ again t the de ired tate *the tandard+, When there i little di""erence &et'een the t'o tate . no action i taken, I" ho'ever a di crepanc/ ha &een regi tered. negative a""ect i elicited. and (otivation ari e to take corrective action and reduce the di crepanc/ *the output+, Di crepanc/ can &e reduced &/ targeting the e-perienced tate I that i . &/ in"luencing the environ(ent, Al o. di crepanc/ can &e reduced &/ targeting the de ired tate I that i . &/ (odi"/ing the tandard, The e-perienced tate i not onl/ in"luenced &/ the action o" the co(parator. &ut al o &/ di tur&ance in the environ(ent. "or e-a(ple the action o" other people or un"ore een event . uch a e?uip(ent &reakdo'n, Figure % depict uch a i(ple el"#regulator/ (echani ( *7ohn on et al. 05%>+, The

tandard *internal repre entation o" de ired tate+ i co(pared 'ith the input *perception o" actual tate ac?uired "ro( the environ(ent+, I" no di crepanc/ i regi tered. no action i taken, I" a di crepanc/ i regi tered. one o" t'o route i po i&le: a change in the tandard *internal repre entation o" de ired tate+. or a change in the environ(ent, I" the latter goal i et. a

&ehavior i elicited. 'hich 'ill i(pact the environ(ent and &ring the actual tate clo er to the de ired one4 thi proce (a/ &e i(pacted &/ di tur&ance in the environ(ent, el"#regulator/ loop "unction in a ver/ peci"ic

When applied to vocational intere t . thi

'a/, We argue that onl/ one o" the t'o po i&le route o" action can &e pur ued in the ca e o" VI, Changing the tandard i in the ca e o" VI ver/ di""icult given that VI have &een conceptuali:ed and e(piricall/ ho'n *Lo'. Joon. Ro&ert . 1 Round . 055B+ to &e ver/ ta&le

# %0 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB individual trait . 'ith o(e author *e,g,. 9an en. 055B+ con idering VI a Fthe (o t ta&le o" all p /chological con truct G *p, 0;@+, For e-a(ple. VI are een a &eing o deepl/ rooted that 9olland *%330+ con idered the( Fper onalit/ t/pe G, VI are core pre"erence 'hich guide the choice o" e-plicit goal 4 the/ are the Fi(plicit theorie G 'hich create the / te( o" (eaning 'hich in"luence 'hich e-plicit goal 'ill &e een a (ore i(portant *D'eck. %336+, VI are part o" the core et o" &elie" that &uild up a per onE el"#concept: the/ are related to Fper onal idea

and "eeling a&out el". 'ork and li"eG *!avicka . 055B+, A a conclu ion. VI are di""icult to change. and even i" the/ can &e changed. thi cannot &e done &/ e-plicit goal# etting over the hort ti(e, For a de cription o" the el"#regulation proce in the ca e o" VI. let u "ocu on an

e-a(ple o" vocational (i "it. a depicted in Figure 0, I(agine an e(plo/ee 'ith a trong Reali tic intere t. 'orking a a cu to(er relation o""icer at the in"or(ation de k o" a &ank, Let u a/ that in a t/pical el"#regulator/ proce . in"or(ation i &rought in "ro( the environ(ent.

ho'ing that per on that the )o& re?uire "re?uent interaction 'ith other people. uch a co'orker or cu to(er . and a nu(&er o" clerical and ad(ini trative ta k . all o" the( per"or(ed indoor , Thi input i co(pared no' 'ith the de ired tate. or goal tate. 'hich i t/pical "or a trong Reali tic intere t: 'orking outdoor 'ith (achiner/ in hand #on ta k 'hich do not nece aril/ re?uire interaction 'ith people. &ut "ollo' a 'ell#e ta&li hed. F(echanicalG logic, A clear di crepanc/ i detected. 'hich elicit negative a""ect and "ru tration: the e(plo/ee doe not like the e-perienced tate, A a re ult. the e(plo/ee i (otivated to generate an output 'hich 'ill reduce the di crepanc/, The e(plo/ee 'ill not even con ider changing the tandard. &ecau e vocational intere t are i(plicit theorie and "or( part o" hi <her el"#i(age, In tead. the e(plo/ee 'ill tr/ to

# %> #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB in"luence the environ(ent. and (ake it (ore Reali tic, It i ?uite po i&le that he< he 'ill re ent the eternal co(e#and#go o" cu to(er . the need to &e al'a/ "riendl/ and "le-i&le. no (atter the ?ue tion a ked, A a re ult. the e(plo/ee 'ill devi e a (ore (echanical approach to in"or(ing cu to(er , For e-a(ple. he< he 'ill devi e a &rochure 'ith Fre?uentl/ A ked Kue tion . cu to(er hould read &e"ore approaching the in"or(ation de k 'ith (atter 'hich are perceived

a trivial, Or he< he 'ill de ign "or( 'hich have to &e "illed in &/ tho e eeking in"or(ation I "or( that can then &e canned. proce ed &/ a co(puter and in"or(ation dealt out in a (ore (echanical I 'hat i certainl/ perceived &/ our Reali tic e(plo/ee a a (ore e""icient I 'a/, But environ(ent re i t uch change , The upervi or could re"u e to upport the e propo al , Aven i" the upervi or accept . the organi:ation could not have the &udget to i(ple(ent the change in procedure , Aven i" the/ 'ere i(ple(ented. cu to(er could till co(e to the in"or(ation de k 'ithout reading the FAK &rochure. and thu a k trivial ?ue tion , Aither 'a/. the environ(ent 'ill not change. in pite o" the action taken, Aven (ore o. Fdi tur&anceG could &e vi i&le in the / te( in the a(e ti(e I "or e-a(ple. another e(plo/ee could propo e a co(peting change. &ank regulation could change and a an e""ect ha(per the propo al. the e?uip(ent could &reak do'n 'hen i(ple(enting the ne' / te( etc, In thi ca e. the environ(ent 'ill change. &ut not a e-pected, In e""ect. the di crepanc/ &et'een the e-perienced tate and the goal tate 'ill not &e reduced, Thi 'ill lead to "ru tration: again t the upervi or 'ho doe not upport the propo al . again t the organi:ation 'hich doe not have the &udget. or again t the cu to(er 'ho re"u e to co(pl/ 'ith a re?ue t 'hich i perceived a legiti(ate &/ our e(plo/ee, In the ca e o" environ(ent change through di tur&ance e""ect . "ru tration again t the perceived cau e o" uch di tur&ance 'ill ari e: again t the colleague 'ho

# %@ #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB ha propo ed a co(peting change. again t Fthe gu/ up thereG 'ho have i(ple(ented the ne' &ank regulation . or again t the co(puter 'hich )u t &roke do'n, Fru tration i an e ta&li hed predictor o" CWB. and the a""ective e-perience o" "ru tration at 'ork ha &een linked to CWB &/ &oth theoretical "ra(e'ork and e(pirical "inding *Chen 1 !pector. %3304 Fo- 1 !pector. %3334 Fo-. !pector. 1 2ile . 055%4 2Lnard. Brunet. 1 !avoie. 05%%. !hockle/ et al,. 05%0+, In the cla ic "ru tration#aggre ion h/pothe i *Berko'it:. %3;34 Dollard. Doo&. 2iller. 2o'rer. 1 !ear . %3>3+ "ru tration ha &een linked to e(otional<e-pre ive aggre ion, Fru tration. uch a it i de"ined and u ed &/ e-tant re earch. actuall/ "it ea il/ into a el"#regulator/ "ra(e'ork, Fru tration i de"ined a Finter"erence 'ith goal achieve(ent or goal oriented activit/ and the inter"erence 'ith goal (aintenanceG *!pector. %3D;. p, ;%6+, Variou "or( o" CWB. like 'ithdra'al or interper onal aggre ion (a/ &e enacted a a 'a/ to cope 'ith the "ru tration generated &/ tre or in the 'ork# etting *Chen 1 !pector. %3304 8ri cher. $enne/. 1 9unter. 05%5+, Fo- and !pector *%333+ argue that "ru tration i e-perienced 'hen 'ork ituation i(pede achieving valued goal at 'ork. there"ore "avoring CWB. a an alternative 'a/ o" achieving a goal and "ul"illing an i(portant need, That i . &/ engaging in CWB. e(plo/ee alleviate "ru tration or even eli(inate &lockage I itE an adaptive (echani ( *Chen 1 !pector. %330+, For e-a(ple. 'ork can &e done in a lo'er pace o that the e(plo/ee (a/ gain ti(e to "ind olution . co'orker (a/ &e (i treated in the en e o" &eing coerced to help and do the )o& in tead. additional &reak (a/ &e taken o that the e(plo/ee e cape even i" onl/ "or a "e' (inute "ro( a tre "ul ta k. or CWB (a/ &e (ani"e ted even )u t to &lo' o"" o(e tea(, Fru tration. in thi (odel. ha an adaptive "unction in a el"# regulation (echani (,

# %B #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB We have advanced a el"#regulator/ (odel o" vocational intere t . in 'hich vocational "it i an i(portant varia&le and have ho'n ho' vocational "it *or rather (i "it+ can lead to "ru tration and. through "ru tration. to CWB, A a te t o" the advanced (odel 'e propo e the "ollo'ing h/pothe i : Hypothesis 1: Vocational misfit between individual interests and the work environment will be positively related to counterproductive work behavior, and this effect will be mediated by frustration. Incremental Validity and Relati e Importance of Vocational !it for "redictin# CWB In the theoretical (odel introduced a&ove 'e e ta&li h a link &et'een VI "it and CWB, 9o'ever. i" 'e are to con ider VI "it "or theoretical and practical purpo e 'e (u t "ir t e ta&li h their uni?ue contri&ution a&ove and &e/ond other individual di""erence con truct previou l/ linked to CWB, A(ong individual di""erence . the &e t predictor o" CWB have &een "ound to &e &road and narro' per onalit/ trait *c", Dilchert. One . Davi . 1 Ro to'. 055D+, !o(e o" the &road per onalit/ trait 'hich are (o t co((onl/ e-a(ined a predictor o" CWB are the &road do(ain o" the Five#Factor 2odel *FF2+ o" per onalit/, 2eta#anal/tic re earch "ound that e peciall/ con cientiou ne and agreea&lene and to a lo'er e-tent e(otional ta&ilit/ *Berr/.

One . 1 !ackett. 055D+ are related to CWB, A-planation "or the cognitive#(otivational proce e linking the e per onalit/ trait to CWB have al o &een o""ered *e,g,. Barrick. 2itchell. 1 !te'art. 055>4 $enne/. 9unter. 1 $err/. 05%%+, Al o in the area o" &road per onalit/ trait . core# el" evaluation *C!A+ have &een linked to CWB, 7udge. Locke. and Durha( *%33;+ have de"ined core el"#evaluation a a &road per onalit/ do(ain. con i ting o" "our narro'er trait * el"#e tee(. generali:ed el"#e""icac/. neurotici (. and locu o" control+. and &eing "unda(ental

# %6 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB to the apprai al o" a per onE o'n value and capa&ilit/ o" per"or(ance, 7udge *0553+ argue that people high on C!A have a high 'ork per"or(ance and &loo(ing career . al o &eing le tre ed and having &etter coping (echani (, C!A a a &road do(ain. a 'ell a it co(ponent trait *Whelple/ 1 2cDaniel. 05%%+ have &een negativel/ linked to CWB *Chang. Ferri . 7ohn on. Ro en. 1 Tan. 05%0+, Narro' per onalit/ trait al o predict CWB, In a co(prehen ive (eta#anal/ i . OEBo/le. For /th. Bank and 2cDaniel *05%%+ "ound that all three co(ponent o" the dark triad o" per onalit/ *i,e,. (achiavelli (. narci i (. and p /chopath/+ are good predictor o" CWB, !el"#Control *i,e,. the a&ilit/ to overpo'er oneE i(pul e and ur(ount unde ira&le &ehavioral tendencie 4 Tangne/. Bau(ei ter. 1 Boone. 055@+. i po itivel/ related 'ith &etter interper onal relation hip *Tangne/ et al,. 055@+ and negativel/ related to 'orkplace deviance due to oneE capacit/ to re"rain "ro( giving 'a/ to angr/ i(pul e *Re tu&og. =arcia. Wang. 1 Cheng. 05%5+, Locu o" control. de"ined a the generali:ed e-pectanc/ o" people a&out 'hether the/ can control the environ(ent &/ their o'n action or are in turn controlled &/ e-ternal "orce *Rotter. %3664 !pector. %3;;+ ha con i tentl/ &een linked 'ith CWB, OHBrien and Allen *055;+ have e-plained thi link &/ ugge ting that people internal in their locu o" control are &etter at re training aggre ive tendencie . 'hile Fo- and !pector *%333+ ugge ted that the per onal internal or e-ternal attri&utional t/le a""ect the e-perience o" "ru tration and the corre pondent &ehavioral re pon e , In the current tud/. 'e cho e to "ocu on 'ork locu o" control &ecau e it ha tronger relation hip 'ith 'ork#related criteria *Wang. Bo'ling. 1 A chle(an. 05%5+, 2oving to a""ect<e(otion . &oth po itive and negative a""ectivit/ have &een linked to CWB *8aplan et al,. 05534 !hockle/ et al,. 05%0+, Further(ore. Trait Anger. de"ined a the predi po ition to re pond to ituation 'ith ho tilit/. and to e-perience anger over ti(e and

# %D #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB acro conte-t *!piel&erger. %336+. ha al o &een "ound to &e predictive o" CWB independentl/

o" negative a""ectivit/ *Dougla 1 2artinko. 055%4 9er hcovi et al,. 055D4 Ilie. $enne/. I pa . 1 Ilie cu. 05%0+, Intere t are conceptuall/ di""erent "ro( per onalit/ trait and "ro( a""ect, Intere t are (ore pro-i(al to &ehavior than per onalit/. 'hich ha a (ore di tal in"luence, While VI are non#cognitive and relativel/ ta&le con truct akin to per onalit/. the/ are (ore do(ain peci"ic. i,e, the/ are peci"ic to the 'ork do(ain, The/ are al o directl/ related to a pre"erence to'ard peci"ic 'ork ta k . action . environ(ent . 'hile per onalit/ trait are general and not peci"ic "or an activit/ do(ain, Thi conceptual di""erence i ho'n e(piricall/ &/ the "act that the

hared variance &et'een per onalit/ trait and vocational intere t . 'hile vi i&le. i never large and through the "act that peci"ic area o" intere t * uch a Reali tic intere t + do not hare per onalit/ variance at all *Lar on. Rottinghau . 1 Borgen. 05504 2ount. Barrick. !cullen. 1 Round . 055B+, Intere t are al o di""erent "ro( a""ect. &ecau e the "or(er operate through cognitive and deli&erative channel 'herea the latter operate through a""ective and (ore i(pul ive channel , Al o. the (echani ( through 'hich per onalit/ and a""ect i(pact CWB are di""erent "ro( tho e propo ed &/ u "or intere t , In "act. 'hile the e(pirical relation hip &et'een per onalit/ and CWB i e ta&li hed. authoritative te-t tate that the underl/ing (echani ( till

need "urther elucidation *!pector. 05%%+, Neverthele . it i argued that individual di""erence pla/ an i(portant role "or CWB. &ecau e the/ either have a direct in"luence on CWB or can hape individual attitude to'ard uch &ehavior *Cullen 1 !ackett. 055>+, $er onalit/ can

a""ect the 'a/ individual apprai e their environ(ent. ho' the/ generate e(otional re pon e and al o a""ect their capacit/ to re"rain "ro( aggre ive i(pul e *!pector. 05%%+, 2oreover.

# %; #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB con idering that CWB are volitional and related to individual &ehavioral tendencie . a relevant "ocu in predicting CWB i on per onalit/ varia&le 'hich contri&ute to the avoidance o" uch detri(ental act *9o""(an 1 Dilchert. 05%0+, There"ore. po itive &road or narro' ta&le per onalit/ trait are related to le CWB &ecau e the/ involve a po itive outlook on el" and at 'ork.

other and &ecau e the/ provide individual 'ith re ource in dealing 'ith tre

keeping "ocu ed on 'ork ta k . and (aintaining po itive attitude and e(otion to'ard the( elve and to'ard other at 'ork, A a re ult. per onalit/ i(pact CWB through a rather non# peci"ic. di po itional (echani (, Finall/. "ro( a tati tical point o" vie'. in order to e-plain variance a&ove per onalit/ and a""ect. VI "it hould &e correlated 'ith the criterion. &ut hould not &e correlated 'ith other predictor , 9o'ever. (o t o" the tudie e-a(ining the relation hip &et'een VI and per onalit/ conceptuali:ed VI a t/pe and 'ithout e-a(ining "it<pro"ile coe""icient *"or (eta#anal/ e Lar on et al,. 05504 2ount et al,. 055B+, Onl/ a ver/ li(ited nu(&er o" tudie e-a(ined the relation hip &et'een vocational "it and per onalit/. and 'e could not "ind an/ tudie e-a(ining the relation hip &et'een vocational "it and a""ect, VI (i "it. conceptuali:ed a lack o" congruence &et'een vocational intere t and the 'ork environ(ent. 'a "ound to ho' no igni"icant correlation 'ith an/ o" the FF2 &road do(ain in &oth the tudie identi"ied &/ u *DeFru/t 1 2ervielde. %33D4 Bullock 1 Reardon. 055;+, Ba ed on the theoretical and e(pirical argu(ent pre ented a&ove 'e propo e the "ollo'ing h/pothe i , Hypothesis 2: Vocational fit will show incremental validity over personality and affect for predicting !" "lan of research ee

# %3 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB To te t our h/pothe e 'e conducted t'o (ulti ource tudie , The goal o" !tud/ % 'a to te t the theoretical (odel advanced in 9/pothe i %. linking vocational "it and CWB through "ru tration, In !tud/ 0. acro t'o a(ple . 'e e-a(ined 9/pothe i 0 "ocu ing on uni?ue

variance and relative i(portance o" VI "it 'hen co(pared to per onalit/ and a""ect, Study $ Method "articipants The a(ple con i t o" 006 participant . a(ong the( %%B (ale *B%M+4 the age o" the participant ranged "ro( %; to B@ /ear *# N >5,6. $% N 3,B+, The di tri&ution o" the participant in ter( o" pro"e ion i heterogeneou : 3B di""erent pro"e ion . and none held &/ (ore than D participant in the a(ple4 B6 di""erent 9olland code pre ent in the a(ple, The upervi or a e ing the e participant 'ere %BB (ale *63M+ and their age ranged "ro( 0> to 60 /ear *# N >6,0. $% N 3,5+, "rocedure The tudie 'ere conducted in Ro(ania. 'hich i a Latin nation o" Ro(an heritage. 'ith a population o" around 05 (illion. located in !outh#Aa tern Aurope 'ith &order along the Okraine. 2oldova. Bulgaria. !er&ia. and 9ungar/, All data *&oth !tud/ % and !tud/ 0+ 'a collected in Buchare t. 'hich i a cit/ o" a&out 0 (illion inha&itant and the capital o" Ro(ania, All the in tru(ent u ed 'ere tran lated in Ro(anian and e-ten ivel/ validated in do:en o" a(ple "ollo'ing international guideline "or te t adaptation and validation, The participant 'ere a(pled rando(l/ "ro( a large data&a e o" a (arket re earch in titute, The/ 'ere contacted &/ phone and a ked a "ilter ?ue tion i" the/ 'ere e(plo/ed "ull# ti(e. i" the/ 'ould participate and i" the/ 'ould &e 'illing to provide contact detail o" their upervi or , Around 05M o" tho e contacted have an 'ered po itivel/ to all the three ?ue tion

# 05 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB and 'ere retained in the data&a e, The data ha then &een collected &/ "ive pro"e ional intervie'er . individuall/ "or each participant. in the participant H ho(e, !upervi or/ data 'a al o collected individuall/ "or each participant. at the upervi orE ho(e or 'orkplace, O" the 0B5 participant originall/ retained. "or >@ 'e 'ere not a&le to collect upervi or data, Study $ Measures Vocational !it. We u ed the !el"#Directed !earch *!D!. 9olland. Frit: che. 1 $o'ell. %33@a+ to a e vocational intere t and to co(pute the Congruence inde-. our (ea ure o" VI

"it, The !D! (ea ure the i- per onalit/ t/pe propo ed &/ 9ollandE theor/. na(el/ R *Reali tic+. I *Inve tigative+. A *Arti tic+. ! *!ocial+. A *Anterpri ing+. and C *Conventional+, The !D! ha &een care"ull/ adapted in Ro(ania *$itariu. Ilie cu. 1 Vercellino. 0553+ and the Ro(anian "or( o" the te t ha &een previou l/ u ed in re earch *Ilie cu. I pa . Ilie. 1 Ion. 05%>+, The !D! co(pri e 00; ite( . grouped in @ ection : Activitie *66 ite( +. Co(petencie *66 ite( +. Occupation *;@ ite( + and !el"#a e (ent *%0 ite( +, Ite( "or the "ir t three ection are dichoto(ou ite( . "or 'hich the te t#taker an 'er i" he< he like *N%+ or di like *N5+ a et o" Activitie *e,g,. FLearn trategie "or &u ine ucce G+. i" he< he hold a et o" Co(petencie

*e,g,. FI can u e alge&ra to olve (athe(atical pro&le( G+. and i" he< he "eel attracted &/ a et o" Occupation *e,g,. FAirplane (echanicG+, The !el"#a e (ent ection co(pri e %0 a&ilitie *e,g, C2echanical a&ilit/C+. rated &/ the te t#taker on a D#point Likert#t/pe cale, Relia&ilitie *alpha coe""icient + co(puted "or the R. I. A. !. A. and C cale 'ere ,;;. ,30. ,D0. ,;%. ,;B. and , 3>, For the purpo e o" the current paper. 'e adopted 'hat Ad'ard et al, *0556+ call an Cato(i ticC approach to "it the per on and the environ(ent 'ere (ea ured a eparate entitie ,

Aach participant 'a a ked to na(e hi <her )o&4 the e 'ere recorded a na(ed &/ the participant

# 0% #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB and later RIA!AC coded "or the e 'ere generated u ing =ott"red on and 9olland *%336+, A Congruence Inde- 'a then co(puted &et'een the t'o independent (ea ure , The Congruence Inde- i the nu(erical e-pre ion o" the (ain prediction e(erging "ro( 9ollandH theor/ o" vocational intere t . i,e, that Fvocational ati "action. ta&ilit/. and achieve(ent depend on the congruence &et'een oneE per onalit/ and the environ(ent in 'hich one 'ork G *9olland. %3;B. p, %5+, In the coun eling literature. thi prediction ha &een upheld &/ o(e tudie *!pokane. %3;B+. and di proved &/ other *A ouline 1 2eir. %3;D+, The Congruence Inde- i co(puted &/ co(paring the "ir t letter o" the 9olland code characteri tic "or a per on 'ith the 9olland code o" the environ(ent or pro"e ion, Ba ed on the he-agonal a u(ption o" the 9olland (odel. the Congruence Inde- i @ i" the letter are identical. > i" the letter are ad)acent. 0 o" the/ are not ad)acent. &ut al o not oppo ite. and % o" the letter are oppo ite, 9igher congruence core ho' a higher agree(ent, The Congruence Inde- i our (ea ure o" VI "it, 2an/ alternative 'a/ "or the co(putation o" the Congruence Inde- have &een propo ed, The literature o""er at lea t even di""erent 'a/ o" operationali:ation. uch a the 9e-agonal 2odel Inde-. &a ed on the a u(ption o" 9ollandH he-agonal tructure. the Pener#!chnuelle Inde- *Pener 1 !chnuelle. %3D6+. the Iachan Agree(ent Inde- *Iachan. %3;@a. %3;@&+. the 9CI !'ane/ 1 $rediger Inde- *!'ane/ 1 $rediger. %3;B+. the C Inde- *Bro'n 1 =ore. %33@+ and other , In the current paper 'e have u ed the original co(putation a de cri&ed in 9olland et al, *%33@a+, There are t'o rea on "or thi deci ion, Fir t. re earcher have decried "or o(e ti(e the u age o" a large nu(&er o" co(putational approache to the calculation o" vocational pro"ile coe""icient *Bro'n 1 =ore. %33@4 9oeglund 1 9an en. %333+, At lea t o(e o" the con"licting re ult linking pro"ile congruence 'ith peci"ic individual and organi:ational outco(e (a/

# 00 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB te( "ro( the lack o" con en u regarding the (o t appropriate (ea ure o" congruence *Ca(p 1 Chartrand. %3304 !pokane. %3;B+, The (o t general and univer all/ availa&le o" all uch indice i the one originall/ propo ed &/ 9olland *%33@a. %33@&+, Thi inde- i al o the one 'hich i nor(all/ u ed in practice. a it i part o" the tandard coring o" the VI (ea ure propo ed &/ 9olland *the !el"#Directed !earch+, !econd. co(putational i(plicit/ (a/ &e (ore help"ul in our conte-t, Although o(e author argued that (ore co(putationall/ ophi ticated indice hould e-hi&it higher predictive

validit/ *Tran&erg. !lane. 1 Ake&erg. %33>+. e(pirical inve tigation *9oeglund 1 9an en. %333+ could not "ind evidence upporting thi h/pothe i 'hen u ing )o& ati "action a the criterion, There have &een di cu ion regarding the u age o" one#. t'o#. or three#letter 9olland code in re earch and practice. 'ith (ore#lettered alternative &eing (ore co(putationall/ ophi ticated, While the "ir t letter o" a vocational pro"ile. tanding "or the (o t pro(inent intere t. i generall/ ta&le in ti(e and valid "or "uture career deci ion *OENeil. 2agoon. 1 Trace/. %3D;4 Wiggin 1 We lander. %3DD+. thi (a/ not &e the ca e "or the econd letter or "or the third, 9olland hi( el" *9olland et al,. %33@&. p, 00+ note that Cthe "ir t letter o" the occupational code i (o t i(portant. (o t de criptive. and (o t relia&leC, The a(e applie "or the code a ociated 'ith environ(ent . and 9olland et al, *%33@&. p, 00+ e(pha i:e that Cthe code are appro-i(ate. not preci e Q,,,R. the degree o" di crepanc/ &et'een !D! code and occupational code i rough. not preci eC, O ing ophi ticated co(putation 'hich (ake u e o" all three letter o" a code or even all i- intere t cale in a pro"ile 'ould &uild upon a degree o"

error variance in &oth the individual pro"ile and the environ(ent pro"ile and (a/ &e (ore co(ple- than it reall/ need to &e *=ore 1 Bro'n. 0556+,

# 0> #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB !rustration, Fru tration 'a (ea ured 'ith 6 ite( 'ritten &/ u , We developed thi (ea ure &ecau e 'e "elt that e-i ting (ea ure o" "ru tration did not cover 'ell enough the do(ain e-pected &/ u . na(el/ "ru tration rather 'ith the 'ork it el" *a re ult o" a lack o" vocational "it+. and not o (uch 'ith peci"ic characteri tic . uch a upervi ion. or alar/.

'hich are u uall/ "eatured in cale (ea uring "ru tration, A a re ult. the ite( do not "ocu on "ru tration 'ith variou tre or . uch a di""erent peci"ic )o& de(and . &ut on the t/pe o"

"ru tration theoreti:ed a &eing an e""ect o" vocational (i "it in our propo ed (odel: the u&)ective e-perience o" not &eing a&le to attain per onal and pro"e ional o&)ective at 'ork &ecau e o" perceived o& tacle . the "eeling that "ru tration i continuou l/ e(&edded in the 'ork o (uch that the 'ork it el" &eco(e "ru trating, The i- ite( are CAt (/ )o& I "eel "ru trated &ecau e I cannot "ul"ill (/ pro"e ional o&)ective C. CI a( "ru trated that I cannot get (/ )o& done. &ecau e o" variou o& tacle I (eetC. CI a( "ru trated &ecau e at 'ork I (eet o& tacle an/'here I turnC. CFru tration i an integral part o" (/ )o&C. C2/ "ru tration at 'ork i generated &/ 'hat I do or cannot doC. CThe ver/ 'ork I have to do i in "act "ru trating "or (eC, The ite( 'ere rated on a B#point Likert#t/pe cale *% N Cnot at all trueC. B N Cco(pletel/ trueC+, Internal con i tenc/ 'a ,;@, Counterproducti e Wor% Beha iors. CWB 'ere a e ed 'ith the Counterproductive Work Behavior Checkli t *CWB#C. !pector et al,. 0556+, The CWB#C i a >0#ite( (ea ure o" deviance. 'hich can a e one general CWB inde- and "ive u& cale *a&u e. production

deviance. a&otage. the"t. and 'ithdra'al+4 onl/ the general inde- 'a co(puted in our re earch, A-a(ple ite( are F$urpo el/ 'a ted (/ e(plo/erE (aterial < upplie G or F05, Bla(ed o(eone at 'ork "or an error I (adeG, Ite( 'ere a e ed on a B#point "re?uenc/ cale *%N never. B N dail/+, The relia&ilitie "or el"#rating and "or upervi or#rating 'ere ,D0 and ,;%,

# 0@ #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Study $ Results Ta&le % ho' the de criptive tati tic and correlation &et'een the varia&le in !tud/ %, Correlational anal/ e vocational "it correlate upport the link &et'een the co(ponent o" our (odel, For e-a(ple. igni"icantl/ 'ith "ru tration *r N #,%3. p S ,5%+ and 'ith CWB 'hen

(ea ured &/ el"#rating *r N #,%B. p S ,5B+. although not 'hen (ea ured &/ upervi or#rating *r N ,55. ns.+, Fru tration al o correlate igni"icantl/ 'ith el"#rated CWB *r N ,0D. p S ,55%+. &ut

not 'ith upervi or#rated CWB *r N ,5>. ns.+, The relation hip &et'een vocational "it and CWB. theori:ed in 9/pothe i %. i upported &/ the data. 'hen CWB i (ea ured through el"#rating .

&ut not 'hen CWB i (ea ured through upervi or#rating , In order to o""er a ro&u t te t o" the (ediation (odel propo ed in 9/pothe i %. 'e ran t'o (ediation anal/ e . one 'ith each o" the t'o di""erent (ea ure o" the criterion collected * el"# and upervi or#rating+, We have co(puted &oth the !o&el te t and the &oot trap con"idence interval . 'hich are o"ten pre"erred over the !o&el te t *9a/e . 0553+, The !o&el te t 'a co(puted &a ed on the !$!! /nta- o""ered in $reacher 1 9a/e *055@+. and the &oot trap interval 'ere &a ed on 9a/e 1 $reacher *in pre +, The re ult o" the e (ediation anal/ e are pre ented in Ta&le 0, Onl/ one o" the t'o anal/ e o""er a ro&u t upport o" the 9%: 'hen the criterion *CWB+ i (ea ured through el"#rating . the indirect (ediation e""ect i ho'n a

igni"icant &oth &/ the !o&el te t *r N #,%>. p S ,5B+ and &/ the &oot trap con"idence interval, When CWB are (ea ured through upervi or#rating . the indirect e""ect i not igni"icant, We conclude. under the e circu( tance . that the data o""er partial upport "or 9%, Study $ Discussion In !tud/ % 'e te ted a (odel linking VI (i "it 'ith CWB 'ith "ru tration a an e-planator/ (echani (, VI (i "it 'a related to CWB 'hen u ing el"#rating . &ut not 'hen

# 0B #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB u ing upervi or rating , We onl/ "ound upport "or the propo ed (odel 'hen u ing el"#report rating o" CWB &ut not 'hen u ing upervi or#rating , 9aving e ta&li hed a link &et'een VI (i "it and CWB 'e turn our attention to !tud/ 0 'here 'e te t 9/pothe i 0. concerned 'ith the incre(ental contri&ution o" VI (i "it over and a&ove per onalit/ and a""ect, Study & Method "articipants $ample 1. The a(ple con i ted o" %;3 participant . a(ong the( ;> (ale *@@M+4 the age o" the participant ranged "ro( %; to B0 /ear *# N >B,5. $% N D,0+, The di tri&ution o" pro"e ion held &/ participant varied 'idel/: onl/ one pro"e ion *accountant+ 'a held &/ 3 participant . 'hile all other pro"e ion pre ent in the a(ple 'ere held &/ "our or "e'er participant , A total o" 3; pro"e ion . 'ith 3D di""erent 9olland code . are contained in the data collection. ranging "ro( carpenter to econo(ic anal/ t , For a part o" thi a(ple *D6

participant + 'e 'ere al o a&le to collect upervi or#rating o" CWB, !upervi or have age &et'een 0D and @; /ear *# N >;,5. $% N @,3+ and @0 are (ale, $ample 2. The econd a(ple con i ted o" 0@B d/ad *e(plo/ee and their direct upervi or +, The e(plo/ee 'ere %>% (ale *B>M+ and their age ranged "ro( %; to B@ /ear *# N >5,6. $% N %5,5+, The upervi or 'ere %;5 (ale *D>M+ and their age ranged "ro( 0@ to 6B /ear *# N >D,@. $% N ;,B+, The a(ple i heterogeneou in ter( o" 9olland code . containing @3 di""erent code , "rocedure $ample 1. The data 'ere collected &/ "our pro"e ional intervie'er . individuall/ "or each participant. in the participant H ho(e, All participant 'ere e(plo/ed "ull#ti(e and 'ere

# 06 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB a(pled through a non#pro&a&ilit/ route procedure. 'ith ever/ %5th hou ehold on the route &eing vi ited &/ an intervie'er, While the route co(po ition principle 'a the a(e *turn le"t at ever/ even cro ing. turn right at ever/ odd one+ point o" route entr/ 'ere di""erent "or each o" the "our intervie'er and 'ere elected rando(l/. "ro( the a(e large cit/, We u ed thi a(pling (ethod in an e""ort to elect a heterogeneou a(ple, The intervie'er introduced

the( elve and e-plained that the/ 'ere collecting data "or a re earch tud/, $articipation 'a voluntar/ and the urve/ 'ere "illed out on the pot or picked up &/ the intervie'er the "ollo'ing da/ in ealed envelope , For the participant 'ho cho e to an 'er on the pot. the ad(ini tration la ted on average BB (inute , A u& et o" the participant provided contact in"or(ation "or their direct upervi or, The upervi or 'a contacted and he< he co(pleted the o& erver#rating "or( o" Bennett and Ro&in onE *0555+ ?ue tionnaire on average "our 'eek a"ter the e(plo/ee report , The upervi or (ailed the co(pleted urve/ directl/ to u , O" the %;3 participant . onl/ %50 'ere 'illing to indicate the na(e and contact detail o" their upervi or . and o" the e upervi or . onl/ D3 "or( 'ere returned. > o" the( 'ith too (uch (i ing data a to &e u ed in the re earch, There are no di""erence in criteria &et'een the group o" participant 'ho provided and the one 'ho did not provide upervi or contact . &ut there are o(e group di""erence in predictor , The group o" participant 'ho provided upervi or contact cored higher on Inve tigative intere t *tQ%;DR N 0,5;. p S ,5B. d N 5,>5+. to A-perience *tQ%;DR N 0,%B. p

Anterpri ing intere t *tQ%;DR N 0,03. p S ,5B. d N 5,>>+. Openne S ,5B. d N 5,>%+. Con cientiou ne

*tQ%;DR N 0,>5. p S ,5B. d N 5,>@+. !el"#control *tQ%;DR N >,5B.

p S ,5%. d N 5,@@+. and cored lo'er on $ /chopath/ *tQ%;DR N #0,@3. p S ,5B. d N 5,>6+, $ample 2. The participant "or thi a(ple 'ere e(plo/ee "ro( "ive di""erent

organi:ation . active in the area o" (arketing. co((unication. pu&lic ad(ini tration.

# 0D #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB production o" good and in"or(ation technolog/, Data 'a collected in the 'orkplace "or &oth el"#rating and upervi or#rating , A rando( a(ple o" e(plo/ee "ro( each organi:ation 'a invited to participate 'ith the goal o" electing a heterogeneou a(ple in ter( o" occupation ,

The e(plo/ee 'ere a ked to 'rite do'n the na(e o" their upervi or 'ho 'ere then al o invited to participate, $articipation 'a voluntar/ and &oth the e(plo/ee and the upervi or 'ere a ured that the data 'ould &e con"idential and 'ould onl/ &e u ed "or re earch purpo e , Kue tionnaire "or a total o" @%@ pair o" participant 'ere di tri&uted. and co(plete data *&oth upervi or and e(plo/ee report + 'ere o&tained "ro( 0@6 d/ad . 'hich (ake "or a B3M re pon e rate, Both the e(plo/ee and the upervi or returned the urve/ in ealed envelope collected in ealed &o-e , !o(e di""erence &et'een the "ive organi:ation in ter( o" the varia&le (ea ured are vi i&le: the co(pan/ active in the production o" good ha a higher rate o" Reali tic intere t *&Q@.0@5R N >0,0B. p S ,55%+ than an/ o" the other co(panie . and the co(pan/ active in co((unication and adverti ing ha a higher rate o" Arti tic intere t *&Q@.0@5R N >,@6. p S ,5%+. and al o a higher rate o" Congruence *&Q@.0@5R N %0,33. p S ,55%+ than an/ o" the other co(panie , In vie' o" the "act that 'e have (ea ured over 05 varia&le . and onl/ > o" the( ho' li(ited di""erence &et'een one co(pan/ and another. 'e co(&ined the data in a ingle a(ple, Study & Measures Vocational !it. In &oth a(ple 'e u ed the !el"#Directed !earch *!D!. 9olland et al,. %33@a+ to a e vocational intere t , The !D! ha &een de cri&ed in !tud/ %, Relia&ilitie

co(puted "or the i- cale 'ere ,35 "or R. ,;D "or I. ,;; "or A. ,;D "or !. ,35 "or A. and ,;3 "or C

# 0; #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB "or !a(ple % and ,3> "or R. ,;@ "or I. ,;> "or A. ,DD "or !. ,;> "or A. and ,;6 "or C "or !a(ple 0, A in !tud/ %. the Congruence inde- o" the !D! 'a u ed a a (ea ure o" vocational "it, "ersonality ' Bi# !i e, In &oth a(ple 'e u ed the NAO Five#Factor Inventor/ *NAO# FFI4 Co ta 1 2cCrae. %330+. the hort ver ion o" the NAO $er onalit/ Inventor/. Revi ed *NAO $I#R+, The NAO $I#R i con idered the (o t pro(inent ?ue tionnaire attached to the Five#Factor 2odel *FF2+ o" per onalit/ *9o" tee. 055>+, The NAO#FFI ha 65 ite( (ea ured &/ a B#point cale *%N trongl/ di agree. B N trongl/ agree+: %0 ite( "or each o" the "ive &road per onalit/ do(ain , Relia&ilitie co(puted "or the pre ent tud/ "or the do(ain cale 'ere ,;D "or N. ,D; "or A. ,D3 "or O. ,D; "or A. and ,D6 "or C "or !a(ple % and ,DD "or N. ,;5 "or A. ,D3 "or O. ,6; "or A. and ,30 "or C "or !a(ple 0, Core Self' aluations. In &oth a(ple . core el"#evaluation 'ere (ea ured 'ith the 7udge. Are:. Bono. and Thore on *055>+ Core !el"#Avaluation !cale *C!A!+, The C!A! contain %0 ite( *!a(ple % T N ,;;. !a(ple 0 T N ,;5+. a e ed on a B#point cale *%N trongl/ di agree. B N trongl/ agree+, Dar% Triad. The dark triad o" (achiavelli (. narci i ( and p /chopath/ 'ere a e ed in the "ir t a(ple u ing the $aulhu and 7one *05%%+ (ea ure , The ?ue tionnaire ha 0; ite( . %5 "or 2achiavelli ( *e,g,. FItH not 'i e to tell /our ecret G+. and 3 "or Narci i ( *e,g,. FI have &een co(pared to "a(ou peopleG+ and 3 "or $ /chopath/ *e,g,. F$a/&ack need to &e ?uick and na t/G+, Ite( are rated &a ed on a B#point cale *%N trongl/ di agree. B N trongl/ agree+, Relia&ilitie "or the three cale in !a(ple % are ,6> "or 2achiavelli (. ,@3 "or Narci i (. and , D3 "or $ /chopath/, In !a(ple 0. 'e u ed longer (ea ure o" the dark triad, 2achiavelli ( 'a a e ed 'ith the 05#ite( 2AC9#IV *Chri tie 1 =ei . %3D5+, Ite( are rated on a B#point cale *%N trongl/

# 03 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB di agree. B N trongl/ agree+, Coe""icient alpha 'a ,;%, Narci i ( 'a a e ed 'ith the @5 ite( "orced#choice Narci i tic $er onalit/ Inventor/ *N$I. Ra kin 1 9all. %3;%+, Coe""icient alpha 'a ,D5, $ /chopath/ 'a a e ed 'ith the 6@ ite( !el"#Report $ /chopath/ !R$#III *$aulhu . Neu(ann. 1 9are. in pre +, Coe""icient alpha 'a ,30, Self'control. !el"#control 'a (ea ured 'ith the &rie" ver ion o" the !el"#Control !cale *!C!+ o" Tangne/. Bau(ei ter and Boone *055@+, The &rie" !C! contain %> o" the original >6 !C! ite( *e,g,. FI a( good at re i ting te(ptationG+. rated on a B#point cale *%N ver/ at/pical "or (e. B N ver/ t/pical "or (e+, Internal con i tenc/ 'a ,;> "or !a(ple % and ,;% "or !a(ple 0, Wor% (ocus of Control. For the a e (ent o" 'ork locu o" control. 'e u ed the Work Locu o" Control !cale *WLC!. !pector. %3;;+, The WLC! con i t o" %6 ite( *!a(ple % T N , D54 !a(ple 0 T N ,;B+. a e ed on a i-#point cale *%N trongl/ di agree. 6 N trongl/ agree+, Trait An#er. Trait anger ha &een a e ed &/ (ean o" the Trait ection o" the !tate# Trait Anger A-pre ion Inventor/ *!TAUI#0. !piel&erger. %336+, The Trait ection o" the !TAUI#0 contain %5 ite( a e ed on a "our#point cale *%N al(o t never. @ N al(o t al'a/ +, Relia&ilit/ in !a(ple % and 0 'a ,;; and ,;B, "ositi e and )e#ati e Affecti ity. !el"#rated a""ect 'a (ea ured 'ith the 05#ite( ver ion o" the $o itive and Negative A""ect !chedule *$ANA!#U. Wat on 1 Clark. %3;@+, The 05#ite( ver ion o" the $ANA!#U co(pri e %5 ite( "or each o" the t'o general di(en ion cale o" Negative A""ect and $o itive A""ect, Ite( are ad)ective . picturing a""ective tate *e,g,. Ca"raidC "or negative a""ect and Centhu ia ticC "or po itive a""ect+. a e ed on a B#point cale *%N ver/ lightl/ or not at all. B N e-tre(el/+ and el"#rating 'ere collected in the current tud/ 'ith in truction to "ocu on the pa t t'o 'eek , Relia&ilitie "or the po itive and the negative a""ect cale 'ere ,D6 and ,;B in !a(ple % and ,D3 and ,;6 in !a(ple 0,

# >5 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Counterproducti e Wor% Beha iors. In &oth a(ple . CWB 'ere a e ed 'ith the Bennett 1 Ro&in on *0555+ cale, The Workplace Deviance !cale *WD!+ con i t o" %3 ite( . D "ocu ing on Interper onal deviance *CWB#I. e,g,. CI have (ade "un o" o(eone at 'orkC+ and %0 "ocu ing on Organi:ational deviance *CWB#O. e,g,. CI have taken propert/ "ro( 'ork 'ithout per(i ionC+, The ite( are a e ed on a B#point cale *%N never. B N dail/+, We onl/ u ed the overall CWB core in our tud/, Relia&ilitie in !a(ple % 'ere el"#rating 'ere T N ,;B "or el"# rating and T N ,;; "or upervi or#rating , Relia&ilitie "or !a(ple 0 'ere co(puted a T N ,3> "or el"# and T N ,;B "or upervi or#rating . re pectivel/, Study & Results Descripti e Statistics Ta&le > report de criptive tati tic "or the varia&le included in &oth a(ple , The intercorrelation a(ong the tud/ varia&le are pre ented in Ta&le @ "or !a(ple % and in Ta&le B "or !a(ple 0, 9/pothe i 0 predict that intere t have uni?ue e""ect over CWB relative to per onalit/ and a""ect, We a e uni?uene via t'o 'a/ : incre(ental prediction and relative 'eight ,

Be"ore a e ing uni?uene vocational "it "or CWB, Vocational !it and CWB

per e. 'e have al o at "ir t e ta&li hed the criterion validit/ o"

We co(puted :ero#order correlation &et'een the vocational "it inde- and CWB in &oth a(ple , For el"#rating o" CWB. the re ult ho' that in &oth a(ple CWB i negativel/ and

igni"icantl/ correlated 'ith &oth the vocational "it inde- *r N #,>B. p S ,55% "or !a(ple % and r N #,0%. p S ,55% "or !a(ple 0+, For upervi or rating o" CWB. a i(ilar pattern e(erged, CWB i a ociated 'ith the Congruence inde- 'ith an r N #,@5. p S ,55% "or !a(ple % and r N #,0@. p S ,

# >% #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB 55% "or !a(ple 0+, There"ore. o" the direct link &et'een vocational "it and CWB i &oth el" and upervi or rating o" CWB, Incremental alidity of ocational fit o er other predictors of CWB Incre(ental prediction 'a te ted &/ conducting hierarchical regre ion "or &oth el" and upervi or rated CWB acro &oth a(ple , In !tep % 'e entered age and gender. &road and upported "or

narro' per onalit/. and a""ect, In !tep 0 'e entered the vocational "it inde-, The re ult "or &oth a(ple are pre ented in Ta&le 6, For el"#rating o" CWB. de(ographic and per onalit/ predictor o" CWB cover '0 N , >3. p S ,55% in !a(ple % and '0 N ,05. p S ,55% in !a(ple 0, The vocational pro"ile coe""icient e-plain additional variance in &oth a(ple : V'0 N ,56. p S ,55% "or !a(ple % and V'0 N ,5B. p S ,5% "or !a(ple 0, !i(ilar re ult 'ere o&tained "or upervi or#rating o" CWB, De(ographic and per onalit/ varia&le had a '0 N ,>@. p S ,55% in !a(ple % and '0 N ,>0. p S ,55% in !a(ple 0, The vocational pro"ile coe""icient e-plain additional variance in &oth a(ple : V'0 N ,%5. p S , 55% "or !a(ple % and V'0 N ,5@. p S ,5% in !a(ple 0, Relati e importance of ocational fit for predictin# CWB LeBreton. 9argi . =riepentrog. O 'ald and $lo/hart *055D+ propo ed that. in addition to te ting "or incre(ental validit/ in prediction. it i al o i(portant to e ti(ate the relative i(portance o" predictor varia&le through a relative 'eight anal/ i %, B/ u ing relative 'eight anal/ i 'e can e-a(ine each predictorE relative i(portance. or the Fproportionate contri&ution each predictor (ake to '0. con idering &oth it direct e""ect *i,e,. it correlation 'ith the criterion+ and it e""ect 'hen co(&ined 'ith the other varia&le in the regre ion e?uationG *7ohn on 1 LeBreton. 055@. p, 0@5+, LeBreton et al, *055D+ ho'ed that even (all incre(ent in validit/ can re"lect i:ea&le contri&ution to overall prediction,
1

We thank an anon/(ou revie'er "or ugge ting thi anal/ i , # >0 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB To e-a(ine the relative 'eight o" the predictor . a a percentage o" '0. 'e conducted a relative 'eight anal/ i &a ed on the (ethod propo ed &/ 7ohn on *0555+, The re ult o" the anal/ i are pre ented in Ta&le D, Vocational "it e(erge con i tentl/ a a(ong the &e t predictor o" CWB, For e-a(ple. in !a(ple % vocational "it i the econd tronge t predictor *%%,BM+ a"ter p /chopath/ *05,6M+ 'hen CWB i *3,%M+ a"ter agreea&lene CWB i el"#rated and i the "ourth tronge t predictor

*%5,5M+. core el"#evaluation *3,BM+ and narci i ( *3,0M+ 'hen

upervi or#rated, In !a(ple 0. vocational "it i the econd tronge t predictor *%0,DM+ el"#rated and the econd tronge t predictor *3,0M+ upervi or#rated,

a"ter p /chopath/ *%3,>M+ 'hen CWB i a"ter agreea&lene *%5,5M+ 'hen CWB i

An average percentage acro

all the anal/ e pre ented in Ta&le D &ring $ /chopath/

on the "ir t place *%>,3M+. vocational "it on the econd place *%5,6M+. "ollo'ed onl/ a"ter &/ other e ta&li hed predictor con cientiou ne uch a e-traver ion *D,0M+. core el"#evaluation *6,0+.

*B,3M+ or narci i ( *B,3M+, A peciall/ note'orth/ i al o the "act that the i-

vocational intere t . even added. do not cover the predictive po'er o" vocational "it4 "or e-a(ple "or el"#rated CWB in !a(ple % vocational intere t cover %%,BM. 'hile the i- vocational intere t cover together onl/ 3,DM, A a conclu ion. vocational "it ha incre(ental validit/ over per onalit/ and a""ect. "or predicting CWB, Vocational "it not onl/ ha incre(ental validit/. &ut al o e(erge a one o" the (o t i(portant predictor o" CWB in ter( o" relative 'eight, There"ore. 9/pothe i 0 'a upported, *eneral Discussion Summary of !indin#s

# >> #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB In the current tud/ 'e propo ed and te ted a (odel e-plaining ho' vocational intere t can in"luence counterproductive 'ork &ehavior , We propo ed a theor/#driven (odel &a ed on a el"#regulator/ "ra(e'ork. e-plaining ho' a lack o" vocational "it lead to "ru tration and then to CWB, We te ted and "ound upport "or the (odel 'hen el"#report rating o" CWB 'ere u ed, We "urther advanced vocational "it a an i(portant predictor o" CWB. one 'hich i conceptuall/ di""erent and "unction through di""erent (echani ( than other alread/ e ta&li hed individual di""erence predictor , We te ted thi h/pothe i o" incre(ental validit/ acro t'o (ulti# ource

a(ple and through t'o di""erent route . hierarchical regre ion and relative predictor 'eight . and "ound co(pelling evidence "or the incre(ental validit/ o" vocational intere t "it. over &road and narro' per onalit/ trait and a""ect or predicting CWB, Vocational Interests: Interest Scores or Coefficients+ Our "inding upple(ent the Van Iddekinge et al, *05%%a+ tud/ in (aking a ca e "or the

u e o" vocational intere t in per onnel election, 9o'ever. our take on vocational intere t i di""erent "ro( their approach. a 'e "ocu on the congruence inde- a a (ea ure o" vocational "it, Van Iddekinge et al, *05%%a+ u ed vocational intere t core *e,g, RIA!AC+ and argued again t the u age o" vocational pro"ile coe""icient . and e peciall/ o" the congruence inde-. a potentiall/ (a king (eaning"ul relation hip &et'een vocational intere t di(en ion and criterion varia&le , Thi i the traditional approach to vocational intere t &ecau e. a 'e have al o pointed out. vocational intere t core have &een pre"erred in re earch over pro"ile

coe""icient , The latter have &een con idered de"icient in the pa t &a ed on (ethodological concern , 9o'ever. recent tudie *e,g, N/e. !u. Round . 1 Dra go'. 05%>+ have "ound that pro"ile coe""icient are actuall/ (ore predictive than the actual vocational intere t core , We argue that thi higher validit/ o" pro"ile coe""icient i due to the "act that vocational intere t

# >@ #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB core are not generali:a&le in their validit/, Vocational intere t core are valid onl/ "or peci"ic 'ork environ(ent : the validit/ o" a Reali tic pre"erence "or 'orking in a Reali tic environ(ent i clear, 9o'ever. the validit/ o" a Reali tic pre"erence drop to'ard :ero 'hen con idered in a heterogeneou a(ple, $ro"ile coe""icient . on the other hand. capture individual di""erence

'hich are generali:a&le &e/ond the e""ect o" a peci"ic environ(ent, We have ho'n that the congruence inde- i a good (ea ure o" vocational per on# organi:ation "it. 'ith an e-cellent validit/ in a heterogeneou re earch into thi a(ple, We encourage "urther

peci"ic inde- in particular. and "urther re earch into pro"ile coe""icient in

general, !uch re earch 'ould hed light into the con truct underl/ing other coe""icient . uch a the Di""erentiation and the Con i tenc/ indice . 'hich (a/ al o capture uni?ue variance "ro( the vocational real(, Vocational Interests: What is the Mechanism+ An i(portant contri&ution o" the pre ent tud/ i the propo al o" a theor/#driven (echani ( 'hich e-plain ho' vocational intere t are linked to the per"or(ance do(ain, !el"# regulation theor/ o""er uch an overarching "ra(e'ork. 'hich "it 'ell into the logic o" per on#

organi:ation "it, Theorie o" vocational intere t at 'ork are "unda(entall/ theorie o" per on# organi:ation "it. &ut the e theorie have never &een too peci"ic in predicting actual e(otion or &ehavior # the/ rather "ocu on large outco(e . uch a )o& and li"e ati "action *9olland. %330+ or e(plo/(ent continuance *!chneider. %3;D+, !el"#regulation theor/ allo' an e-planation o" ho' 'ork &ehavior are "or(ed under the in"luence o" tandard *'hich are internal repre entation o" de ired tate +. input "ro( the environ(ent. co(parative rea oning and goal# etting,

# >B #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB We argue that in the ca e o" uch ta&le con truct a vocational intere t . the route to tandard (odi"ication # that i the change or develop(ent o" internal repre entation o" 'hat i de ira&le and a pirational # i clo ed. and that onl/ the route to e-ternal action i po i&le, !uch goal# etting lead to &ehavior, Depending on per onal capa&ilitie and on the environ(ent * peci"icall/. on the e-i tence o" a di tur&ance "actor+. thi can lead to ucce "ul &ehavior . or to "ru tration, When di tur&ance i high. goal#oriented &ehavior cannot lead to the de ired outco(e. and "ru tration "ollo' , Fru tration then lead to counterproductive 'ork &ehavior , In conclu ion. 'e encourage (ore integration o" el"#regulation a a paradig( in the tud/ o" vocational intere t , Stren#ths, (imitations and Directions for !uture Research !everal trength o" the current tud/ hould &e outlined, Fir t. thi tud/ contri&ute to

the li(ited literature linking vocational intere t to )o& per"or(ance and "ocu e on CWB. thu inve tigating an outco(e o" vocational intere t previou l/ ignored &/ the literature, The li(ited re earch done until no' on vocational intere t and )o& per"or(ance 'a "ocu ed al(o t e-clu ivel/ on ta k per"or(ance, Future re earch hould al o inve tigate the relation hip &et'een vocational intere t and the conte-tual per"or(ance do(ain, !econd. 'e 'ent &e/ond e(pirical "inding and propo ed a theor/#driven (odel 'hich e-plain the (echani ( leading "ro( vocational intere t to vocational "it. to "ru tration and "inall/ to CWB, Third. the current tud/ "ocu e on a vocational pro"ile coe""icient. the congruence inde-. 'hich 'e propo e a a (ea ure o" vocational "it, $ro"ile coe""icient have the potential to &e a generali:a&le predictor. overco(ing one o" the (a)or deterrent in the applied tud/ o" vocational intere t . na(el/ their conte-t#li(ited and ungenerali:a&le predictive po'er, Fourth. the data included in thi collected "ro( heterogeneou tud/ 'a

a(ple . thu increa ing the generali:a&ilit/ o" our "inding , Van

# >6 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Iddekinge et al, *05%%a+ u ed a (ilitar/ a(ple in their tud/. and a the/ note *p, 0;+. there are i(portant di""erence &et'een the (ilitar/ and civil conte-t, Thi tud/ al o ha everal li(itation 'hich hould &e (entioned, Fir t. the participant etting, =iven our

'ere )o& incu(&ent and not actual )o& applicant a e ed in a high# take

intere t in u ing a ver/ diver e a(ple in ter( o" )o& code . it 'a not "ea i&le to u e )o& applicant , Long ta"" *%3@;+ "ound that vocational intere t 'ere ea il/ "aked &/ re pondent &ut "urther re earch i needed to e-a(ine the e-tent o" "aking and it i(pact on criterion validit/, 9o'ever. "aka&ilit/ doe nEt nece aril/ (ean an i(pact on criterion#related validit/, In the literature on the u e o" per onalit/ (ea ure in election. there are (i-ed "inding 'ith o(e tudie *e,g,. 9ough. %33;+ "inding reduced validit/ coe""icient in applicant a(ple . 'hile other tudie *e,g,. Weekle/. $lo/hart. 1 9arold. 055@+ "inding no di""erence &et'een applicant and incu(&ent a(ple , !econd. 'e u ed a cro # ectional de ign. 'ith &oth the predictor and criteria a e ed at the a(e point in ti(e "or the el"#rating , Aven though upervi or rating 'ere collected appro-i(atel/ "our 'eek a"ter the el"#evaluation in !tud/ 0. !a(ple %. there i a clear need "or long ter( predictive de ign , 9o'ever. 'e propo e a cau al (echani ( 'hich ha &een te ted 'ith cro # ectional data and 'e "eel that there i need "or the propo ed (echani ( to &e con"ir(ed in tronger re earch de ign , Third. 'e have onl/ u ed the i(ple t co(putation "or the pro"ile indice , $ro"ile indice are ver/ (uch dependent on the &a ic a u(ption o" 9ollandE tructure o" intere t , Thi ideal (odel i rarel/. i" ever. con"ir(ed in

the literature. and (ore ophi ticated indice (a/ actuall/ capitali:e error in the real tructure o" vocational intere t , Forth. there i no (ethod &/ 'hich to e ta&li h the relia&ilit/ o" vocational pro"ile coe""icient , Internal con i tenc/ o" the i- RIA!AC cale doe not nece aril/ tran late in internal con i tenc/ "or pro"ile coe""icient , Future re earch hould "ocu

# >D #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB on the degree to 'hich the e coe""icient are relia&le. and on (ethod to e ta&li h their relia&ilit/, Fi"th. 'e onl/ u ed one vocational intere t in tru(ent. the !D!, Future re earch hould inve tigate i" the "inding o" the current tud/ generali:e to other vocational intere t inventorie ,

# >; #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Re"erence Acker(an. $, L, *%336+, A theor/ o" adult intellectual develop(ent: $roce . per onalit/. intere t . and kno'ledge, (ntelligence, 22. 00D#0BD, A ouline. 2,. 1 2eir. A, I, *%3;D+, 2eta#anal/ i o" the relation hip &et'een congruence and 'ell#&eing (ea ure , !pecial i ue: Conceptual and (ethodological i ue in per on environ(ent "it re earch, )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, *1, >%3#>>0, Barrick. 2, R,. 2itchell. T, R,. 1 !te'art. =, L, *055>+, !ituational and (otivational in"luence on trait#&ehavior relation hip, 2, R, Barrick 1 A,2, R/an *Ad ,+. +ersonality and work: 'econsidering the role of personality in organi,ations. 65#;0. !an Franci co: 7o e/# Ba , Bandura. A, *055%+, !ocial cognitive theor/: An agentic per pective, -nnual 'eview of +sychology, .2. %#06, Barrick. 2, R,. 1 2ount. 2, 8, *%33%+, The &ig "ive per onalit/ di(en ion and )o& per"or(ance: A (eta#anal/ i , +ersonnel +sychology, //. %#06, Barrick. 2, R,. 2ount. 2, 8,. 1 =upta. R, *055>+, 2eta#anal/ i o" the relation hip &et'een the "ive#"actor (odel o" per onalit/ and 9ollandE occupational t/pe , +ersonnel +sychology, .0. @B#D@, Bennett. R,7,. 1 Ro&in on. !,L, *0555+, Develop(ent o" a (ea ure o" 'orkplace deviance, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 1., >@3#>65, Berko'it:. L, *%3;3+, Fru tration#aggre ion h/pothe i : A-a(ination and re"or(ulation, +sychological "ulletin, 120. B3#D>,

# >3 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Berr/. C, 2,. One . D, !,. 1 !ackett. $, R, *055D+, Interper onal deviance. organi:ational deviance. and their co((on correlate : A revie' and (eta#anal/ i , )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 32. @53#@0>, Bro'n. !, D,. 1 =ore. $, A, *%33@+, An evaluation o" intere t congruence indice : Di tri&ution characteri tic and (ea ure(ent propertie , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, /.. >%5# >0D, Bullock. A,. 1 Reardon. R, *055;+, Intere t pro"ile elevation. Big Five per onalit/ trait . and econdar/ con truct on the !el"#Directed !earch: A replication and e-ten ion, 7ournal o" Career A e (ent. %6. >06#>>;, Ca(p. C, C,. 1 Chartrand. 7, 2, *%330+, A co(pari on and evaluation o" intere t congruence indice , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, /1. %60#%;0, Ca(p&ell. 7, $,. 2cClo/. R, A,. Oppler. !, 9,. 1 !ager. C, A, *%33>+, A theor/ o" per"or(ance, In N, !ch(itt 1 W, C, Bor(an *Ad ,+. $er onnel election in organi:ation *pp, >BID5+, !an Franci co. CA: 7o e/#Ba , Carver. C, !,. 1 !cheier. 2, F, *%33;+, 4n the self5regulation of behavior, Ca(&ridge. O8: Ca(&ridge Oniver it/ $re , Chang. C,#9,. Ferri . D, L,. 7ohn on. R, A,. Ro en. C, C,. 1 Tan. 7, A, *05%0+, Core el"# evaluation : A revie' and evaluation o" the literature, )ournal of #anagement, *1, ;%# %0;, Chen. $, J,. 1 !pector. $, A, *%330+, Relation hip o" 'ork tre or 'ith aggre ion.

'ithdra'al. the"t and u& tance u e: An e-plorator/ tud/, )ournal of 4ccupational and 4rgani,ational +sychology, 0.. %DDI%;@ Chri tie. R,. 1 =ei . F, L, *%3D5+, $tudies in #achiavellianism, Ne' Jork: Acade(ic $re ,

# @5 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Co ta. $, T,. 1 2cCrae. R, R, *%330+, 'evised 674 +ersonality (nventory 86745+(5'9 and 674 &ive5&actor (nventory 86745&&(9: +rofessional manual. Ode a. FL: $ /chological A e (ent Re ource , Cullen. 2, 7,. 1 !ackett. $, R, *055>+, $er onalit/ and counterproductive 'orkplace &ehavior, In 2, R, Barrick 1 A, 2, R/an *Ad ,+. +ersonality and work. 'econsidering the role of personality in organi,ations *pp, %B5#%;>+. !an Franci co: 7ohn Wile/ 1 !on , DeFru/t. F,. 1 2ervielde. I, *%33D+, The "ive#"actor (odel o" per onalit/ and 9ollandH RIA!AC intere t t/pe , +ersonality and (ndividual %ifferences, 2*. ;D#%5>, Dik. B, 7,. 1 9an en. 7, C, *055;+, Follo'ing $a ionate Intere t to Well#Being, )ournal of areer -ssessment, 10. ;6#%55, Dilchert. !,. One . D, !,. Davi . R, D,. 1 Ro to'. C, D, *055D+, Cognitive a&ilit/ predict o&)ectivel/ (ea ured counterproductive 'ork &ehavior , )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 32. 6%6#60D, Dollard. 7,. Doo&. L, W,. 2iller. N, A,. 2o'rer. O, 9,. 1 !ear . R, R, *%3>3+, &rustration and aggression, Ne' 9aven: Jale Oniver it/ Freer, Dougla . !, C,. 1 2artinko. 2, 7, *055%+, A-ploring the role o" individual di""erence in the prediction o" 'orkplace aggre ion, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, /, B@D#BB3, Dudle/. N, 2,. Orvi . 8, A,. Le&iecki. 7, A,. 1 Cortina. 7, 2, *0556+, A (eta#anal/tic inve tigation o" Con cientiou ne in the prediction o" )o& per"or(ance: A-a(ining the

intercorrelation and the incre(ental validit/ o" narro' trait , )ournal of -pplied +sychology. 31. @5#BD,

# @% #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB D'eck. C, !, *%336+, I(plicit theorie a organi:er o" goal and &ehavior, In $, 2, =oll'it:er 1 7, A, Bargh *Ad ,+, :he +sychology of -ction: ;inking ognition and #otivation to "ehavior *pp, 63#35+, Ne' Jork: =uil"ord, Ad'ard . 7, R, *%33@a+, Regre ion Anal/ i a an Alternative to Di""erence !core , )ournal of #anagement, 22. 6;>#6;3, Ad'ard . 7, R, *%33@&+, The !tud/ o" Congruence in Organi:ational Behavior Re earch: Criti?ue and a $ropo ed Alternative, 4rgani,ational "ehavior and Human %ecision +rocesses, .1. B%#%55, Ad'ard . 7, R, *0550+, Alternative to di""erence core : $ol/no(ial regre ion anal/ i and re pon e ur"ace (ethodolog/, In F, Dra go' 1 N, !ch(itt *Ad ,+. #easuring and analy,ing behavior in organi,ations: -dvances in measurement and data analysis *pp, >B5#@55+, !an Franci co. CA: 7o e/#Ba , Ad'ard . 7, R,. Ca&le. D, 2,. Willia( on. I, O,. La(&ert. L, !,. 1 !hipp. A, 7, *0556+, The pheno(enolog/ o" "it: Linking the per on and environ(ent to the u&)ective e-perience o" per on#environ(ent "it, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 31. ;50#;0D, Ad'ard . 7, R,. 1 $arr/. 2, A, *%33>+, On the u e o" pol/no(ial regre ion e?uation a an alternative to di""erence core in organi:ational re earch, -cademy of #anagement )ournal, *0. %BDD#%6%>, Fo-. !,. 1 !pector. $, A, *%333+, A (odel o" 'ork "ru tration#aggre ion, )ournal of 4rgani,ational "ehavior, 2/, 3%B#3>%, Fo-. !,. !pector. $, A,. 1 2ile . D, *055%+, Counterproductive 'ork &ehavior *CWB+ in re pon e to )o& tre or and organi:ational )u tice: !o(e (ediator and (oderator te t "or autono(/ and e(otion , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, .3. 03%I>53,

# @0 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Frit: che. B, A,. $o'ell. A, B,. 1 9o""(an. R, *%333+, $er on#environ(ent congruence a a predictor o" cu to(er ervice per"or(ance, )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, ./. B3#D5, =ati. I, *%3D3+, A hierarchical (odel "or the tructure o" vocational intere t , )ournal of Vocational behavior, 1.. 35#%56, =ati. I, *%3;0+, Te ting 2odel "or the !tructure o" Vocational Intere t , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 21. %6@#%;0, =ati. I, *%33%+, The tructure o" vocational intere t , +sychological "ulletin, 123. >53#>>0, =ellatl/. I, R,. $aunonen. !, V,. 2e/er. 7, $,. 1 7ack on. D, N, *%33%+, $er onalit/. vocational intere t. and cognitive predictor o" (anagerial )o& per"or(ance and ati "action, +ersonality and (ndividual %ifferences, 12. 00%#0>%, =ore. $, A,. 1 Bro'n. !, D, *0556+, !i(pler 2a/ !till Be Better: A Repl/ to Aggerth and Andre', )ournal of areer -ssessment, 1/. 0D6#0;0, =ott"red on. =, D,. 1 9olland. 7, L, *%336+, %ictionary of Holland 4ccupational odes, Lut:. FL: $ /chological A e (ent Re ource , 9an en. 7, C, *055B+, A e (ent o" intere t , In !, D, Bro'n 1 R, W, Lent *Ad ,+. areer development and counseling: +utting theory and research to work *pp, 0;%#>5@+, 9o&oken. N7: 7ohn Wile/, 9ar(on. L, W,. 9an en 7, C,. Borgen. F, 9,. 1 9a((er. A, L, *%33@+, -pplications and technical guide for the $trong (nterest (nventory , $alo Alto. CA: Con ulting $ /chologi t $re , 9a/e . A, F, *0553+, Be/ond Baron and 8enn/: !tati tical (ediation anal/ i , #onographs. D6. @5;#@05, ommunication

# @> #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB 9a/e . A, F,. 1 $reacher. 8,. 7, *in pre +, !tati tical (ediation anal/ i 'ith a (ulticategorical independent varia&le, "ritish )ournal of #athematical and +sychology, 9a/ne . !, N,. 1 Lench. 9, *055>+, Incre(ental Validit/ o" Ne' Clinical A e (ent 2ea ure , +sychological -ssessment, 1., @B6#@66, 9er hcovi . 2,!,. Turner. N,. Barling. 7,. Arnold. 8,A,. DuprL. 8,A,. Inne . 2,. LeBlanc. 2,2,. !ivanathan. N, *055D+, $redicting 'orkplace aggre ion: A (eta#anal/ i , )ournal of -pplied +sychology. 32. 00;#0>;, 9oeglund. T, 7,. 1 9an en. 7#I, C, *%333+, 9olland# t/le 2ea ure o" Congruence: Are Co(pleIndice 2ore A""ective $redictor o" !ati "actionW )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, ./, @D%#@;0, 9o""(an. B,7,. 1 Dilchert. !, *05%0+, A revie' o" citi:en hip and counterproductive &ehavior in organi:ational deci ion#(aking, In N, !ch(itt *Ad,+, :he 4<ford handbook of personnel assessment and selection *p, B@>#B63+, O-"ord: O-"ord Oniver it/ $re , 9o""(an. B, 7,. 1 Woehr. D, 7, *0556+, A ?uantitative revie' o" the relation hip &et'een per on# organi:ation "it and &ehavioral outco(e , 7ournal o" Vocational Behavior. 6;. >;3#>33, 9o" tee. W,8,B, *055>+, !tructure o" per onalit/ trait , In I, B, Weiner *!erie Ad,+ and T, 2illon 1 2, Lerner *Vol, Ad ,+. Handbook of +sychology: Vol. .. +ersonality and $ocial +sychology *pp, 0>%#0B@+, 9o&oken. N7: Wile/, 9olland. 7, L, *%3D>+, #aking vocational choices: - theory of careers, Angle'ood Cli"" . N7: $rentice#9all, 9olland. 7, L, *%330+, #aking vocational choices: - theory of vocational personalities and work environments, Ode a. FL: $ /chological A e (ent Re ource ,

# @@ #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB 9olland. 7, L. $o'ell. A, B,. 1 Frit: che. B, A, *%33@a+, :he $elf5%irected $earch technical manual, Ode a. FL: $ /chological A e (ent Re ource , 9olland. 7, L. $o'ell. A, B,. 1 Frit: che. B, A, *%33@&+, :he $elf5%irected $earch professional user=s guide, Ode a. FL: $ /chological A e (ent Re ource , 9ough. L, 2, *%33;+, A""ect o" intentional di tortion in per onalit/ (ea ure(ent and evaluation o" ugge ted palliative , Human +erformance, 11. 053#0@@, 9unter. 7, A, *%3;6+, Cognitive a&ilit/. cognitive aptitude . )o& kno'ledge. and )o& per"or(ance, )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 23. >@5#>60, 9unter. 7, A,. 1 9unter. R, F, *%3;@+, Validit/ and utilit/ o" alternative predictor o" )o& per"or(ance, +sychological "ulletin, 30.D0#3;, Iachan. R, *%3;@a+, A "a(il/ o" di""erentiation indice , +sychometrika, /3. 0%D#000, Iachan. R, *%3;@&+, A (ea ure o" agree(ent "or u e 'ith the 9olland cla i"ication / te(, )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 2/. %>>#%@%, Ilie. A,. $enne/. L,2,. I pa . D,. 1 Ilie cu. D, *05%%+, The role o" trait anger in the relation hip &et'een tre or and counterproductive 'ork &ehavior : Convergent "inding "ro( (ultiple tudie and (ethodologie , -pplied +sychology: -n (nternational 'eview, 01. @%B#@>6, Ilie cu. D,. I pa . D,. Ilie. A,. 1 Ion. A, *05%>+, The tructure o" vocational intere t in Ro(ania, )ournal of ounseling +sychology. 02. 03@#>50, 7ack on. D, N,. $aunonen. V, !,. 1 Roth tein. 2, =, *%3;D+, $er onnel A-ecutive : $er onalit/. Vocational Intere t . and 7o& !ati "action, )ournal of 7mployment ounseling, 2/. ;0#36, 7ohn on. 7, A,. 1 9ogan. R, *%3;%+, Vocational intere t . per onalit/ and e""ective police per"or(ance, +ersonnel +sychology, */. @3#B>,

# @B #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB 7ohn on. 7, W, *0555+, A heuri tic (ethod "or e ti(ating the relative 'eight o" predictor varia&le in (ultiple regre ion, #ultivariate "ehavioral 'esearch, *.. %#%3 7ohn on. 7, 1 LeBreton. 7, 2, *055@+, 9i tor/ and u e o" relative i(portance indice in organi:ational re earch, Organi:ational Re earch 2ethod . D. 0>;#0BD, 7ohn on. R, A,. 9o'e. 2,. 1 Chang. C,#9, D, *05%>+, The i(portance o" velocit/. or 'h/ peed (a/ (atter (ore than di tance, 4rgani,ational +sychology 'eview, *. 60#;B, 7o eph. D, L,. 1 Ne'(an. D, A, *05%5+, A(otional intelligence: An integrative (eta#anal/ i and ca cading (odel, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 3.. B@#D;, 7udge. T, A, *%33>+, Doe a""ective di po ition (oderate the relation hip &et'een )o& ati "action and voluntar/ turnoverW )ournal of -pplied +sychology, >1. >3B#@5%, 7udge. T, A, *0553+, Core el"#evaluation and 'ork ucce , urrent %irections in +sychological $cience, 11. B;#60, 7udge. T, A,. Are:. A,. Bono. 7, A,. 1 Thore en. C, 7, *055>+, The Core !el"#Avaluation !cale *C!A!+: Develop(ent o" a (ea ure, +ersonnel +sychology, .0, >5>#>>%, 7udge. T, A,. Le$ine. 7,A,. 1 Rich. B,L, *0556+, Loving /our el" a&undantl/: relation hip o" the narci i tic per onalit/ to el"# and other perception o" 'orkplace deviance. leader hip. and ta k and conte-tual per"or(ance, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 31. D60#DD6, 7udge. T, A,. Locke. A, A,. Durha(. C, C,. 1 8luger. A, N, *%33;+, Di po itional e""ect on )o& and li"e ati "action: The role o" core evaluation , )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 1*, %D# >@, 8aplan. !,. Bradle/. 7, C,. Luch(an. 7, N,. 1 9a/ne . D, *0553+, On the role o" po itive and negative a""ectivit/ in )o& per"or(ance: A (eta#anal/tic inve tigation, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 3/, %60I%D6,

# @6 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB 8ri cher. 2, 2,. $enne/. L, 2,. 1 9unter. A, 2, *05%5+, Can counterproductive 'ork &ehavior &e productiveW CWB a e(otion#"ocu ed coping, )ournal of 4ccupational Health +sychology, 1.. %B@#%66, 8ri to". A,L, *%336+, $er on#organi:ation "it: An integrative revie' o" it conceptuali:ation . (ea ure(ent. and i(plication , +ersonnel +sychology, /3, %#@3, Lar on. L, 2,. Rottinghau . $, 7,. 1 Borgen. F, 9, *0550+, 2eta#anal/ e o" Big !i- Intere t and Big Five $er onalit/ Factor , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 01. 0%D#0>3, LeBreton. 7, 2,. 9argi . 2, B,. =riepentrog. B,. O 'ald. F, L,. 1 $lo/hart. R, A, *055D+, A (ultidi(en ional approach "or evaluating varia&le in organi:ational re earch and practice, +ersonnel +sychology, 02. @DB#@3;, Long ta"". 9, $, *%3@;+, Faka&ilit/ o" the !trong Vocational Intere t Blank and the 8uder $re"erence Record, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, *2. >65#>63, Lord. R, =,. Die"endor"". 7, 2,. !ch(idt. A, 2,. 1 9all. R, 7, *05%5+, !el"#regulation at 'ork, -nnual 'eview of +sychology, 01. B@>#B6;, Lo'. 8, !, D,. Joon. 2,. Ro&ert . B, W,. 1 Round . 7, *055B+, The ta&ilit/ o" vocational intere t "ro( earl/ adole cence to (iddle adulthood: A ?uantitative revie' o" longitudinal tudie , +sychological "ulletin, 1*1. D%>#D>D, 2Lnard. 7,. Brunet. L,. 1 !avoie. A, *05%%+, Interper onal 'orkplace deviance: Wh/ do o""ender act outW A co(parative look on per onalit/ and organi ational varia&le , anadian )ournal of "ehavioural $cience, /*. >53#>%D, 2ount. 2, 8,. Barrick. 2, R,. !cullen. !, 2,. 1 Round . 7, *055B+, 9igher#order di(en ion o" the &ig "ive per onalit/ trait and the &ig i- vocational intere t t/pe , +ersonnel +sychology, .1. @@D#@D;,

# @D #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB N/e. C, D,. !u. R,. Round . 7,. 1 Dra go'. F, *05%>+, Vocational Intere t and $er"or(ance: A Kuantitative !u((ar/ o" Over 65 Jear o" Re earch, +erspectives on +sychological $cience. D. >;@#@5>, OHBo/le. A, 9,. 7r,. For /th. D, R,. Bank . =, C,. 1 2cDaniel. 2, A, *05%%. Octo&er 0@+, A 2eta#Anal/ i o" the Dark Triad and Work Behavior: A !ocial A-change $er pective, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, Advance online pu&lication, doi: %5,%5>D<a550B6D3 OEBrian. 8,A,. 1 Allen. T,D, *055;+, The relative i(portance o" correlate o" organi:ational citi:en hip &ehavior and counterproductive 'ork &ehavior u ing (ultiple ource o" data, Human +erformance, 21, 60#;;, OHNeil. 7, 2,. 2agoon. T, 2,. 1 Trace/. T, 7, *%3D;+, !tatu o" 9ollandH inve tigative per onalit/ t/pe and their con i tenc/ level +sychology, 2.. B>5#B>B, $aulhu . D, L,. 1 7one . D, N, *05%%. 7anuar/+, Introducing a hort (ea ure o" the Dark Triad, $o ter pre ented at the (eeting o" the !ociet/ "or $er onalit/ and !ocial $ /cholog/. !an Antonio, $aulhu . D,L,. Neu(ann. C,!,. 1 9are. R,D, *in pre +, #anual for the $elf5'eport +sychopathy 8$'+9 scale, Toronto: 2ulti#9ealth !/ te( , $enne/. L, 2,. 9unter. A, 2,. 1. $err/. !, 7, *05%%+, $er onalit/ and counterproductive 'ork &ehavior: u ing con ervation o" re ource theor/ to narro' the pro"ile o" deviant e(plo/ee , )ournal of 4ccupational and 4rgani,ational +sychology, 1/, B;#DD, $itariu. 9, $,. Ilie cu. D,. 1 Vercellino. D, *0553+, :he $elf5%irected $earch 4ccupations &inder 5 'omanian 7dition, Buchare t: O! Ro(ania, even /ear later, )ournal of ounseling

# @; #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB $reacher. 8, 7,. 1 9a/e . A, F, *055@+, !$!! and !A! procedure "or e ti(ating indirect e""ect in i(ple (ediation (odel , "ehavior 'esearch #ethods, (nstruments, and >6. D%D#D>%, Ra kin. R,N,. 1 9all. C,!, *%3;%+, The narci i tic per onalit/ inventor/: Alternative "or( relia&ilit/ and "urther evidence o" con truct validit/, )ournal of +ersonality -ssessment, /., %B3#%6, Re tu&og. !, L, D,. =arcia. $, R, 7, 2,. Wang. L,. 1 Cheng. D, *05%5+, ItE all a&out control: The role o" el"#control in &u""ering the e""ect o" negative reciprocit/ &elie" and trait anger on 'orkplace deviance, )ournal of 'esearch in +ersonality, //. 6BB#665. Rotter. 7, B, *%366+, =enerali:ed e-pectancie "or internal ver u e-ternal control o" omputers.

rein"orce(ent, +sychological #onographs: ?eneral @ -pplied, 12. %X0;, Rotundo. 2,. 1 !ackett. $, R, *0550+, The relative i(portance o" ta k. citi:en hip. and counterproductive per"or(ance to glo&al rating o" )o& per"or(ance: A polic/#capturing approach, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 1>. 66#;5, Round . 7,. 1 Trace/. T,7, *%336+, Cro #Cultural !tructural A?uivalence o" RIA!AC 2odel and 2ea ure , )ournal of ounseling +sychology, /*, >%5#>03, !ackett. $,R,. 1 Lieven . F, *055;+, $er onnel election, -nnual 'eview of +sychology, .3. @%3# @B5, !avicka . 2, L, *055B+, The theor/ and practice o" career con truction, In !, D, Bro'n. 1 R, W, Lent *Ad ,+, areer development and counseling: +utting theory and research to work *pp, @0#D5+, 9o&oken. N7: Wile/,

# @3 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB !ch(idt. F,L,. 1 9unter. 7,A, *%33;+, The Validit/ and Otilit/ o" !election 2ethod in $er onnel $ /cholog/: $ractical and Theoretical I(plication o" ;B Jear o" Re earch Finding , +sychological "ulletin, 12/, 060#0D@, !ch(itt#Roder(und. A,. 1 Vondracek. F, W, *%333+, Breadth o" intere t. e-ploration. and identit/ develop(ent in adole cence, )ournal of Vocational "ehavior. ... 03;#>%D, !chneider. B, *%3;D+, The people (ake the place, +ersonnel +sychology, /2. @>D#@B>, !hockle/. 8,2,. I pa . D-. Ro i. 2,A,. 1 Levine. A,L, *05%0+, A (eta#anal/tic inve tigation o" the relation hip &et'een tate a""ect. di crete e(otion . and )o& per"or(ance, Human +erformance, 2., >DD#@%%, !pector. $, A, *%3D;+, Organi:ational "ru tration: A (odel and revie' o" the literature, +ersonnel +sychology. *1. ;%B#;03, !pector. $,A, *%3;;+, Develop(ent o" the 'ork locu o" control cale, )ournal of 4ccupational +sychology, 01. >>B#>@5, !pector. $,A, *05%%+, The relation hip o" per onalit/ to counterproductive 'ork &ehavior *CWB+: An integration o" per pective , Human resources management review, 21, >@0# >B0, !pector. $, A,. Fo-. !,. $enne/. L, 2,. Bruur e(a. 8,. =oh. A,. 1 8e ler. !, *0556+, The di(en ionalit/ o" counterproductivit/: Are all counterproductive &ehavior created e?ualW 7ournal o" Vocational Behavior. 6;. @@6#@65, !piel&erger. C, D, *%336+, $tate5:rait -nger 7<pression (nventory, research edition: +rofessional manual. Ode a. FL: $ /chological A e (ent Re ource , !pokane. A, R, *%3;B+, A revie' o" re earch on per on# environ(ent congruence in 9ollandE theor/ o" career , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 20, >56#>@>,

# B5 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB !'ane/. 8,. 1 $rediger. D, *%3;B+, The relation hip &et'een intere t#occupation congruence and )o& ati "action, )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 20, %>#0@, Tangne/. 7,$,. Bau(ei ter. R,F,. 1 Boone. A,L, *055@+, 9igh el"#control predict good ad)u t(ent. le patholog/. &etter grade . and interper onal ucce , )ournal of

+ersonality, >2, 0D%#>0@, Tin le/. 9,T,A, *0555+, The congruence (/th revi ited, )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, .0, @5B#@0>, Tran&erg. 2,. !lane. !,. 1 Ake&erg. !, A, *%33>+, The relation &et'een intere t congruence and ati "action: A (eta#anal/ i , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, /2, 0B>#06@, T:iner. A,. 2eir. A, I,. 1 !egal. 9, *0550+, Occupational congruence and per onal ta k#related attri&ute: 9o' do the/ relate to 'ork per"or(anceW )ournal of areer -ssessment, 12. @5%#@%0, Van Iddekinge. C, 9,. $utka. D, 7,. 1 Ca(p&ell. 7, $, *05%%a+, Recon idering vocational intere t "or per onnel election: The validit/ o" an intere t &a ed election te t in relation to )o& kno'ledge. )o& per"or(ance. and continuance intention , )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 30. %>#>> Van Iddekinge. C,9,. Roth. $,L,. $utka. D,7,. 1 Lanivich. !,A, *05%%&+, Are /ou intere tedW A (eta#anal/ i o" relation &et'een vocational intere t and e(plo/ee per"or(ance and turnover, )ournal of -pplied +sychology, 30, %%6D#%%3@, Wang. K. Bo'ling. N,A,. 1 A chle(an. 8,7, *05%5+, A (eta#anal/tic e-a(ination o" 'ork and general locu o" control, 7ournal o" Applied $ /cholog/. 3B. D6%#D6;, Wat on. D,. 1 Clark. L, A, *%3;@+, Negative a""ectivit/: The di po ition to e-perience aver ive e(otional tate , +sychological "ulletin, 30. @6B#@35,

# B% #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Weekle/. 7, A,. $lo/hart. R, A,. 1 9arold. C, 2, *055@+, $er onalit/ and ituational )udg(ent te t acro applicant and incu(&ent conte-t : An e-a(ination o" validit/. (ea ure(ent.

and u&group di""erence , Human +erformance, 1>. @>>#@6%, Whelple/. C,A,. 1 2cDaniel. 2,A,*05%%+, $elf5esteem and counterproductive behaviors: a meta5analytic review. $aper pre ented at the 06th Annual Con"erence o" the !ociet/ "or Indu trial and Organi:ational $ /cholog/, Chicago, Wiener. J,. 1 8lein. 8, L, *%3D;+, The relation hip &et'een vocational intere t and )o& ati "action: Reconciliation o" divergent re ult , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 1*. 03;# >5@, Wiggin . 7, D,. 1 We lander. D, *%3DD+, A-pre ed vocational choice and later e(plo/(ent co(pared 'ith Vocational $re"erence Inventor/ and 8uder $re"erence Record# Vocational core , )ournal of Vocational "ehavior, 11, %B;#%6B, Pener. T, B,. 1 !chnuelle. L, *%3D6+, A""ect o" the !el"#Directed !earch on high chool tudent , )ournal of ounseling +sychology, 2*. >B>#>B3,

# B0 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Ta&le %, %escriptive statistics and correlations for variables in $tudy 1
# # >5,65 0,B% D,5> >>,;6 >>,DD De criptive $% # 3,B@ 5,36 %,3; 0,65 >,5@ Alpha # # # ,;@ ,D0 ,;% % # ,5; #,5@ #,5> ,5% ,5> 0 # ,55 ,5> ,50 ,56 Correlation > @ # #,%3YY #,%BY ,55 B 6

De(ographic $redictor Criterion 6ote:

% 0 > @ B 6

=ender Age Vocational Fit Fru tration !el" CWB !upervi or CWB

# ,0DYYY ,5>

# ,B3YYY

Y p S ,5B. YY p S ,5%. YYY p S ,55%,

# B> #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Ta&le 0, #ediation analyses for $tudy 1

!igni"icance "or indirect e""ect !o&el Boot trap 3BM Con"idence Interval p !A 3BM Con"idence Interval Lo'er Opper Lo'er Opper #,0@ #,50 ,50B ,5; #,>@ #,5% #,%% ,56 ,6>B ,5@ #,%> ,5B

Total e""ect !el" CWB !upervi or CWB #,@0 #,5%

Direct e""ect #,03 ,5%

Indirect e""ect #,%> #,50

!A ,56 ,5@

# B@ #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Ta&le >, %escriptive statistics for variables in $tudy 2 8$amples 1 and 29
CWB a el"#rating *6 N %;3+ De(ographic $er onalit/ &road Varia&le Age Neurotici ( A-traver ion Openne Agreea&lene Con cientiou ne $er onalit/ narro' 2achiavelli ( Narci i ( $ /chopath/ !el"#control Locu o" Control Trait Anger Core !el"# Avaluation $o itive A(otion Negative A(otion 2 >@,3 ; >0,D ; @@,D 3 >B,D D @5,D 3 @;,D 5 >>,B 5 0D,; 0 05,; 3 @>,; 6 B;,6 0 0>,% 6 @>,3 5 >3,D 5 0>,5 > !D D,0B %5,5 @ 6,DD D,D% D,>3 B,35 @,;; @,@3 6,6@ 3,03 3,63 6,B5 ;,>D B,0; 6,D0 !a(ple % CWB a upervi or# rating *6 N D6+ Alpha 2 !D Alpha # >@,;3 D,@@ # ,;D ,D; ,D3 ,D; ,D6 ,6> ,@3 ,D; ,;> ,D5 ,;; ,;; ,D6 ,;B >%,6@ @B,5> >D,00 @%,3B @3,;3 >0,6D 0;,>D %3,@B @6,>0 65,>5 00,53 @B,06 @5,0@ 00,D6 ;,3> 6,@6 6,0; 6,3> B,50 @,@; @,BB 6,%D D,6D ;,B% 6,0D D,>0 B,6D 6,D; ,;B ,DD ,6; ,D@ ,63 ,6> ,B@ ,DD ,D6 ,D% ,;; ,;6 ,;0 ,;3 !a(ple 0

2 >5,6 @ 0B,; 5 @3,% @ 03,3 ; >6,6 D B@,B 6 B;,5 5 %;,@ ; 3,@5 B0,@ 3 @@,0 6 >5,5 3 @;,@ 0 @%,B D 0%,5 3

!D %5,5 @ D,60 6,3% ;,66 6,B; B,3% %0,@ 6 B,5% %,;B D,BB %%,; ; D,@B D,%@ B,%0 D,%>

Alpha # ,DD ,;5 ,D3 ,6; ,30 ,;% ,D5 ,30 ,;% ,;B ,;B ,;5 ,D3 ,;6

# BB #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB

Vocational t/pe Reali tic Inve tigative Arti tic !ocial Anterpri ing Conventional Vocational "it Criterion Vocational Fit !el" CWB !upervi or CWB %3,0 3 %D,3 > %B,5 @ 0%,0 3 0@,; @ 0>,% 0 >,@0 @@,B B # %0,0 3 ;,D% %%,@ > %%,5 B %%,5 6 %5,B 0 5,36 %;,% B # ,35 ,;D ,;; ,;D ,35 ,;3 # ,3> # %;,B@ %3,B> %B,5> 0>,5; 0D,5D 0@,;> >,B@ # @3,;5 %%,D3 ;,B; %5,6D %%,D6 %5,D% %%,@0 5,;D # %0,>3 ,35 ,;B ,;6 ,;6 ,3% ,;3 # # ,;; 00,6 @ %B,3 6 %%,B ; 0%,0 > 06,% > 05,6 3 0,D0 06,D ; 00,; 6 %B,0 @ ;,BB 3,D> D,3> ;,%6 ;,B; 5,3B %5,B ; B,0% ,3> ,;@ ,;> ,DD ,;> ,;6 # ,3@ ,;6

# B6 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Ta&le @, orrelations of variables in $tudy 2 8$ample 19

De(ographic $er onalit/ &road % 0 > @ B 6 D ; 3 % 5 % % % 0 % > % @ % B % 6 % D % ; % 3 0 5 0 % 0 0 0 > % 0 > @ =ender # #,5; ,%B ,5; Age ,%3 # #,%D ,5; Neurotici ( ,%D ,55 # #,00 A-traver ion ,%0 ,%% #,56 # Openne ,00 ,%D ,0; ,>B Agreea&lene ,5; ,56 #,B5 ,%B Con cientiou ne #,5D #,%@ #,@6 ,06 Core !el"#Avaluation #,53 #,%% #,6% ,%> 2achiavelli ( ,5> ,%6 ,00 ,05 Narci i ( ,%B ,%% #,>6 ,B% $ /chopath/ !el"#control Locu o" Control Trait Anger $o itive A(otion Negative A(otion Reali tic Inve tigative Arti tic !ocial Anterpri ing Conventional Vocational Fit B ,56 #,50 ,06 ,0D # ,56 #,50 #,%> ,06 ,@B 6 ,%0 ,53 #,B@ ,%6 ,55 # ,53 ,>0 #,0% ,%B D #,5B ,%> #,BD ,06 ,53 ,0; # ,65 #,5B ,0D ; #,0% ,00 #,6% #,56 #,>6 ,03 ,B% # #,%% ,03 3 ,5D #,5% ,>5 ,%6 ,55 #,>5 #,53 #,0> # ,03 %5 #,5; ,%6 #,>@ ,0> ,%> #,56 ,>5 ,>; ,0; # %% ,5B ,5B ,>5 ,%5 ,>% #,>B #,>@ #,B0 ,>6 ,%% # %0 ,5% ,%D #,6> ,%5 #,%% ,B> ,66 ,B3 #,@@ ,%> %> ,5% #,%B ,50 ,>; ,B6 ,%@ ,0@ #,0% #,56 ,5D %@ #,50 #,%5 ,65 #,%0 ,5% #,D@ #,@0 #,@% ,>D ,%5 %B #,%@ ,%3 #,>@ ,%5 ,%% ,5% ,B5 ,@3 ,5D ,@; %6 ,55 #,5; ,65 #,%> ,%> #,@B #,@5 #,B0 ,0@ #,06 %D #,>D ,06 #,5B #,56 #,5D #,0B ,5> ,0> ,%; ,%6 %; #,5D ,50 #,5D ,56 ,@0 ,56 ,5B #,53 ,50 ,00 %3 ,%5 #,%% ,>0 ,>0 ,DB #,56 #,5@ #,B0 ,0% ,%D 05 ,56 ,5> ,%B ,>> ,B; #,5@ ,50 #,>% ,5B ,%% 0% #,%0 ,%> #,53 ,00 ,@0 #,5; ,%; ,%0 ,%D ,B5 00 ,5% ,%6 ,5B ,>@ ,@5 ,5@ ,%> #,5B ,%> ,%> 0> ,5> ,%6 #,0; #,%5 #,%3 ,%0 ,%6 ,06 #,5D #,5B 0@ #,%5 ,%% ,>@ #,5; ,03 #,0% #,03 #,06 #,53 ,5>

$er onalit/ narro'

,5B ,53 ,05 ,5> ,03 #,0; #,@5 #,B0 ,>5 ,00

#,B> ,53 ,@0 #,5> ,>B ,%0 ,00 ,>@ ,%D ,%% ,5@ #,%@ ,>@ # ,%> #,6% ,0; #,@> #,%0 ,5> #,>5 #,5% ,53 ,%B ,>D #,>> # #,50 ,%; ,%5 #,53 ,>D ,@B ,@5 ,0@ ,0> #,5; ,0@ # #,%@ ,65 ,%D ,5@ ,%; ,%5 ,%5 ,50 #,06 ,>% # #,%; ,0% ,5D #,%5 ,55 ,>% ,5% ,%% ,5; # #,5% ,05 ,06 ,0; #,50 ,%@ #,%5 ,%3 # ,5B #,%> #,5; ,0B #,%3 #,5> ,%% # ,B3 ,65 ,B3 ,@B ,5; ,%5 # ,6B ,@% ,@% #,03 ,0> # ,BD ,B0 ,5@ ,56 # ,B@ #,50 ,5> # ,%5 ,55 # #,>5

,5; #,5% #,@% ,0% #,53 ,>3 ,B@ ,@D #,@B ,5@ #,B0

,56 #,5> ,%6 ,>0 ,0B #,%3 #,50 ,5> ,5; ,>6 ,56 #,%%

,%5 ,55 ,>0 ,5@ ,%> #,>3 #,0B #,B5 ,>6 ,%5 ,6> #,B6 ,%@

,%6 ,%5 ,5@ ,>D ,@6 #,5; ,>% ,03 ,0B ,@; ,5D #,50 ,>% ,50

,5D #,53 ,>D #,%% ,%D #,0D #,0; #,B@ ,%> #,%6 ,@; #,@@ #,5% ,BD #,50

Vocational t/pe

#,@@ #,>0 #,05 #,0> #,>D #,00 ,55 ,%6 ,%> #,5> ,50 #,0B #,5> ,50 #,5@ #,50

#,53 ,>> #,56 ,5D ,5@ #,>5 #,5@ #,%6 ,%> ,0@ ,>5 #,03 ,0B ,06 ,5; ,%D #,5B

,0% ,%@ ,0> ,00 ,6% #,5> #,%0 #,>5 ,0B ,@D ,@% #,>@ ,0@ ,B5 ,0; ,>6 #,05 ,@%

,0> ,0> ,>@ ,@% ,D0 #,5D ,56 #,0> ,%6 ,>> ,56 #,5> ,>; ,%6 ,@% ,0% #,@D ,>0 ,63

,5@ ,0% #,56 ,>6 ,B@ #,5@ ,%> #,50 ,>% ,B6 ,>6 #,53 ,0@ ,0; ,@3 ,%> #,%; ,@% ,B3 ,6B

,00 ,0; ,%B ,>% ,B% #,%6 #,5% #,0B ,53 ,>5 ,03 #,5B ,00 ,0> ,0; ,06 #,@; ,@@ ,B% ,D5 ,66

Vocational "it

,55 ,%5 ,5@ ,5D ,5> ,%> ,%3 #,56 #,53 #,%0 #,00 ,0D #,06 ,50 #,53 ,50 #,>B #,50 ,%@ ,00 ,5; ,0>

# BD #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB

Criterion 0 !el" CWB @ 0 !upervi or CWB B #,5@ #,5B ,%5 #,50 #,5> #,%3 #,%; #,%D ,%3 ,%% ,>6 #,@; ,@5 ,B5 ,%5 ,>@ ,%@ ,%; ,%B #,5@ ,5D ,5B #,>B #

,55 #,%6 ,%B #,%0 #,5D #,%3 #,0@ #,0@ ,5D ,5@ ,0% #,@> ,0% ,>6 ,5B ,%3 ,%@ #,5> ,5@ #,%% #,%6 #,5; #,@5 ,63

6ote: Correlation a&ove the diagonal are "or participant 'ithout upervi or data * 6 N %%>4 Z r Z [ ,%3 "or p S ,5B4 Z r Z [ ,0B "or p S ,5%. Z r Z [ ,>% "or p S ,55%+ and under the diagonal "or participant 'ith upervi or data * 6 N D64 Z r Z [ ,0> "or p S ,5B4 Z r Z [ ,>5 "or p S ,5%. Z r Z [ ,>; "or p S ,55%,+,

# B; #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Ta&le B, orrelations of variables in $tudy 2 8$ample 29

De(ographic % =ender 0 Age $er onalit/ &road > Neurotici ( @ A-traver ion B Openne 6 Agreea&lene D Con cientiou ne ; Core !el"#Avaluation $er onalit/ narro' 3 2achiavelli ( % Narci i ( 5 % $ /chopath/ % % !el"#control 0 % Locu o" Control > % Trait Anger @ % $o itive A(otion B % Negative A(otion 6 Vocational t/pe % Reali tic D % Inve tigative ; % Arti tic 3 0 !ocial 5 0 Anterpri ing % 0 Conventional 0 Vocational "it 0 Vocational Fit > % 0 > @ B 6 D ; 3 %5 %% %0 %> %@ %B %6 %D %; %3 05 0% 00 0> 0@ 0B # #,%B # #,%5 #,5B # #,5% #,5D #,B6 # #,5B ,55 ,@% #,>% # ,5% ,5; #,%@ ,%> ,%; # #,50 #,50 #,@; ,B3 #,>B ,0; # ,5B #,50 #,>; ,>% #,>5 ,%B ,>@ # #,5D ,5@ ,0D #,>0 ,5> #,0> #,>5 #,@5 # ,5% #,5> ,%B #,%; #,56 #,0% #,05 #,@5 ,@; # #,5D ,5B ,%3 #,03 #,5% #,0B #,00 #,>3 ,6% ,B% #

,50 #,56 #,>3 ,>0 #,0; ,%% ,>; ,D% #,>D #,>D #,@B # #,5@ ,5% ,@% #,03 ,>6 #,5B #,>3 #,66 ,>B ,0@ ,0% #,D; # #,53 ,5B ,00 #,>5 ,%D #,5B #,0D #,@5 ,>0 ,>5 ,@D #,@; ,>D #

,55 ,55 #,>6 ,>> #,06 ,%0 ,>@ ,66 #,>; #,>3 #,B% ,;% #,D% #,BB # #,5B ,5@ ,>6 #,0B ,>6 ,55 #,>% #,6@ ,00 ,%6 ,%6 #,;5 ,;% ,@% #,DD # ,5D #,5> #,0% ,56 #,>5 #,%> ,5@ ,%6 ,%D ,%@ ,0> ,%> #,0B ,5> ,%0 #,>% # ,55 ,5D #,5% #,5@ ,56 #,%% #,%0 #,%5 ,%D ,5; ,05 #,53 ,5> ,5% #,56 ,50 ,05 # ,56 ,5@ ,%D #,0% ,56 #,%@ #,0% #,%B ,53 ,%@ ,05 #,0% ,%; ,%% #,%3 ,%5 ,%5 ,55 # #,5> ,5@ ,53 #,%0 ,0> #,56 #,%6 #,%@ ,5B ,55 ,%% #,%@ ,53 ,5; #,%B ,%5 ,50 ,6@ ,53 # #,%5 ,%5 ,5; #,5; ,%% #,%B #,53 #,5> ,5B ,5% ,%@ #,5B #,50 ,50 #,5B #,5% ,%D ,6B ,%% ,D3 # #,56 ,%0 ,%> #,%5 ,0D #,5B #,%B #,%B ,5% #,5@ ,56 #,%0 ,53 ,55 #,%0 ,%@ #,5; ,65 ,5> ,;5 ,DD # #,53 #,56 #,5% ,5B ,5> ,53 ,5> ,5% ,5% #,5> #,5; ,56 #,56 #,5B ,%5 #,5@ ,%% ,%> #,6B ,5> ,%5 ,56 #

# B3 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB

Criterion 0 !el" CWB @ 0 !upervi or CWB B ,5B #,50 ,05 #,0; ,%5 #,53 #,0B #,0> ,00 ,5; ,>% #,>5 ,0; ,05 #,0; ,0> #,5D ,5@ ,%; ,56 ,5> #,5% #,0% # ,5B ,5B ,06 #,03 ,%% #,0; #,>> #,@0 ,>@ ,00 ,>D #,@0 ,>D ,>% #,@B ,>6 #,56 ,5D ,0> ,%; ,5D ,%% #,0@ ,60 #

6ote: Z r Z [ ,%> "or p S ,5B4 Z r Z [ ,%D "or p S ,5%. Z r Z [ ,0% "or p S ,55%,

# 65 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Ta&le 6, (ncremental validity of vocational fit over demographic variables, personality, core self5evaluations and affectivity, for the prediction of !", in $tudy 2
!a(ple % !a(ple 0

!el" CWB !upervi or CWB !el" CWB !upervi or CWB *6 N %;3+ *6 N D6+ *6 N 0@B+ *6 N 0@B+ !tep A V'0 A V'0 A V'0 A V'0 % Age ,%0 , #,%D ,>@Y #,5B , ,56 ,>0YYY >3YYY 05YYY =ender #,5; ,5> ,56 ,53 Neurotici ( ,%> #,5D ,55 ,50 A-traver ion #,%% #,%% #,%B #,5B Openne #,53 #,05 #,56 #,5> Agreea&ilit/ ,%6 ,56 ,50 #,%DYY Con cientiou ne ,55 #,56 #,5; #,5D Core !el"#Avaluation ,5D #,0B ,5% #,%B 2achiavelli ( #,06YY #,%@ #,50 ,5; Narci i ( ,5B ,%B #,%BY #,5; $ /chopath/ ,05Y #,%6 , ,%> >>YYY !el"#control #,>BYY #,>6Y #,5@ ,50 Locu o" Control , ,%@ ,%; ,5> >@YYY Trait Anger ,0DYY ,0B #,5% ,5B $o itive A(otionalit/ ,%0 ,00 ,5; #,%0 Negative A(otionalit/ #,5@ #,53 ,5D ,5; 0 Age ,%6YY , #,%> ,%5Y #,5D ,5BYY ,5@ ,5@YY 56YYY =ender #,%5 #,5% ,5B ,5D Neurotici ( ,%@ #,5% #,5% ,5% A-traver ion #,56 #,5B #,%> #,5> Openne #,5D #,%@ #,56 #,5> Agreea&ilit/ ,%> ,56 ,5@ #,%6Y Con cientiou ne #,50 #,56 #,%5 #,53 Core !el"#Avaluation ,%% #,>5 ,50 #,%B 2achiavelli ( #,00YY #,%; ,5% ,%0 Narci i ( ,55 ,%6 #,%6Y #,53 $ /chopath/ ,%D #,>> ,>0YY ,%% !el"#control #,0@Y #,0@ #,5B ,55

# 6% #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB

Locu o" Control , >>YYY Trait Anger ,>%YY $o itive A(otionalit/ ,%0 Negative A(otionalit/ #,50 Vocational !it #,%;YY ,5B ,>;Y ,0@ #,5D #,>@Y ,%% ,55 ,5@ ,5@ #,%DYY #,50 ,56 #,%@ ,5B #,%;YY

6ote:

Y p S ,5B. YY p S ,5%. YYY p S ,55%,

# 60 #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Ta&le D, 'elative weights of predictors as percentage of '2, for the variables in $tudy 2
!a(ple 0 *6 N 0@B+ !el" CWB !upervi or CWB !el" CWB !upervi or CWB *6 N %;3+ *6 N D6+ De(ographic =ender %,> %,% %,> %,0 Age 5,6 5,6 5,D 5,B $er onalit/ &road Neurotici ( 0,6 0,D 0,B 0,B A-traver ion %5,; @,> %5,% >,B Openne 5,6 5,; 5,D 5,D Agreea&lene 5,6 %5,5 5,6 %5,5 Con cientiou ne 6,5 B,% 6,D B,D Core !el"#Avaluation >,5 3,B >,0 3,0 $er onalit/ narro' 2achiavelli ( >,6 0,0 @,; D,0 Narci i ( %5,% 3,0 0,D %,B $ /chopath/ 05,6 D,5 %3,> ;,D !el"#control B,D B,3 6,% B,D Locu o" Control @,> @,6 D,% B,% Trait Anger 0,B B,0 0,6 @,B $o itive A(otion @,5 D,B @,5 D,3 Negative A(otion 0,D @,; >,; 6,0 Vocational t/pe Reali tic %,3 5,@ 0,0 5,; Inve tigative 5,; 5,D 5,; 5,D Arti tic 0,6 0,B 0,3 0,D !ocial %,5 @,6 %,% @,> Anterpri ing %,% %,% %,B %,5 Conventional 0,> %,% 0,6 %,% Vocational "it Vocational "it %%,B 3,% %0,D 3,0 !a(ple %

# 6> #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Figure %, - simple self5regulation process

6ote: Adapted a"ter 7ohn on. 9o'e. 1 Chang *05%0+,

# 6@ #

VOCATIONAL FIT AND CWB Figure 0, $elf5regulation process with vocational interests as standards

# 6B #