Elastic Settlement in Soil

CE-632 Foundation Analysis and Design
Settlement of Foundation
1
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Settlement
Settlement S = Se + Sc + Ss
Immediate Settlement Se

Primary Consolidation Sc
Secondary Consolidation Ss
Immediate Settlement: Occurs immediately after the construction. This is computed using elasticity theory (Important for Granular soil) Primary Consolidation: Due to gradual dissipation of pore pressure induced by external loading and consequently expulsion of water from the soil mass, hence volume change. (Important for Inorganic clays) Secondary Consolidation: Occurs at constant effective stress with volume change due to rearrangement of particles. (Important for Organic soils)
2
For any of the above mentioned settlement calculations, we first need vertical stress increase in soil mass due to net load applied on the foundation
Elasticity
Stress Distribution: Concentrated load

Boussinesq Analysis
Stress Distribution: Concentrated load

Boussinesq Analysis
Where,
Vertical Stress: Concentrated load
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
6
IB
Influence Factor for General solution of vertical stress
z =
r z
P IB z2
Vertical Stress: Uniformly Distributed Circular Load

Uniformly Distributed Circular Load
Vertical Stress: Uniformly Distributed Circular Load

Rigid Plate on half Space
Vertical Stress: Rectangular Area
Vertical Stress: Rectangular Area
10
Pressure Bulb
Strip Footing
Square Footing
11
Pressure Bulb for Square Foundation
12
Pressure Bulb for Circular Foundation
13
Newmarks Chart
Influence Value This Model is good for normally-consolidated, lightly overconsolidated clays, and variable deposits
14
Newmarks Chart
Point of stress calculation
Depth = z2

Determine the depth, z, where you wish to calculate the stress increase Adopt a scale as shown in the figure Draw the footing to scale and place the point of interest over the center of the chart Count the number of elements that fall inside the footing, N Calculate the stress increase as:
Depth = z1
15
Westergaards Method

Provided solution for layered soils Point Loads Assumption: Elastic soil mass is laterally reinfrced by numorous, closely spaced, horizontal sheets of negligible thickness but infinite rigidity, that allow only vertical movement but prevent the mass as a whole from undergoing p g g any y lateral strain.
2 P 1 z = 2 2 2 2 z C + ( r z )
3
C=
1 2 2 (1 )
This Model is specially good for pre-compressed or overconsolidated clays
16
Westergaards influence Chart
17
Frhlich Chart with Frhlich concentration factor m = 4
z = n ( 0.005 ) .q
This Model is specially good for Sands

18
Simplified Methods (Poulos (Poulos and Davis, 1974)

Circular Foundation:
2 1.5 B ) z = 1 1 + (q zD 2z
Square Foundation:
B z = 1 1 + 2z f
1.76
(q ) zD
19
Simplified Methods (Poulos (Poulos and Davis, 1974)

Strip Foundation:
B z = 1 1 + 2z f
Rectangular Foundation:
2.60
(q ) zD
B z = 1 1 + 2z f
1.38 + 0.62 B / L
( 2.60 0.84 B / L )
(q ) zD
20
Approximate Methods
Rectangular Foundation:
z = q
z = q
B.L ( B + z ).( L + z )
B2
Square/Circular Foundation:
(B + z)
Strip Foundation:
z = q
B (B + z)
21
Contact Pressure and Settlement distribution
Cohesive Soil - Flexible Footing
Granular Soil Flexible Footing
Cohesive Soil - Rigid Footing
Granular Soil - Rigid Footing
22
Elastic settlement of Foundation

Elastic settlement:
Se = z dz =
0
1 Es
(
0
s x s y ) dz
Es = H= s =
Modulus of elasticity Thickness of soil layer Poissons ratio of soil
Elastic settlement for Flexible Foundation:
Se =
If Es
qB 1 s2 I f Es
= influence factor: depends on the rigidity and shape of the foundation = Avg elasticity modulus of the soil for (4B) depth below foundn level
23
24

E in kPa
25
26

Soil Strata with Semi-infinite depth
27
Steinbrenners Influence Factors for Settlement of the Corners of loaded Area LxB on Compressible Stratus of = 0.5, and Thickness Ht
28
Strain Influence Factor Method for Sandy Soil: Schmertmann and Hartman (1978) z2 C1 = Correction factor for foundation depth Iz 1 0.5 D f ( q D f ) Se = C1C2 q D f z E
)
0
C2 = Correction factor for creep effects

1 + 0.2 log ( time in years 0.1)
For square and circular foundation:
For foundation with L/B >10:
Interpolate the values for 1 < L/B < 10
29
Example
D f = 31.39 kN m2
Se = C1C2 ( q D f )
0
z2
Iz z Es
For square and circular foundations
Es 2.5qc
For rectangular foundations
Es 3.5qc
Correlation with SPT data:
Es 800 N in kPa
30
10
Burland and Burbidges Method for Sandy Soils

Depth of Stress Influence (z'): If N60' is constant or increasing with depth, then z = 1.04 ( B ) If N60' is decreasing with depth, use smaller of
0.75
,where B is in meters
z = 2 B and z = z = Thickness of soft layer below foundation

2
Elastic Settlement (Se):
1.25 1 25 ( L B ) Se = 1 2 3 Bq 0.25 + ( L B )
where B is in meters and q is in kPa

1.4
1 = 0.0047 for NC sand
0.0016 for OC sand with qna po 0.0047 for OC sand with qna po
Compressibility Index: 2 = 1.71 ( N )
for NC sand
1.4 = 0.57 ( N ) for OC sand
3 =
z z 2 1 z z
q = qna
for NC sand and for OC sand with qna po for OC sand with qna po
q = qna 0.67 po
31
Settlement due to Primary Consolidation

For NC clay For OC clay
) ( c < o < o + av
Sc =
< c ) ( o + av
) ( o < c < o + av
For OC clay
+ av Cc H c log o o 1 + eo o + av Cs H c Sc = log o 1 + eo c + av Cc H c Cs H c Sc = log + log o 1 + eo c 1 + eo o
= o = av = c eo = Cc = Cs = Hc =
Average effective vertical stress before construction Average increase in effective vertical stress Effective pre-consolidation pressure Initial void ratio of the clay layer Compression Index Swelling Index Thickness of the clay layer
t m b
= av
1 + b ) ( t + 4 m 6
32
Settlement Correction for Effect of 33-D Consolidation
( Sc )3 D = ( Sc )1D
33
11
Foxs Depth Correction Factor for Rectangular Footings of (L)x(B) at Depth (D)
( Sc )Embedded ( Sc )Surface
= Depth factor
Rigidity Factor as per IS:8009IS:8009 -1976

Total settlement of rigid foundation Total settlement at the center of flexible foundation
Rigidity factor = 0.8
34
Time Rate of Settlement

St = Si + USc
T= cv t Ht 2
Assumption of pore pressure distribution under the given stress conditions
For open clay layer with two way drainage use curve for V=1
35
Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation

Ss = t C H c log 2 1 + ep t1
e log ( t2 t1 )
C = Secondary Compression Index =
Void Ratio, e
ep
e
e p = Void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
H c = Thickness of Clay Layer
t1
Time, t (Log scale)
t2
Secondary consolidation settlement is more important in the case of organic and highly-compressible inorganic clays
36
12
Total Settlement from SPT Data for Cohesionless soil
Multiply the settlement by factor W'

37
Total Settlement from CPT Data for Cohesionless soil

St = H t o + ln C o
3 q C= c 2 o
Depth profile of cone resistance can be divided in several segments of average cone resistance Average cone resistance can be used to calculate constant of compressibility. Settlement of each layer is calculated separately due to foundation loading and then added together
38
Plate Load Test IS:1888 IS:1888-1982
39
13

Bearing Plate:

Rough mild steel bearing plate in circular or square shape Dimension: 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm, or 75 cm. Thickness > 25 mm Smaller size for stiff or dense soil. Larger size for soft or loose soil Bottom of the plate is grooved for increased roughness. Concrete blocks may be used to replace bearing plates.

40

Test Pit:

Usually to the depth of foundation level. Width equal to five times the test plate Carefully leveled and cleaned bottom. Protected against g disturbance or change g in natural formation
Plan Section
41

Procedure:
Selection of Location Based on the exploratory boring. Test is carried out at the level of proposed foundation. If water table is below the foundation level but the depth is less than width of plate then the test is carried out at the level of water table. If the water table is above the foundation level then the water level is reduced to proposed foundation level by pumping out the water during the test; however, in case of f high permeability material perform f the test at the level of water table. In case the soil is expected to have significant capillary action and the water table is within 1 m below the foundation, it becomes necessary to perform the test at the level of water table in order to avoid the effect of higher effective stresses due to capillary action resulting in lower values of interpreted settlements. Reaction supports should be at least (3.5 x width of plate) away from the test plate location, and loading arrangement should provide sufficient working space. Test plate should be placed over a 5 mm thick sand layer and it should be centered with the loading arrangement.
42
14

Procedure: (Contd.)

A seating pressure of 7 kPa is applied and then released after some time before the test. Loads are applied in the increments of approximately 1/5th of the estimated ultimate safe load. (Or, one may choose to increase the load at an increment of 0.5 kN.) At each load settlement is recorded at time intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 16, 25 min i and d th thereafter ft at t intervals i t l of f one hour. h For clayey soil, the load is increased when time settlement curve shows that the settlement has exceeded 70-80% of the probable ultimate settlement or a duration of 24 Hrs. For the other soils, the load is increased when the settlement rate drops below 0.02 mm/min. The minimum duration for any load should, however, be at least 60 min. Dial gauges used for testing should have at least 25 mm travel and 0.01 mm accuracy. The load settlement curve can then be platted from settlement data.
43

Plate Load Test Load Load-Settlement Curve
Zero Correction: The intersection of the early straight line or nearly straight line with zero load line shall be determined and subtracted from the settlement readings to allow for the perfect seating of the bearing plate.
44
Plate Load Test Load Load-Settlement Curve

Terzaghi and Peck (1948):
Sf
B f ( B p + 30 ) = S p B p ( B f + 30 )
Sf = Sp =
Settlement of a foundation of width Bf (cm) Settlement of the test plate of width Bp (cm) at the same load intensity as on the foundation
Bond (1961):
Soil Index - n 1.03 to 1.05 1.08 to 1.10 1.20 to 1.25 1.25 to 1.35 1.40 to 1.50
45
Sf
Bf = Sp Bp
Clay Sandy clay Loose sand Medium sand Dense sand
15
Plate Load Test: Some Considerations

The width of test plate should not be less than 30 cm. It is experimentally shown that the load settlement behavior of soil is qualitatively different for smaller widths. The settlement influence zone is much larger for the real foundation sizes than that for test plate, which may lead to gross misinterpretation i i t t ti of f expected t d settlement ttl t for proposed foundation.
Soft soil layer

The foundation settlements in loose sands are usually much larger than what is predicted by plate load test. Plate load test is relatively short duration test and gives mostly the immediate settlements. In case of granular soils the immediate settlement is close to total settlements. However, due to considerable consolidation settlement in case of cohesive soils, the plate load test becomes irrelevant in such case. Although the following relationship is suggested S f Bf for interpreting the settlements in cohesive soils, = it can not be used seriously for design. S B
p p
46
Plate Load Test: Bearing Capacity

In case of dense cohesionless soil and highly cohesive soils ultimate bearing capacity may be estimated from the peak load in load-settlement curve. In case of partially cohesive soils and loose to medium dense soils the ultimate bearing capacity load may be estimated by assuming the load settlement curve so as to be a bilinear relationship.
47
Plate Load Test: Bearing Capacity

A more precise determination of bearing capacity load is possible if the load-settlement curve is plotted in log-log scale and the relationship is assume to be bilinear. The intersection point is taken as the yield point or the bearing capacity load.
For cohesioless soil
quf qup
Bf Bp
For cohesive soil
quf = qup
48
16
Modulus of SubSub -grade Reaction
49
Differential Settlement
Terzaghis recommendation:
Differential settlement should not exceed 50% of the total settlement calculated for the foundation. Considering the sizes of different footing, the following criteria is suggested for buildings:
Differential settlement of footing > 75% of max calculated settlement of footing

For raft foundation the requirements shall be more stringent and they may designed for the g criteria following
Differential settlement of raft footing > 37% of max calculated settlement of raft footing
= maximum settlement = differential settlement / = angular distortion
Allowable maximum and differential settlements as prescribed by IS:1904-1986 are given on the next slide
50
51
17
Rotation of Footings Subjected to Moment

Footings subjected to moment will have the tendency to rotate and the amount of rotation can be estimated by assuming that the footing is supported on a bed of springs and using the modulus of sub-grade reaction theory. Modulus of sub-grade reaction: Q M
k=
B 1 2
Es
Moment about the base due to soil reaction:
M = 2
B2
L ( k . ).dx =
LB 3 k 12
52
Rotation of Footings Subjected to Moment

Influence factor to compute rotation of footing
2 1 2 M 12 M 12 M 1 = = I 3 2 LB k LB Es Es LB 2
) (
I values
53
Allowable Bearing Pressure
Maximum bearing pressure that can be applied on the soil satisfying two fundamental requirements
Bearing capacity with adequate factor of safety net safe bearing capacity Settlement within permissible limits (critical in most cases) net safe bearing pressure
54
18

Terzaghi and Peck (1967):
B + 0.3 RD1S a qn = 1.37 ( N 3) Rw 2B 2 kN m

Sa in mm and all other dimensions in meter.
Sa = Permissible settlement in mm.

(25 mm)
D Df = 0.5 1 + w Rw Df
1 [ Rw
RD1 = depth correction factor = 1 + 0.2 Df B 1.2

55

Peck, Hanson, and Thornburn (1974):
N-values are corrected for dilatancy and overburden Initial straight line safe bearing capacity with FOS =2 Later horizontal portion permissible settlement of 25 mm.
qa net = 0.44Cw N Sa kN m 2
Allowable bearing pressure from settlement consideration: S a = Permissible settlement in mm. (25 mm)
Dw Cw = water table correction = 0.5 + 0.5 Df + B
56

Tengs (1962) Correlation:
Net safe bearing pressure
B + 0.3 qn = 1.4 ( N cor 3) RwCD S a 2B 2 kN m

2
Sa in mm and all other dimensions in meter.
CD = depth correction factor = 1 + N cor = C N .N
Df
B
CN = o CN = o
1.75 Pa ) 1.05 for 0 < ( o Pa + 0.7 3.5 Pa ) 2.8 for 1.05 < ( o Pa + 0.7
57
= Effective Overburden stress o
19

Meyerhofs (1974) Correlation:
Net safe bearing pressure
qn = 0.49 N RD1S a
kN m 2 for B 1.2 m
2
RD1 = depth correction factor = 1 + 0.2 Df B 1.2
B + 0.3 qn = 0.32 N RD 2 Sa B
kN m2 for B > 1.2 m

Df B
RD 2 = depth correction factor = 1 + 0.33 1.33
Bowels (1982) Correlation:
qn = 0.73 N RD1S a
kN m2 for B 1.2 m
2
B + 0.3 qn = 0.48 N RD 2 Sa B
kN m 2 for B > 1.2 m
N-value corrected for overburden using bazaraas equation, but the N-value must not exceed field value
58

IS Code recommendation: Use total settlement correlations with SPT
data to determine safe bearing pressure.
Correlations for raft foundations:

Rafts are mostly safe in bearing capacity and they do not show much differential settlements as compared to isolated foundations. Tengs Correlation:
CD Sa qn = 0.7 ( N 3) Rw
kN m 2
Peck, Hanson, and Thornburn (1974): qa net = 0.88Cw N S a
kN m 2
Correlations using CPT data:

Meyerhofs correlations may be used by substituting qc/2 for N, where qc is in kg/cm2.
59
Net vs. Gross Allowable Bearing Pressure
Soil
Soil
Df
Dc
Gross load
Qg = Qc + B 2 Dc c + B 2 ( D f Dc )
Qc + D f + Dc ( c ) B2 Q qn = q g D f = c + Dc ( c ) B2 ( c ) is small, so it may be neglected Q qn = c B2 Qc qa net B2 qg = B2 =
Qg
Qc + Dc c + t c B2 Q qn = qg D f = c + c ( Dc + t ) D f B2 qg =
Usually Dc+t is much smaller than Df
qn =
Qc Df B2
Qc qa net + D f B2 Qc qa gross B2
60
20

Elastic Settlement in Soil

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elastic Settlement in Soil

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE-632 Foundation Analysis and Design

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Stress Distribution: Concentrated load

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Stress Distribution: Concentrated load

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Vertical Stress: Concentrated load

Influence Factor for General solution of vertical stress

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Vertical Stress: Uniformly Distributed Circular Load

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Vertical Stress: Uniformly Distributed Circular Load

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Vertical Stress: Rectangular Area

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Vertical Stress: Rectangular Area

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Pressure Bulb for Square Foundation

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Pressure Bulb for Circular Foundation

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

This Model is specially good for pre-compressed or overconsolidated clays

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Westergaards influence Chart

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Frhlich Chart with Frhlich concentration factor m = 4

This Model is specially good for Sands

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Simplified Methods (Poulos (Poulos and Davis, 1974)

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Simplified Methods (Poulos (Poulos and Davis, 1974)

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Contact Pressure and Settlement distribution

Cohesive Soil - Flexible Footing

Granular Soil Flexible Footing

Cohesive Soil - Rigid Footing

Granular Soil - Rigid Footing

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Elastic settlement of Foundation

Modulus of elasticity Thickness of soil layer Poissons ratio of soil

Elastic settlement for Flexible Foundation:

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Elastic settlement of Foundation

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Elastic settlement of Foundation

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Elastic settlement of Foundation

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Elastic settlement of Foundation

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

C2 = Correction factor for creep effects

For foundation with L/B >10:

Interpolate the values for 1 < L/B < 10

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

For square and circular foundations

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Burland and Burbidges Method for Sandy Soils