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Vol.1, No.13, March 30, 2014

news & analysis

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Election

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The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13, March 30, 2014

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news & analysis

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

news & analysis

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Military

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Page-6

news & analysis

Page 5 -

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

jrefrmhwyfrawmf . . .

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jyKjyifa&; tm;enf;wm? ajrjyifu a0[if csdwf

news & analysis

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

qufa&; enf;ynm aemufusaewmaMumihf

wyfrawmf(av)&JU pGr;f &nfu oHo,&Spd &m jzpf
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(jrefrmydkif;) \ wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
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news & analysis

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

news & analysis

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

Regional

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The Irrawaddy

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Ref: New York Times

10

news & analysis

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

news & analysis 11

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

PovertyTransportation
Public

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Page-13

12

news & analysis

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

news & analysis 13

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

"mwfyHk -Refreefifablogspot.com

Rule of Law

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Page 11 - &efukefNrdKUwGif c&D;oGm;jcif; . . .

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Special report
Tradition

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15

16

Special report

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Special report 17

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Profile

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business

The Irrawaddy

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Investment

business 21

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13
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business

The Irrawaddy

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business 23

The Irrawaddy
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Photo Essay

25

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The Irrawaddy r*Zif;udk
EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;wGif
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EDITORIAL

The Irrawaddy

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qHk; pepfwus wduspGmod&SdEkdifayvdrhfrnf/

Editorial Cartoon

Weekly Journal
Established Since 1993

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wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
t,f'Dwm (EdkifiHa&;)
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- atmifaZmf
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aysmufqHk; rav;av,mOfESifh ywfouf . . . pm-32

Education

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eef;qdkifEGrf? olZm? jrwfolatmif?
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http://blog.irrawaddy.org

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rlyikd jf zpfaMumif; today;tyfygonf/

29

pm-30

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aeYrSmwifjywmawGudk tusOf;csKH;NyD; wifjywJh
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ta&;BuD;wmudkyJ ajymzkdYBudK;pm;r,f/
NNER (National Network for Education
Reform) udk vrf;ay:uvlawGyJ cHpm;rIawGyJ

ajymaew,fvdkY wcsKdUtmPmydkifawGu txif

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csiyf gw,f/ NNER qdw
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ynma&;}} taMumif;/ Mother Tongue-based
in Education/ What Why How/ tm&S

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tcGihfta&; &MurSmygwJh/

'Dpmwrf;rSm NNER &JU tajccHrlrsm;udk

&Sif;jyygw,f/ pmwrf;&Sifuawmh Dr Kimmo
Kosonen ( Lecturer, Researcher, Payap
wuodkvf)yg/ olu &Sif;jyygw,f/ Language
of literacy? Language of instruction? Ny;D awmh
vnf; rdcifbmompum; (Mother tongue)?
vTr;f rd;k wJb
h mompum; (Dominant language)?
rvTrf;rdk;wJh bmompum; (Non - dominant
language)/ ay:vpDqGJolawG[m Multilingualism ukjd yemvdYk xifMuw,f/ Conflict
y#dyuawGudk tm;ay;w,fvdkYjrifMuw,f/ rdb
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oufaoawG Research Evidence awG&o

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udk,foifcGihfudk ydwfrS? jyemawG &SdwmwJh/
Language Rights udk todtrSwjf yK&if vlt
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vnf;&w,f/ ynmoifMum;a&;[mvnf; xd
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od&ifaumif;rSmyJ/ 'D Presentation wifjyrIrSm
Nird ;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufjcif;eJY bmompum;awG
oifMum;jcif;&JU tquftoG,&f ydS u
kH dk wifjyxm;
ygw,f/
pmwrf;wifjyol Professor Joseph Lo
Bianco u Language Planning ukv
d nf; ajym
jyw,f/ Language Planning bmompum;
oifMum;a&;pDru
H ed ;f &JU jyemawG? yef;wdik af wG?
tusKd;tjrwf qef;ppfjcif; (Cost - benefit
Analysis) awGESihf jzpfEdkifacs (Feasibility) udk
&Sif;w,f/ bmompum; oifMum;a&;qkdwm
EkdifiHa&;wJh/ tifrwef rSwfom;p&maumif;yg
w,f/
olwifjywJhtxJ rSwfrdaewmawGu rdcif
bmompum;tajccHwyhJ nma&;aMumihf pmwwf
wmwJh/ oD&dvuFmtaMumif; ajymjyygw,f/
oD&dvuFm&JU pmwwfajrmufEIef;jrihfwm 91
&mckdifEIef;[m rdcifbmompum; tajccHwJh
oifMum;a&;aMumihfwJh/ rdcifbmompum;[m
t&if;tjrpf (Resource) BuD;wJh cifAs/ a&cJ
awmifBuD;vdkyJ/ tay:u tenf;tusOf;om
jrif & ayr,h f od j cif ; uRrf ; usif j cif ; awG [ m
atmufxJrSmrjrif&vkdYwJh/ 'gudkvnf; rSwfom;
&w,f/
bmompum;pHkoifMum;a&;ukd tay:u
csnf; (Top-down Policy) vkyfvkdY rjynhfpHkbl;/
atmufajcuvnf; (Bottom-up) yg&r,f/
tvTmpHkyg&r,f/ tJ'D bmompum;pHk oifMum;
a&; tpDtpOfrSm ygoihfwmu Minority
language maintenance, National language
learning, National unity & cultural diversity

wJh/

bmompum;pHkoifMum;a&;ukd tay:ucsnf;
(Top-down Policy) vkyfvkdY rjynhfpHkbl;/
atmufajcuvnf; (Bottom-up) yg&r,f/
tvTmpHkyg&r,f . . .

q&mapmvmaq;uvnf; aqG;aEG;ygw,f/
ol u awmf v S e f a &;orm;ygwJ h / u&if y nm
taMumif;ajymw,f/ u&ifrSm u&ifaumvdyf
qkw
d m&Scd zhJ ;l wmwJ/h u&ifvo
dk ifzu
Ykd awmhtcuf
tcJr&Sdbl;/ a'gufwmodef;vGifeJY vkyfcJhwm
MumNyDwJh/ rpdk;&drfygeJYwJh/ Teacher Training
College vnf; &Sdygw,fwJh/ rlvwef;rSm
Mother-tongue yJoifw,f/ txufwef;rSm
t*F v d y f p m? Armpm? u&if p m oif w ,f /
Curriculum ukv
d nf; jyifw,f/ olwifjywm[m
tifrwef tm;&p&maumif;ygw,f/
AGefql&SDuawmh em*tajctaeukd wifjy
w,f/ rul&eD m*^ pm&marwdawmif em*pum;
taMumif;? avmifyl&D em*taMumif;ajymw,f/
Page-31

30

opinion

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

opinion 31

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

Society

"mwfyHkrsm;-awZvdIif^The Irrawaddy

rGwfpvif todkif;t0kdif;onf ajymif;vJoGm;cJh

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bm

1970 0ef;usif usaemfi,fpOf ausmif;om;

b0 ausmufqnfNrKd U t.x.u (1) wGif ynm
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usaemf\ oli,fcsif;rsm;xJwGif wkwfa&m
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wGif wkwfoli,fcsif; cif;pifESifh cif;azgif
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awGomjzpfonf/ odkYaomf c&pf,mefoDcsif;rsm;

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vm; aysmfp&maumif;vSonf/ xdktzGJUwGif Ak'

bmoma&m? rGwpf vifa&m? c&pf,mefa&m twl

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twGuftoufudk paw;0hHolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
AdkvfrSL;BuD; ol&ausmfausmfcsKdonf AsL[mrSL;
jzpfonftxd rnfonfyh idk q
f idk rf rI rS &Sad cs/ tjcm;
wyf&if;rSL;rsm; tdrfaqmuf um;0,fvkyfaeMu

aomfvnf; if;u ]]wyfrawmfrSm &SdorQ&dyfom

tm;vHk; ightdrfawGcsnf;yJuG/ wyfxJu b,f
awmhrrS xGub
f ;l / tvHwidk zf ufaer,f}} [k tNrJ
ajymavh&Sdonf/ olusqHk;awmh ZeD;ESihfom;
ESpaf ,mufaep&mr&Sad cs/ aemufyikd ;f wGif &efuif;
wku
d cf ef; rJaygufonf[k Mum;od&onf/ c&pf
,mef wyf&if;rSL;ESifh rGwfpvif&Jabmfudk usaemf
tNro
J wd&rdygonf/ ,ckjzpfay:aeaomy#dyu
tajctaeonf ]]rajymif;vJoifah om tajymif;
tvJ}} wck jzpfaejcif;onf oihf\ roifh\
aocsmap&ef oHk;oyfvSayonf/

(t*Fvyd pf mukad pmapmoifav avydak umif;av

av)? Mother tongue interferes in second
language learning (rdcifbmompum;aMumihf
'kwd, bmompum;oifwm aESmihfaES;w,f)?

odzdkYaumif;ygNyD/
(3) MLE [m Effective Education udk
vnf; axmufyw
Hh ,fqw
kd m odrw
S Mf uzdaYk umif;yg
Ny/D MLE azmfaqmif&mrSm t[eft
Y wm;awGavQmh
NyD; vGwfvyfa&;ay; vkyfcGihfay;awmhr,fvdkY
arQmfvihfwmygyJcifAsm/
tay:upepfcsnf;u tvkyfrjzpfbl;wJh
cifAs/ tay:ua&m atmufuyg vkyf&rSmyg/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrBI u;D [mu jzpfEidk o
f wJ/h
'gaywJh zdvpfydkifvkd tm;vHk;0dkif;vkyfMu&rSmwJh/
'gygyJcifAsm? aus;Zl;wifygw,f/

tNidrf;pm; 'kAdkvfrSL;BuD; OD;vSaqGonf

jynfaxmifpk BuHhcdkifa&;ESifh
zGHUNzdK;a&;ygwD\ rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;
rJqEe,f 12 rS trsKd;om;vTwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;jzpfonf/

Page 29 - bmompum;pHkjzifh ynmoifMum;a&; . . .

rdcifbmompum; oifzdkYygyJwJh/ tcuftcJawG
awmhvnf; &Sdygw,fwJh/
aemufydwfqHk;pmwrf;uawmh Multilin-

gual Education Policy and Practices in

Asia bmompum;pHo
k ifMum;a&; ay:vpDawG

taMumif; tao;pdwaf yghAsm/ tmqD,EH ikd if aH wG

taMumif;ajymw,f/ MLE [m t&if uxuf
ae&m&avNyD/ MLE udk t&ifuxuf ydkNyD;
EkdifiHawGrSm oifvmMuNyD/ uarm'D;,m;? xdkif;?
zdvpfydkif? tdEd,taMumif; ajymjyygw,f/
urmrSm bmompum;aygif; 7105 &Sw
d ,f/
tm&SrSm bmompum;aygif; 2215 &Sdw,f/
ta&SUawmiftm&SrmS bmompum;aygif; 1254
&Sw
d ,f/ jrefrmEkid if rH mS xuf bmompum;awGrsm;
wJhEkdifiHawG[m tyHktyifyg/ 'DEkdifiHawG jrefrm
xufrsm;ygw,f/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm; - 706? tdE,
d - 447?
wkwf - 298? zdvpfyikd f - 181? rav;&Sm; - 138?
eDayg - 121 wdkYjzpfygw,f/ &ifqkdifajz&Sif;&rSm
awGu usaemfwcYkd sn;f rS r[kwb
f u
J ;kd / usaemfwYkd
rSmawmh bmompum;qkid &f m rl0g' (Language

Policy) &,fvdkY wdwdususr&Sdao;bl;/ uarm

'D;,m;eJY xkdif;? zdvpfykdifrSm &Sdw,f/ txufyg
Ekid if aH wG[m bmompum;jyemukd ajz&Si;f Edik f
Muygw,f/
zdvpfydkifuawmh wrlxl;wJhEkdifiHyJ/ pdwf0if
pm;p&m tifrwefaumif;ygw,f/ t*Fvyd pf m&JU
tcef;u@ukd avQmhcsaewmyg/ rdcifbmom
pum;tajcjyKwJh oifMum;a&;udkyJ vkyfr,fwJh/
wjynfvHk;rD'D,ma&m ynma&;Xme t&yfbuf
tzGUJ tpnf;awGyg 0dik ;f vkyMf uw,f/ rdcifbmom
pum;udyk J oli,fwef;uae 6 wef;xd oifrwJ/h
tdE,
d vnf;yJ bmompum; 3 ck oifMum;
a&;ay:vpDusio
fh ;kH w,f/ ygarmu uifru
kd q
kd ekd ef
(Dr Kimmo Kosonen) [m Regional Trends

in the Use of Non-dominant Language in

Education ukd &Sif;jyygw,f/ ,Hkwrf;pum;awG
Myths vdkY ya&mfzufqm uifrdkudkqdkeefu ajym
wmu The more dominant language, the
better (vTrf;rdk;wJh bmompum;ukd oifavav
ykdaumif;avav)? The earlier, the better

Only the dominant language is important

(t*Fvdyfpm? ArmpmyJ ta&;BuD;w,f) yg/

tJ'Dt,ltqawG[m rSm;owJhAsm/
y&dowfBu;D cifAsm/ 'D Presentation awGu
aeNyD; atmufygtwkdif; qifjcifEkdifygw,f/
(1) Mother tongue-based MLE udk
usaemfwjYkd ynfrmS pzdaYk umif;Ny/D b,fvpdk MurvJ
pOf;pm;Mu&r,f/ a'otvdkuf oufqkdif&m
ausmif;tvkduf b,fbmompum; oifrvJ
qH;k jzwfciG afh y;vku
d &f if olwu
Ykd ,
kd w
f idk f vkyEf ikd yf g
w,f/ auseyfaysmf&TifNyD; tm;wufoa&m vkyf
MurSmyg/
(2) rdcifbmompum;oifMum;a&;eJY wkdif;
&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDGwfrI&JU tquftoG,fukd
owdxm;zdkY *kpkdufzdkYaumif;NyD/ MLE [m
Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd taxmuftuljzpfw,fqkdwm

udkwmonf &efukeftajcpdkufpma&;q&m
jzpfNyD; ynma&;? awG;ac:ajrmfjrifa&;ESihf
vlrIzGHUNzdK;a&;qdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
pme,fZif;rsm;wGif yHkrSefa&;om;aeonf/

32

Dateline Irrawaddy

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Dateline Irrawaddy 33

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

Regional

aysmufqHk; rav;av,mOfESifh ywfouf . . .

The Irrawaddy

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36

lifestyle

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

lifestyle 37

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

Ethnics

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lifestyle

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Family

Vol.1, No.13
Health

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lifestyle 39

The Irrawaddy

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lifestyle

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Music Review

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Vol.1, No.13

Mandalay Sketch

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jyif;

lifestyle 41

The Irrawaddy

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lifestyle

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Trends

lifestyle 43

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13
Youth

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"mwfyHk -a*sydkif^The Irrawaddy

42

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lifestyle

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

Event

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lifestyle

The Irrawaddy

Vol.1, No.13

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

lifestyle 47

Women

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The Irrawaddy
Weekly

Vol.1, No. 13, March 30, 2014

Journal

A
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IN BRIEF

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Vol.1, No.13

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

Infrastructure

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Vol.1, No. 13, March 30, 2014

Journal

Politics

arc

Page A -

Weekly

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Vol.1, No.13

The Irrawaddy
Vol.1, No.13

Census

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