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k ydI
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8

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atmify[
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f ikd ;f jynfwikd ;f wGif t&if;&Siv
f @l tzG@J
tpnf;. vlwef;pm;toD;oD;=um;Y aoa&;&Sifa&; wdkufyGJr&SdbJ
tenf;ESit
hf rsm; vGwv
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f ^m%fxufjrufrr_ mS ol
onf urBmo
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f kd tjcm;olrsm;xuf
apmpGm xkwEf w
k Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;ESihf Ted*;kH csKyfcsuu
f kd pG+J rJpmG usio
hf ;kH Edik cf jhJ cif;
[lonfh tcsuaf y:wGif wnfonf? Ted*;kH csKyfcsuo
f nf vlwef;pm;
wdu
k yf JG oif=um;csuyf if jzpfonf?
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toH;k tE_e;f rsm;/ a=unmcsurf sm;/ uwdc0H efcsurf sm;tm;vH;k . aemuf
uG,fwGif&Sdaeaom vlwef;pm;w&yf odk@r[kwf tjcm;vlwef;pm;
w&yf&yf. tusK;d pD;yGm;udk razmfxw
k Ef ikd o
f r#umvywfv;kH Edik if aH &;
wGif vdrv
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k rf o
J nfh om;aumif jzpf+rJjzpfaeayvdrrhf nf?
rnfr#yif dik ;f pdik ;f =urf;uwfI ykyo
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jzpfygap tcsK@d aom tkypf ;kd olvw
l ef;pm; w&yf&yf. tiftm;pkrsm;u
xde;f odr;f xm;a=umif;udk oabmrayguo
f r# umvywfv;kH yjyifa&;ESihf
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ae=uaom olrsm;. vdrv
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twGi;f rS tiftm;pkw&yfukd &SmazG+yD; wdu
k yf 0JG ifa&;twGuf ynmay;
pnf;Hk;&rnfjzpf.? xdktiftm;pkonf rdrd. vlr_tqifhae&mt&
9

pepfa[mif;udk okwo
f if&iS ;f vif;+yD; pepfopfukd zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f &So
d nfh
zefvnf;zefw;D &rnfh tiftm;pk jzpf&ayrnf?
rmhufpf. tbd"rRmqdkif&m kyf0g'uomv#if ypPnf;rJhvl
wef;pm; tzdEydS cf v
H w
l ef;pm;tm;vH;k ,ae@wikd f pdw"f mwft& u|ef y
cH&jcif;rS xGwf&yfvrf;a=umif;udk !efjyonf? rmhufpf. pD;yGm;a&;
oabmw&m;uomv#if t&if;&Sipf epfw&yfv;kH twGi;f &Sd ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;. tqifah e&mrSeu
f kd &Si;f jyonf?
ypPn;f rJw
h @kd . trScD u
kd if;aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf tar
&duefrS *syef/ qG'D ifrS awmiftmz&dutxd wurBmvH;k Y qxufxrf;yd;k
wd;k rsm;aeonf? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;onf vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf u
JG kd qifEJ$
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tzGJ@tpnf; tpGJtvrf;rsm;rS tvGwfkef;xGufae.? onf rdrd
wyfz@JG ukd wae@wjcm; odyo
f nf;pGm pk;kH +yD; rdr.
d atmifjrifrr_ sm;tm;
rnfo@kd rnfykH tuJjzwf&rnfukd oif,al eonf? rdr.
d tiftm;pkrsm;udk
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f [kejf zifh }u;D xGm;
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1913 ck/ rwfv?

10

um;vf rmh u f p f oif = um;csuf .

ord k i f ; qd k i f & m uH = urR m

rmhupf o
f if=um;csu.
f t"dut&mrSm qd&k ,
S v
f pf vl@tzG@J
tpnf;udk wnfaqmufot
l jzpf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. ordik ;f qdik &f m
tcef;udk &Si;f vif;jyocsuyf if jzpfayonf? Toif=um;csuu
f kd rmhupf u
f
&Si;f vif;wifjy+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif urBmt&yf&yf&dS jzpf&yfrsm;.
wd;k wufru
_ oufaojyvdu
k yf govm;?
Toif=um;csuu
f kd rmhupf u
f 1844 ckEpS w
f iG f yxrqH;k wifjy
cJo
h nf? 1848 ckEpS u
f xkwaf 0cJah om rmhupf /f tde*f ,fw@kd . uGejf rLepf
a=unmpmwrf; xJwiG f Toif=um;csuu
f kd jynfph o
kH nf/h pepfusonf/h
,ae@xufwikd f taumif;qH;k tjzpf wnf&adS eonfh &Si;f vif;csujf zifh
azmfjy+yD;av+yD? Ttcsed rf pS +yD; urBmo
h rdik ;f onf t"du umv 3 ck
tjzpf &Si;f vif;pGm uGjJ ym;oGm;onf? (1) 1848 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;rS
yg&pfbHktzGJ@ (1871 ckESpf) txd? (2) yg&pfbHktzGJ@rS k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;
Taqmif;yg;udk um;vfrmhupf f uG,v
f eG o
f nfh tESpf 30 ajrmufae@ukd
txdrf;trSwfyI a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? 1913 ckESpf rwfv 1
&ufae@xw
k f y&mA'g; owif;pmtrSwf 50 wGif xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyonf?
11

(1905 ckEpS )f txd? (3) k&mS ;awmfveS af &;rS aemufyikd ;f wd@k jzpfygonf?
umvtoD;oD;&Sd rmhufpfoif=um;csuf. uH=urRmudk
qef;ppf=unfh =_ uygp@kd ?
(1)
yxrumv. tpydik ;f Y rmhupf o
f if=um;csuo
f nf rnfonfh
enf;ESirhf # v$r;f rd;k onfh tqifah e&mod@k ra&muf&adS o;ay? onf
tvGerf sm;jym;vSaom qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'*d%
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wcktjzpfom &Sad eao;onf? v$r;f rd;k xm;onfum; u|eaf wmfw@kd qrD S
ea&mepf0g'ESihf tajccHtm;jzifh wlnaD om qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'omefrsm;
jzpfonf? wd@k onf ordik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_. ky0f g'tajccHukd em;rvnf
=uacs? t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;toD;oD;. tcef;ESifh
t"dym` ,fukd rcGjJ cm;Edik b
f J jynfol / w&m;r#wr_/ tcGit
hf a&;
ponfh twkta,mif qd&k ,
S v
f pfpum;vH;k trsK;d rsK;d ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pD yjyif
a&;. "e&Sit
f ESpo
f m&udk zH;k uG,x
f m;=uonf?
1848 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;u atmf}uD;[pfus,f vkyaf eaom
a&mifp&kH o
dS nfh rmhupf f rwdik rf D qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'omefrsm;udk emvef
rxlEikd af tmif xd;k ESuyf pfvu
kd o
f nf? awmfveS af &;u wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k rS
vl@tzG@J tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;toD;oD;udk wd@k . yr_vy_ &f mS ;csujf zifh
Zmwdyk rf sm; yGiu
hf somG ;aponf? 1848 ckEpS f ZGev
f yg&pfta&;tcif;
twGi;f orRw*d%
k ;f "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;u tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk ypfowf
cJjh cif;u ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; wckwnf;om qd&k ,
S v
f pfvuQ%m&So
d nf
qdo
k nft
h csuu
f kd aemufq;kH tcdik t
f rm yvdu
k o
f nf? xdv
k w
l ef;pm;.
trScD u
kd if;r_ukd vpfb&,f "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;onf rnfonfh azmufjyefa&;
rsK;d xufrqdk tqw&mydI
k a=umuf&@HG =uonf? ol&aJ bma=umifaom
12

vpfb&,frsm;onf azmufjyefa&;. a&S@arSmufwiG f c,0yfwmG ;ae

=uonf? v,form;rsm;onf ya'o&mZf tuif;tuserf sm;udk zsuf
od r f ; ypf j cif ; tm; auseyf E S p f o d r f h u m pepf w usjzpf a &;buf o d k @
ul;ajymif;oGm;=uonf? wd@k onf tvkyo
f rm;'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf "e&Sif
vpfb&,f0g' t=um;wGif wcgw&H awGa0,dr;f ,dik w
f wf=ujcif;om
&Sdonf? vlwef;pm;ESifh rqdkifaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh vlwef;pm;ESifh
rqdik af om Edik if aH &;qdik &f m oif=um;csurf eS o
f r#rmS r[kwrf [wf ajym
aejcif;omjzpfa=umif; oufaojyvdu
k o
f nf?
yg&pfbHktzGJ@ (1871 ckESpf) u "e&Sif yjyifa&; jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;r_ukd +yD;qH;k apvdu
k o
f nf? orRwEdik if H qdv
k o
kd nfrmS vlwef;pm;
quf q H a &;rsm;ud k ajAmif t usqH k ; omef E S i f h azmf j yxm;onf h
Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk omef. awmifw
h if;cdik rf mr_rmS ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
. &J&ifrh a_ =umifo
h m jzpfayonf?
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rjynfhpHkao;aom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onfvnf; tvm;wlwduspGm
zGJ@wnfvmonfh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;qDodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;aponf?
rkew
f ikd ;f rsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;umvjzpfonfh yxrumv (1848 ckEpS rf S
1871 ckEpS f txd) . tukeyf ikd ;f wGif rmhupf rf wdik rf D qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'rSm
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kd if;onfh ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; ygwDrsm;
jzpf=uaom yxrtifwmae&Sief ,f (1864 ckEpS rf S 1871 ckEpS t
f xd)
ESihf *smref qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpf ygww
D @kd ayguzf mG ;vm=uonf?
(2)
'kw,
d umvydik ;f (1872 ckEpS rf S 1904 ckEpS t
f xd) ESihf yxr
umvydik ;f wd@k . jcm;em;csurf mS +ird ;f csr;f aom vuQ%mESihf awmfveS f
13

a&;rsm; rjzpfymG ;jcif;yif jzpfonf? taemufwikd ;f . "e&Siaf wmfveS af &;

rsm;onf +y;D qH;k cJah v+y?D ta&S@wikd ;f rSmrl TuJo
h @kd aom awmfveS af &;rsm;
&ifrh n
S rhf vmao;ay?
taemufwikd ;f rSm tem*wftajymif;tvJ umvtwGuf
+ird ;f csr;f pGm jyifqifa&;tqifo
h @kd 0ifa&mufvmonf? tajccHtm;jzifh
ypPn;f rJjh zpfaom qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'ygwrD sm; ae&mtES@H ay:xGuv
f monf?
wd@k onf "e&Siyf gvrD efpepfukd toH;k y&efaomfvnf;aumid;/ rdrw
d @kd .
ae@pOfowif;pm/ ynma&;Xme/ tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;ESihf or0g,rrsm;
wnfaxmif&efaomfvnf;aumif; oif,v
l m=uonf? rmhupf o
f if=um;
csuo
f nf vH;k 0atmifjrifr&_ um us,jf yef@pmG jyefE@HS vmonf? ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk a&G;cs,pf pk nf;r_EiS hf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;.
aemifvmrnfw
h u
kd yf JG jyifqifrj_ zpfpOfonf jznf;!i;f apumrl a&S@o@kd reS rf eS f
wufvrS ;f aeonf?
rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;atmifyGJa=umifh . &efol
rsm;onf rmhupf 0f g't
D jzpf ta&cHvu
kd =f u&awmhonf? Tonfum;
ordkif;. tEkydavmryif jzpfonf? twGif;Y v_dufpm;aeaom
vpfb&,f0g'onf qd&k ,
S v
f pf tacsmif0g' toGiEf iS hf jyefvnftouf
oGi;f &ef u;pm;=uonf? tacsmiform;rsm;onf }u;D jrwfaom wdu
k yf JG
rsm;twGuf tiftm;pkaqmif;aeonfh umvudk wdu
k yf rJG sm;tm;
pGef@y,fjcif;tjzpf t"dy`m,f zGifhqdk=uonf? tcpm;u|efpepfudk
qef@usio
f nfh wdu
k yf t
JG wGuf aus;u|erf sm;. tajctaeaumif;rGef
vmatmif vkyjf cif;tm; aus;u|erf sm;onf olw@kd . vGwv
f yfciG u
hf kd
ydu
k q
f H 5 jym;ESihf a&mif;pm;vdu
k jf cif; jzpfonf[k ajym=uonf? vl@tzG@J
tpnf;+idr;f csr;f a&;/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS aus;u|eyf ikd &f iS pf epfEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;/
vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf JG pGe@f vw
$ af &;ponfw@kdukd wd@k u a=umufa=umuf&@HG&@HG
14

a[majym=uonf? ygvrD efxrJ S qd&k ,

S v
f pftrwfrsm;/ tvkyo
f rm;
v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f &Sd tm%mydik t
f rsK;d rsK;d ESihf pmempdw&f adS om ynm
wwfrsm;t=um;wGif wd@k tm; =unf!o
kd l trsm;tjym; &Sad yonf?
(3)
tacsmiform;rsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf; +idrf;csrf;a&; udk
cs;D usL;cef;zGiI
hf 'Dru
kd a&pD atmufrmS rkew
f ikd ;f qif&ef rvdak wmh[k
ajymr+yD;rDwiG f urBmrh ek w
f ikd ;f }uD;. opfviG af om tpycsuo
f nf tm&S
wdkufY ay:xGufvmonf? k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;+yD;onfh aemufwGif
wl&uDjynf/ yg&mS ;jynfEiS hf wkwjf ynfawmfveS af &;rsm; jzpfvm=uonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd a&muf&adS eonfrmS Tod@k rek w
f ikd ;f rsm; qifaeaom umv
ESihf rkew
f ikd ;f rsm;u Oa&mywdu
k u
f kd wk@H jyefu
kd cf wfaom umv
yifjzpfonf? ,Ofaus;aom 0HykavGtrsKd;rsKd;u tHw}udwf}udwf
jzpfaeaom }uD;jrwfonfh wkwo
f rRwEdik if .
H uH=urRmrnfo@kd yif&adS p
urBmay:&Sd rnfonfh tiftm;urS a[mif;EGr;f onfh v,fu|epf epfukd
tm&Swu
kd w
f iG f jyefvnfxal xmif Edik v
f rd rhf nf r[kw?f tm&SEiS hf tm&S
wydik ;f wdik ;f jynfrsm;rS jynfov
l x
l .
k &J&ifah om 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;udk okwo
f if
&Si;f vif;Edik v
f rd rhf nfvnf; r[kwaf y?
vlxw
k u
kd yf JG jyifqifrE_ iS hf wd;k wufrt
_ ajctaersm;udk owd
rrlr=d uonfh vltcsK@d onf Oa&mywdu
k .
f t&if;&Sipf epf qef@usiaf om
tqH;k tjzwfwu
kd yf JG tcsed &f n
S =f umaeonfukd awG@jrif+y;D pdwyf sujf cif;ESihf
rif;rJ0h g'bufo@kd a&mufuek =f uonf? Trif;rJ0h g'. pdwyf surf _ rnfr#
tjrifwI
kd rnfr#o&l aJ bma=umifonfqo
kd nfukd ,ck u|eaf wmfw@kd
awG@jrifEdkifyg+yDd?
Oa&my pdwu
f ;l pHEiS w
hf al om wdu
k yf x
JG o
J @kd tm&Swu
kd rf S oef;
15

aygi;f 800 &Sad om jynforl sm; yg0ifvm=uonfh jzpf&yfonf u|eaf wmf

wd@k twGuf pdwyf supf &mr[kw/f owW&d v
dS mp&mom jzpfonf?
tm&Swu
kd f awmfveS af &;rsm;u vpfb&,f0g'. aysmn
h rhH E_ iS hf
odrzf si;f r_uv
kd nf;aumif;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDvx
l .
k trScD u
kd if;pGm v_y&f mS ;r_.
xl;jcm;aom ta&;ygru
_ v
kd nf;aumif;/ ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;ESihf "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;rsK;d pHk t=um;&Sd jywfom;aom pnf;a=umif;udv
k nf;aumif;
tvm;wlyif jyovdu
k af yonf? Oa&mywdu
k Ef iS hf tm&Swu
kd f tawG@
tuHrsm;udk &&S+d yD;onfah emufwiG f vlwef;pm;ESihf rqdik af om Edik if aH &;/
vlwef;pm;ESihf rqdik af om qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g' ta=umif;ajymol rnfou
l kd
rqdk avSmiftrd x
f YJ xnfx
h m;I =opa=w;vsm; om;ydu
k af umifEiS t
hf wl
jyoxm;&efom &Sad wmhonf?
Oa&mywdu
k o
f nf tm&Swu
kd .
f aemufrmS vl;vGe@f vy_ &f mS ;
vmonf? od@k aomf tm&SypkH t
H wdik ;f r[kwaf y? 1872 ckEpS rf S 1904
ckEpS t
f xd +idr;f csr;f aom umvonf jyefrvmpwrf; ukev
f eG o
f mG ;
av+yD? aexdkifr_p&dwf }uD;jrifhr_ESifh x&yfpftzGJ@rsm;. zdESdyfr_a=umifh
rupH zl;jyif;xefaom pD;yGm;a&;wdu
k yf rJG sm; ay:xGuv
f monf? vpfb&,f
0g'. v_u
d pf m;xm;jcif;udk trsm;qH;k cH&aom t*Fvyd t
f vkyo
f rm;rsm;
onfyif Twdu
k yf x
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