tmZmenfawGaewJh wdkif;jynf

atmif+idrf;
(q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f.ol@rSmwrf;uAsmcHpm;r_)
(wpf)
8av;vH;k ta&;awmfykH vlxt
k kH ur_}uD;twGi;f rsKd ;qufopfvil ,fx.
k &ifwiG ;f rS v_u
d v
f w
JS ek cf g ay:xGuv
f monfh
acwfopfurBmra=uawmfveS af &;aw;onf Armjynfow
l &yfv;kH . ESv;kH om; tm;rmefudk v_yEf ;d_ cJo
h nf? xkad w;xJrS pmw
ykd'fjzpfonfh tmZmenfawG aeonfhwkdif;jynfqkdaompum;onf av;eufus,f0ef;vSonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ bkd;bGm;rdbrsm;onf urBmra=updwf"mwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufay;wkdufch=J uonf?
Arm jynfonf (1824-1948)txd ESpfaygif;(124)ESpf=um t*Fvdyfe,fcs@J ukdvkdeDvufatmuf u|efoabmufjzpfch&J onf?
*syefzuf qpfatmuf (1942-45)txd (3)ESpf=um jym;jym;arSmufcJh&onf? ESpfaygif;axmifcsD wnfwH@cJhaom Armjynf
trsdK;om; jynfol taygif;. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tawG;tac:ponfh trsdK;om;r_ tpOftvmESifh
ukd,fykdifcGeftm;rsm; csKyf+idrf; wdrfaumum zl;yGifha0qmcGifhr&awmhbJ vGwfvyfr_taygif; qHk;H_;cJh&onf?
ESpaf ygi;f (124)ESpt
f =um bmrxDpw
d "f mwfjzifh ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;+yD; ukv
d edk x
D rf;yk;d ukd cgcsonfh vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf u
J G dk
rsKd ;quf(3)quf=um wku
d cf &hJ onf? Armjynfqo
dk nfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid f wkid ;f jynfwjynfEiS hf vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yf pkpnf;
ay:xGe;f zk@d &efum; ESpaf ygi;f axmifcsI
D rsKd ;qufaygi;f rsm;pGm vufqifu
h rf; ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ; xlaxmifc&hJ onf? Tum; orkid ;f
jzpfomG ;ay+yD? orkid ;f tpOftvmukd rarhtyfay? txl;ojzifh Armjynf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. wqifw
h ;dk wk;d wufjrifrh m;vmaom
awmfvSefa&;orkdif;ukd tav;tjrwfjyK qufcHxdef;odrf;zkd@vkdonf?
awmfveS af &; qko
d nfrmS ta[mif;ukd z,f&mS ;um topfudk wnfaqmufjcif;/ tvH;k pHt
k uket
f pif ajymif;vJjcif;/
opfvGifjcif;/ wufujcif;/ EkysdKjcif;/ tm;rmefcGeftm;}uD;jcif;ponfh tjcif;t&mrsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGm pkpnf;aygufujJG cif;
o abmjzpfonf?
u|efoabmuftjzpf emcHum touf&Sif &yfwnfaernfavm? tqHk;tjzwfwkdufyGu
J kd wkduf&if;toufpGef@rnf
avm? u|eaf wmfw@dk bk;d bGm;rsm;onf vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf urBmra=u pdw"f mwfjzifh toufay;wku
d o
f nfh vrf;ukad G;cs,cf hJ
=uonf? vlcsi;f twlw
l l u|et
f jzpfEiS hf touf&iS rf aevk?d vGwv
f yfonfv
h o
l m;/ vGwv
f yfonfv
h rl sKd ;/ vGwv
f yfonfv
h @l tzG@J
tpnf;/ vGwv
f yfonfw
h idk ;f jynf tjzpf&yfwnf aexkid Ef idk zf @dk zdEydS cf sKyfcs,u
f |ejf yKr_taygi;f ukd urBmra=updw"f mwfEiS hf wku
d yf JG
0ifchJ=uayonf? Tum;Zmwdpdwf?
(ESpf)
xD;okOf;eef;okOf;/ =uiSef;okOf;ESifh/ +rdK@okOf;okn/ okOf;okH;0jzifh
okOf;&jyefvSpf/ oknacwfwGif/ vljzpf&av/ wkd@wawGonf
aoaomfrSwnfh a=omf aumif;.
(qD;Aef;eDq&mawmf)
ArmawG pnf;urf;azmufvkd@ xD;eef;aysmufjzpf+yD
101

rSD;jirf;axmuf topfrSDonf npfyvDtrsdK;

rdypfvkd@ za&SmifaoGonf *GaumifawGacG;jzpfayghAsKd;
(tcsKyfwef; q&maz)
Armjynf ukv
d edk u
D |ejf zpfc&hJ pOfu Zmwdrmefpmqdrk sm;u txufygtwkid ;f emusn;f pGm pmzGchJ =hJ uonf? vGwv
f yfa&;
wku
d yf u
JG mvtwGi;f ArmjynftrsKd ;om; jynfot
l rsm; aoG;ajrusc&hJ onf? tmZmenf taxmiftaomif; ay:xGe;f cJo
h nf?
ppfol}uD; r[mAE<KvrSonf okyu*VKefq&mpHtxd/ AkdvfatmifausmfrSonf Akdvfatmifqef;txd tmZmenfawG.
aoG;jzifh jrpf{&m csif;csif;eDcJh&onf? tmZmenfawG.tavmif;rsm; kd;rawmifrsm;vkd rkdarmufcJh&onf? u|efawmfwkd@
wkdif;jynfonf tmZmenfawG aeonfh wkdif;jynfyguvm;?
toufudk zuf&u
G v
f dk oabmxm;um pGe@f vw
$ pf eG @f pm; bmrxDpw
d Ef iS hf &J0phH mG orkid ;f ukd zefw;D cJ=h uonfh tmZmenf
rsm;. &ifwGif;cHpm; trSmpum;rsm;udk u|efawmfwkd@ =um;csifprf;ygbd? trsdK;om; Zmwdrmefpmqkd(q&m}uD;)rif;ok0%f.
uAsm wyk'fwGif ol@rSmwrf;ukd ,ckvkd cHpm;=um;od&ygonf?
(oHk;)
ol@rSmwrf;
olwkd@tqkwf/ xm;jrKyfcJhonfh
AkH;ikwfwkdufrSm;/ armifajymufusm;ukd
Gmom;Gmol/ ar;=ujrLonf
tltl,rf;aiG@ xwkef;wnf;?
tarmifajymufusm;/ cspfoltm;ukd
bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;
i,fu=uifjrwf / rdoufrSwfukd
cGifhv$wfcJha=umif;ajymygav
tarmifajymufusm;/ rdbtm;ukd
bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;
arG;onfhrdcif/ arG;zcifukd
OD;wifcJha=umif; ajymygav
tarmifajymufusm;/ wkdif;jynftm;ukd
bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;
c&D;rwfwwf/ vrf;ckvwfwGif
ukd,fvGwfa&SmifcGm/ cGJ&ygI
tm;emcJha=umif; ajymygav
102

,rf ; aiG @ tl t l / wvl v l E S i f h

ar;jrL=uwkef;/ taemufukef;wGif
aevHk;uG,fav+yDwum;?
?
rif;ok0%f
(jr0wDr*~Zif;/ rwf 1963)
Armjynfvw
G v
f yfa&;orkid ;f wGif *k%af &mifxeG ;f ajymifcahJ om zufqpfawmfveS af &; vufeufuidk f wku
d yf w
JG iG f vrf;ck
vwfY usqHk;oGm;cJhaom tmZmenfajymufusm;&JabmfwOD;u cspfolxH/ rdbxH/ wkdif;jynfxH rSm=um;cJhavonf?
i,fu=uifjrwf/ rdoufrw
S u
f /dk cGiv
hf w
$ cf ahJ =umif; ajymygavwJ?h i,fpOfawmifaus;uwnf;u =uifemjrwfE;dk cJ&h
ol/ toufESif;tyf b0awGyHktyf+yD; aygif;oif;rnfh cspfolukd '%f&mESifh usqHk;tHhqq
J J ajymufusm;&Jabmfu cGifhv$wfcJh
a=umif; rSm=um;ygonf? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_u wvifwr,m;pepf/ tdrfaxmifzufukd oHk;ESpfoHk;rkd;apmifhpm; aG;cs,f=uonf?
ta=umif;od/ i,faygif;}uD;azmf &moufyefkd;ajrus om;orD;ajr;jrpf&onftxd okdufokduf0ef;0ef;ESifh t=uifem
arwWmuk%m awG a0+zdK;+yD; aygif;oif;=uonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;jzpfonf?
tdrfaxmifa&;wm0efukd armifwxrf;r,fw&Guf 'kd;wlaygifzuf xrf;aqmif=uonf? }uD;olukd kdao / &G,fwlukd
av;pm;/ i,folukdoem; qkdonfh qufqHa&;&Sdonf? cGifhvGwfjcif;onf arwWmpdwf/ oem;uk%mpdwf/ onf;cH
em;vnf;r_&Sdaom jrifhjrwfonfhpdwf "mwfjzpfonf? cspfolrSm tjypf&SdIr[kwf? pGef@cGm&awmhrnfh cspfoltay:
}uD;rm;eufid_ ;f aom arwWmpdwjf zifh um,0pDraem uHo;kH yg;jzifh r&nf&,
G b
f J tjypf&,fv@dk jzpfcrhJ nfqv
dk #if cGiv
hf w
G f cJjh cif;yg?
use&f pfov
l nf; ajzodrEhf idk af umif;rnf? tjyeftvSet
f m;jzifh rdrb
d ufu tjypf&,fv@dk &cdS yhJ gu ajyygap? cGiv
hf w
$ yf gavqko
d nfh
oabmvnf; ouf0ifonfxifonf? toGm;tjyef &SdaomarwWmoabm?
cGifhv$wfjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh trsdK;om;pmqkd (q&m}uD;) rif;ok0%f.ESif;qDyGifhqkdonfh u|efawmfwkd@ &ifxJ
eifhaeatmif cHpm;&onfh uAsmav;wyk'fukd jyefazmfjyvkdufygonf?
ESif;qDyGifh
v,fawmutjyef
yefcsifw,fca&zl;qkdvkd@
armifcl;umay;?
reufwkef;qDu
a=umhqHk;ukd armifjrifawmh
ol@qHyif ESif;qDyGifhawGe@J
*k%fwifhw,fav;?
(1932)
pmqk&d iS f i,fpOfu cHpm;r_tjynfEh iS hf a&;zG@J cahJ om uAsmav;wyk'yf g? cspo
f u
l yefcsiyf gonfqI
dk ca&yef; cl;ay;onf?
cspfol wu,fyefoGm;onfu ESif;qDyGifh jzpfaeonf? ESif;qDyGifhqkdonfu tzkd;xkdufyef;/ ca&qkdonfu tavhus yef;/
tqift
h wef;uGo
J nf? 'gayrJh *k%w
f ifyh gw,fwJ?h oabmxm;}uD;aompdw/f cGiv
hf w
G af ompdw?f Ekno
hH rd f arG@veG ;f vSaom
arwWmpdwf?

103

(av;)
tarmifajymufusm;/ rdbtm;ukd
bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;
arG;onfhrdcif/ arG;zcifukd
OD;wifcJha=umif;ajymygav
rdbESifhq&morm;qkdonfrSm teaE Wm teE W ig;yg;wGif tygt0if jzpfI bk&m;ESifhw*kd%f;wnf;xm;um
kdaoav;jrwf=uonfrSm jrefrmr_ Zmwdpdwfjzpfonf? rdbaus;Zl;ukd wefzdk;xm;aom rdbarwWmukd jrwfEkd;ylaZmf
aompdwfonf udef;0yfaeaom jrefrmhZmwdpdwfjzpfonf? pmqkd&Sif (q&m}uD;)rif;ok0%f. i,fb0 tdrftvGrf;ESifh
ausmif;tjyefom;armifi,f. cHpm;r_ rdcifarwWmbG@J uAsmwykd'fukd cHpm;=unfhygOD;?
okd@avmokd@avm
yifv,fokd@a0
r_rsKd;axGI
jyefavausmif;rS tdrfokd@usaomf
rmwE_wfcsKd
wcGef;qkdu
xkdxkdyifv,f
av#monfwnf;?
(1932)
=uufo;D arG;nif; xavmufonfh rdbarwWmbG@J yg? ajymufusm;&Jabmfu toufpeG @f tq
hH q
J rJ mS rdbukd &Scd ;dk OD;wif
uefawmhygonfwJh?
(ig;)
csut
f rsKd ;om; rsKd ;cspt
f mZmenf *sLvD,ufz;l cspo
f nf }udK;pifay: wufcge;D wGif &efo.
l aemufq
f ;kH usnq
f efukd
&J0Hh pGmawmif;cHchJonf? AD,uferfrsdK;cspftmZmenff ik,ifAefx&dGKif;onf ZeD;ESifhorD;ukd aemufqHk;E_wfquf+yD; }udK;pifay:
&ifaumh wufoGm;onf? touf&SifpOfrSm }uD;jrwf+yD; toufpGef@pOfrSm *k%fajymifcJholwkwftrsdK;orD;tmZmenf
vsL[lvefonf aemufqHk;xGufouf rSLxkwfrD rdcifygwDukd wkdifwnfcho
J nf?
ppfajrjyifrmS uwW&mvrf;ay:rSm tusO;f pcef;rSm wu|e;f rSm }udK;pifxufrmS vSpH yG zf sm;"m;zsm;rSm wkid ;f jynftwGuf
trdajrt wGuf rdrd.b0ESifhtoufukd &J0Hh &ufa&mpGm pGef@vSLoGm;cJhonfh tmZmenf taxmiftaomif;ukd,fpm;
trSmpum;ukd pm qkdu ,ckvkd zG@J ygonf?
tarmifajymufusm; wkdif;jynftm;ukd
bmrsm; rSmcJhvkdoenf;
c&D;rwfwwf/ vrf;ckvwfwGif
ukd,fvGwfa&SmifcGm/ cGJ&ygI
tm;emcJha=umif; ajymygav
104

,rf ; aiG @ tl t l / wvl v l E S i f h

ar;jrL=uwkef; taemufukef;wGif
aevHk;uG,fav+yDwum;?
usqHk;cgeD; tmZmenf &Jabmfu tm;emygonfwJh? vGwfvyfa&; c&D;r+yD;qHk;ao;cif vrf;ckvwfwGif
wm0efrauscJhI apmpD;pGm usqHk;cJh&ojzifh ukd,fvGwf&kef;cGJcGmcJh&ovkdjzpfI/ tm;emygonfwJh? taemufukef;wGif
aevHk;vnf; uG,fav+yD? tmZmenf &Jabmfonfvnf; taorajzmifhEkdif&Sm? 8av;vHk; tmZmenf &Jabmfrsm;.
vGwfajrmufrS tr# a0ygqkdonfh rSmwrf;ukd owd&rd+yD; =uufoD;jzef;jzef;xrdygonf?
tm;emjcif;qkdonfh a0g[m&onf jrefrmrsm;twGuf tvGefav;eufayonf? apwemESifh tepfem
ESpfrsdK;pvHk;yg0ifonfh cHpm;r_[k xifonf? wzufom;. vkdtifukd rdrdu tpGrf;ukef tjynfht0 rjznfhqnf;Ekdifovkd
cHpm;&onft
h cg jrefrmrsm; ajymavh&.
dS ? wkid ;f jynfvw
G af jrmufapvdo
k nfh apwem/ vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf rdrw
d m0efraus[k
cHpm;&aom/ rdrt
d epfemcHr_ rvHak vmuf[k cHpm;&aom/ b0ESi,
hf OS o
f nfh vSyonfh &ifcek o
f /H av;eufus,0f ef;onfh cHpm;r_/
ckdifusnfonfhpdwf"mwf?
cspo
f x
l /H rdbxH/ wkid ;f jynfxH toufpeG @f tq
hH q
J J ajymufusm;&Jabmf. &ifwiG ;f cHpm; trSmpum;rsm;onf jrefrmr_
&ifckefoHukd wkdwkde@J xdrdpGm azmfusL;jycJhaom b0ESifh,SOfaom vGrf;armzG,f&m tvSuAsmrsm;yif r[kwfygavm?
wu,fu &Jabmfonf wm0efauscyhJ gyaum? wm0efrausao;olrsm;um; u|eaf wmfw@dk om jzpfygonf? tmZm
enftaygif;ESifhwuG Zmwdrmefpmqkd rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvf trsdK;om;pmqkd q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f(1909-2004)tm; OD;n$wftav;jyK
vkduf ygonf? aumif;&mok*wd a&mufygap? u|efawmfwkd@ wkdif;jynfonf tmZmenfawG aeonfhwkdif;jynf r[kwfygavm?
atmif+idrf;

105

&Gufa[mif;pGef@ypfb0opfodk@
nKdpdef0if;
(rwfvawmfvSefa&;uAsmtay: cHpm;=unfhjrifcsuf)
acwfumva&pD;a=umif;onf waG@aG@ tvsOrf jywf pD;ae+rJ? jrefrmpmay a&tvsOo
f nfvnf; w+idr+hf idrw
hf tdtd
pD;aeqJ?
acwfumvtvku
kd f ay:xGe;f vmcJah om pmtkyrf sm;onf pmtkypf if0,f aoG@0ga[mif;EGr;f vmaeonf? pmtkyrf sm;
om a[mif;EGr;f oGm;aomfvnf; pmaytEkynmqko
d nfurl tEkynm t&nftaoG;ukd vku
d I
f acwfumvukd ausmjf zwfEidk f
pGrf;&Sd =u.? tcsdef.wkdufpm;r_ukd cHEkdifpGrf;&Sd=u.? wcsdK@tEkynmvuf&mrsm;onf ,ae@wkdif ar$;jrvef;qef;qJ? wcsdK@um;
rvwfqwfawmh+yD?
pmzwforl sm;bufuvnf; tajymif;tvJ &So
d nf? pmwtkyu
f dk vGecf ahJ om tESpf ESpq
f ,f/ ok;H q,fu zwf=_ unfh
jrifykHESifh ,ae@=unfhjrifykHonf xyfwlxyfr# rwlEkdifawmh? tjrif ajymif;vJvmonf? pmaytEkynmtay:rSm tuJjzwfr_
ajymif;vJvmonf?
vGefcJhaom tESpfokH;av;q,fausmfu pGJvrf;ESpfoufcJhaom pmtkyfpmayrsm;ukd ,ae@tjrifjzifh jyefvnf
=unfh c_ siv
f monf? wcsed u
f uk,
d t
hf jrifEiS hf ,ae@tjrifudk E_id ;f ,SOaf wG;awm&v#if aumif;ayrnf? pmaytEkynmwk@d tay:
tuJjzwfr_topf vkyfcsifvmonf?
arwWmzGJ@ 0wKxJuqkdv#if wifhw,f. vmvkvkai;/ xGef;xGef;(aq;ody`H). a0;a0;/ armifae0if; .
rk;d ajrodrhf odrhf / armifom&.nma$wcuf au&ufapm/ ode;f oef;xGe;f .ryefyge@J aucsiw
f ,f/ cifEiS ;f ,k.ar$;/
*sme,fausmf rrav;.rkef;Ir[l/ vif;,kefeD.rrjrifh/ Ekdif0if;aqG.aEGwn?
&o0wKpmaytaejzifh qkdv#ifvnf; wifhw,f.urRzv/ =unfat;.usrtEk ynmonf/ eEN.
oHe@J aoG;? Ekdif0if;aqG.rodef;&SifqD ykd@ay;yg?
EkdifiHa&;ESifh orkdif;aemufcH0wKrsm;xJrSqkdv#if jyefvnf=unfh_csifp&mawG ykdrsm;onf? r[maqG.olykef@tdrf
olyek }f uD;/ rif;aqG."m;/ Akv
d rf ; cspaf umif;. tESpf ESpq
f ,f/ rif;vwf&aJ cgi.
f Eku
Hk av;/ ode;f azjrif.
h ta&S@u
ae0ef;xGufonhfyrm/ ewfEG,f.tjym/wauG@awmh awG@=uOD;rnf/ jroef;wif@.vkdufcJhawmh jreENm/ Aef;armf
wif atmif.rif/ kd;rwkdufyGJ tp&Sdojzifh?
wavmqDu wifw
h ,f.urRzvukd jyefzwfvu
dk &f onf? [kw
d ek ;f uavmuf r}udKufawmh? Akv
d rf ; cspaf umif;.
tESpf ESpfq,furl jyefzwfavavykd}udKufvmavav?
106

uAsmawGxrJ Smvnf; jyefzwfcsif/ jyefvnf cHpm;csif/ jyefvnf okH;oyfcsifaom uAsmawG &Sdae=uygonf?

(2)
rkd;ukyfukyf0,f
tkd-kwfw&uf/ rsOf;jzLpufI
uGt
J ufa=umif;&m/ [[vm+yD;
rkd;jymukdjzwf/ ywWjrm;&nf
pDvnft[kef/ eDjref;ukefonf
tk%fay:p 0kd;w0g;?
wcsdefu tdrfrSm '*kefwm&m.tvuFmuAsmaygif;csKyf pmtkyfuav; &SdchJzl;onf? r=umc% jyefvnfzwf_
jzpfco
hJ nf? jyefvnfzwfr_ ad om ol.uAsmrsm;xJwiG f rwfvawmfveS af &;uAsmonfvnf; wyk't
f ygt0ifyif? TuAsm
.oufwrf;onfyifv#if tESpf 60 em; uyfaeay+yD?
txufazmfjyyg rwfvawmfvSefa&;uAsm. yxrqkH;aom pmykd'fuav;ukd tvGwf&=uol rsm;.? kyf&Sifrif;
om;}uD; OD;jrwfav;uvnf; GwfqkdjycJhzl;onf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ukd aemufcHxm;+yD; *k%fjyKa&;zG@J chJaom uAsmwyk'f?
tvS t y pum;vk H ; uav;rsm;jzif h rG r f ; rH z G J @ oD x m;onf ? u|rf ; usif a om &uf u ef ; onf w OD ; tqif q ef ; wxnf
&ufuef;&S,fbdouJhokd@ um&ef}udK;uav;rsm;ukd vSypGm oG,fwef;&uf&S,fxm;aom uAsmwyk'f? awmfvSefa&;
&yfcHcsufygaom uAsmwyk'f [lIom +cKHikHem;vnf rdchJzl;onf?
,ckrlum; ykdrkdus,f0ef;pGm cHpm;em;vnf vmrdonf?
Tpmykd'fonf tk%fOD;ukd qef;opfpGm zG@J EG@J xm;onfh pmydk'fwck oufoufr#ayavm?
ykrd dk us,0f ef;av;eufonfh t"dym` ,fawG &Sad eavOD;rnf xifonf? tem*wftyd rf ufwckudk vSypGmcHpm;+yD; edrw
d yf Hk
jzifh wifpm;azmfusL;xm;onfh pmykd'fayavm?
Tpmyk'd rf mS tarSmifx[
k al om pum;vk;H wvk;H wavr#yif yg&rdS aeyg? ok@d aomf rk;d raomufru
D mvwGif tarSmifxk
onf v$r;f +cKH xm;wwfp+r?J urBmv
h o
l m;w&yfv;Hk tm; qif;&Jrt
_ rsKdk ;rsK;d 'kut
Q zkzH Hk v$r;f +cKH 0g;rcJah om zufqufpepf tarSmifx?k
vlvcl si;f aoG;pkycf s,v
f ,
S af om pepf/ ok@d wnf;r[kwf rw&m;tkypf ;dk !O;f yef;tkypf ;dk aom pepf/ ok@d wnf;r[kwf vGwv
f yfa&;ESihf
vGwfajrmufa&;wkd@ukd ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;r_ponfwkd@onfvnf; tarSmifxkrsm;yif r[kwfavm?
,if;tarSmifxrk sm;ukd cG0J uf+yD; rsO;f jzLwef;wwef;uJo
h @dk aom tufa=umif;}uD; wckay:vmygonf? tufa=umif;
onf wajz;ajz; [[ vmonf? }uD;rm;vmonf? Ttufa=umif;}uD;ay:vmjcif;rSmrlum; wpwp ay:vmjcif; r[kwyf g?
tkd-kwfw&ufwJh?
ckeful;ajymif;vJjcif; oabm? aygufuGrJ _oabm?
urBmajray:0,f tarSmifxkukd zcGI
J awmfvSefa&;rsm; ae&ma'o tESH@tjym;Y ay:ufuGaJ y:xGuf vmcJh =u
avonf?
rkd;jymukdjzwf/ ywWjrm;&nf
pD;vnft[kef/ eDjref;ukefonf
tk%fay:p 0kd;w0g;?
uAsmq&m.tem*wftdyfrufonf ywWjrm;&nf teDa&mifjzifh jzef@usufxm;ayvdrfhrnf? vGwfvyfa&;ESifh
107

vGwfajrmufa&;ayavm? xkd@xufru us,f0ef;rnfqkdygu vlvlcsif; aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fr_uif;aom pepfw&yfqDokd@?

TuAsmukd a&;zG@J co
hJ nfh tcsed rf mS 1947 ckEpS ?f zufqpfawmfveS af &;rlum; atmifycJG cH ahJ y+y?D Armjynfum; vGwv
f yf
a&; r&ao;? vGwv
f yfa&;onf vufwurf;om vkad wmhonft
h csed ?f wkid ;f cspjf ynfcsppf w
d &f o
dS w
l idk ;f tem*wfvw
G v
f yfa&;ukd
pdwful;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ykHazmf=unfh_aecJh=uonfhtcsdef? tcsKyftcs,fuif;onfh vGwfvyfa&;/ trSDckduif;onfh vGwfvyfa&;?
xkdr#ru xkdacwf xkdumvu EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifh wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf qkd&S,fvpf0g'tay: ar#mfrSef;
csufcsif; wlnDch=J uzl;ygonf?
rmhupf 0f g'ED idk if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf taeeD;pyfcahJ om/ olu,
dk w
f idk v
f nf; rmhupf 0f g'pmayrsm;ukd avhvmvku
d pf m;cJh
aom uAsmq&monf teDa&mifywWjrm;tdyfruf/ okd@r[kwf teDacwfwacwfukd ar#mfrSef;cJhzl;vdrfhrnf xifygonf?
(3)
r_efr$m;r$m;v#if
0kd;0g;wdwfqdwf/ =u,fa&mif&dyf0,f
jrpfqdyfESifhvnf;/ reD;ra0;
acsmif;kd;ab;rS/ ajz;ajz;nif;nif;
avSwpif;xuf/ awmwGif;om;ysdK
zsifvufwkdESifh ukd,fukd0yfI
pkdufpkdufaG@onf/ ajcmufaoG@jrufxkH;
aumufkd;zkH;vsuf/ uG,fykef;0Sufvm
,lumvufaxmuf/ tvsm;arSmufonf
avSatmuf0rf;rS pufaoewf?
tarSmif&dyf0,f
arS;rSdwf+idrfouf/ acsmif;auG@xufwGif
tkyf,SufaxG;a&m/ oifaygif;awm.
aemufausmap;yspf/ aomifa&ppfrS
zufqpfuif;apmifh ppfpcef;?
acsmif;ukdauG@aomf
awG@v#ifawG@csif;/ ajril&if;okd@
csOf;uyfavSmfum/ eD;Ivmv#if
tomkwfcsif;/ wdwfqdwfrif;ukd
zcGif;jyif;xef/ aoewfoHonf
jrpf,Hyhw
J if xyfownf;?
ArmjynfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;._cif;wuGufukd vSypGm zG@J qkdxm;jcif; jzpf.?
awmwGi;f om;ysKd / zsiv
f ufwEdk iS hf qko
d nfuu
dk m; tawG;e,f cs@J ro
d nf? zufqpfawmfveS af &; ajymufusm;&Jabmf
rsm;onf awmwGif;0,f ajymufusm;pcef;rsm; csxm;+yD;/ *syefppfpcef;rsm;ukd tvpf0ifa&mufwkdufckdufchJ=uonf? xkd@twl
tvkyo
f rm;rsm; v,form;rsm;wk@d onfvnf; zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;wGif ajymufusm;ppfonfrsm; jzpfvmcJ=h uavonf?
108

ukdvkdeDe,fcs@J pepfqef@usifa&;wkdufyG/J zufqpf*syef qefhusifa&;wkdufyGw

J kd@wGif jynfolvlxkrsm; axmufcHyg0ifvmcJh=uojzifh
wyfrawmfw&yff zG@J wnfvmEkdifchJ+yD; tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmcJh&jcif; jzpf./
zufqpfawmfveS af &;um; jynfo@l awmfveS af &;w&yf? wrsKd ;om;vH;k . tkH uwku
d yf 0JG ifr?_ wrsKd ;om;vk;H jynfov
l x
l k
w&yfv;Hk . axmufcyH g0ifra_ =umifo
h m atmifyq
JG ifEidk cf jhJ cif; jzpfayonf? }uD;jrwfaom jynfo/l }uD;jrwfaom trsKd ;om;rsm;?
okd@aomf ,ae@umvwGif xkd}uD;jrwfaom jynfolwkd@.tcef;uukd azsmufzsufypfzkd@ }udK;pm;ae=uavonf
w um;?
}uD;jrwfaom zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@ukdvnf; z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uavonf? wyfrawmfonfom jynfolvlxk
.txuf rSaeI jynfou
l dk u,fwifvmcJ&h aom ol&aJ umif;wOD;tjzpf ajymaea&;ae=uayonf? ,ae@acwf Akv
d cf sKyfrsm;/
Akv
d rf ; }uD;rsm; ponfh ppft&m&S}d uD;trsm;pkw@dk onf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;ukd rDyifrv
D u
dk o
f rl sm; r[kw=f u? ok@d pifvsu
f ?
zsiv
f ufwdk 0wfxm;onfh awmwGi;f om;ysKd onf vlx.
k tcef;/ jynfox
l rJ S ajymufusm;jzpfvm=uol zufqpfawmf
vSefa&;orm; jzpfvm=uolrsm;.tcef;ukd azmfusL;aeayonf?
(4)
aiGva&mifv#if
tarSmifv&dyf/ ao;ao;pdwfom;
rkd;xdyfwdrfarmf/ +idrfh+idrfhay:onf
paENmf+yHK;vSnfh/ ikH@um=unfh&Sifh
xGef;onfh nOfhcg/ xdefxdefomaomf
us,fpGm0ef;vsm;/ v,fuGif;em;rS
awmzsm;ndK@tkyf/ rSdwfwkwfwkwfv#if
,drf;v_yfjyum/ rD;tdrf0gESifh
tmumjymr_dif;/ wGv
J Gq
J kdif;I
jzL0kdif;pufpuf/ qif;vmoufrS
vufvufa&mifxif/ usoiG o
f iG o
f nf
av,mOfay:rS ppf&duQm?
GmwGmum;
r_dif;jymrJndK@/ rD;_d@avmifu|rf;
wif;0if&rf;a=umifh/ b&rf;bwm
xGufajy;&Sm&/ v[maoG@aoG@
ckd;aiG@a0a0/ rD;avmifajrrS
EGrf;acGaysmif;,Jh/ nif;avzG@J u
oJhoJhacG;a[mifoHwum;?
zufqpf*syefw@dk udk wGe;f vSew
f u
dk cf u
dk &f eftwGuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l ta&;awmfyt
Hk zG@J EiS hf wyfrawmf
wk d @ onf zwyv wyf a ygif ; pk } uD ; uk d zG J @ pnf ; cJ h = uonf ? urB m ajrwv$ m ;wG i f v nf ; bk H & ef o l zuf q pf p epf u k d
ajrjrKyfo+*K[f&eftwGuf t,l0g' rwlonfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ wkid ;f jynfrsm;onfyifv#if wyfaygi;f pkz@JG um vufwcJG =hJ uonf?
109

tar&duefEiS hf Oa&mywku
d &f dS t&if;&Siw
f idk ;f jynfw@dk onfvnf; qkAd ,
D ufjynfaxmifpEk iS hf r[mrdwjf yKcJ&h onf r[kwyf gavm?
zufqpf*syefw@dk udk zufqpfwu
fdk zf suaf &; jynfo@l vw
G v
f yfa&;wyfaygi;f pk}uD;.acgi;f aqmifra_ tmuf&dS awmfveS af &;
tiftm;pkwkd@u wGef;vSefwkdufckdufch=J uonfhtcg wcsdefu &efoljzpfch=J uaom t*Fvdyfwkd@ukd ,cktcsdefwGif r[mrdwftjzpf
vufwGJyl;aygif;&jyefacs+yD?
uGejf rLepfygwaD cgi;f aqmif ocifoed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h onf Armjynf zufqpfawmfveS af &;tiftm;pkw@dk .uk,
d pf m;
vS,ftjzpf tdENd,jynf umvuwWm;r@wGif kH;xkdifum/ r[mrdwfwkd@ESifhtquftoG,f,l+yD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf
jyifqifchJonf? tusdK;quftjzpf ArmtrsdK;om; avxD;ppfonfrsm;onf ntcsdefwGif tdENd,rS ysHoef;vmaomppfav
,mOfjzifh vkdufygum Armjynfajr,Hokd@ avxD;qif;cJh=uavonf?
jynfwGif;rS ajymufusm;&Jabmfrsm;uvnf; avxD;qif;&rnfhae&mukd od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf v,fuGuf(okd@r[kwf)
uGufvyfwvif;jyifrS rD;zkdIaomfvnf;aumif;/ rD;tdrfrsm; v_yf&rf;Iaomfvnf;aumif; tcsufjyay;=u&onf? &duQmrsm;/
vufeufc,
J rf; rsm; o,fykd@ay;zkd@twGuf teD;&Sd awmpyf/ awmtkyftwGif;rSmvnf; vSnf;rsm;/ vltiftm;rsm;jzifh vlxku
apmifhqkdif;ae=uavonf?
orkid ;f xJrS ,if;&_cif;&_uu
G u
f dk uAsmq&mu jc,fre_ ;f zG@J E@JG um uAsmpmyk'd rf sm;jzifh rSww
f rf;wifvu
dk jf cif;yif jzpfonf?
qef@usifbuftm;jzifh rvSyaom/ tusnf;wefaom orkdif;tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; &SdchJayonf?
&GmawGxw
J iG f yke;f ckad e=uaom zufqpf*syefawG.owif;ukd jynfov
l x
l u
k r[mrdww
f @dk xH oGm;a&muf owif;yk@d
onf? xkdtcg r[mrdwfwkd@u *syefrsm;&Sd&m aus;vufawmGmrsm;ukd ta0;rSaeI tajrmufrsm;jzifh xkonf? av,mOfysH
rsm;jzifh AkH;}uJonf? GmwGif;0,f *syefrsm; r&Sdawmh+yD? yJcl;kd;r awm}uD;awmif}uD;awGxJ ajy;0ifykef;atmif; ae=u+yD?
&yfGmvlxkrsm;om AkH;}uJcH=u&? ao=u a=u=u&onf? &yfGmtkd;tdrf rD;avmifysufpD;cJh=u&onf?
wcg awmxJawmifx/J vdk%facgif;rsm;xJ ckdatmif;ae=uaom *syefwkd@onfvnf; =um=umckdatmif;raeEkdif=u?
iwfjywfvm=uaomtcg Gmrsm;twGif; qif;vm=u+yD; twif;0ifvkonf? =urf;=uonf? &rf;=uonf? GmukkdrD;_d@=uonf?
kdufESuf=u/ apmfum;=uonf? onfwcgvnf; Gmrsm; rD;avmifajr jzpf=u&jyefonf? ( ygwD'kwd,uGef*&uf obmywd
ocif oef;xGef;.rdef@cGef;rS ukd;um;csuf)
zuffqpfpepfatmufwGif urBmhajr,H rD;[kef;[kef; awmufavmifch&J ovkd Armjynfajr,Honfvnf; rD;avmifajr
jzpfcJh&avonf? Armjynfajr,HrS zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jrifuGif; 2 uGufukd xif[yfa&;jc,fxm;aom uAsmq&m.
zGJ@EGJ@oDukH;r_?
(5)
ca&yGifhv#if
au&ifh0g0g/ ajrYrSmv#if
a&mumaygif;,Suf/ a[mif;opfGufESifh
w0ufarmif;eD/ a0hvnfvnfukd
avcsDokwfjzL;/ eD0gul;onf
aEGOD;aygufrkd@ a,mfGufau?
&ifhauanmif;onf
Gufa[mif;pGef@ypf/ b0opfokd@
oepfajymif;rnf/ zl;opfrSDonf
teDxrJ S =u,fjzLyGifh?
110

wm&mr*~Zif;/ 1947?

ta[mif;wkd@onf auus&p+rJ? ta[mif;wkd@ae&mwGif topfwkd@ tpm;xkd; ae&m,lp+rJ?

Gufa[mif; Gufopf? acwfa[mif; acwfopf?
orkdif;onf a=umifvdrfavSum;ozG,f auG@vdrfjrifhwufaeayonf? acwfumvopfonf a&S@okd@ csDaeayonf?
zufqpfpepfonf auuscahJ v+yD? ukv
d edk pfpepfa[mif;onfvnf; _;H edrhf yysuo
f mG ;cJah y+yD? wkid ;f jynfrsm; vGwv
f yf
vm=uonf? trsdK;om;rsm; vGwfajrmufvm=uonf?
teDxrJ S =u,fjzLyGifhwJh?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;.trSwftom;? tvHawmf?
wm0efodaom pmaytEkynm&Sifwkd@taejzifh tr$ef;wifoifhonfukd tr$ef;wif/ a0zef_wfcsoifhonfukd
a0zefw
_ cf s &ayrnf? rwfvawmfveS af &;uAsmonf wckv;Hk taejzifh tr$e;f wifoifo
h nfudk tr$e;f wifxm;aom uAsmwyk'?f
rsufarSmufacwf u|efawmfwkd@pmaytEkynmorm;rsm;onfvnf; tr$ef;wifoifhonfukd tr$$ef;wif/ *k%fjyKxkdufonfukd
*k%fjyK/ a0zefwkdufckdufoifhonfukd a0zefwkdufckdufum wm0efausyGefatmif xrf;aqmif=u&ayvdrfhOD;rnf?
Guaf [mif;pGe@f ypf/ b0opfo@dk wJ?h uAsmq&monf omrefobm0avmu. pdr;f jrzl;opfvmonfh u
G o
f pfw@dk
b0avmufukdom &nf!ef;zG@J qkdxm;jcif; r[kwfyg?
jynfol@b0opf? +idrf;csrf;om,maom/ pnfyifzGH@z;aom Armjynfopf?
rwfvawmfvSefa&;uAsmwGif uAsm&Sif ar#mfrSef;wrf;wcJhaom/ jrefrmjynfolwkd@ vkdvm;awmifhwcJh=uaom
b0opf(okd@r[kwf) Armjynfopfukd ,ae@jynfolrsm; cHpm;&,lEkdif=uyg+yDavm?
?
ndKpdef0if;

111

(ESvkH;vSonfh ukdvS)
atmifom
a0aepOfrSm
urBmavmu
tvSqif ?
auwJhtcg
ajrqDv$m ?
au okd@aomf a0qJ
cspfpGm &Jabmf ?
aewmvnf; jynfol@twGuf/ aowmvnf; jynfol@twGuf[lonfum; ol&aJ umif; tmZmenfwa,muf/
&moufyef awmfveS af &;orm;wa,muf. kyyf v
kH m$ yif ? ESv;kH vSol wa,muf. tuef@towfrSad om jynfow
l &yfv;kH .
tusKd;twGuf tuef@towf&Sdaom rdrdtoufukd pGef@v$wfjcif;wnf;[laom rGefjrwfoef@pifonfh pHerlemjyKr_w&yf[kyif
em;vnfrdygonf? wkwfawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif armfu vlwa,muftzkd@ aumif;r_wckESpfck vkyfzkd@rcufaomfvnf;
ESpq
f ,f tcsKd @ ESpaf v;ig;q,fvyk zf @dk uawmh cufvrd rhf ,f[k qkyd gonf? rSeyf gonf? b0woufwmvH;k uk,
d u
f sKd ;rzufaom
pdwf"mwf jzifh v_yf&Sm;kef;uef &Sifoef jzwfoef;cJh&aom rGefjrwfjzLpifonfh ESvHk;vSykdif&Sif wa,muftzkd@ rdrdkyfyHkv$mukd
a&;jc,fch&J ol w a,muf taejzifh ac|;puf/ aoG;pufwkd@jzifhom yDjyifapcJh&.?
yokd@qkdap kyfyHkv$mukd olwkd@. b0jzwfoef;r_/ pdwfoabmxm; jzLpifkd;om;r_/ &J&ifhjywfom;onfh &yfwnfr_/
pGe@f v$wt
f epfemcHr/_ olrwlaom ZGo
J wWw
d @dk jzifh xkqpfc=hJ ujcif;om rdryd g0if jzwfoef;ae&aom acwfumv. orkid ;f ay;
wm0efukd xrf;aqmif&if;jzifh a&;cJh=uaom b0pmrsufESmrsm;om? tmZmenfwkd@. kyfyHkv$mrsm;onf u|efawmfwkd@.
taoG;tom;rsm;xJtxd pdr0hf if pD;qif;rdaomtcg olw@dk . &ifcek o
f rH sm;onf u|eaf wmfw@dk ESv;kH tdro
f @dk v_id ;f xyfu
dk cf wfrd
aomtcg awmfveS af om rsKd ;qufyef;uav;rsm; zl;yGiv
hf ef;qef; &Sio
f efvmzd@k twGuf ajrqDvm$ jzpfvmawmhonf? r+yD;qH;k
ao;aom olwkd@. tem*wf &nfrSef;csuftwkdif; qufvufcsDwufzkd@twGuf tm;tifrsm; jzpfvmawmhonf? trSefyif?
112

tarG awmfvSefa&;tarG ay;a0ole@J qufcHol rsdK;quf

Tjy\emESihf ywfoufI u|eaf wmft
h &D;}uD;(taz&J@tpfr)ukd Tod@k ajymcJzh ;l ygonf? t&D;}uD;a& OD;}uD;vS(t
&D;}uD;&J@cifyGef;)&J@ tarGu ol@om;t&if;u r&vkdufbJ u|efawmf&vkdufw,fav? 'DtarGxkyf}uD;ukd xrf;vmvkdufwm
av;rS av;yJ ? =umavav av;vmovm; atmuf a rh & w,f ? wwf E k d f i f o r#awmh }ud K ;pm;xrf ; &tH k ; rS m yJ ?
ESvHk;ckefr&yfoaG@aygh? om"kom ac:aya&mh t&D;}uD;a&
atmf tarG? ay;wkdif;r&? ,lwwfwhJ oly&J wmyguvm; [kom u|efawmf awG;rdchJ?

OD;}uD;vS (a) uom ukdvS?

olum; u|eaf wmf vlavmuxJ ra&mufrD ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ckid af umfrwD twGi;f a&;r;wm0efudk xrf;aqmif
aepOftwGif; (1949)ckESpf 'DZifbmv twGif;u yifv,fbl;e,f/ rdausmif;tif;aus;GmwGif 0rf;ukduf iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh
usqHk; oGm;cJhol? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ qef@usifa&;/ zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; wkdufyGJrsm;wGif &Gwf&Gwfc|efc|efyg0ifcJhol?
(1948)ckESpf vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcho
J l jzpfygonf?
u|eaf wmft
h zk@d olEiS yhf wfoufI aemufa=umif;ukd jyefpOf;pm;vku
d w
f idk ;f tau;wif useo
f vkd cHpm;rdonf? ol@ZeD;
u|eaf wmfh t&D;}uD;rSm tcGi}hf uHKwkid ;f ol@ta=umif;ajymjywwfonf? ausmif;q&mr yDyD yHak jymaumif;onf? i,fpOfuwnf;u
u|efawmfhukd om;t&if;ozG,f jyKpkysKd;axmifay;cJhol jzpfygonf? u|efawmfh 'kwd,tar[kyif wifpm;cJhrdygonf?
zufqpfqef@usifa&; wkdufyGJumv twGif;u oleJ@twl wkdufyGJ0ifcJhaom wkdufazmfwkdufzufrsm;uvnf; u|efawmhfukd
aEG;axG;tm;ay;cJh/ ajrawmifajrmuf ay;cJh=uygonf? okd@aomf ta=umif; trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh olESifhywfoufI u|efawmfhrSm
wdwyd y rSww
f rf;r&Scd ?hJ u|eaf wmf aemifw& rqH;k yg? ok@d apumrl u|eaf wmf awmfveS af &;orm;wa,muf/ uGejf rLepfwa,muf
jzpfvmzk@d ol@y&kH yd /f ol@tawG;tac:/ ol@0^d mOfw@dk u t"du wGe;f tm;rsm; jzpfco
hJ nf? ol@orkid ;f onf u|eaf wmht
f zk@d teD;uyfq;kH
pHxm;&m jzpfchJonf? u|efawmfodor#/ ol@kyfyHkv$m tykdif;tp tcsdK@onfyif tm;uszG,f ol&aJ umif; yHkjyif wckjzpfchJonf?
olav#mufcho
J nfh vrf; a=umif; u|efawmf}udK;pm;I qufav#mufchJonf? ,ae@wkdif ?
opPmw&m;ukd oJorJ rJ J &SmyHkawmfzGifhchJavaomol
u|efawmfhtdrfOD;cef; pmtkyfbDkdxw
J Gif tazu trSwfw& odrf;xm;cJhaom ol@pmtkyfrsm; &SdaecJhonf? rmhufpf/
tdef *,f/ vDeifw@dk . vufa&G;pifusr;f rsm;/ urBmo
h rkid ;f qkid &f m pmtkyrf sm;jzpfonf? pmtkyw
f idk ;f vkv
d w
dk iG f rSwcf surf sm; rSwo
f m;
xm;onf? atmufajcrsOf;rsm;jzifh jynfhaeonf? xkdacwfu EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; enf;wl rmhufpfvDeif0g' oabmw&m;
rsm;udk Armjynf awmfvSefa&; vufawG@ESifh aygif;pyfEkdifzkd@ tywfwukwf rem;rae avhvmcJhonfh ol@kyfv$mukd rSef;q jrif
a,mifro
d nf? pmtkyw
f ae&mwGif ol@vufa&;jzifh Tok@d a&;om;xm;onfudk ,ae@widk f rSwrf ad eonf? uk,
d u
f sKd ;pGe@f tepf
emcHolwkd@om opPmw&m;ukd &SmawG@Ekdifw,f? Tum; avhvma&;ESifh ywfoufaom ol. &yfwnfr_ jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ol
csef&pfxm;cJhaom trSwfw&av;rsm;onf u|efawmhftwGuf woo vGrf;p&mrsm; jzpfaejyefonf?
ol@ZeD;ajymjywJh ol@ta=umif; atmufarhzG,fwcsdK@
ol@tazu wkdufykdif OD;azcif/ taru a':axG;wJh? Zmwdu xD;csdKifh+rdK@? uom+rdK@ukd ajymif;vm+yD; q,fwef;
ausmif;wufae&mu 'k@d Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;tH;k rSm yg0if+yD; Ekid if aH &;vkyaf wmhwmyJ? 'DumvrSmyJ tareJ@ tdraf xmifjyK=u
w,f? tareJ@u tdrfeD;csif;ukd;? wtdrfyJ jcm;w,f? vufxyf+yD; &ufwcsdK@rSmyJ BDA wyfx0J ifzkd@ vkdufoGm;wm (43) ckESpf
ESpf v,favmufrSm jzpfr,fxifw,f? aemuf ESpf ESpfeD;yg;avmuf=umrS rE Wav; eef;awmfu|ef;rSm ppfajy;b0eJ@ aewkef;
ol wacgufa&mufvmw,f? Akdvfr;Axl;qDu vmwmwJh? ta&;}uD;vkd@qkd+yD; wnyJtdyfoGm;w,f? w&ufyv
J mwmawmif
vmwJh {nfo
h nfawGudk Ekid if aH &;tajctae &Si;f jy&wmeJ@ ol@crsm rem;&ygb;l ? ppf}uD;+yD;awmh (47)ckEpS af vmufuxifw,f?
113

olu xD;csdKifhtiwfwyfcsDwufyGJrSm acgif;aqmifcJh&if; tzrf;cH&vkd@ rE Wav;axmif ygoGm;w,f? axmifuvGwfawmh

tdrfjyefrvmEkdifawmhbl;? wcgwnf; awmckdoGm;wm? om;i,fu ukd,f0efeJ@yJ &Sdao;awmh om;i,fukdawmh olrjrif
zl;vkduf&bl;? (49) ckESpf 'DZiffbmv avmufrSm olqHk;oGm;w,f=um;&awmh wmygyJ
Tonfw@dk um; ol@ZeD; u|eaf wmht
f &D;}u;D . ol@ta=umif; atmufarhz,
G rf sm;yif ? t&D;}u;D u awmfveS af &;orm;
. ZeD;r,m;jzpf&wmukd *k%f,loljzpfygonf? OD;}uD;vS awmfvSefa&;xJrSm epfjrKyfae&ojzifh ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmudpPwGif
vpf[if;cJh&onfh tay: em;vnfcGifhv$wf+yD; yg&rDjznfhbuftjzpfESifh om &yfwnfcho
J nf? toufi,fi,fESifh rkqkd;rb0
a&mufcJhonf@wkdif cav;ESpfa,mufESifh twl b0ukd t_H;ray;bJ kef;uefcJh&Smonf? jzpfEkdifv#if t&D;}uD; touf&Snf
usef;rm+yD; ol@cifyGef;ESifhwuG xkdacwfu ol@wkdufazmfwkdufzufrsm;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;apcsifygonf?

jynfolawGukdcspfwhJ jynfolawGucspfwhJ uGefjrLepfukdvS

olausmif;rSxu
G +f yD; e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wku
d yf JG twGuf 'k@d Armqif;&Jom; tpnf;tH;k rSm 0if+yD; Ekid if aH &;ukd aZmufcs
vkycf o
hJ nf? t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif uko
d ed ;f az a&mufvm+yD; ne=f um;r_ay;oGm;cJh
onf? xkt
d csed rf pS I olonf uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf qufo,
G rf _ &cJyh kH &ygonf? uom/ xD;csKd if/h a$v/D {&m/ rJZm jrpf;dk wav#muf
ol@ajc&mrsm; xyfco
hJ nf? vlxEk iS hf twlae twlpm;/ twlwl tvkyv
f yk &f if; rem;rae pnf;H;k cJo
h nf? olu aexkid rf b
_ 0wGif
jzLpifkd;om;onf? pdwfoabmxm; EknHhonf? pdwfxm;ESdrfhcsr_&Sdonf? &efolESifh ywfoufvmv#ifrl &yfwnfr_ &Sif;onf?
jywfonf? cg;oD;emusnf; rkef;wD;r_tjynfhESifh &J&J wkdfufyGq
J ifonfh &yfwnfr_&Sdonf? &Jabmfrsm;u ol@ukd ,kefoli,fvkd
odrfarG@+yD; usm;vkd&&J ifhol[k wifpm;cJh=uonfyif?
BDAwyfrawmfom; ukdvS
oltrd af xmifjyK+y;D &ufwcsKd @rmS yif uomrSu0dk if;armif/ ukad rmifarmifw@dk EiS t
hf wl ysO;f rem;&Sd BDAvlopfpcef;(opf
awmausmif;) wGif BDAod@k 0ifa&mufco
hJ nf? xkpd Ofu ysO;f rem;&Sd 'k@d Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;tH;k OuUocifazwifu
h vnf;
tultnDrsm;ay;cJo
h nf? ,if;aemuf ysO;f rem; tk;kH awmausmif;pcef;/ a&eHacsmif;tajrmuf}uD;pcef;wk@d wiG f aecJ+h yD; (1944)
ckESpfqef;ykdif;wGif r*Fvm'Hk tajrmuf}uD;wyfodk@ a&mufcJhonf? ESpfpufwifbmvwGif ygwD. nef=um;csuft&
tajrmuf}uD; wyfrS ukdat;0if;/ tywfpOf(3) Akdvfoifwef;rS ukd0if;armif/ ukdbaomif;wkd@ESifhtwl ausmif;rS xGufcGm+yD;
ajratmufawmf vSeaf &;orm;b0jzifh *syefqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;pnf;H;k &eftwGuf uome,fo@dk jyefvmcJo
h nf? rE aW v;wGif
ygwDuay;aom EkdifiHa&;oifwef; wufchJ&onf?
uome,fokd@ a&muf&SdcsdefwGif txufnef=um;onhftwkdif; ocifAdkvfwkd@tzGJ@ tENd,okd@ oGm;a&mufa&;wGif
uome,frS jzwfoGm;a&;twGuf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;cJh&onf? ,if;aemuf 'kd@Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;tHk; v_yf&Sm;r_
umvuyif zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;jzpfaom ajratmuf&Jabmfrsm;ESifh twlwGJ+yD; *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;Hk;v_H@aqmf
jyifqifr_rsm;ukd u omckdif e,fajrwckvHk;wGif vkyfaqmifcho
J nf?

0rf;tkd0rf;ESifh avxD;ukdvS
(1944)ck/ Ek0d ifbmvxJwiG f uom/ ebm;/ tif;awmfw@dk udk t*Fvyd t
f ar&duef r[mrdww
f yfrsm;u odr;f yku
d v
f u
dk f
onf? TwGif *syefqef@usiaf &;twGuf pnf;H;k v_y&f mS ;aeaom olw@dk tzJ@G onf tar&duefwyf. v#Kd @0u
S f txl;wyfz@jJG zpfaom
0rf;tkd0rf;wyfzGJ@(Datachment 101 US Armay)rS wm0efcHAkdvfr;[Jz&pf(Major Baird Helfrich)ESihf qufo,
G rf o
d nf?
Akdvfr;[Jz&pf ESifh *syefawmfvSefa&; a&S@vkyfief;rsm; aqG;aEG;=u&mwGif tar&duefwkd@bufrS wifjyaom Armjynfzufqpf
qef@usifa&;vkyfief;wGif tar&duefwkd@bufrS ulnD&ef AFO acgif ; aqmif rsm;ES i f h quf o G , f a y;&ef w m0ef uk d
vufcHoabmwlcJh=uonf? Twm0efukd xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf ukd0if;armifESifh ukdat;0if;wkd@u ajrjyifvrf;rS
114

oGm;a&mufqufoG,f&efESifh ol(ukdvS)u aemifcsdKe,fokd@ avxD;jzifhqif;I rE Wav;&Sd AkdvfAxl;rSwqifh oufqkdif&m

acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd qufoG,f&efpDpOfcJh =uonf? wu,fawmh ol@taejzifh avxD;oifwef; wcgrS rwufbl;yg?
okd@aomfTwm0efonf tvGefta&;}uD;+yD; tcsdefqkdif;&ef rjzpfEkdif[k ,lqI bmoifwef;rS rwufbJ zlvD/ ukdcifaqG/
armifcspfpHwkd@ tzG@J ukd acgif;aqmif+yD; aemifcsdKe,f wGif avxD;jzifh qif;cJhonf? ,if;a'owGif wkdfufyJG wcsdK@jzpfchJ +yD;aemuf
rE Wav;rsufyg;&yf&Sd AkdvfAxl;ESifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ukdausmfoef;wdk@xH owif;ykd@cho
J nf? (1945)ckESpf azazmf0g&DvxJwGif
tar&duef(101)wyfzGJ@ESifh yl;wGJaqmifGuf&ef tzGJcsKyf ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fapv$wfvkdufaom ocifazwifh
vma&mufawG@qHk+yD;/ a&S@vkyfief;rsm;ukd ndE_dif;cJh=uonf? ,if; aemufwGif ol@taejzifh txufnef=um;csuftwkdif;
*syefawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGrJ sm;wGif yg0ifchJonf?

ukdvS. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;
ppf}uD;+yD;qH;k oGm;aomfvnf; ol@rmS tdrw
f iG f rdom;pkEiS hf aysmf i$ af ezk@d tcsed rf ay;Ekid cf yhJ g? wbufwiG f ygwpD nf;H;k zG@J
pnf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ukd vkyf&if; wbufu ygwD. nef=um;csuftwkdif; t*Fvdyfe,fcs@J orm;xHrS vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&ef
wkdufyGw
J Gif qufvufyg0if+yD; vlxkpnf;Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ vlxkwkdufyGrJ sm;wGif yg0ifacgif;aqmifcho
J nf? (194&)ckESpfxw
J Gif
xD;csdKifh tiwfwyf csDwufyGJwGif yg0ifOD;aqmifr_ay;cJhojzifh tzrf;cH&+yD; rE Wav;axmifokd@ ykd@cHcJh&onf? axmifrS
vGwfvmaomtcg rdom;pk xHokd@ rjyefEkdifawmhbJ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
uomckdif twGif; a&;r;wm0efukd xrf;aqmifae&if;jzifh (1949)ck/ 'DZifbmvxJwGif yifv,fbl;e,f/ rdausmif;tif;GmY
0rf;uku
d f iSuzf sm; a&m*gjzifh usq;kH cJ&h onf? olusq;kH csed w
f iG f ol@touf (26) ESprf #om &Sad o;onf? olusq;kH csed w
f iG f ol@ZeD;ESihf
olrjrifz;l vku
d &f aom om;wa,muf use&f pfonf? Eke,fpOfrmS yif tauapmcJo
h nfh ol@twGuf ol@ucdk spaf om jynforl sm;
wkdufazmf wkdufzufrsm;u ESajrmwo jzpfch=J u&onf?
Tonfw@dk um; &Jabmfuv
dk (S avxD;ukv
d )S . kyyf v
kH m$ tykid ;f tp wcsKd @r#om? ok@d aomf Ttykid ;f tp uav;rsm;
onfyif u|eaf wmft
h zk@d tjrwfwEk;d odr;f qnf;xm;&rnfh ywWjrm;yGiu
hf av;rsm; jzpfaejyefygonf? arhr&onfh trSww
f &rsm;
jzpf aejyefygonf? '\e jzpfaejyefygonf?
olaucJhonf? okd@aomf u|efawmfh&ifxrJ Sm a0qJ xHk&D ar$;jrqJ ?
?

115

awmmif,HrSm atmifvHpdkufumrS
,if ; awmf a rmif a rmif
(1)
wkwx
f ;dk a&wku
d yf EJG iS hf awmus,w
f u
dk yf w
JG @dk onfum; atmifjrif+yD;qk;H oGm;cJah cs+yD? ok@d aomf zufqpfawmfveS af &;u
r +yD;qkH;ao;? *syefwkd@onf tvkH;t&if;jzifh tm;pkvsuf &SdaeqJ?
ta0;qDwiG f &Sr;f awmifwef;}uD;awGu jymr_id ;f ae=uonf? teD;w0ku
d w
f iG rf u
l m; rk;d OD;usc+hJ yD;+yD jzpfI awmawmif
tm;vkH; pdrf;jrvef;qef;aeonf? pdrf;a0vmaeaom awmtkyfav;xJwGif wcsdK@ opfyifrsm;onf ywWjrm;a&mif eDvGifaom
opfu
G rf sm;jzifh tvSqifae=uonf? cyfvrS ;f vSr;f qDrmS rl jrLck;d rif jymvJv
h EhJ iS hf awmifnKd cifwef;uav;? [kw
d bufrmS awmh
v#dKajrmifacsmufurf;yg;}uD;rsm;ESifh awmifwef;}uD;rsm;?
wku
d yf w
JG yG+J y;D qk;H ump aemufwyGJ rwku
d af o;rD &Jabmfrsm; tem;,lae=uonf? tm;arG;ae=uonf? tm;arG;ae=u
onfqadk omfvnf; tpm;taomufjzifh tm;arG;Ekid =f uonfawmh r[kw?f ydEo
JM ;D EkEu
k av;rsm;ukyd if [if;vkyI
f pm;=u&onf?
uifyvif;Gufukd [if;csdK&nfvkyfI aomuf&onf? okd@aomf qDryg ysm;ryg? aygif;avmif;jrpfurf;okd@oGm;I ig;cGJpOfu
&vmaom ig;uav;rsm;ukd tenf;tyg; csefxm;+yD; ig;ajcmuf ig;jcrf; vkyfxm;wmuav; wcsdK@awmh &Sdonf?
tpm;taomufom ruao;/ taetxkid rf mS vnf; qif;&Jvo
S nf? Akv
d rf ; Axl;. pcef;k;H uav;ukyd if =unfyh gO;D ?
opfyifrsm;tv,f/ csKHykwfuav;awG=um;wGif wzuf&yfwJuav;vkyfxm;onf? trkd;rSm tifzufrsm;jzifh rkd;xm;onfh
wzuf av#muav;? ig;awmifomomavmufom us,frnf? wae@uyif rkd;OD;usrkd;u Gmcsvkdufao;onf? Akdvfr;.
wJuav; a&m/ usef&aJ bmfrsm;.wJawGyg rkd;rvkH=u? tckawmhjzifh wJtwGif;rSm pkdpdpd jzpfaeonf? usef;rma&;twGuf
raumif;vS? okd@&mwGif Tpcef;kH;uav;xJrSyif Adkvfr;Axl;onf omvGeftiftm;}uD;rm;aom *syefwyfrawmf (15) ukd
wku
d cf u
dk &f ef twGuf pDpOftrdeahf y;cJo
h nf? Tpcef;k;H uav;xJryS if *syefppfacgi;f aqmifuDr&l mESihf Om%fcsi;f ,SOf yifum
wkdufuGuf azmfcho
J nf r[kwfygavm?
pcef;wGif &Jabmf rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&S?d Akv
d rf ; onf pdwcf stm;uk;d &aom &Jabmftenf;tyg;ESio
hf m pcef;k;H rSmae+yD;
wkdufyu
GJ kd !ef=um;trdefhay;aejcif; jzpfonf? pcef;kH;ae&mufkdvnf; txl; v#dK@0Sufxm;onf? ppfa&;owd }uD;onf?
&JabmfESpfa,muf ukd,fAvmESifh prf;acsmif;av;ab;rSm t0wfav#mfae=uonf? olwkd@rSm vJp&m 0wfpkHtykd
r&S?d a& csKd ;v#if rdarG;wkid ;f zarG;wkid ;f om csKd ;=u&onf? &Jabmfav;wa,mufu t0wfawG c|wI
f oef;r}uD;awG &Smaeonf?
xkdpOf acsmif;urf;yg;wav#muf ajccif;omaomae&mav;wGif Akdvfr;Axl; awmifa0S;wacsmif;ESifh tanmif;ajy
116

vrf;av#mufaeonfukd vSrf;awG@vkduf=uonf? Akdvfr;onf ukd,fay:0,f okd;arG; qG,fwmwxnf 0wfxm;onf?

r%d y l & e,f pyf o k d @ ppf x G u f p Of u pG J u yf v maom iS u f z sm;a&m*gonf &S r f ; jynf . awmawmif a wG x J t xd
vk d u f y gvmcJ h a vonf ? rk w f q d w f arG ; yg;ok d i f ; arG ; wk d @ &S n f v sm;pG m ayguf a eaom Ak d v f r ; .rsuf E S m onf
jzLa&mfacsmifusaevsuf?
Akdvfr;onf awmtkyfuav;.[kdrSmbuf&Sd &Srf;awmifwef;}uD;rsm;ukd ar#mfai;=unfh_aeavonf? wcsdefu
T&Srf;jynfawmifwef;rsm;ay:0,f e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwkd@ukd wkdufxkwf&eftwGuf q&mpHv,form;olykefrsm; pcef;cswkdufyJG
0ifc=hJ uzl;onf? ,ck T&Sr;f jynfawmifwef;}uD;awGay:rSmyif rdrw
d @dk awmfveS f a&;orm;rsm;onf *syefzufqpfw@dk udk wGe;f vSef
wkdufy0GJ ifae=u&jyefonf? Tonfukdyif Akdvfr;Axl; E_dif;,SOfawG;awmaeonfvm;?
ok@d wnf;r[kw/f ArmwrsKd ;om;vk;H vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf ppfxo
J @dk pvku
d u
f wnf;u wcgrS tdrjf yefra&mufcahJ om
Akdvfr;Axl;onf olypfxm;cJh&aom cspfZeD;rtkef;wifESifh om;-az0if;/ pdef0if;ESifh orD; rcif0if;wkd@ukd vGrf;qGwfowd& ae
onfvm;? Akv
d rf ; Axl;onf awmfveS af &;ratmifjrifrcsi;f om;r,m;oHa,mZOfudk jzwfawmufxm;onf[k olajymcJh apum
rl zsm;emtm;enf;aepOf wcgw&HY vGrf;qGwfaumif; vGrf;qGwfrdayvdrfhrnf?
ok@d wnf;r[kw/f olwnfaxmifcahJ om [de;f 'g;owKwGi;f tvkyo
f rm;or*~ta=umif;/ e,fcs@J t*Fvyd w
f @dk udk wku
d yf JG
0ifchaJ om ol OD;aqmifcho
J nfh tvkyform;oydwfwkdufyEJG Sifh ol tvkyfxkwfcHvkduf&onfhta=umif;/ olcspfaom ygwDESifh
ol@wGif udef;0yfp+JG rJaeaom ygwDpdwf"mwfta=umif;ponfwkd@ukd awG;awmaejcif;ayavm?
ajymEkdifwmuawmhr=umao;rD &ufykdif;uav;twGif;urS awmif,HrSm atmifvHpkdufxlchaJ om wkwfxkd;a&
wkdufyGJ ESifh awmus,fwkdufyGrJ sm;ta=umif;onf ol@tawG;rsm;xJwGif rkcsyg0ifaeayvdrfhrnf?
(2)
rE Wav;w0kdufrS *syefwyfrsm;ukd ajymufusm;wkdufckdufum armif;xkwfEkdifcJh+yD;aemuf &Srf;jynfe,fokd@ vkduf
vHwkdufckduf&mwGif wkdufyrJG sm; w&pyfjzpfchJonf? topfjyefvnf pkz@GJ vmaom *syefwyfrawmf (15) .tvkH;t&if; }uD;rm;
vSaomtiftm;ESifh pwifxdawG@&onfrSmum; wkwfxkd;a&wkdufyGw
J Gif jzpfonf?
wkwfxkd;a&pcef;wGif *syeftiftm; 400ausmf/ 500 eD;yg;r# &Sd.? olwkd@ukd Akdvfr;Axl;.wyfrsm;u vma&muf
wku
d cf u
kd v
f rd rhf nfudk *syefrsm; wGux
f m;+yD;om;? *syefw@dk onf wkwx
f ;dk a&pcef;ukd tvG,w
f ul qkwcf mG [ef jyKonf? nusrS
wdww
f qdwf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm=uonf? wkwx
f ;dk a&pcef;qko
d nfu v#Kad jrmif}u;D wck.t=um;rSm? aemuf+y;D ausmufcsyf
ausmufvm$ awGuvnf; rsm;rSrsm;? *syefw@dk onf ausmufcsyaf usmv
f m$ rsm;aemufu,
G rf S yke;f atmif;um awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;
0iftvmukd acsmif;ajrmif;apmifh}udKae=uonf?
Akdvfr;Axl;.wyfrsm;u *syefrsm; qkwfoGm;+yDtxifjzifh aemufwae@ eHeufwGif wkwfxkd;a&pcef;qDokd@ at;at;
aq;aq; vSr;f 0ifvm=uonf? ausmufcsyaf usmufvm$ rsm;aemufrS yke;f atmif;acsmif;ajrmif;aeaom *syefrsm;u owfuiG ;f
xJo@dk a&muf&v
dS maom awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG rsm;ukd w&pyf ypfcwf=uawmhonf? vufO;D r_um; rJah cs+yD? ok@d aomf awmfveS af &;
orm;wkd@. ZGrJ mef/ ArmtrsdK;om;wkd@.ol&owWdjzifh owfuGif;xJrSyif GyfGyfc|Hc|H wkH@jyefwkdufckduf=uonf? Akdvfoef;=unf
OD;aqmifaom puf}uD;wyfz@JG b,fawmifyw
H ckv;Hk jyKwfomG ;onf? usq;Hk oGm;aom &Jabmfrsm;twGuf vufpm;acsvpdk w
d jf zifh
&Jabmfrsm;onf rqkwrf epf &J&&J if&h ifh tk;d a=ua=u ta&cef;cef;qk+d yD; wku
d =f uonf? awmfveS af &;orm;wk@d . ol&owWEd iS hf
pdwf"mwfZGrJ mefwkd@a=umifh *syefwkd@bufrS ar*sm *sife&,fwOD;tygt0if 38 a,muf usqkH;oGm;=uonf? &Jabmfrsm;onf
owfuiG ;f rS vGw&f mqDo@dk waG@aG@ qkwcf &hJ onf? olw@dk qw
k cf mG vm+yD;aemufwiG f ppfuv
l u
dk v
f maom awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;
a&muf&v
dS m=uonf? tiftm;jyefp+k yD; wkwx
f ;dk a&pcef;ukd topfxyfrH wku
d pf pfqif=ujyef+yD? Tw}udrw
f iG u
f m; owfuiG ;f xJ
rS cHppfjzifh wku
d cf u
kd &f aom taetxm;rsKd ;r[kwaf wmh? tiftm;ykrd }dk uD;rm;aom *syefw@dk onf ZGo
J wWt
d &mwGif awmfveS af &;
wyfz@GJ ukd r,SOfEkdif+yD? aemufqkH;wGif wkwfxkd;a& pcef;ukd atmifjrifpGm odrf;ykdufEkdifchaJ vonf?
117

awmus,f p cef ; wG i f r l *syef a wG u tif t m;yk d r k d }uD ; rm;onf ? tif t m; 700 cef @ &S d r nf ? ok d @ &mwG i f
awmus,f p cef ; eJ @ awmus,f a wmif / y&d , m,f j zif h a tmif [k qk d & cd s rf h r nf ? Ak d v f r ; Axl ; onf
awmifukef;uav;rsm;tESH@tjym;wGif &Jabmfrsm;ukd jzef@cGJae&mcsxm;vkdfufonf? &Sdor# pdefajymif;/ puf}uD;wkd@jzifh
*syefwkd@&Sd&mokd@ waeukef rSefrSef}uD; ypfay;onf? *syefwkd@u +yKH; onf? olwkd@uvnf; olwkd@y&d,m,fESifh olwkd@ jzpfonf?
wcsufrS wkH@jyefypfcwfjcif; rjyK?
taemufbufqw
D iG f ae0ef;}u;D epfjrKyfaysmufu,
G o
f mG ;+y?D tarSmifvr$ ;f vm+y?D *syefw@dk bufrS tajrmuf}u;D rsm;jzifh
pxkawmhonf? awmufav#muf tajrmuf}uD;rsm; ypfay;aeonf? Akv
d rf ; Axl;uvnf; +yKH;onf? w0ke;f 0ke;f tajrmufusnf
aygufuGaJ eonfh=um;rS &Jabmfrsm;ukd olukd,fwkdif OD;aqmif+yD; ay1500/ 2000 cef@jrifhaom awmifurf;yg;,HrS cufcufccJ J
qif;um awmifuek ;f ay:rS wdww
f qdwf cGmonf? awmus,f ppfrsuEf mS &Sd awmifypl mav;rsm; tES@H tjym;wk@d Y &JabmfEpS Of ;D pD
okH;OD;pDavmuf vufypfAkH;trsm;tjym;ESifh usef&pfaecJhonf?
nOfheufcsdefwGif *syefrsm;onf tiftm;}uD;rm;pGmjzifh nmoHay;um awmifukef;awGukd wufxkd;onf?
teD;uyfwu
dk f yGJ wku
d &f rnf[k ar#mv
f ifx
h m;I vSpH yG rf sm; zGix
hf m;=uonf? awmifuek ;f rsm;xdyo
f @dk a&mufvek ;D wGif tarSmifxrJ S
apmifhqkdif;ae aom &JabmfESpfOD; okH;OD;pDu &Sdor# vufypfAkH;rsm;jzifh wufvmaom *syefppfom;tkyf}uD;qDokd@ +yHKatmI
teD;uyffypfoGif;=uonf? *syefwkd@ twkH;tkH;usqkH;ukef=uonf? usef*syefrsm; awmifukef;ukd wufrdaomtcg
vlolwa,mufr# rawG@&? *syef rsm; ykdrkdajcmufjcm;vmonf? rdrdwkd@axmifacsmufwGif; usa&muf+yDxifum 0kef;okef;um;
jyefqif;ajy;=ujyefavonf?
Tok@d jzifh awmus,pf cef;ukd (10)}udrw
f idk w
f idk f oluodr;f vku
d f ud,
k u
f odr;f vku
d jf zifh t}udwt
f e,fOm%fupm;+yD;
wkdufcdkufcJh=uonf? txdemvmaom *syefwkd@onf aemufqkH;wGif rcHEkdifawmhbJ awmus,fpcef;ukd pGef@v$wfqkwfajy;
oGm;=uavonf?
(3)
awmus,pf cef;wku
d yf [
JG m 'k@d bufu ppfy&d,m,faumif;vk@d Ekid v
f u
dk w
f myJ? wkwx
f ;dk a&wku
d yf u
JG awmh oifcef;pm
,lz@dk aumif;w,f? 'k@d bufu uif;axmufwm raumif;cJb
h ;l ? uif;axmufraumif;krH u &efo@l pcef;xJ 0ifomG ;wmrSmvnf;
aygq
h w,f? &efo@l axmifacsmufxx
J d 0ifomG ;rd+yD;+yD? &JabmfawG&@J ol&owW/d tEkid rf cH t_;H ray;wJh awmfveS af &;orm;awG&@J
tm;rmefe@J ZGpJ w
d w
f @dk a=umifo
h m aemufq
f ;Hk rSm tEkid &f vku
d w
f m? 'k@d bufu Akv
d o
f ef;=unfe@J &Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm; touf
ay;cJh&w,f? aoG;eJ@toufe@J t&if;tESD;ay;+yD; &,lchJwhJ oifcef;pm vkd@ qkd&r,f
a&S@wef;pcef;wck&Sd AkdvftmVm0u.wJuav;xJwGif AkdvftmVm0u OD;aqmifum wkdufyGJrsm;ta=umif;
tvGwfoabm ajymqkdaqG;aEG;aejcif; jzpf.?
wkwfxkd;a&wkdufyu
JG awmh wu,fyJ &JabmfawG GyfGyfc|Hc|Hwkduf=uwm csD;usL;p&myg
&JabmfawG[m awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfa=umifh owWdykdaumif;vm=uw,f? aemuf+yD; acgif;aqmifr_u pHerlem
aumif; jy=uzkd@ vkdw,f? AkdvfAxl;ukd =unfh? olukd,fwkdif pHjyvkyfaqmifjy+yD; acgif;aqmifchw
J m
[kwfw,fwkdufyaGJ wGrSm olukd,fwkdif a&S@wef;u tqif;&Jtyifyef;cHvkdufwkdufchw
J m? wkdufyu
GJ kd pDrHcef@cGJ kHru
ukd,fwkdifyg0ifwkdufwm
'gu tckrS r[kwfygbl;Asmtifzmukd *syefawGwkdufzkd@ vrf;azmufwkef;uvnf; &JabmfawGe@J twl olvnf;
vrf;0ifazmufwmyJ? &JabmfawGu Akdvfr;rvkyfyge@J vkd@ wm;vnf; r&bl;
owWdta=umif;ajymvkd@ usaemfu AkdvfAxl; rE Wav;rSm *syefAkdvfukd "m;eJ@ckwfowfwm oGm;owd&w,f? tJ'D
118

wkef;u AkdvfAxl;&J@um;ay:rSm usaemfvnf; ygwmaygh? usaemfwkd@um; a&S@uoGm;aewkef; aemufuvkdufvmwJh

*syefum;u ausmfwufzkd@ vrf;awmif;w,f? vrf;awGuvnf; usOf;vkdufwm/ um;ESpfpD;ra&Smifavmufbl;? 'ga=umifh
um;orm;u vrf; ray;ao;bJ qufarmif;ae+yD;/ um;ESppf ;D a&Smifv@dk &wJah e&ma&mufrS vrf;z,fay;vku
d w
f ,f? *syefum;u
usaemfwkd@um; a&S@u ydwf&yfvkdufw,f? usaemfwkd@um;vnf; &yfvkduf&wmaygh? *syefAkdvfwa,muf qif;vmw,f?
qkd;vkdufwhAJ kdvfAsm qJqkd }udrf;armif;aevkdufwmrsm;? t&ufvnf; rl;ae[ef wlygw,f? AkdvfAxl;u um;ay:u qif;+yD;
*syefAkdvfukd wnfwnf+idrf+idfrf tusdK;ta=umif; &Sif;jyw,f? r&bl;AsdK@? &Sif;jyumrS *syefAkdvfu ykduv
J mw,f? AkdvfAxl;
wnf+idrfvkduf ykHrsm;Asm/ enf;enf;rS tdajENrysufbJ *syefppfAkdvfa&S@rSm cyfwnfwnfbJ &yf=unfhaew,f? *syefppfAkdvfu
ol"m;ukdvnf; qGEJ _wfa&mjrefvkduf vsif vkdufwhAJ kdvfAxl;Asm/ olu OD;atmif *syefAkdvf&@J acgif;ukd ckwfcsvkduf+yD;+yD
tJ'w
D ek ;f u rE aW v;wr@v;Hk 'Dta=umif;ajymae=uw,f? tkwaf tmfaomif;eif; jzpfomG ;w,f? uk,
d Ahf rmAkv
d u
f
'Dvo
dk wWad umif;wma=umifh wr@v;Hk tm;&auseyfrHk u &JabmfawGtay:vnf; tm;uk;d vm=uw,fuJ-uJqufygO;D Asm
AkdvftmVm&J@ wkdufyt
GJ ay: =unfhjrifykH av;awG
awmus,fwkdufyGJ[m pcef;odrf;zkd@ wkdufwmayr,fh wu,fuawmh ajymufusm;wkdufyGJyJAs/ ajymufusm;y&d
,m,fe@J &efou
l dk r#m;ac:+y;D wku
d w
f m? ajymufusm;wku
d w
f w
hJ u
dk yf aJG wGxrJ mS awmh atmifyifv,fpcef;uae ppfqifvy_ &f mS ;&wJh
ajymufusm;wkdufyGaJ wGukd oabmtusqkH;yJ? vlxk&@J yll;aygif; ulnDr_vnf;yg/ wkdufyGaJ wGu vSoavmuf *syefzufqpfawG
zdef@zdef@wkefatmif a=umufoGm;apcJhwhJ wkdufyaGJ wGvkd@ qkd&r,fAs
(4)
r[mrdwfwkd@.trSwf(19) tdENd,wyfr}uD;onf rE Wav;awmifqDokd@ OD;wnfcsDwufvmae=u+yD? r[mrdwfrsm;
a&mufrS olwkd@tm;ukd;jzifh *syefukd awmfvSef&onfqkdonfh tjzpfrsdK; b,fvkdenf;ESifhr# tjzpfrcHEkdif? ArmtrskdK;om;wkd@onf
rdrt
d m;ukd rdru
d ;dk um zufqpf*syefudk awmfveS cf ahJ =umif; orkid ;f oufaownf&rnf? Twm0efonf Akv
d rf ; Axl;. yck;H xufo@dk
usa&mufvmonf? Akdvfr;Axl;onfvnf; tppt&m }udKwifjyifqifxm;ESifh+yD;om;?
1945 ckESpf/ rwfv 8&ufae@?
Akdvfr;Axl;.!ef=um;csuft& rsufyg;&yf&Sd tajrmufwyfrS tajrmufokH;csufypfazmufvkdufonf? teD;w0kduf&Sd
ppfukdif;/ jrpfi,f ponfhwyfrsm;tm; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;pwif&ef tcsufay;vkdufjcif;yif jzpf.? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;.
yGOJ D; xGuftajrmufoH?
*syefppft}uHay;t&m&Sd}uD;ukdvnf; okwfoif+yD;cJh+yD? jrpfi,fwGifvnf; ppfulvmawmif;aom *syefppft}uHay;
t&m&dSESifh um;armif;olwkd@ukd okwfoifvkduf+yD;+yD? tajrmufoH=um;+yD;onfESifh Akdvfr;Axl;ESifh&aJ bmfrsm;onf rsufyg;&yf
tajrmufwyfrSonf }udKwifjyifqifxm;+yD;jzpfaom zufqpfawmfvSefa&;pcef;qDokd@ *syef@wyfrsm; rsufpdatmufrSyif [ef
rysufxGufvmcJh=uonf? OD;wnf&mum; atmifyifv,fuef?
atmifyifv,fonf uef}uD; r[kwfawmh+yD? war#mfwac: v,fuGufawGcsnf;&Sdaom uGif;jyifus,f}uD;
jzpfaeonf?rsufaphwqkH;v,fuGif;us,f}uD;xJwGif Gmuav;rsm;um; [kdae&mwpk/ 'Dae&mwpk? ajrmufbufwGifum;
&efuif;awmif? awmifbufESifh taemufbuf uefabmifkd;wGifrl arr@oGm; um;vrf;r}uD; &Sd.?
rwfv 9 &ufae@?
Akv
d rf ; Axl;wk@d &efuif;awmifpcef;ok@d a&muf&adS ecsed w
f iG f *syefwyfawGvu
dk v
f m+yD;/ pcef;ukd 0kid ;f xm;vku
d =f uonf?
Akdvfr;Axl;onf 0kdif;xm;aom *syefwkd@ukd wkdufckdufazmufxGufEkdifkHru *syeftajrmufwyfukdyif 0ifa&mufwkdufckduf vkduf
ao;onf? rdrw
d @dk ajymufusm;pcef;rsm; vk+H cKHa&;twGuf *syefw@dk . qufo,
G af &;vrf;a=umif;rsm; jzwfawmufypfonfh wku
d yf JG
rsm;um; yxrqkH;qifE$J&onfh wkdufyGJrsm;yif?
v,fuu
G x
f &J dS Gmpkuav;rsm;onfum; Akv
d rf ; Axl;. zufqpfawmfveS af &; ajratmufajymufusm;pcef;rsm;yif
119

jzpfonf? t"duusonfh GmawGuawmh qifGm/ ykodrf}uD;/ opfcsdKukef;?

qifGmonf uGefjrLepfygwD.awmfvSefa&;pcef;vnf; jzpfonf? &Jabmf/ &Jabmfrrsm; trsm;pk v#K@d0Sufaexkdif&m
vnf; jzpfonf? ajymufusm;&Jabmfrsm;twGuf &duQmaxmuf pcef;vnf; jzpf.? uGefjrLepfygwD0if Akdvfr;Axl;onf
zufqpf *syefukd pwifawmfvSef&eftwGuf uGefjrLepfygwDpcef;rSm XmecsKyfzGifhvkduf+yD? &Jabmfrsm;onf t&yfom;
t0wftpm; rsm;ukd ajymif;vJ0wfqifvu
dk =f uonf? wtdrw
f iG f &Jabmfo;kH av;a,mufpD cGaJ e&onf? uk,
d af &muf&mtdrYf
tdrftvkyf awGukd ulnDvkyfay;=u&onf? TonfrSm wyfESifh jynfolqufqHa&;rSm a&eJ@ig;vkd wom;wnf;
jzpfaeap&eftwGuf Akdvfr;Axl;. !ef=um;csuft& vkdufemaqmif&Guf=u&jcif; jzpfayonf?
Akdvfr;Axl; yxrqkH; vkyf&rnfhtvkyfrSm zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; a=unmcsuf a&;om;&ef jzpfonf?
Akdvfr;Axl;.awmfvSefa&;a=unmcsuf
&Jabmfwkd@
&Jabmfwkd@/ igwkd@wawGonf wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf igwkd@. toufukdyif yrm%rxm;bJ wyfrawmf
om;yDyD wm0efxrf;aqmifchJa=umif; trsm;od=uonf?
zufqpf*syefawGonf igw@dk vrl sKd ;rsm;tm; trsKd ;rsKd ;nO;f qJowfjzwf+yD; igw@dk udk vGwv
f yfa&;ray;bJ igw@dk udk u|eo
f
abmufb0ukd yk@d aqmifc=hJ ua=umif;? barmfEiS ahf tmifqef;tr;jyKonfh Armhyk af o;tpk;d &ESihf ppfwyfonf *syefawG.ni;f yef;
ESyd pf ufra_ wGudk umuG,af y;Ekid v
f rd rhf nf[k igw@dk ,k=H unftm;xm;cJ=h ua=umif;? ok@d aomf ,cktxd olw@dk onf rnfonfu
h m
uG,fr_ukdr# jyKvkyfray;Ekdif? igwkd@onfvnf; Ttwkdif; acgif;ikH@I cHraeEkdifawmh?
xkd@a=umifh 1945 ck/ rwfv *&ufae@rSpI ig.vufatmufwGif&Sd ppfukdif;/ rE Wav;/ oDayg paom e,fajrrsm;&Sd
wyfrsm;onf zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;ESifh yl;aygif;vsuf zufqpf*syefwkd@tm; pwif
wkdufcdkufa=umif; ppfa=unmvkdufonf? &Jabmfwkd@zufqpf*syefvlkdif;rsm;tm; awG@&m oif;csdKif; "m;rqkdif;bJ
okwfoif=uavmh?
Akdvfr;Axl;
ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmf
txufArmjynf
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@atmufArmjynfu *syefukd ppfa=unm&ef tqifoifhrjzpfao;? txufArmjynfurl
'ghxuf tcsdefaemufusvkd@ r&+yD? ukd,fu ppfra=unmao;rD r[mrdwfwkd@u rE Wav;ukd odrf;+yD;jzpfaev#if orkdif;wGif
ArmtrsKd ;kom;wk@d rsuEf mS yef;rvS jzpfvrd rhf nf? xk@d a=umifh Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wif}uKdnEd KS id ;f xm;onft
h wkid ;f tcsed af pmI
ppfa=unmvkduf&kHru AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: *syefwkd@ oHo,r0ifbJ qufvuf,kH=unfaeap&ef Akdvfatmifqef;
ESifhvrf;cGo
J nhf oabmrsKd; xnfhoGif;a&;om;vkdufjcif; jzpf.?
Akdvfr;Axl;onf qufom;rsm;v$wfI a=unmcsufukd a'otoD;oD;okd@ jzef@a0ckdif;vkdufonf? aemufjyD;
pcef;toD; oD;okd@ vSnfhvnfum pDpOfp&m&Sdonfrsm;ukd !ef=um;pDpOf&onf?
atmifyifv,f ajymufusm;XmecsKyfwGif awmfvSefa&;tiftm; rsm;jym;vSonfawmhr[kwf? 300avmufom
&Srd nf?xkt
d iftm;ESiyhf if tiftm;}uD;rm;aom *syefw@dk udk wku
d cf u
dk af rmif;xkw&f rnf jzpfonf? ok@d aomf jynfo@l tiftm;onf
}uD;rm;onf? Akv
d rf ; Axl;onf jynfou
l dk tm;uk;d onf? ,k=H unfonf? rdrw
d @dk wyfonf jynfov
l x
l .
k axmufcrH E_ iS hf arwWm
120

apwem wkd@ &&Sdzkd@ vkdonf? xkdokd@qkdv#if wyfonf jynfolvlxkESifhywfoufI rSefuefaom oabmxm;&Sd&rnf?

wyfESifhjynfol wom;wnf; jzpfae&rnf? pnf;urf;&Sd&rnf?
xkd@a=umifh jynfol@wyfrawmftjzpf tajccHoabmxm;ukd pwifcsay;vkdufonf?
&Jabmfw@dk ? oifw@dk csw
D uf&mvrf;a=umif;onf wkid ;f jynfY rarhaysmufatmif xif&mS ;pGm use&f pfcyhJ gap? rnfu@J o@dk
use&f pfc&hJ rnfenf;qkad omf oifw@dk tm; oif=um;jyoay;+yD; jzpfonft
h wkid ;f oifw@dk u,
dk w
f iG f jynfo@l wyfrawmfom;rsm;.
tusifhpm&dwW&Sdjcif;/ wkdif;oljynfom;tusdK;ukd wu,fumuG,fjcif;ESifh csDwuf=uv#if oifwkd@csDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;um;
xif&Sm;pGm usefcJhaytH@? oifwkd@jrifaeaom t"rR *syefppfom;rsm;uJ@okd@ wkdif;jynfu rvkdvm;aom tjyKtrlrsdK;/
qufqeH nf;rsKd ;jzifh csw
D ufygu oifw@dk .toufudk wkid ;f oljynfom;rsm;u *syeftm; &ef&mS ouJo
h @dk &ef&mS vdrrhf nfqo
dk nfudk
xyfavmif;I owd ay;vku
d o
f nf? tcsKyftm;jzifq
h v
dk #if oifw@dk onf wkid ;f oljynfom;wk@d u vkv
d m;onfh jynfo@l wyfrawmfrS
wyfom;tjzpf csDwuf=uavmh? wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; GHa=umuf a=umufae&aom wyftaersdK;jzifh rcsDwuf=uavESifh?
,if;okd@v#if vlxktay:xm;&rnfh tajccHoabmxm;rsm;ukd csrSwf+yD;aemuf tckdiftrm vlxkpnf;urf;rsm;;ukd
vnf; a&;qGaJ y;jyefonf? ol@&aJ bmfrsm;onf xkdpnf;urf;rsm;twkdif; wif;=uyfpGmvkdufem&onf?
GmwGmok@d 0ifa&mufcv
hJ #if GmolmG om;wk@d taESmift
h ,Sujf zpfaprnfh tvkyrf eS o
f r# a&Smif=u&onf? &yfmG "avh
xkH;pHESifh rukdufnDonfh tjyKtrlrsm;ukd a&Smif=u&onf? vlxktdrfwGif wnf;ckdygu xif;acGa&cyfrS tp vlxktvkyfukd
ulnD vky=f u&onf? GmolmG om;rsm;xHrS rnfonfyh pPn;f ukrd # ykid &f iS o
f abmrwlbJ jzpfap/ tzk;d tc ray;bJ jzpfap r,l&?
GmolGm om;rsm;xHrS ypPnf;wckck &&Sdygu aiG&Sdv#if aiGay;&rnf? aiGr&Sdv#if rdrdwGif ygvmonfh ypPnf;wckckukd
jyefvnfay;cJh&rnf? [l I jzpfonf? ( wkwfuGefjrLepfrsm;onf *syefESifh ulrifwefwkd@ukd wkdufchpJ Ofu jynfolh@ypPnf;ukd
tyfwacsmif; jcnfwr#ifyif r,l&ponfh pnf;urf;3 &yf/ owdjyK&ef 8 csufukd pwifcsrSwfcho
J nf? ArmjynfwGifvnf;
Ad k v f r ; Axl ; tygt0if Armjynf u G e f j rLepf r sm;onf *syef u k d w k d u f a epOf apmpG m uwnf ; uyif vl x k p nf ; urf ; rsm;
a&;qGcJ srSwfchJonfrSm owdjyKrdp&m tcsufwcsufyif jzpfonf? etz ppfwyfonfum; ajymif;jyefqef@usifbufvrf;okd@
av#mufae=uav+yD?) Akv
d rf ; Axl;onf olu,
dk w
f idk f vlxpk nf;urf;ukd wif;usypf mG vku
d ef monf? &Sr;f jynfawmifwef;rsm;wGif
*syefwkd@ukd t}udwfte,f wkdufaepOfrSmyifv#if olwkd@twGuf vlxkukd 0efxkyf0efykd; rjzpfapcJh? rkd;OD;uscsdef v,f,mtvkyf
rsm;aomvlxkukd iJhnmonf? tpm;taomuftwGufyif vlxkukd 0efrwufapcJh? r[mrdwfwkd@ESifh wm0efcGaJ 0xm;onfh
wku
d yf rJG sm;jzpfojzifh r[mrdww
f @dk u wv2 }urd f qifjzifyh @dk ay;aom &dumQ rSwyg; tjcm;r&S?d awm[if;rsm;ESio
hf m csKd @wq
hJ if;&JpmG
pm;aomufcJhonf?
atmifyifv,fpcef;rSmrl vlxrk mS pyg;uGi;f xJu vlxjk zpfojzifh &dumQ twGuf ryl&? atmifyifv,f ajymufusm;Xme
csKyfwiG f &dumQ Xme/ aq;Xme/ vufeufXme ponfh XmecGaJ wG zG@J xm;onf? XmetoD;oD;wGif &Jabmf/ &Jabmfrrsm; wm0efcaJG 0
xrf;aqmif=uonf? &duQmtwGuf pdwfryl&awmhaomfvnf; olwkd@twGuf vkdtyfaeao;onfu vufeufc,
J rf;?
wkdufyGJtwGif; rE Wav;r@ay:rSm &JabmfawG enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh &,lpkaqmif;xm;aom vufeufawG&Sdonf?
onfvuf eufawGudk atmifyifv,fXmecsKyfo@dk yk@d &rnf? yk@d v#if vrf;rSm r[mrdww
f yfawGudk jzwf&rnf? olw@dk u rouFmv#if
t}uD;tus,f ppfaq;wwf=uonf? r[mrdwfwyfESifh awmfvSefa&;wyfrsm; em;vnfr_ r&&Sdao;?
r[mrdww
f yf&aSd eaom vrf;ay:rS aumuf;dk vSn;f ESppf ;D jzwfomG ;aeonf? vSn;f ay:rSm awmolacsmacsmav;awG
okH;av;a,muf? aemuf=u ajymif=u ckd;ckdcpfcpf &,farm=uESifh? oDcsif;qkdolu qkdvkdufao;onf? vSnf;armif;oluvnf;
rde;f uav;awG? acgi;f aygi;f }uD;ESihf ajymif;zl;zufaq;vdycf x
J m;aom awmom;}uD; ESpaf ,mufavmufawmh ygonf? r[m
rdwfwyfom;rsm;u aumifrav;awGukdyJ irf;ae=uonf? Tokd@jzifh aumufkd;awGatmuf 0Suf,lvmaom vufeuf
cJ,rf;awG ajymufusm;XmecsKyfokd@ a&muf&Sdvm=uonf?
&duQmXme/ vufeufXme/ aq;Xmewkd@wGif &Jabmfrsm; wm0ef,lxm;&I wkdufckdufa&; &Jabmfrsm;rSm 200yif
121

rjynfh? wkd@ukd okH;av;a,mufpDygaom ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@av;awGtjzpf Akdvfr;Axl;u xyfcGJay;onf? *sKHjzifh

vk y f x m;onf h &d u Q m ajcmuf r k e f @ awG ay;onf ? vuf y pf A k H ; awG ay;onf ? ol w k d @ u XmecsKyf E S i f h a0;vH a om
*syefpcef;rsm;qDoGm;+yD; ESpf&ufokH; &uf *syefawG aexkdifpm;aomufykHukd acsmif;ajrmif;avhvmonf? 0ifvrf;xGufvrf;ukd
avhvmonf? tvpftikduf &aom ntcsdefwGifrS v#yfwjyuf 0ifwkduf.? vufypfAkH;ESifh xk.? *syef tenf;qkH;
q,fa,muf q,fhig;a,mufavmufaoonf? aemuf+yD; csufcsif; jyefqkwfvmonf? *syefrsm;um; ttdyftaeyif
rajzmifhawmh? wxdwfxdwfESifh usD;vef@pmpm; jzpfae=uonf?
rE aW v;ESihf tr&yl&bufwiG f r[mrdwEf iS hf wku
d yf rJG S uGx
J u
G v
f maom *syeftpkav;awGudk ajymufusm;wyfawGu
wku
d cf u
dk af csre_ ;f onf? vufeufyifru ok@H yef;awGvnf; &onf? &onfo
h @Hk yef;awGudk r[mrdww
f @dk xH oGm;a&muftyfEo
HS nf?
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;.todtrSwf vkdcsifaZmESifh usKyfwkd@ *syefukd wkdufcdkufaeonfholawG/ bmawG/ nmawG b,f
awmhrS oGm;rajymavESifh? TuJhokd@vkyfjcif;onf tacsmiform;/ vlaysmhvlnHhrsm;/ tpGrf;tp r&Sdolrsm;ESifh bmrS rxl;acs?
oifwkd@u okH@yef;rsm;/ *syefowif;rsm;ukd ay;p&m&Sdv#ifum; ra=umufrGH@ oGm;a&mufawG@qkH=uavmh? olwkd@u oifhtm;
ar;vmrS Akv
d rf ; Axl;tkycf sKyfaom zufqpfqef@usiaf &; jynfo@l wyfrawmfom; jzpfa=umif;ukd ajymjyavmh? oift
h m; aiGa=u;
ay;u b,fawmhrS r,l&? ig.trdef@[lI ajymygTonfum; r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh qufqH&mrSm jynfol@wyfrawmfom;
rsm; vkdufem&ef Akdvfr;Axl;owfrSwfay;vkdufonfh pnf;urf;csuf?
*syefwyf}uD; rE Wav;r@rS pwifqkwfcGm+yD? olwkd@vkH;0 _H;edrfhoGm;onfr[kwfao;? ArmjynfrSm *syefwyfawG
trsm;}uD; &Sdaeao;onf? olwkd@ukd txdematmif wkdufckdufacsr_ef;&OD;rnf?
Akv
d rf ; Axl;onf ok;H a,mufwwG/J av;a,mufwwGJ ajymufusm;tpkav;rsm;ukd *syefqw
k cf mG rnfh &Snv
f sm;vSaom
vrf;wav#mufvkH; [kdae&mwpk 'Dae&mwpk awmufav#muf woDwwef;}uD; }udKwifae&mcsxm;vkdufonf?
*syefw@dk qkwv
f m+yD? wae&mta&muf ajymufusm;wyfz@JG u yke;f ckadk pmifq
h idk ;f ae&mrS ypfcwfwu
dk cf u
dk o
f nf? *syef
awG usolus/ rJrjJ rif&m ypfolypfESifh zkdz&J jzpfoGm;onf? ajymufusm;awGum; r&Sdawmh+yD? *syefawG qufvufcsDwuf
vm=ujyefonf? tawmfa0;a0; rxifrw
S af omae&m rxifrw
S af omtcsed w
f iG f ajymufusm;wku
d cf u
dk cf H &jyefonf? aoolao/
'%f&m&ol&? qufcsw
D uf=ujyefonf? xyftwku
d cf &H jyefonf? vrf;wav#mufv;Hk ajymufusm;wku
d yf JG awGEiS hf a&Smifr&awmh?
*syefawG tem;r&awmh? tdyfr&/ pm;r&ESifh pdwf"mwfawG ysufjym;ukefonf? ajcmufjcm;vmonf? Akdvfr;Axl;. ajymuf
usm;wyfqkdv#if *syefwkd@ausmpdrfhatmif a=umufvmonftxd jzpfvmonf?
rE aW v;/ jrpfi,fppfrsuEf mS wk@d Y Akv
d rf ; Axl; OD;aqmifonfh ajymufusm;wyfz@JG rsm;onf rwfv 8&ufrS 20 &uftxd
(12)&uftwGi;f rSmyif *syef300ausmaf o/ 200 '%f&m& pkpak ygi;f (500) ausmf acsre_ ;f Ekid cf +hJ yD;/ pufaoewf2vuf/ pdeaf jymif;}uD;
2 vuf/ b&if;*ef; 4 vuf/ oHcsyfum um; 4 pD;/ kd;kd;um; 2 pD;/ kdifz,f 15 vufESifh ta&;}uD;aom pmGufpm wrf;rsm;
odrf;qnf;&rdcJhonf?
ppfukdif;ppfrsufESmwGifum; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;.pGef@pGef@pm;pm; wkdufckdufr_a=umifh *syefwkd@
ppfukdif;r@tm;apmpD;pGm pGef@v$wfvkduf&a=umif; *syefoHk@yef;rsm;ukd,fwkdifu 0efcHajymqkdonftxd jzpfchJI t*Fvdyfwkd@u
aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajym=um;vm&onf?
t*Fvyd w
f @dk onf Akv
d rf ; Axl;acgi;f aqmifonfh zufqpfawmfveS af &;wyfz@JG udk txifrao;awmh? todtrSwf rjyKbJ
aeI r&awmh? xkrd #ru jrefrm zufqpfawmfveS af &;wyfz@JG EiS hf yl;aygi;f vkv
d monf? olw@dk ArmjynfppfrsuEf mS qufvufcsw
D uf
&mwGif Armwyfu a&S@rS toufpGef@wkdufcdkufay;apvkdjcif; jzpfonf?
olw@dk onf Akv
d rf ; Axl;ESihf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;Ekid zf @dk }udK;pm;vmonf? olw@dk onf rk;d rusrD &efuek t
f a&mufcsw
D uf&rnf?
rk;d zifzifrusrD &efuek rf a&mufv#if r[mrdww
f yfawG ppfa&;t& tcuftcJ}uD;vmayvdrrhf nf? *syefAv
dk cf sKyf uDr&l monf
ol@wyf awGudk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&ef jyifqifcsed &f oGm;ayvdrrhf nf? Tonfudk cGirhf jyKEkid ?f *syef wyfrawmf trSw(f 15)rS wyfr(15)
(31)ESifh(33)wkd@onf &Srf;jynfbufokd@ qkwfoGm;=uonf? &Srf;jynfwGif vkH;0txdremao;aom wyfr(56)vnf; &Sdae
onf?wk@d udk r[mrdww
f @dk u vku
d v
f w
H u
dk cf u
dk jf cif;rjyKEkid ?f wk@d udk [efw
h m;wku
d cf u
dk o
f mG ;zk@d pdwcf stm;xm; &rnfh tiftm;
122

w&yfvkdvmonf? jrefrmzufqpfawmfvSefa&;wyfzG@J rSvGI

J tm;ukd;p&m rjrif?
okd@jzifh r[mrdwfwkd@onf Akdvfr;Axl;ESifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;&ef pwifvufurf; vm=uavonf?
(5)
'D=unfh? Axl; pum;ajymaew,f? &Jabmfwkd@?
vl&,fvkd@ jzpfvm&if wm0eftoD;oD; ygvmovkd rdrdwkd@&J@ arG;&myg tcGifhta&;vnf; ygvmw,f?
'DtcGit
hf a&;xJrmS vGwv
f yfa&;[m t"duqkw
d m &Jabmfw@dk oabmayguv
f rd rhf ,fv@dk ,lqw,f? 'Dvw
G v
f yfa&;ukd tvum;
pm;+y;D tdy+f y;D ae vk@d awmh r&bl;? wku
d ,
f &l p+ryJ ?J uk,
d t
hf ay: usww
hJ m0efudk }uKd ;pm;+y;D xrf;Gurf S jzpfw,f? 'k@d &nfreS ;f csu[
f m
vGwv
f yf a&;yJ? tJ'gudk r& &wJeh nf;eJh &atmif,&l r,f? b,forl S 'k@d vrl sKd ;ukd csKyfcs,x
f m;wmukd rvkb
d ;l ? tcsKyftcs,u
f if;wJh
vGwfvyfa&;tppfom vkdw,f? t&wkduf,l&w,f? 'gukd igwkd@&@J t"duwm0efyv
J kd@ rSwfxm;=u
&Srf;jynfppfrsufESm a&S@wef;pcef;wckwGif &JabmfESpfa,muf Akdvfr;Axl;ajym=um;cJhaomrdef@cGef;wckukd jyefvnf
avh vmae=ujcif; jzpfonf? wa,mufu zwfjyI wa,mufu em;axmifaeonf?
rvSrf;rurf;rS ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom wJ}uD;wwJwGifrlum; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wyfrS wyfr;rsm;0kdif;I Adkvfr;Axl;ESifh
t }udwfte,f aqG;aEG;ae&onf?
olw@dk awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG rsm; *syefudk vku
d v
f w
H u
dk cf u
dk o
f nfrmS ,ckqv
dk #if atmifyef;r@teD;u jrif;=um'k;d e,ftxd
a&muf&Sdaeay+yD? r =umrD atmifyef;r@ukd odrf;Ekdifvdrfhrnfxifonf? okd@aomf Akdvfr;Axl;um; acgif;rmvSonf? ol@ukd
AkdvftmVm0u/ Akdvf&'J if/ AkdvfausmfxGef;wif/ Akdvfzpfcsf/ ESifh AkdvfatmifZi/f aq;r;}uD; apmaemfcef; paom &Jabmfrsm;u
0kdif;0ef;azsmif;zsajymqkdae=ujcif; jzpfonf?
tckq&dk if usaemfw@dk &nf,
G cf suaf tmifoavmuf jzpfae+yD? &Sr;f jynfu *syefwyfawG rk;d zifzifruscif jyefvnfpk
zG@J +yD;/ &efukefrSm oGm;aygif;zkd@qkdwhJ tpDtpOf[m b,fvkdrS rjzpfEkdifawmhbl;? r[mrdwfwyfawGvnf; u|efawmfwkd@wyftul
tnDe@J &efuek u
f dk OD;wnf+yD; awmufav#mufcsED idk af e+yD? u|eaf wmfw@dk wyfawGvnf; ysO;f rem;/ yJc;l bufawGrmS tawmfatmifyJG
cHaew,fvkd@vJ =um;ae&w,f? 'Dawmh
[kwfw,f-Akdvfr;aemuf+yD; tajctaetm;vkH;ukdvJ Akdvfr;ukd,fwkdif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;qDukd tpD&ifcH+yD;+yD
yJAkdvfcsKyfqDu a&mufvmr,fh !ef=um;csufukdyJ Akdvfr;taeeJ@ aq;uk tem;,l&if; apmifhaeoifhw,f? Akdvfr;twGuf
a&S@rmS vkypf &mawG trsm;}uD; &Sad o;w,f? aemifrmS wku
d pf &mawGvnf; trsm; &Sad eao;wmyg? aemuf+yD; u|eaf wmfw@dk uv
dk J
pdwcf sapcsiw
f ,f? wm0ef[o
l r# tk;d a=ua=u ta&cef;cef; u|eaf wmfw@dk wm0efausatmif }uKd ;yrf;xrf;aqmifomG ;r,fqw
dk m
,kHyg
wyfAkdvfrsm;u aq;r;}uD;apmaemfcef;.wifjycsufa=umifh Akdvfr;Axl;tm; a&S@wef;pcef;rS ab;uif;&mpcef;okd@
qkwcf mG tem;,l&ef 0kid ;f 0ef;wku
d w
f eG ;f ae=ujcif;yif jzpf.? Akv
d rf ; Axl; pum;ajymonf? iSuzf sm;'%fc&H onfrmS =um+yD jzpfojzifh
vlrSm jzLazsmhcsKH;usae+yD? avoHwkd;wkd;ESifh pum;ukd em;em;+yD;rS ajymae&onf?
&JabmfawGtay: usKyf,kHygw,f? 'gayrJh &Jabmfwkd@ tajctae[m tawmfcufaewkef;yJ? *syefwyfawGvJ
tm;}uD;aewkef;yJ? r[mrdwfawGuvJ &duQmeJ@ cJ,rf;tenf;tyg;u vJGvkd@ usKyfwkd@ukd bmrS ulEkdifwmr[kwfbl;? 'Du
vlxkuvJ usKyfwkd@ukd ulzkd@rajymeJ@/ wcsdK@GmawGqkd iwfae=uwmvlwcsdK@e@J u|EJ Gm;vSnf;awG o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;twGuf
ac:xm;wmvnf; usKyf tdrfjyefckdif;vkduf+yD? cktcsdef[m v,fvkyfcsdefr[kwfvm;? olwkd@ukd iJh&r,f? usKyfwkd@twGuf tpm;
taomuf/ aq;0g;/ vufeufc,
J rf; tukeftcuftcJ &Sdw,f? 'DtcuftcJxrJ Sm &JabmfawGcsnf; usKyfrsufESmv$rJ xm;
cJEh idk f bl;? aemuf+yD; usKk yf&@J yifu,
dk u
f vnf; &JabmfawGa&S@uae tE &W m,fudk tOD;qk;H &ifqidk cf siw
f ,ft*Fvyd af wG&adS ewke;f
&efuek f ukd wku
d w
f ek ;f uvJ usKyfu a&S@uaecJw
h myJ? wkrH [D;oGm;wJv
h rf; OkauG;jrpfrmS wkid ;f Ak;H awGaxmifxm;wJt
h xJrmS vnf;
usKyf a&S@q;Hk u jzwfcw
hJ myJ? 'ga=umifh &JabmfawGxm;cJ+h yD; usKyfrem;&ufb;l Asmaemuf+yD; Akv
d &f aJ cgiu
f vnf; owdr&wcsuf
123

&wcsufjzpfaeawmh olh@e@J usKyf ESpfa,mufpvkH;em;&if tm;awmfawmf av#mhoGm;rSm

aq;r;}uD;apmaemfcef;uvnf; usef;rma&;_axmifhrS 0ifajymonf? aq;XmewGif aq;aumif;0g;aumif;awG r&Sd
awmh/ Akdvfr;Axl;taejzifh tem;r,lbJ 'Dtwkdif;oGm;v#if b,faq;urS u,fwifEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwf? TwGif Akdvfr
;Axl;ukd ygwD0ifrsm;;u twif;tusyf aqG;aEG; wkdufwGef; ,l=uonfhtqifh jzpfoGm;onf? aemufqkH;wGif trsm;qENukd
Akdvfr;Axl; rvGefqefomawmhbJ acgif; +idrfhoabm wlvdkuf &awmhonf?
Akv
d rf ; Axl;ESihf Akv
d &f aJ cgiw
f @dk onf aemufwef;pcef;jzpfonfh w,fv;l pcef;ok@d jyef=u&rnf? ok@d &mwGif xrf;pifum;
wckwnf;om &Sdonf? Akdvfr;Axl;onf owdr&wcsuf &wcsuf jzpfaeaom Akdvf&aJ cgifukdom xrf;pifESifho,faponf?
olru
l m; awmifa0S;wacsmif;ukd tm;jyKum awmawGawmifawGudk jzwfjyefrnf? pdw"f mwfceG t
f m;jzifo
h m wif;xm;&onf?
Akdvfr;Axl;onf aumif;aumif;yif &yfEkdif&Smawmhonfr[kwf? awmifa0S;ukd axmufumaxmufum wjznf;jznf;csif;
}udK;pm;av#mufaeonf? ab;rS &Jabmfrsm;u tvSnfhusjzifh az;rulwG=J u&onf?
olcspaf om&Jabmfrsm;ukd wku
d yf rJG sm;=um;wGif Akv
d rf ; Axl;xm;cJ&h +yD? olonf i,fpOfu uk&d if0wfpOf &[ef;b0ESihf
xl;xl;uJuJ omoemh0efxrf;jzpfEidk o
f nfq+dk yD; q&mawmfEiS hf rdbrsm;u omoemhabmifwiG f woufv;Hk aeoGm;&ef wku
d w
f eG ;f
=uonfukd remcHbJ rdbwkd@ukd pGef@+yD; xGufajy;cJh&zl;onf? ZeD;onf rtkef;wifESifh om;orD;rsm; rsuf&nfvnfGjJ zifh olwyf
xJ0ifonfukd vkdufvHawG@qkH+yD; awmif;yefwm;jrpfpOfuvnf; ZeD;onfukd azsmif;zsESpfodrfhxm;cJhum cGJcGmvmcJhzl;onf?
ok@d &mwGif ,ck tajctaeESiu
hf m; rwl+yD? xGucf mG vm&aom olu,
kd w
f idk u
f useaf eoljzpfI/ use&f pfaeol a&S@wef;rS &Jabmf
rsm;u ol@udk csefxm;=uonf[k olcHpm;ae&onf?
Akdvfr;Axl;onf ol@twGufxuf Akdvf&aJ cgiftwGuf pdwfraumif;? Akdvf&aJ cgiftwGuf aq;aumif;0g;aumif;rsm;
vkd ayrnf? &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh awmifajcu ydEu
JM kef;pcef;wGif rE Wav;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdxDvm&Sd r[mrdwfwyfESifhaomf
vnf;aumif;/ qufoG,fa&;wm0ef,l&ef olwm0efay;xm;cJhaom AkdvfrskdK;jrifh &Sdonf? rSwqifh r[mrdwfwyfrsm;xHrS
ol@ taejzifh aq;aumif;0g;aumif;rsm; awmif;cHI &Ekdifonf? okd@aomf olrrSmcJh? ppfa&;udpPrSvGI
J r[mrdwfrsm;xHu
tul tnD awmif;cHvkdolr[kwf? okd@aomf Akdvf&aJ cgiftwGufrl pOf;pm;ay;&OD;rnf?
c&D;wmonf a0;vSacsonfwum;? w,fvl;pcef;onf tm;wif;av#mufvSrf;ae&aom ol@twGuf a0;vGef;vS
onf? okd@aomf olrr_? *syefukd atmifjrif+yD;v#ifaomfrS ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf a0;vHvSaom c&D;wmukd quf=u&OD;rnf
r[kwyf gvm;? ol,=Hk unfaom qk&d ,
S v
f pfpepf/ uGejf rLepfpepfqo
D @dk csw
D ufz@dk twGuq
f v
dk #iv
f nf; &moufyefpeG @f vw
$ f vk;H yef;
oGm;&rnfukdvnf; olodonf?
w,fvl;pcef;a&mufzkd@ eD;vm+yD? awmifukef;wckrStqif; qifajcav#muav;wGif Akdvfr;Axl; r[efEkdifawmh?
tm;wif;xm;I r&awmh? ajr}uD;ay:okd@ ykHvsufom; vJusoGm;onf? ajr}uD;ay:okd@acgif;usum zkwfv_dufzkwfv_duf
jzpfae&Smonf? &JabmfawG r=unfh&uf rjrif&ufp&m? 0kdif;0ef;ayG@xlxm;=u&onf? Akdvf&aJ cgifukd w,fvl;pcef;tjrefykd@+yD;
Akdvfr;Axl;ukd aemuf wacguf jyefac:&ef pDpOf=u&awmhonf?
w,fvl;pcef;okd@a&mufaomtcgwGif Akdvfr;Axl;onf pum;yif aumif;aumif; rajymEkdifawmh? arsmae&Sm+yD?
tvkyform;xk. tem*wftwGuf vSyaomtvif;a&mifukd ol vdkufvH&SmazGaejcif;vm;? vGwfajrmufr_. csdK+rdefaom
&o ukd olwrf;waeonfvm;?
1945 ckESpf/ ZGefv 2 &ufae@?
w,fv;l pcef;av;0,f &JabmfawG. ikd u
d_ o
f rH sm; xGuaf y:vmcJah vonf? wcsKd @u us,af vmifpmG iko
d nf? wcsKd @u
}udwfI}udwfI _dufonf? tm;vkH;yif 0rf;enf;pdwfukd xdef;rxm;Ekdif=u? olwkd@cspfaom Akdvfr;Axl;twGuf ESajrmwo
,lusKhH;r& jzpf=u&onf?
Akdvfr;&,fawmif,HrSm atmifvHpkdufumrS?
okd@aomf olonf wm0efrsm;ukd tausyGefqkH;/ tjynfhpkHqkH;xrf;GufoGm;cJhol?
om;r,m;ukd pGeo
hf nf? rdbudk pGe@f onf? tusKd ;pD;yGm;ukd pGe@f onf? b0ukd pGe@f onf? toufudk pGe@f onf? wyfxu
J dk
124

0ifvmuwnf;u tdro
f @dk wcgrS rjyefonfrmS uG,v
f eG cf sed w
f idk o
f nftxd jzpfonf? pma&;&mwGiyf if tdru
f dk wku
d f u
dk rf a&;/
OD; aiGabmfxH ola&;aompmt&om ol@tdrfu ol@ta=umif; wpGef;wp =um;&onf?
olonf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;tay: opPm&Sd wm0efausyeG cf o
hJ l jzpfonf? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;.*k%o
f u
d mQ
nK;d EGr;f aprnfh rnfonfv
h yk &f yfrS ol rvkycf ?hJ olEiS t
hf wl awmfveS af &;xJ yg0ifvmcJ=h uol tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESiw
hf uG wyfxw
J iG f
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;.pnf;urf;&Srd p_ w
d "f mwf/ uk,
d u
f sKkd ;pGe@f r_ pdw"f mwfw@dk uo
dk m ol jyocJo
h nf? ud,
k u
f sKd ;pD;yGm;&Smaom
pGef;xif;r_ wpufuav;rS r&Sdatmif jzLpifcho
J l jzpfonf?
olonf uGejf rLepfwOD;taejzifh opPm&Sd wm0efausyeG cf o
hJ v
l nf; jzpfonf? uGejf rLepfygwu
D apckid ;f aom wm0efreS f
or# ol ausyGefcJhonfcsnf; jzpfonf? uGefjrLepf&Jabmfrsm; tdENd, ukdodef;azxH oGm;a&mufa&; tppt&m&m
pDpOfay;cJhonf? ppfukdif;Akdvfodef;OD;rStp *syef@tE W&,fusa&mufaom &Jabmfrsm;twGuftumtuG,fay;cJhonf?
ol.tumtuG,f ay;r_atmufwGif uGefjrLepfygwD. ajratmufpnf;kH;a&;vkyfief;/ vlxkpnf;kH;a&;vkyfief;wkd@ukd
xda&mufpmG taumiftxnf azmfapEkid cf o
hJ nf? uGejf rLepftawG;tac: jzifh ol csrw
S cf ahJ om jynfo@l wyfrawmf.vuQ%m/
wyfrawmf. vlxkpnf;urf;/ jynfoltay:oabmxm;/ wyfehJjynfol qufqHa&;oabmxm;rsm;rSm orkdif;pmrsufESmwGif
vSypGm wifusefae&pfonf? olonf ol@xGufouf aemufqkH;tcsdeftxd uGefjrLepfpdwf"mwfukd jyooGm;Edkifcho
J l jzpfonf?
olonf zufqpfawmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifwOD;.wm0efuv
dk nf; ausyeG cf o
hJ nf? Tok@d wm0efausyeG cf hJ rHk u acgi;f
aqmifwOD;taejzifh tenf;i,fr#aompnf;pdru
f rdk # rcHpm;cJzh ;l bJ aoonftxd &Jabmfrsm;ESit
hf wl taeqif;&J/ tpm;qif;&J
twlwuG qif;&J'kuQESifh vnfyif;zufaecJhol jzpfonf?
okd@aomf
ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@ukd ordkif;rS z,fxkwfazsmufzsufypf&ef ,kwfrmaumufuspfpGm
}udK;pm;cJh=uonf? wyfrawmfae@tjzpf tpm;xkd;cJh=uonf? xkdenf;wl
wyfrawmfom;wkdif; cspfaom/ av;pm;=unfndKaom Akdvfr;Axl;ukdvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD0ifqkdonhf*k%fyk'fukd
z,f&mS ; azsmufzsu+f y;D / Axl;r@[I
l *k%jf yKr_uav;vkyu
f mr#jzifh wyfrawmfyidk t
f jzpf odr;f yku
d zf @dk wav#mufv;Hk aumufusppf mG
}uKd ;yrf;ch=J uonf? olw@dk rmS rl Akv
d rf ; Axl;.oifw@dk u,
dk w
f idk f jynfo@l wyfrawmfom;rsm;.tusiphf m&dw&W jdS cif;/ wkid ;f oljynfom;
tusKd ;ukd wu,fumuG,jf cif;ESichf sw
D uf=uv#if oifw@dk csw
D uf&m vrf;a=umif;um; xif&mS ;pGm usecf ahJ ytH@qkad om tawG;
tac:vrf;a=umif;ESifh ajzmifhajzmifh}uD;qef@usifaom vrf;a=umif;ay:rSm av#mufvSrf;ae=uavonf? Akdvfr;Axl;omru
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukdyif orkdif;rS z,f&Sm;ypfcsifae=uao;onf?
rnfokd@qkdap/ orkdif;tauG@wauG@okd@ a&mufv#ifrl?

125

zufqpf0g'
ta&S@/ ta&S@awmiftm&S
jynfolrsm;eJ@ uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;
&J a bmf o d e f ; 0if ;
Armjynfolrsm;&J@ *k%fa&mifajymifwhJ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ae@(rwfv 27 &ufae@)[m ,cktcg tESpf 60
wif; wif;jynfhoGm;cJhay+yD?
Armjynftygt0if tm&SEkdfifiHtoD;oD;rS jynfolvlxk}uD;&J@ orkdif;0if zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uHKrsm;ukd
azmfxkwf avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh 'Dae@xl;ae@jrwf}uD;ukd *k%fjyKvkdufygw,f?
zufqpf0g'qkdwmbmvJ
zufqpf0g'qkw
d m vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;&J@ oufO;D qHyidk f tm%m&Sipf epfjzpfwhJ t=urf;zuf tkycf sKyf
wJh EkdifiHa&;pepfeJ@ EkdifiHa&;t,ltq jzpfw,f? a0g[m&[m (Fasces)qkdwhJvufwifpum;u qif;oufvmwmyg?
t"dym` ,fuawmh &Jwif;rsm;ukd pkpnf;xm;wJh wif;ykw}f uD;jzifh tv,fA[ku
d dk xk;d pku
d v
f u
dk jf cif;vk@d qkyd gw,f? 'g[m t=urf;
zufjcif;eJ@ Akdvfusrif;rljcif;&J@ okyfygy?J
wu,fawmh zufqpf0g'[m yxr urBmppf}uD;+yD;oGm;wJhaemuf t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;rSm vlwef;pm; ydyuQawG
wqifh wkd; euf_dif;vmr_&@J txGufypPnf;jzpfygw,f?
zufqpf0g'ukd tDwvDEkdifiHrSm rlqkdvkdeD&@J zufqpfygwDu (1921)ckESpfrSm OD;pGmwifjycJhw,f? (1922) ck/ ygwD
tm %mvkwufvm+yD;wJhaemuf vufawG@usifhoHk;vmw,f? 'D0g'[m jynfwGif;rSm oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepfukd
ajymifajymifwif;wif; usifhoHk;+yD; 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawGukd acsr_ef;ypffw,f? wkd;wufwJh tzGJ@tpnf;rSefor#ukd
zsufodrf;ypf+yD;/ uGefjrLepf0g'ukd urBmraus &efoltjzpf oabmxm;cJhw,f? EkdifiHjcm;a&; ay:vpDrSmawmh a&SmfAif0g'ukd
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ usifoHk;+yD; usK;ausmfppfcif;a&;ukd wGef;aqmfygw,f?
(1920)ck/ *smr%DrSm [pfwvm wifjycJhwJh trsdK;om; qkd&S,fvpf0g'qkdwm[mvnf; *smrefzufqpf0g'ygyJ?
[pf wvm[m *smr%DrSm zufqpf0g'ukd xlaxmifcJholyg?
'gawGe@J ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ *syefuvnf; zufqpf0g'qDokd@ OD;wnfajymif;vJ vmcJhw,f?
*smref/ tDwvD/ *syef zufqpf0ifkd;wef; (3) EkdifiH yl;aygif;+yD; 'kwd,urBmppfrD;ukd ar$;cJh=uw,f?

'Dtcsed rf mS yJ urBmu
h eG jf rLepf tzG@J csKyf}uD;jzpfwhJ wwd, uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,f&@J owWrt}udrf nDvmcH(1935)
126

u ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; r[mrdwf tajccHay:wGif us,fjyef@whJ zufqpfqef@usifa&;wyfaygif;pktwGuf enf;y&d,m,frsm;eJ@

e,fcs@J ppfyJG tE &W m,f &ifqidk af e&csed w
f iG f zufqpfqef@usiaf &; wku
d yf JG enf;y&d,m,fukd csrw
S v
f u
dk yf gw,f? 'gudk blvaf *;&D;
,m; uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif a*smh*sD-'DrDxa&mhAf u OD;aqmifcsrSwfchJwmyg?
urBmu
h eG jf rLepftzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if Ekid if t
H oD;oD;rS uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;[m 'Dvrf;necf suu
f dk rdrw
d idk ;f jynf&@J tckid t
f rm
tajctaersm;eJ@ aygif;pyfusifhoHk;um zufqpf0g' wkdufzsufa&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif cJh=uygw,f?
1?

? wkwfjynfolrsm;eJ@ wkwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD CPC

wkwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD CPC ukd (1921)ck/ Zlvkdif (21)&ufae@rSm xlaxmifchw

J ,f?
*syefe,fcs@J orm;[m apmpGmuwnf;u wkwjf ynfudk oGm;a&usaecJw
h ,f? wkwjf ynf ta&S@ajrmufyidk ;f ukd OD;pGm
odrf;ykduf+yD; wpwpeJ@ wkwfwjynfvHk;ukd 0g;rsKdypfa&;yg? aemufqHk;rSm wkwfjynfukd ol@&@J ukdvkdeDtjzpf ajymif;ypfa&;jzpf
yg w,f?
(1931)ck/ pufwifbm 18 &ufae@rSm *syef[m wkwfjynf ta&S@ajrmufykdif;&Sd wyfrsm;ukd usL;ausmfxkd;ppf
qifcw
hJ ,f? pde;f ,ef+rdK@udk tajrmufrsm;eJ@ypfcwfygw,f? tJ'u
D mvawGrmS cseaf u&Sw
d [
f m CPC acgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfeaD wmfudk
wyftif tm; tvH;k t&if;eJ@ vku
d v
f aH csre_ ;f aewmyg? jyify&efudk ESrd ef if;Ekid af &;twGuf jynfwiG ;f +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;ukd OD;pGmvkyf
qkdwhJ ay:vpDukd usifhoHk;aew,f? tJ'Da'ou wyfrsm;ukdvnf; *syeftm; vHk;0rckcH& trdef@xkwfxm;w,f?
'Dvkde@J wkwfjynf&@J ta&S@ajrmufykdif;u jynfe,f(3)ck[m *syefzufqpf vufusa&mufch&J w,f? 'Daemuf *syef
e,fcs@J orm;awG[m ayzsif (,ck yDuif;) eJ@ xifusif;wkd@ukd +cdrf;ajcmufvmw,f?
txufazmfjyyg (918)ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;+yD;wJhaemuf CPC [ma=unmcsuf csufcsif;xkwf+yD; *syefe,fcsJ@
orm;rsm; wkwfjynfu xGufoGm;a&;ukd a=u;eef; ykd@awmif;qkdvkdufw,f?
(1935)ck/ =o*kwv
f (1)&ufae@rmS vnf; CPC [m wkwt
f rsKd ;om; arG;csi;f ayguaf zmfrsm;tm; *syefcck q
H ef@usiaf &;/
trdjynfu,fwifa&; E_d;aqmfcsufukd xkwfjyefchw
J ,f? 'g[m(81)a=unmcsufvkd@ wkwforkdif;rSm xif&Sm; cJhwmyg? 'g&@J
twGif;oabmu jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD; wpnf;wvHk;wnf; *syefckcHqef@usifa&;ukd qifE$o
J Gm;zkd@jzpfw,f?
tJ'ED pS u
f ek rf mS yJ CPCA[kad umfrwD[m 0ga,mufayguf rSm tpnf;ta0; w&yfudk usi;f ycJw
h ,f? tpnf;ta0;u
*syefcck H qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om; nDnw
G af &;wyfaygi;f pk xlaxmifa&;vrf;nef u
f dk azmfxw
k cf w
hJ ,f? 'Dvrf;ne[
f m wjynf
vHk;&Sd e,fy,ftoD;oD;u jynfcspfyk*~Kdvfrsm;&J@ axmufcHr_ukd &&SdchJw,f?
(1935) 'DZifbm (9) &ufae@rmS CPC&J@ acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh ayzsirf mS axmiftcsKd @&w
dS hJ ausmif;om; qENjyyGJ ay:ayguf
vmw,f? au;a=umfoHuawmh *syefe,fcsJJ@orm;tm; acsr_ef;ypf=u jynfwGif;ppfukd &yfpJ+yD; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm
jynfyusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufckduf=uwkwfjynfajrmufykdif; ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oukd qef@usif=u qkdwmawGygy?J
CPC&J@ *syefckcH qef@usifa&; trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk ay:vpD &J@ wGef;aqmfr_atmufrSm ulrifwef
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh usef;$,fvsHeJ@ ,ef[lcsdefwkd@[m jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGm *syefckcHqef@usifa&;
awmif;qkd csut
f wkid ;f wyfeaD wmfe@J ppfcif;aer_udk &yfp+J yD; CPCeJ@y;l aygi;f um *syefcck q
H ef@usiaf &; qifEo
J$ mG ;zk@d cseaf u&Sw
d f
tm; awmif;qkdvkduf=uw,f?
(1936) 'DZifbmrSm cseaf u&Sw
d [
f m &St
D ef;ukd a&mufvmw,f? use;f eJ@,efw@dk udk &Sepf ;D jynfajrmufyidk ;f u wyfeaD wmf
tm; xkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufa&;ukd }uD;=uyfzkd@ wkdufwGef;vm jyefw,f? usef;eJ@,efwkd@u csefau&Sdwftm; jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD;
CPCeJ@ yl;aygi;f um *syef ckcq
H ef@usiaf &;vkyzf @dk t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGm azsmif;zscw
hJ myg? 'gayr,fh cseaf u&Sw
d [
f m acgi;f rmrmeJ@
jiif;y,fcw
hJ ,f? 'ga=umifh cseaf u&Sw
d t
f m; tusyu
f idk f zdtm;ay;Ekid zf @dk twGuf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vku
d w
f ,f? 'Dtjzpftysu[
f m
tJ'Dwkef;u jynfwGif;jynfytm;vHk; wkefv_yfoGm;apcJhwJh &SDtef;ta&;tcif;ygyJ?
127

'DtajctaeatmufrmS ulrifwef ygwt

D wGi;f _yf y_ af xG;axG;jzpfum cseaf u&Sw
d t
f m; aowGi;f yk@d ypf+yD; tm%m
&,la&; *kd%f;awGay:vmw,f?
tJ'Dvkd _yfaxG;aewJhtcsdefrSm wjynfvHk;u trsdK;om;jynfolrsm; tusdK;rS tpcsDum &SDtef;ta&;tcif;ukd
+idrf; csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;=uzkd@ CPC u wifjycJhw,f? vufawG@rSmvnf; csLtifvkdif;pwJh acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd &SDtef;okd@ apv$wf+yD;
aqG;aEG;apcJhw,f? CPC eJ@ tzufzufu 0dkif;0ef;}udK;pm;r_a=umifh csefau&Sdwf[m jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD; CPCeJ@ ylaygif;um
*syef ckcq
H ef@usiaf &;ukd rv$o
J mra&Smifom vufccH &hJ w,f? 'ga=umifh (10)ESpw
f m jynfwiG ;f ppf[m tajccHt& &yfpJ Ekid v
f u
dk f
w,f? 'g[m ulrif wefe@J CPC wkd@ 'kwd,t}udrf yl;aygif;aqmifGufr_yg?
(1937)Zlvidk (f 7)&uf vlu;dk wHwm; ta&;tcif;jzpfymG ;csed u
f p+yD; (1945) =o*kwv
f txd[m wkwjf ynfoal wG&@J
*syefckcHqef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGu
J mv jzpfw,f?
(193&)=o*kwfvrSm CPC[m emrnfausmf=um;vSwhJ avmhc|ef;nDvmcHukd usif;ycJhw,f? nDvmcHrSm *syefckcH
qef@usiaf &;/ Ekid if aH wmfu,fwifa&; vkyif ef;pOf}uD; 10 &yfudk a&;qGcJ srw
S cf w
hJ ,f? tJ'aD emuf wkwjf ynf *syefcck q
H ef@usiaf &;
ppfy[
JG m wkwt
f rsKd ;om;aygi;f pHk jynfoal wG&@J ckcaH &;ppfyJG tjzpfo@dk wrk[w
k cf si;f jzpfay:wk;d yGm;oGm;awmhw,f? wkwjf ynfol
awG&@J *syefcck q
H ef@usiaf &;ppfy[
JG m urBmzh ufqpfqef@usiaf &; wku
d yf rJG sm;twGi;f u ta&;}uD;wJh tpdwt
f ykid ;f w&yf jzpfvm
w,f?
*syefzufqpfawG[m a&mufav&mrSm tukefd_@/ tukefowf/ rk'def;usifhvk,uf/ raumif;r_'kpkdufrSefor#
vkyfaqmif cJh=uwmyg? eefuif;+rdK@ukd odrf;ykduf+yD;aemuf &ufowW (6)ywftwGif; vl (3)odef;ausmftxdowfypfchw
J ,f?
'g[meefuif; vlowf yGJ tjzpf urBmausmfchJw,f?
*syefcck q
H ef@usiaf &; trsKd ;om;nDnw
G af &; wyfaygi;f pk xlaxmif+yD;onfw
h ifdk f cseaf u&Sw
d t
f yk pf [
k m uGejf rLepfqef@
usiaf &;vky&f yfrsm;ukd tuket
f pif pGe@f vw
$ v
f u
dk w
f mr[kwyf gb;l ? (1939-41)ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f cseaf u&Sw
d [
f m *syefqef@usif
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwhJ trSwf(8)wyfrawmfe@J trSwf (4)wyfrawmfopfwkd@ukd t}udrf}udrftaESmuft,Suf ay;cJhw,f?
'Dvkyf &yfrsm;ukd CPC u jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwkdufckdufchw
J ,f?
(1941)'DZifbm(7)&ufae@rSm *syefu ypdzdwfork'N&mrSm&SdwhJ tar&duefavwyfe@J a&wyfpcef;rsm;ukd tvpf0if
a&muf wku
d cf u
dk v
f u
dk w
f t
hJ wGuf ypdzw
d o
f rk'&N m ppfy[
JG m ay:xGuv
f mcJw
h ,f? (9)&ufae@rmS wkw[
f m tar&duef/ +Adwed f
wkd@ESifh qufoG,f+yD; *syefukd ppfa=unmcJhw,f? (1942)Zefe0g&DrSm tar&duef/ +Adwdef/ k&Sm;/ wkwfpwJh EkdifiH (26) EkdifiH[m
*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syefzufqpf 0ifkd;wef; (3) EkdifiHukd qef@usifwkdufckdufa&; r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm; a=unmcsufukd
vufrSwfa&;xkd;=u+yD; urBmhzufqpf qef@usifa&; nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pkukd zG@J pnf;w,f?
(1942) rSm *syefusL;ausmfa&; wyftiftm;&J@ (60) ausmfukd wkwfppfajrjyifrSm qGiJ ifcsKyfaESmif xm;EkdifchJw,f?
'g[m urBmhzufqpfqef@usifa&;rSm }uD;rm;wJh aumif;r_jyKcJhjcif;ygyJ?
(1944 rS 1945) ck/ ESpq
f ef;ykid ;f rSm urBmzh ufqpfqef@usiaf &; wku
d yf [
GJ m atmifyt
JG vDv&D aeygw,f? *smrefawG[m
Oa&myppfrsuEf mS rSm uGejf rLepfrsm;/ wk;d wufwhJ tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ Oa&myjynfoal wG&@J qef@usiw
f u
dk cf u
dk rf a_ =umifh rkcs;_H edrahf wmh
r,fh tajctae qku
d af eyg+yD? *syef[mvnf; ypdzw
d pf pfrsuEf mS rSm tar&duef&@J jyif;xefww
hJ u
dk cf u
dk rf a_ =umifh tusyq
f u
dk af e&
ygw,f? urBmzh ufqpf qef@usiaf &;wku
d yf [
JG m atmifyaJG wG tvDv&D aeyg+yD? 'gawGu wkwjf ynfoal wG&@J *syefcck aH &;wku
d yf JG
ukd tm;wufapygw,f?
(1944) ck/ tapmykdif;rSmuwnf;u CPC &J@acgif;aqmifr_jzifh *syefckcHqef@usifa&; tajccHa'orsm;rS
wyfe@J jynfolrsm; [m a'ovkduf wefjyefxkd;ppfrsm;ukd qifE$aJ eyg+yD? atmifyGaJ wGvnf; woDwwef;}uD; &&Sdaew,f? tJ'D
(1944)ck wESpftwGif;rSmyJ trSwf(8)wyfrawmfeJ@ trSwf(4)wyfrawmfopfwkd@[m *syefzufqpfrsm;eJ@ wkdufyGJaygif;
(20,000)ausmq
f ifEcJ$ +hJ yD; zufq
f pf *syefwyfom;aygi;f (2)ode;f (6)aomif;ausmf acsre_ ;f Ekid cf w
hJ ,f? trdajr&J@ a'owcsKd @uv
dk nf;
jyefvnfodrf;,lEkdifcJhw,f? wcsdef wnf;rSmvnf; *syefckcHqef@usifa&; tajccHa'orsm;ykdrkd ckdifrmvm+yD; wkd;csJ@EkdifcJhw,f?
aemufwESpf ESpfopful;a&mufawmh CPC acgif;aqmifwhJ *syefckcHqef@usifa&; jynfol@tiftm;rSm (9)odef;(2)aomif;txd
128

}uD;xGm;vmw,f? jynfol@ppf tiftm;rSmvnf; (2)oef;(2)odef;txd wkd;yGm;vmw,f? ajrmufykdif; twGif;rGef*kd;vD;,m;rS

awmifyidk ;f [kid ef efu|e;f txd/ us,jf yef@vw
S hJ a'o}uD;twGi;f *syefcck q
H ef@usiaf &; tajccHa'o (19)ck txdziG v
hf pS Ef idk cf w
hJ myg?
*syefckcH qef@usifa&;atmifyGJ t}udKumv (1945){+yDvrSm CPC[m owWrt}udrf uGef*&ufukd ,iftefrSm
usi;f yvku
d w
f ,f? uGe*f &uf&@J tcsut
f csmwm0efuawmh ckcaH &;ppfe@J vGwaf jrmufa&;ppf atmifycJG +H yD;aemuf wkwjf ynf[m
b,fvrf;a=umif;jzifh csDwuf=urvJ qkdwhJ ta&;}uD;jy\emukd aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm=uzkd@jzpfw,f?
armfpw
D ek ;f u uGe*f &ufrmS nGe@f aygi;f tpk;d &vkyif ef;pOfqw
dk hJ Ekid if aH &;tpD&ifcpH mudk wifoiG ;f w,f?olu ulrifwef&@J
wygwt
D m%m&Sipf epfudk zsuo
f rd ;f +yD; 'Dru
dk a&pD&w
dS hJ nGe@f aygi;f tpk;d &w&yfxal xmifa&;/ wjynfv;kH u jynfoal wG pnf;vH;k nD
nGwf=u+yD; *syefckcHqef@usifa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ukd ckdifckdifrmrm wkd;cs@J oGm;&r,fvkd@ wifjycJhygw,f?
ypdzw
d pf pfrsuEf mS rSm *syef[m w_;H wnf;_;H / wqkww
f nf; qkwaf e&ygw,f? (1945)ck/ =o*kwv
f rSm tar&duef[m
[Dkd&SD;rm;eJ@ em*gpuD+rdK@rsm;ukd tEkjrLAHk;cs wkdufckdufvkdufw,f? qkdAD,uf tpkd;&uvnf; *syeftm; ppfa=unmvkdufw,f?
qkdAD,uf wyfeDawmfukd wkwfjynf ta&S@ajrmufykdif;rSm&SdwhJ *syefwyfawGukd xkd;ppfqifzkd@ apv$wfvkdufw,f?
wcsed w
f nf;rSm armfpw
D ek ;f u *syefusL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm;eJ@ aemufq;kH ydww
f u
dk yf JG qkw
d ahJ u;a=umfou
H dk xkwjf yef
vkduf+yD; aoemywdcsKyfcsLaw;tm; vufeufcstnHhcHzkd@ nif;qefaewJh *syefwyfawGukd acsr_ef;ypfzkd@ trSwf(8)wyfrawmf/
t rSwf(4)wyfrawmfopfeJ@ wjcm;ckcHa&;wyftm;vHk;u jyefvSefxkd;ppf}uD;qifzkd@ nef=um;vkdufw,f? *syefckcHa&;ppfyGJ
jyefvSefxkd; ppf}uD;qifEw
$J hJ tqifhokd@ qkdufa&mufchyJ g+yD?
wkwjf ynforl sm;eJ@ urBmzh ufqpfqef@usiaf &; tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ jyif;xefpmG xd;k ESuw
f u
dk cf u
dk rf a_ tmufrmS *syefe,f
cs@J orm;[m rv$o
J mra&Smifom tuif;rJv
h ufeufcsa=umif; a=unmcJw
h ,f? (8)ESpw
f m wkwjf ynforl sm;&J@ *syefcck q
H ef@usif
a&;wkdufyG[
J m aemufqHk;rSm atmifyGcJ HEkdifvkdufyg+yD?
umvrsm;twGif; wkwfjynfolawG[m zufqpf*syefwyftiftm; (1)oef;(3)odef;(teuf CPC acgif;
aqmif wJh &efo@l aemufyidk ;f *syefcck q
H ef@usiaf &; tajccHa'orS wyfe@J jynforl sm;u acsre_ ;f cJw
h hJ *syefzufqpf ta&twGurf mS
(5)odef;(2)aomif;)eJ@ kyfao;wyf (1)oef;(1)odef;(8)aomif;ukd acsr_ef;ypfEkdifchw
J ,f?
*syeftpkd;&u vufeufcsa=umif;pmukd pufwifbm (2)&ufae@rSm r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm;tm; ay;ykd@ygw,f?
'ga=umifh wkwfjynf[m zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; atmifyGt
J xdrf;trSwfae@tjzpf pufwifbm 3 &ufae@udk
owf rSwfxm;ygw,f?
zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; atmify&JG +yD;wJah emuf jynfow
l &yfv;kH [m +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ 'Dru
dk a&pDudk awmifw
h ar#mrf eS ;f
cJw
h ,f? 'gayr,fh cseaf u&Sw
d Of ;D aqmifwhJ ulrifwefygw[
D m ajr&Si}f uD;eJ@"e&Si}f uD;vlwef;pm;tm%m&Sipf epfudk xde;f odr;f xm;
vk+d yD; oufO;D qHyidk t
f yk cf sKyfa&;pepfudk qufvufusio
hf ;kH aew,f? uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;/ jynfoq
l ef@usiaf &; jynfwiG ;f ppfcif;
a&;ukd }uHpnfaew,f? tar&duefe,fcs@J orm;uvnf; wkwfjynftm; ol@&@J ukdvkdeDtjzpf ajymif;ypfzkd@ }uHpnfaewmyg?
'ga=umifh ukdrifwefygwDtm; jynfwGif;ppfcif;a&;ukd wufwufuu ulnDyHhykd;aew,f?
cseaf u&Sw
d [
f m jynfwiG ;f ppftwGuf wqifw
h ;dk jyifqifcsed f &&Sad &;/ jynfov
l x
l t
k m; vdrn
f mr_id ;f wku
d Ef idk af &;twGuf
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;&ef csKH uif;ok@d vma&mufyg&ef armfpw
D ek ;f tm; qufwu
dk f (3) }udrw
f idk f a=u;eef;yk@d zdwaf c:cJw
h ,f?
armf pDwek ;f [m csLtifvidk ;f / 0rfa&mhazwk@d e@J twl csKH uif;ukd oGm;a&muf+y;D (1945) =o*kwv
f xJrmS cseaf u&Sw
d ef @J aqG;aEG;cJw
h ,f?
orkdif;rSm csHKuif;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ vkd@ emrnfausmf=um;ygw,f?
csKu
H if;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGrJ mS bmawGaqG;aEG; aqG;aEG; ulrifwef[m vGwaf jrmufa'o 'Dru
dk a&pDtm%meJ@ jynfo@l
wyfrawmfwkd@&@J w&m;0iftqifhae&mudk wav#mufvHk; todtrSwfrjyKcJhygbl;?
aemufq;kH rSm aqG;aEG;yG&J @J q;kH jzwfcsuaf wGudk ausmckid ;f +yD; ulrifwefwyfrsm;[m 1946/ ZGev
f rSm tv,fyidk ;f vGijf yif
vGwfajrmufa'oukd xkd;ppfqif vmw,f? 'Dvkde@J wkwfjynfrSm jynfwGif;ppfay:aygufch&J w,f?
(1945) =o*kwfvrS (1949) pufwifbmtxd[m wkwfjynfolawG&@J vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyu
JG mv jzpfygw,f?
(4) ESp=f umjynfwiG ;f ppfudk qifE+J$ yD; aemufq;kH rSm CPC acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l vw
G af jrmufa&;wyfawGu ulrifwef
129

azmufjyefa&; wyfrsm;ukd tEkdifwkduf wjynfvHk;rSm atmifEkdifch+J yD; (1949)rSm/ wkwfjynfolawG x&yfvkduf=u+yD vkd@
a=unmvkdufum wkwfjynfopf ukd xlaxmifchw
J ,f?
,cktcg wkwjf ynfopf&@J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr[
_ m urBmw0ef;vH;k &Sd jynfoal wGu tHrh cef; apmif=h unfah e&wJh taet
xm; rsdK; jzpfaeyg+yD?

2?
CPVukd

? AD,uferfjynfolrsm;eJ@ AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwD CPV

(1930)ck/ azazmf0g&D(3) &ufaeh rSmxlaxmifchw

J ,f?
*syefe,fcs@J orm;[m AD,uferfudk (1940)ck/ pufwifbmrSm usL;ausmo
f rd ;f yku
d v
f u
dk w
f ,f? AD,uferfjynfoal wG
[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; jyifopfe,fcs@J orm;eJ@ *syefe,fcs@J orm;wkd@&@J trsdK;om;zdESdyfr_ukd 2xyfuGrf;cH=u&awmhw,f?
CPVwenf;tm;jzifh tif'cdk sKd if;em;uGejf rLepfygw[
D m 1941 ck/ arvrSm AD,uferfvw
G v
f yfa&;r[mrdwt
f zG@J csKyfudk
zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifvkdufw,f? wjynfvHk;ujynfolawG aoG;pnf;nDnGwf+yD; *syefe,fcs@J orm;eJ@ jyifopfe,fcs@J orm;wkd@ukd
ckcH qef@usif+yD; trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; t&,l=uqkdwhJ au;a=umfoHukd wifjycJhw,f?
(1943)a&mufawmh *syefzufqpfawG[m jyifopfe,fcsJ@orm;ukd ab;csdwfxm;vkduf+yD; tif'kdcsdKif;em;ukd
wOD;wnff; tykdifpD;vkdufw,f? 'Dawmh CPV [m *syefzufqpfukd armif;xkwf=uvkd@ au;a=umfoHtopfukd
azmfxkwfwifjy+yD; trdEkdifiH u,fwifa&;/ *syefzufqpfqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd wyfvSef@E_d;aqmfjyefw,f? wqufwnf;
zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; vuf eufukdifwkdufyu
JG kd qifEv
$J kdufygw,f? 'Dvkde@J taxGaxGykefuefr_ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ukd
zefwD;ay;EkdifcJhw,f?
tJ'Daemuf a'ovkdufykefuefr_ wpDwwef;}uD;ukd pwifchv
J kd@ awmfvSefa&;tajccHa'oawG tqufrjywf ay:
xGuf us,jf yef@vmw,f? a'otoD;oD;rS vufeufuidk f tiftm;pkrsm;[m AD,uferfvw
G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmfe@J waygi;f w
pnf;wnf; jzpf=uygw,f?
d t}udrjf ynfv;kH u|wf uGe*f &ufudk ac:,lusi;f yvku
d w
f ,f? uGe*f &ufrmS
(1945) =o*kw(f 13) rSm CPV [m 'kw,
t axGaxGykefuefa&;jy\emukd aqG;aEG;=uwmyg?
=o*kwv
f (16)&ufrmS AD,uferfvw
G v
f yfa&; r[mrdwt
f zG@J csKyf&@J XmecsKyfu tajctaeopfatmufrmS trdsK;om;
nDvmcHukd ac:qku
d si;f yw,f? nDvmcHrmS tzG@J csKyf&@J ay:vpD}uD; (10) &yfe@J taxGaxGyek u
f efa&;trde@f udk twnfjyKcJw
h ,f?
'ghtjyif A[kdtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;aumfrwDukd aG;aumuf zG@J pnf;ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf EkdifiHw0ef;vHk;rSm ykefuefr_awG
ay:vm awmhwmygyJ?
=o*kwf (19 rS 25) twGif; [EGdKif/ pGef;[Gm/ qkdif*HkpwJh+rdK@awG[m qufwkduf vGwfajrmufch+J yD; taxGaxGykefuefr_
}uD; [m wjynfvHk;rSm atmifyGcJ HEkdifvdkufyg+yD?
pufwifbm(2)&ufae@rmS [kcd srD if;[m AD,uferf 'Dru
dk &ufwpforRwEkid if H ay:xGe;f vm+yDjzpfa=umif; urBmjh ynfol
rsm;ukd a=unmvkdufygw,f?
pufwifbm(23)&ufae@rmS jyifopfusL;ausmaf &;wyfawG[m t*Fvyd w
f yfrsm;&J@ tumtuG,ef @J tultnDay;r_
atmufrmS (*syefvufeufcsomG ;+yD;wJah emuf t*Fvyd rf [mrdww
f yfrsm;u AD,uferfawmifyidk ;f / ulrifwef wkww
f yfrsm;u
ajrmufyidk ;f )AD,uferfawmifyidk ;f qdik *f pkH wJh a'owcsKd @udk xk;d ppfqifvmw,f? qkid *f u
kH dk odr;f +yD;aemuf AD,uferfajrmufyidk ;f ukd
usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvmum [kid zf ek /f [EGKd ifpwJh +rdK@}uD;awGudk odr;f yku
d +f yD; olw@dk &@J uv
dk edk t
D jzpf xyfro
H rd ;f yku
d af &; }uHpnfvm
w,f?
130

(1946) 'DZifbm (19) &ufae@rmS AD,uferftpk;d &u wjynfv;kH ok@d ckcpH pfqifEaJ$ &;trde@f ukx
d w
k jf yefvu
dk w
f ,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; jyifopfe,fcs@J orm;ckcH qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ pwifchJ&wmygy?J
(1954) Zlvkdif 21 &ufrSm *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyft& jyifopfe,fcs@J ckcHa&;ppfukd tqHk;owfvkdufyg+yD?
(9)ESpf wm ckcHa&;ppfyu
GJ mvtwGif; jyifopfppfom;(oHk@yef;tygt0if)(5)odef;(6)aomif;ukdacsr_ef;ypfchJw,f?
AD,uferfjynfoal wG[m jyifopfusL;ausmaf &;wyfrsm;qkwo
f mG ;ayr,fh tar&duefu AD,uferfawmifyidk ;f ukd oD;
jcm;vGwv
f yfwhJ Ekid if H tjzpf qDw;dk &J@ tapmift
h a&SmufcH e,fajr tjzpfxm;a&;tqkjd yKum Ekid if w
H aygi;f wpnf;wnf;jzpfa&;
ukd twm;tqD; vkyfvmjyefw,f?
(1959)arvrSm AD,uferftvkyo
f rm;(uGejf rLepf)ygwD 'kw,
d t}udrf A[kad umfrwD (15)=udraf jrmuf pHn
k t
D pnf;
ta0;rSm AD,uferfawmifykdif;jynfolawG[m tar&duefe,fcsJ@eJ@ ya'o&mZfpepfukd wGef;vSefa&;twGuf t=urf;zuf
awmfvSefa&;qifEo
$J ifhw,fvkd@ qHk;jzwfchw
J ,f?
(1960)rSm AD,uferfawmifyidk ;f trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D ukx
d al xmif+y;D tar&duefe,fcs@J &@J uv
dk edk 0D g'opf
udk wku
d yf 0JG ifcw
hJ ,f? ajrmufyidk ;f u jynfoal wGuvnf; awmifyidk ;f u arG;csi;f nDaemifom;csi;f rsm;&J@ wku
d yf u
JG dk axmufcu
H n
l D
cJhw,f?
(1975) {+yD 30rSm qkdif*Hkukd odrf;ykdufEkdif+yD; tar&duefe,fcs@J wGef;vSefa&;ppfyGJ atmifyGcJ Hchw
J ,f?
AD,uferfjynfoal wGrmS AD,uferfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh *syefzufqpf usL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm; ukv
d nf;
aumif;/ ESpfw&m ausmfwkdifwkdif AD,uferfukd usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufchJwhJ jyifopfe,fcs@J orm;eJ@ tar&uefe,fcs@J orm;wkd@ukd
vnf;aumif; &J&0J Hh0Hhwkdufy0GJ ifjcif;jzifh e,fcs@J orm;tm;vHk;ukd armif;xkwfypfEkdifchJovkd ESpfaxmifcsD&Snf=umcJhwhJ ya'o&mZf
pepfukdvnf; tqHk;owfEkdifvkdufyg+yD?
AD,uferf trsKd ;om;rsm;&J@orkid ;f opfudk zGiv
hf pS Ef ifdk cf v
hJ @dk vGwv
f yfwhJ trScD u
dk if;wJh Ekid if aH wmfw&yftjzpf 0Hx
h nfpmG
a&S@ukdcsDwufvsuf&Sdw,f?
3?

? ArmjynftrsdK;om;aygif;pHkjynfolrsm;eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDCPB

CPBukd (1939) =o*kwf 15 &ufae@rSm xlaxmifchw

J ,f?
BIAwyfrsm;eJ@twl ppfa=umif; (3)a=umif;cGu
J m zufqpf*syefrsm; ArmjynfwGif;ukd (1941) 'DZifbmrSm 0ifvm

w,f? (1942) 'DZifbmvukefrSm Arm wjynfvHk; *syefvufatmufukd usa&mufoGm;&w,f? zufqpf*syefrsm; 0ifvm

wmeJ@ t*Fvdyfe,fcs@J orm;wdk@ Armjynfu qkwf cGmoGm;awmhw,f?
zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;[m ArmjynfwGif;a&mufvm+yD; zufqpfZmwdukd jyvmw,f? Arm trsKd;om; EkdifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm;t=um; zufqpf*syefukd jyefvnfarmif;xkwfa&;t,ltq wpwp ysH@ESH@wlnDvmum v#Kd@0SufpGm pwifv_yf&Sm;
vmw,f? ocifpkd;/ ocifoef;xGef;wkd@ukd,fpm;jyKwJh t*Fvdyfe@J ,m,Dr[mrdwfjyK+yD; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; t,ltq
(wwd, uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f&@J pdwf"mwf)jzpfwhJ tif;pdefppfwrf; ukd wkd;wufolrsm;u pwifvufcHvmw,f?
wd;k wufwhJ Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm; wjynfv;kH wGif tuGu
J JG tjym;jym; jzpfaewJt
h wGuf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;
twGuf jyefvnfpnf;kH;&ef vkdtyfvmw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifpkd; OD;aqmifum pnf;Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd v#dK@0SufvkyfaqmifchJ
w,f? ocifp;dk eJ@ocifoef;xGe;f wk@d &@J uGejf rLepf0g'ukd tajccHwhJ zufqpf*syef qef@usiaf &; v#Kd @0u
S pf nf;H;k a&;[m wjznf;jznf;
tquftoG,rf sm;jym;/ tiftm;wk;d yGm;vmw,f? zufqpf*syefqef@usiaf &;twGuf tawG;tac:t&/ pnf;H;k a&;t& jyifqif
EkdifcJhw,f?
umvrsm;twGif; ocifoef;xGef;u ocifodef;azukdawG@qHkum tdENd,okd@ rjzpfraeoGm;+yD; r[mrdwfrsm;eJ@
tquftoG,f &a&;uk}d udK;pm;zk@d aqG;aEG;wku
d w
f eG ;f cJw
h ,f? (1942)Zlvidk af vmufrmS ocifoed ;f azeJ@ocifwifa$w@dk tdE,
dN ok@d
131

a&mufoGm;w,f? aemifrSmwkd@rSwqifh ocif oef;xGef; [m r[mrdwfwkd@ehJ tquftoG,f&cJhwmyg?

(1943) =o*kwfvrSm *syefu Armjynftm; twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;ukd ay;cJhw,f? 'DtcGifhaumif;udk toHk;
csvdkuf+yD; ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifEk/ ocifatmifqef;polwkd@[m 0ef}uD;tzG@J rSmyg0ifvm=uw,f? 0ef}uD;vkyfief;ukd tum
tuG,f,l+yD; *syefckcH qef@usifa&;vkyfief;jyifqifa&;ukd wGifwGifus,fus,fvkyfaqmifchw
J ,f?
(1944) =o*kwfvrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ocifpkd;wkd@ yJcl;pHjywyf&if; AkdvfausmfaZmtdrfrSm v#dK@0SufaqG;aEG;+yD;
zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;/ jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;(zwyv)trsdK;om;wyfaygif;pk}uD;zGJ@pnf;a&;ukd aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfcJhw,f?
Akv
d cf sKyfatmif qef;u ppfa&;/ ocifp;dk u Ekid if aH &;/ ocifoef;xGe;f u Ekid if jH cm;qufo,
G af &;qk+d yD;wm0efcaJG 0um (zwyv)&J@
OD;pD;tzGJ@ukd zGJ@vkdufw,f? t"du tiftm;rsm;tjzpf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDeJ@ wyfrawmf
wkd@yg0ifcJhw,f? tzGJ@cskKyf&J@ &nfrSef;csufuawmh zufqpf*syefukd tukeftpif acsr_ef;+yD; ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
rav#mhaomZGjJ zifh }uH@}uH@cdkifckdif wkdufyG0J ifoGm;a&;jzpfw,f?
aemif rSm vlrsKd ;pktzG@J rsm;/ woD;yk*v
~ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;vnf; yg0ifvmw,f? A[kOd ;D pD;tzG@J uv
dk nf; wk;d cs@J z@JG pnf;vku
d w
f ,f?
zwyvtaejzifh Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf; trSw(f 1)rS (4)txd xkwjf yef+yD; jynfov
l x
l t
k m; v#Kd @0u
S pf nf;
Hk;v_H@aqmfchJ ygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf ppfynmavhvm&efe@J Ekid if aH &;oifwef;wuf&ef 1944/ pufwifbmupwif+yD; ocif
oef;xGe;f u &Jabmfrsm;tm; ocifoed ;f az&S&d m tdE,
dN ok@d wokw+f yD;wokwaf pvGwcf &hJ m pkpak ygi;f 33 a,muf apv$wcf w
hJ ,f?
wcsed w
f nf;rSm ArmhwyfrawmftwGi;f rSmvnf; uGejf rLepf0g'jzifh ynmay;pnf;H;k +y;D zufqpf*syefudk awmfveS w
f u
dk yf JG
0ifrnfh wyfrawmfw&yftjzpff jyifqifwnfaqmufchw
J ,f?
(1944) ESpu
f ek ef @J (1945)ESpq
f ef;ykid ;f avmufrmS r[mrdww
f yfawG[m tdE,
dN rSae Armjynftaemufyidk ;f ok@d xk;d ppf
qifwkdufckduf 0ifa&mufvmw,f? zwyv tzG@J csKyf[m 'DtcGifhaumif;ukd toHk;cszkd@ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; ppfwkdif;
}uD; (7) wkdif;cGu
J m *syefawmfvSefa&;ukd rwfv(27)&ufae@rSmpwifzkd@ qHk;jzwfchw
J ,f?
ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifA[de;f eJ@ ocifoef;azwk@d (3)OD;uawmh awmifib
l ufrmS &Jacgiaf jymufusm;vk@d ac:wJh *syefqef@
usiaf &; ajymufusm;wyfz@JG udk OD;aqmifwu
dk yf 0JG ifc=hJ uw,f? wcsed w
f nf;rSm ocifoef;xGe;f [m r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@ qufo,
G af &;
EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; wm0efukdyg xrf;aqmifchw
J ,f?
(1945)arv (1)&ufrSm wyfrawmfu &efukef+rdK@ukd wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufchw
J ,f?
1945/ arv (3)&ufae@rSm CPB[m &efukef+rdK@ Am;u&m;vrf;rSm qkdif;bkwfwif+yD; w&m;0ifygwDjzpfvmw,f?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&; atmifycJG Hawmhr,fhtcsdef Zlvkdif (20 rS 27)&ufae@txd CPB&J@ 'kwd, uGef*&ufukd usif;ycJhw,f?
uGef*&ufrSm ppf+yD;umvqufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;csrSwfchw
J ,f? tJ'guawmh ac:qkd avh&SdwhJ
ba&muf'g0g' vrf;pOfqkdwmygyJ?
(1945) =o*kwf (15) &ufwGif *syefvufeufcsw,f? *syefrsm; vufeufcswhJtcg *syefppfOD;pD;csKyf 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD;
Ekrufwmu t*FvdyfAkdvfcsKyf}uD; ba&mifeif;xHokd@ Armjynf ppfajrjyifwGif &SdaewJh*syefppftiftm;ukd ay;tyfazmfjy&mrSm
(153 ,000) &Sdwht
J euf (63 ,000) ausmfomv#if usef&Sda=umif;azmfjycJhw,f? umvrsm; twGif; Armjynf ppfrsufESm
wGifvdyf/ uefe@J csefau&Sdwfwkwfwyftygt0if r[mrdwf tiftm;pkpkaygif;rSm (605,000) &Sdygw,f?
ArmrsKd ;cspf wyfrawmfe@J ajymufusm;wyfz@JG rsm;u *syefzufqpfawmfveS af &;twGi;f *syefzufqpfrsm;eJ@ wku
d yf aJG ygi;f
(1000) ausmf qifEcJ$ +hJ yD; (20000) ausmf acsre_ ;f okwo
f if cJw
h ,f? 'kw,
d urBmppftwGi;f Armjynf[m ppfajrjyif jzpfc&hJ vk@d
ta&S@awmif tm&SrSm qHkH_;epfemr_ t}uD;qHk; EkdifiHjzpfchJ&w,f?
*syefrsm;vufeufcs+yD;aemuf Armjynf[m t*Fvdyfvufatmufjyefa&mufcJhw,f?
zwyv [m zqyv trsKd ;om;wyfaygi;f pk}u;D tjzpf t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J udk qufvufwu
dk yf 0JG ifz@dk w&m;0if tzG@J tpnf;
w&yftaejzifh ay:xGufvmw,f? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u OuU/ ocifoef;xGef;u taxGaxG twGif;a&;r;?
132

(1945)ck/ =o*kwv
f wGif aeol&ed t
f pnf;ta0;vk@d ac:wJh zqyv&J@ orkid ;f 0if vlxt
k pnf;a0;}uD; usi;f ycJw
h ,f?
tpnf;ta0;rSm (1) Armhwyfrawmfta&; (2) wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvGwfawmfac:,la&; (3) trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;pwJh
ta&; }uD; jy\emrsm;ukd qHk;jzwf twnfjyKcJhw,f?
(1946) Zefe0g&D (21-22) rSm zqyv&J@ yxrqHk;nDvmcHukd usif;yw,f? vlxk (1)odef;ausmfwufa&mufw,f?
vH;k 0 vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf qufvufwu
dk yf 0JG ifa&;/ ajr,mjy\em ajz&Si;f a&;/ e,fcs@J t&if;tES;D rsm;ukd jynfoyl idk f odr;f ,la&;/
touf(18)ESpjf ynf+h y;D olwidk ;f rJqENay;cGi&hf adS &;/ wkid ;f jyKjynfjyK v$waf wmfac:,la&;pwJh ta&;}u;D qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ukd cscw
hJ ,f?
(1946) pufwifbmwGif taxGaxGoydwaf y:xGuv
f mw,f? zqyvwGif vusmf *d%
k ;f u tompD;&oGm;wJt
h wGuf
vlxkwkdufyu
GJ kd acgif;aqmifaewJhCPBukd zqyv trsdK;om;wyfaygif;pk}uD;rS xkwfy,fypfvkdufw,f?
(1947)Zefe0g&DwGif zqyv-uGefjrLepf nDnGwfa&;ukd aemufqHk;vrf;pOfcsrSwf vkyfaqmifchw
J ,f? ratmifjrifch?J
(1948)Zefe0g&D (4)&ufae@rSm Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfjzifh ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &cJhw,f?
(1948)rwfv (13) &uf-ysO;f rem;/ *siv
f u
dk ek ;f awmifov
l ,form;nDvmcHwiG f vufiw
k v
f ufrvGwaf &;/ rw&m;
au;+rDrsm; av#mfypfa&;/ &efukeftvkyform; wkdufyGu
J kd axmufcHa&; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfchJw,f? nDvmcHwGif ocifoef;
xGef;u ygwDukd &efolu wkdufvm&if jyefvnfckcH wkdufckdufoGm;r,fvkd@a=unmcJhw,f?
(1948)rwfv(28)&ufae@rmS zqyv tpk;d &u ygweD @J jynforl sm;ukd azmufjyefwhJ jynfwiG ;f ppf pwifwu
dk cf w
hJ ,f?
ygwu
D &&mvufeufuidk pf +JG yD; rdru
d ,
dk u
f ,
dk f ckcu
H muG,af &;ppfudk qifEo
J$ mG ;=uvk@d wygwv
D ;kH ukd v_@H aqmfcw
hJ ,f? jynfwiG ;f
ppf[m uae@txdtqH;k rowfEidk f rkH u ppftm%m&Sipf epf wenf;tm;jzifh zufqpf0g' usio
hf ;kH aewJh ppftpk;d &tkycf sKyfaewm
(43)ESpfwm =umoGm;yg+yD? jynfolawG vkdvm;awmifhwaewJh +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pD r&ao;ygbl;? 'kwd,t}udrf zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;w&yf qifE$&J ygvdrfh OD;r,f?
wkdif;jynf[m acwfaemufus+yD; rGjJ ymusvsuf &Sd+rJ&Sdaeygao;w,f?
4?

? ukd&D;,m;jynfolrsm;eJ@ ukd&D;,m; tvkyform;ygwD

ukd&D;,m; uGefjrLepfygwDukd (1925) ck/ {+yDvrSm xlaxmifw,f? aemifrSm ukd&D;,m; tvkyform;ygwDtjzpf

ajymif;vJhcJhw,f?
(1910) ckESpfwGif *syefodrf;ykdufjcif;ukd cHchJ&w,f?
(1930) ck/ ZGefv cvef nDvmcHrSm uiftDqGef;u ukd&D;,m; awmfvSefa&;&J@ t"duvkyfief;pOf[m *syefckcH
qef@usifa&; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJukd wGef;aqmfay;a&; jzpf&r,fvkd@ pwif,wifjycJhw,f? (1932)rSm *syefckcHqef@usifa&;
vufeufukdif ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@ukd pwifxlaxmifygw,f? (1934)rSm ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@rsm;ukd pkaygif;+yD; jynfol@
awmfvSefa&; wyfrsm;ukd xlaxmifchJ jyefw,f?
(1936) arv(5)&ufae@rSm ukd&D;,m;trdajrjyefvnfodrf;ykdufa&;tzGJ@ukd xlaxmifvkdufw,f? 'g[m
ukd;&D;,m;o rkdif;rSm yxrqHk; ay:aygufvmwJh *syefqef@usifa&; trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk w&yfjzpfw,f?
&nfG,fcsufuawmh *syefckcHqef@usifa&;rSm ukd&D;,m;jynfolrsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@v_yf&Sm;yg0if vmapa&;/ *syefckcH
qef@usifa&; tiftm;pk awG&@J pnf;vHk;nDnGwfwhJ acgif;aqmifr_ukd tm;jznfhay;a&;wkd@ jzpfygw,f?
'DtzG@J [m uGefjrLepfrsm;ukd tjrKawtjzpfxm;+yD; tvkyform; v,form; r[mrdwfzG@J r_ukd tajccHum *syeff
eJ@eD; pyfwJh ajr&Sif/ vufa0cH t&if;&SifeJ@ trsdK;om; opPmazmufrsm;rSty vlwef;pm;vl@tv$mtoD;oD;ukd vlxk}uD;eJ@
pnf;vHk;nD nGwf+yD; wcsdefwnf;rSm usefwkd;wufwhJ tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;eJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyf r[mrdwfjyK zG@J pnf;cJhw,f?
uiftDqGef; OD;aqmif+yD; tzG@J &@J vkyfief;pOf}uD;(10)&yfudk a&;qGcJ srSwfchJw,f? tJ'Dvkyfief;pOfawGxrJ Sm *syef
ukdvkdeD tkyfpkd;r_ukd wGef;vSefypfa&;/ trsdK;om; 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;&J@ wm0efrSm vGwfvyfwhJ ukd&D;,m; 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiH
133

xlaxmif a&; jzpfw,fvkd@ azmfjycJhw,f? 'ghtjyif awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@pnf;a&;/ jynfol@tpkd;&zGJ@pnf; xlaxmifoGm;a&;/

vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_pwJhbufawGrSm jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; aqmifGufoGm;a&; jzpfw,f?
tcsdefwkdtwGif;rSm a'oqkdif&m ukd&D;,m;trdajr jyefvnfodrf;ykdufa&; tzG@J rsm;ay:vm+yD; tiftm; (2)odef;
avmuf xd tzGJ@0ifrsm;wkd;rsm;vmw,f?
(1945)ck/ ZlvkdifvwGif usif;ywJh ykd@p'rfuGefz&ifhu (38)rsOf;+ydKifukd qkdAD,ufe@J tar&duefwkd@ odrf;ykdufxm;wJh
e,fajrrsm;&J@ e,fedrdwfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhw,f? (38)rsOf;+ydKif&J@ajrmufbufukd ajrmufukd;&D;,m;/ awmifbufukd
awmifukd&D;,m; tjzpf uGo
J Gm;cJhw,f? (1945)ck/ =o*kwfv (10) &ufae@rSm qkdAD,uf wyfeDawmfwyfz@JG rsm; ajrmufukd&D;
,m;ukd 0ifa&mufvm +yD; zufqpf*syef wkdufa&;ukd ulnDchJw,f? ESpf pufwifbmv(8)&ufae@wGif tar&duefwyfrsm;
ukd&D;,m; awmifykdif;udk odrf; ykdufvkdufw,f?
(1948)ck/ pufwifbmvrSm ajrmufu&dk ;D ,m; tvkyo
f rm;ygw&D @J acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh ajrmufyidk ;f ukd (ajrmufu&dk ;D ,m;)
ukd&D;,m; 'Drkdu&ufwpfjynfol@orRwEkdifiHawmf ukd wnfaqmufvkdufygw,f? (1950)ck/ ZGefv(25)&ufae@rSm trdajr
vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyu
GJ kd pwif qifEc$J hw
J ,f? (1951) ckZlvkdifv (10)&ufae@rSm aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; ppf&yfpcJ hw
J ,f?
5?

? zdvpfykdif jynfolrsm;eJ@ zdvpfykdifuGefjrLepfygwD

(1930)ck/ Ekd0ifbmv 7 &ufae@rSm zdvpfykdif jynfolrsm;twGif;rSm zdvpfykdif uGefjrLepfygwD ay:xGufchJw,f?

(1941) 'DZifbm(7)&u/f *syefu ykvq
J yd u
f rf;ukd tvpf0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk v
f u
dk w
f t
hJ cg *syefcck H qef@usiaf &;wyf
aygif;pk xlaxmifzdk@ v_H@aqmf+yD; jynfolvlxkukd acgif;aqmifum zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; vufeufukdifwkdufyJG qifEc$J hw
J ,f?
(1942)rwfvrSm zufqpf*syefqef@usiaf &; jynfo@l wyfrawmfudk xlaxmifEidk cf w
hJ ,f? tJ'aD emuf ajymufusm;ppfudk
tus,t
f jyef@ qifEcJ$ w
hJ ,f? (1944)ckEpS af &mufawmh t+rJwrf; wyftiftm; (2)aomif;txd&cdS w
hJ ,f? tiftm;awmifw
h if;wJh
t&H wyftiftm;rsm;vnf; &Sdvmw,f? zdvpfykdif&J@ e,fajrtcsdK@ukd *syefzufqpf tkyfpkd;r_atmufu vGwfajrmufap+yD;
'D r k d u a&pD t m%muk d xl a xmif a y;Ek d i f c J h w ,f ? (1945) ck = o*k w f v (15) &uf r S m zuf q pf * syef [ m tuif ; rJ h
vufeufcsoGm;cJhw,f?
(1934)ckESpfwGif tar&duefwkd@ jymef;cJhwhJ Oya'eJ@tnD (1946)ck/ Zlvkdifv 4 &ufae@wGif zdvpfykdif EkdifiH[m
vGwf vyfa&;ukd a=unm+yD; orRwEkdifiHukd xlaxmifvkdufw,f?
,cktxd zdvpfyidk jf ynforl sm;eJ@ zdvpfyidk u
f eG jf rLepfygwaD cgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l wyfrawmfopfw@dk [m tar&duefrm;ukd@pf/ tar&duef-tuGDEkd/ tar&duef-&mrkd@/ tar&duef-tufpx&mpwJh tpkd;&tqufqufukd jzKwfcsEkdifchJ+yD; trd
EkdifiHtm; trSDckduif;wJh EkdifiHw&yfjzpfvma&;twGuf qufvufwkdufyG0J ifvsuf&Sdygw,f?
6?

? tif'kdeD;&Sm;jynfolrsm;eJ@ tif'kdeD;&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD

tif'kdeD;&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwD[m (1914)ck/ arv (5)&ufae@rSm xlaxmifchw

J hJ ta&S@tdENd,qkd&S,f 'Drkdu&ufwpf
r[m rdwftzG@J ukd (1924)ck/ ZGefvrSm tif'kdeD;&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwDvkd@ trnfajymif;cJhwm jzpfw,f?
(1942)/ rwfvrSm *syef[m tif'dkeD;&Sm;ukd odrf;ykdufvkdufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSpvkd@ *syefzufqpf qef@usifa&;
vufeuf udkif wkdufyGJukd (1945) ck/ =o*kwfv (15) &uf/ *syefrsm; tuif;rJh vufeufcsoGm;wJhtxd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ wkdufyGJ
0ifchJ=uwmyg? (1945)c/k =o*kwfv 17 &ufae@rSm tif'kdeD;&Sm; orRwEdkifiHukd xlaxmifchJ ygw,f?
aemuf tif'kdeD;&Sm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvuf wkdufy0JG ifchw
J ,f? (1949)ck/ 'DZifbm 27 &ufae@wGif
'wfcsft pkd;&u tcsKyftjcm tm%mukd vGt
J yfay;cJh&w,f?
uGefjrLepfygwD[m (1965) aemufykdif;wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpf usa&mufoGm;cJh&wm ,ae@txdygy?J
134

tif'kdeD;&Sm;jynfolrsm;[mvnf; ,cktcg vl@tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ wkdif;jynftrSDckduif;a&;twGuf

qufvuf wkdufyJG 0ifvsuf&Sdw,f?
7?

? xkdif;jynfolrsm;ESifh xkdif;uGefjrLepfygwD

xkid ;f Ekid if [
H m ta&S@awmiftm&SrmS Oa&myEkid if rH sm; usL;ausmo
f rd ;f yku
d rf cH&zl;wJh Ekid if w
H Ekid if jH zpfw,f? uGejf rLepfyg
wD[m (1930)ckuwnf;u ajratmufygwD w&yftjzpf ay:xGufchJwmyg?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; (1942) ckrSm *syefzufqpfrsm; 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfjcif;cH&w,f? xkdif; uGefjrLepfygwD[m
jynfolvlxkukd acgif;aqmif+yD; wkdufy0GJ ifchw
J ,f?
*syefzufqpf vufatmufrSvGwfajrmuf+yD; aemuf xkdif;EkdifiH[m taemufrSDckda&; ay:vpDrsm;ukd csrSwfusifhoHk;cJh
w,f? xkdif;jynfolrsm;[mvnf; trdEkdifiH trSDckduif;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; tjynfht0 &&Sda&;twGuf
qufvuf wkdufy0GJ ifaeqJ EkdifiHjzpf+yD; uGefjrLepfygwD[mvnf; ajratmufygwDtjzpf qufvufkef;uef ae&qJ jzpfygw,f?
8?

? rav;&Sm;jynfolrsm;eJ@ rav;&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD

(1930)ck/ {+yDv (30)&ufae@rSm xlaxmifcJhw,f? (1935) ck aemufykdif;rSm zufqpfqef@usifa&; nDnGwfa&;

wyfaygi;f pk ukd xlaxmifw,f? (1941)/ 'DZifbmvrSm *syefzufqpf0g'rD sm;u rav;&Sm;ukd odr;f yku
d v
f u
dk w
f myg? tJ'aD emuf
ygwD[m jynf olvlxkukd acgif;aqmif+yD; *syefckcHqef@usifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyu
JG kd qifEv
$J kdufygw,f? (1945)
ckESpfrSm tiftm; awmifhwif;wJhrdrd&@J vufeufukdifwyfvnf;&Sdchw
J ,f?
*syefrsm; vufeufcsomG ;+yD;aemuf t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm; jyefvnf 0ifa&mufvmwJt
h wGuf vufeufuidk w
f u
dk yf u
JG dk
pGef@v$wfvkduf&jyefw,f? (1948)rSm t*FvdyfukdvkdeDtm%mykdifrsm;u ygwDukd rw&m;toif;tjzpf a=unmcJhjyefw,f?
'ga=umifh(1949)azazmf0g&D (1)&ufae@rSm *syefckcHqef@usifa&;wyf tajccHay:rSm rav;&Sm;vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfukd
xlaxmifvkdufygw,f? vufeufukdif wkdufyGu
J kd qufvufqifEc$J hjJ yefw,f?
(1957) ckwGif vGwfvyfa&;&cJhw,f? (1963) ckrSm rav;&Sm;orRw EkdifiHukd xlaxmifvkdufw,f?

zufqpf0g'[m uGefjrLepf0g'ukd urBmra=u &efoltjzpf oabmxm;cJhwmyg? uGefjrLepfrsm;uvnf; zufqpf0g'

ta[mif;topf tygt0if vlom;rsm;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf/ zdEydS n
f O ;f qJ aoG;pkyaf ewJh pepfq;dk rSeo
f r# okwo
f if
&Si;f vif;ypfa&;/ zdEydS n
f O ;f yef;aoG;pkyrf u
_ if;wJh vl@abmifopfxal xmifa&;ukd rdrw
d @dk &@J orkid ;f ay;wm0eftjzpf cH,x
l m;ygw,f?
'gukd 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif; a&;jc,fchJwhJ teD;acwf orkdif;rsm;u oufcHchJyg+yD?
ppfyG&J @J cufcw
J hJumvrsm;rSm uGefjrLepfygwDe@J uGefjrLepfrsm;[m jynfolvlxktwGif; xif&Sm;ay:vGifvmw,f?
'D 'kwd, urBmppf}uD;twGif; tm&Sjynfolrsm; tygt0if wurBmvHk;u jynfolrsm;[m zufqpf0g'udk
wufwufuu wkdufy0GJ ifch=J uwmyg? EkdifiHtoD;oD;u zufqpf qef@usifa&;wkdufyG[
J m 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ ukdvkdeDu|efb0u
vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyrGJ sm;eJ@ a&pD;a=umif; wckwnf; aygif;pnf;rd+yD; trsdK;om;EkdifiHawmfopfrsm; ay:xGef;vmapcJhw,f?
uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; tvHeufukdv$ifhxl+yD; zufqpf0g'ukd xlaxmifum wurBmvHk;ukd ppfxJqGJoGif;cJh=uwJh
[pfwvm/ rlqkdvkdeD/ wkd*sdKwkd@[m aemufqHk;rSm ppfw&m;cHrsm;tjzpf Zmwfodrf;oGm;cJhyg+yD?
Armjynf tygt0if urBmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;u jynfolrsm;&J@ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJ *k%fa&mif xm0pOf
xGef;ajymifygap? ?

135