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Computational Aeroelasticity
The Cultural and Convention Center METU Inonu bulvari Ankara, Turkey Sponsored by: RTA-NATO The Applied Vehicle Technology Panel
presented by R.M. Kolonay Ph.D. General Electric Corporate Research & Development Center Ankara, Turkey Oct.. 1-5, 2001

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Presentation Outline
Introduction
- Fluid-Structure Interactions Aeroelasticity - Aeroelastic analysis/design in an MDA/MDO Environment

Static Aeroelasticity Dynamic Aeroelasticity Commercial Programs with Aeroelastic Analysis/Design Capabilities

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Dynamic Aeroelastic Phenomena

Dynamic Response Limit Cycle Oscillations (LCO) Buffet Flutter

Solutions found in time, frequency, and Laplace domain usually with generalized coordinates
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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Dynamic Response

Transient response due to a rapidly applied load. Atmospheric Turbulence

- Continuous random - Discrete random (gust)

Landing loads Snap maneuvers Store Separation

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Limit Cycle Oscillations

Typically caused by shock induced oscillations on a surface or ow/ shocks attaching/detaching from a surface trailing edge. Panel Flutter Control Surface Buzz Store/Wing congurations Reduces structural life Usually requires nonlinear ow conditions and possibly nonlinear structures (cs hinge stiffness)
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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Buffet

Response due to time-dependent separated ows (usually vortical) impinging on structural surfaces. Bluffed bodies on horizontal and vertical surfaces Wings, strakes etc.. on vertical tails (often a twin tail problem) Reduces structural life

Requires nonlinear aerodynamics to capture phenomena

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Flutter

Dynamic instability where-by the system extracts energy from the free stream ow producing a divergent response. Usually resultant of coupling of 2 or more structural modes
- Wing bending and torsion - Wing bending control surface hinge torsion - Wing torsion fuselage bending - Horizontal or vertical tail and fuselage

Divergent behavior can occur within a few cycles and be catastrophic Theodore Von Karman is said to have remarked that some men fear utter because they do not understand it, while others fear it because they do[8]
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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Flutter

Motion

Time Histories
Stable (A)

Modal Coupling
A Torsion Mode

Motion

Frequency

Neutral (B)

B C Bending Mode

Unstable (C) Motion Dynamic Pressure

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Flutter

From the aeroelastic EOM

Mu + Ku = F ( u, u , u , t )
let

(20) (21)

F ( u, u , u , t ) = F ( u, u , u ) + F ( t )
Where F ( t ) represents motion independent external forces Eq. (20) can be written as

Mu + Bu + Ku = [ Q 1 ] u + [ Q 2 ] u + [ Q3 ] u + F ( t )
For stability solve the homogenous equation from some initial state.

(22) (23)

Mu + Bu + Ku = [ Q 1 ] u + [ Q 2 ] u + [ Q3 ] u

(23) can be solved by time integration or as an eigenvalue problem

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity Eigenvalue Solutions

Transform (23) to modal coordinates { u h } and assume that the unsteady aerodynamics depend only on displacements 1 2 - V [ Q ] uh = 0 M hh u h + Bu h + K hh u h -(24) hh 2 Assume that the structural response is separable and synchronous { uh } = { qh } e (25) With { q h } independent of time and s = + i .Substituting into (24) gives
2 1 2 - V Q hh { q h } = 0 M hh s + B hh s + K hh -2 st

(26)

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity
Eq. (26) is the basic utter eigenvalue equation All matrices can be expressed as real but the aeroelastic stiff1 2 - V Q hh is unsymmetric causing roots ness matrix K hh -2 to be complex conjugate pairs. Q hh - Generalized unsteady aerodynamic forces
- Often assumed harmonic cast in frequency domain with amplitude and phase - Doublet Lattice, CPM, Mach Box, Strip Theory

Several solutions exist for solving (26) - K Method - K E Method - P K Method - P Method
- State space
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Dynamic Aeroelasticity P-K Flutter Solution

Vk V - ( + i ) = --- p . (26) becomes s can be expressed as s = ----b b V 2 2 --b V V - Q ( k ) hh q h = 0 - p B hh + K hh --------p M hh + --2 b

2

(27)

V - selected freestream speed b - reference semi-chord p k ( + i ) - complex response frequency and eigenvalue M , B , K generalized mass, damping, stiffness matrices hh hh hh R I Q = [ Q + i Q ] - generalized aerodynamic matrix hh - freestream density b k - reduced frequency, k = -----V q - eigenvector of modal coordinates h - damping factor
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Dynamic Aeroelasticity P-K Method Comments

Matrices are real but non-symmetric yielding complex roots. Flutter equation only true when = 0 , an estimate elsewhere Mode switching often occurs making results interpretation difcult Q hh depends on Mach number and reduced frequency Q hh ( M , k ) Solution requires Q hh to be a continuous function of k .
- Results in curve tting

Q hh which can cause errors

Above formulation does not allow k = 0 User responsible for determining match point solutions
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Dynamic Aeroelasticity AGARD 445.6 Flutter Calculations

Mode Shapes and frequencies
27.92 26.05 24.19 22.32 20.45 18.59 16.72 14.85 12.98 11.12 9.250 Y
Z X Y Y Z X 31.38 27.48 23.57 19.67 15.77 11.86 7.958 4.055 .1511 -3.753 -7.656 -11.56 -15.46 -19.37 -23.27

Z X

7.383 X 5.516 3.649 1.782

Mode 1, = 9.63 Hz.

-.08551

Mode 3, = 50.50 Hz.

-27.17

25.09 20.38 15.68 10.97 6.269 1.565 -3.139 -7.843 -12.55 -17.25 -21.96 Y

71.52 65.25 58.97 52.69 46.42 40.14 33.87 27.59 21.31 15.04 8.761
Z X

Z X

Y
Z X

-26.66 -31.36 -36.07

Y
Y

2.485 X -3.791 -10.07 -16.34

Mode 2, = 37.12 Hz.

-40.77 -45.48

Mode 4, = 89.94 Hz.

-22.62

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity AGARD 445.6 Time Integration Response

M = 0.901, q = 0.66psi , U = 11908 in/sec
0.015
1= -.0366 1= 15.561(Hz)

0.0015
1= 13.0682 1= 88.352(Hz)

0.010

2= 32.0916 2= 30.286(Hz)

0.0010

2= 5.9408 2= 52.285(Hz) 3= 24.1002 3= 30.268(Hz) 4= .1687 4= 15.574(Hz)

Generalized Displacement

Generalized Displacement

0.005

3= 445.6037 3= .612(Hz) 4= 4.7738 4= 52.054(Hz)

0.0005

0.000

0.0000

-0.005

-0.0005

-0.010

-0.0010

-0.015

DATA FIT ERROR

-0.0015 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

DATA FIT ERROR

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Mode 1
0.0030
0.0040 0.0030 0.0020
1= .0282 1= 15.569(Hz) 2= 25.8733 2= 30.095(Hz)

Mode 3
1= 5.7635 1= 52.269(Hz) 2= 25.9159 2= 30.188(Hz)

0.0020

Generalized Displacement

Generalized Displacement

0.0010 0.0000 -0.0010 -0.0020 -0.0030

3= 5.7688 3= 52.242(Hz) 4= 12.0791 4= 88.547(Hz)

0.0010

3= .0396 3= 15.564(Hz) 4= 12.4610 4= 88.338(Hz)

0.0000

-0.0010

-0.0020
-0.0040
DATA FIT ERROR

DATA FIT ERROR

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

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Mode 4

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity AGARD 445.6 Time Response Integration

M = 0.901, q = 0.67psi , U = 11998 in/sec
0.0030 0.015
1= -.0366 1= 15.561(Hz) 1= 5.7635 1= 52.269(Hz) 2= 25.9159 2= 30.188(Hz)

0.010

0.0020

2= 32.0916 2= 30.286(Hz)

Generalized Displacement

Generalized Displacement

0.005

3= 445.6037 3= .612(Hz) 4= 4.7738 4= 52.054(Hz)

0.0010

3= .0396 3= 15.564(Hz) 4= 12.4610 4= 88.338(Hz)

0.000

0.0000

-0.005

-0.0010

-0.010

-0.0020 -0.015
DATA FIT ERROR DATA FIT ERROR

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Vf = 11,971 in/sec = 90 rad f

0.0040 0.0030 0.0020

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Mode 1
0.0015
1= .0282 1= 15.569(Hz) 2= 25.8733 2= 30.095(Hz)

Mode 3
1= 13.0682 1= 88.352(Hz)

0.0010

2= 5.9408 2= 52.285(Hz) 3= 24.1002 3= 30.268(Hz) 4= .1687 4= 15.574(Hz)

Generalized Displacement

Generalized Displacement

0.0010 0.0000 -0.0010 -0.0020 -0.0030 -0.0040

3= 5.7688 3= 52.242(Hz) 4= 12.0791 4= 88.547(Hz)

0.0005

0.0000

-0.0005

-0.0010

DATA FIT ERROR

-0.0015 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

DATA FIT ERROR

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

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Mode 2

Mode 4

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity AGARD 445.6 P-K Flutter Solution

Velocity vs. Damping
0.2 0.1

Vf =1181 in/sec

Damping ratio (g)

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

MODE MODE MODE MODE

1 2 3 4

-0.5 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Velocity (V in/sec)
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Dynamic Aeroelasticity AGARD 445.6 P-K Flutter Solution

Velocity Root Locus
445.6 Wing Damping Ratio versus F requency
(M = .901, = 0.00, = 9.307E-09 slugs/ in )

500

Frequency (radians)

400

MODE MODE MODE MODE

1 2 3 4

300

200

= 96 rad

100 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2

Damping ratio (g)

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity AGARD 445.6 P-K Flutter Solution

Velocity vs. Frequency
500 MODE MODE MODE MODE 1 2 3 4

Frequency (radians)

400

300

200

100 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Velocity (V in/sec)
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Aeroelastic Software

Global Aeroelastic Software Developments

MSC/NASTRAN (U.S.) UAI/ASTROS (recently bought by MSC) (U.S.) UAI/NASTRAN (U.S.) ELFINI (France, Dessault) LAGRANGE (Germany, formerly MBB) STARS (Great Britain, RAE) OPTSYS (Sweden, SAAB) COMPASS (China) ARGON (Russia, Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute)

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Aeroelastic Software MSC/NASTRAN

Steady Aerodynamics
- Subsonic Doublet Lattice (k=0) 3-D panel Method (available in the near future) Bypass option for any AIC - Supersonic ZONA51 Bypass option for any AIC Aerodynamic database Import/export loads data

Unsteady Aerodynamic
- Subsonic Doublet Lattice with body interference Strip Theory - Supersonic Mach Box
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Aeroelastic Software
Piston Theory ZONA51

Structural Modeling
- Very rich selection of FE

Static Aeroelastic Analysis

- 5 DOF trim (no drag/thrust trim) - Flexible increment analysis - Computes rigid, restrained and unrestrained exible stability derivatives - Able to add experimental load correction factors to AIC - Divergence of restrained vehicle - Slender body models - Multiple set selectable aerodynamic models - Aeroelastic database - Import/export loads data

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Aeroelastic Software
Dynamic Aeroelasticity
- Frequency response analysis - Random analysis - Transient analysis - Gust (random and discrete 1-d) - Flutter P-K, K, K-E (K-E allows k=0) -

Q ( M , k ) curve ts cubic through all points

F-S Interface
- Innite plate spline - Thin plate spline - Finite plate spline - Beam spline - Rigid load Transfer

Pre-Post Processing
- Extensive Flight Loads pre/post processing functionality in PATRAN environment

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Aeroelastic Software UAI/ASTROS Aeroelastic Capabilities

Steady Aerodynamics
- Subsonic USSAERO (Woodward Aerodynamics, at panel) QUADPAN (Lockheed Martin, 3-D panel) Bypass option for any AIC Multiple set selectable aerodynamic models - Supersonic USSAERO (at panel) QUADPAN (3-D panel) Bypass option for any AIC

Unsteady Aerodynamic
- Subsonic Doublet Lattice - Supersonic Constant Pressure Method (Apa, Northrop)
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Aeroelastic Software
Structural Modeling
- Membrane type FEM (Rods, Beams, Shear panels, Quadrilateral Plates, Composites)

Static Aeroelastic Analysis

- Full 6 DOF Trim - Computes rigid and four types of exible stability derivatives - User dened loads - Trim Optimization

Dynamic Aeroelasticity
- Gust Response - Flutter P-K (computes utter velocity) - Several choices for

Q ( M , k ) curve ts

F-S Interface
- Innite Plate spline
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Aeroelastic Software
- 3-D surface spline - Beam spline - Rigid load Transfer

Very easy to add user dened functionality and tailor the system

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References

1. Bisplinghoff, Ashley and Halfman Aeroelasticity, Dover Publications, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1995. 2. Weisshaar, Fundamentals of Static and Dynamic Aeroelasticity, Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, West Lafayette, IN 1992. 3. Smilg, B. and Wasserman, L. S., Application of Three Dimensional Flutter Theory to Aircraft Structures, USAAF TR 4798, 1942. 4. Neill, D.J., Herendeen, D.L., Venkayya, V.B., ASTROS Enhancements, Vol IIIASTROS Theoretical Manual, WL-TR-95-3006. 5. Bendiksen, Oddvar O., Fluid-Structure Coupling Requirements for Time-Accurate Aeroelastic Simulations, AD-Vol.53-3, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aeroelasticity, FlowInduced Vibration and Noise, Volume III ASME, 1997. 6. Farhat, C., Special course on Parallel Computing in CFD, AGARD-R807, October 1995. 7. MacNeal, R. H., The NASTRAN Theoretical Manual, NASA-SP-221(01), April, 1971. 8. I.E. Garrick and W.H. Reed, III Historical Development of Aircraft Flutter, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1981.

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References

9. Grumman Aerospace Corporation, An Automated Procedure for Flutter and Strength Analysis and Optimization of Aerospace Vehicles Volume I. Theory and Application,, AFFDL-TR-75-137. 10. Hassig, H.J., An Approximate True Damping Solution of the Flutter Equation by Determinant Iteration, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 8, No. 11, November 1971, pp. 885-889. 11. Neill, D.J., MSC/Flight Loads and Dynamics Training,, The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation, 815 Colorado Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, August 1999.

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