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Module Id : TGENGBA110 GSM Basics

TGENGBA110

GSM Basics

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Contents

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Wireless as media Types of Spectrum Radio Wave Propagation Modulation & Multiple Access Techniques Historical developments in Mobile field Mobile generations Cellular principles GSM areas Mobile Identities

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Wireless as Media

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Wireless belongs to unguided media category Wireless as media can be used for several applications such as Microwave UHF Systems Satellite GSM / CDMA Network And the usage is for Ship to shore communication Air Traffic Control purposes Military / Police Remote locations of private concerns Commercial communication service providers etc.,
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Types of Spectrum

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radio spectrum is the complete range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation useful in radio communication Licensed Permission /registration for use is required Coordination required Interference is better controlled Example- microwave, satellite, GSM/CDMA networks License-exempted (un-licensed) Anyone can use no coordination is required creates high interference is used in large unregulated manner Example- ISM band and UNII band
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License-exempt Bands

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ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band 2.4GHz:2400-2483.5 MHz

U-NII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) bands 5.2GHz(orLower5):5150-5250 MHz 5.3GHz(orMiddle5):5250-5350 MHz 5.7or5.8GHz(orUpper5):5725-5825 MHz

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Licensed- GSM 900 Spectrum

B T S

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890 MHz

915 MHz 935 MHz 1

960 MHz 124

124

UPLINK FREQUENCY

DOWNLINK FREQUENCY

Total Bandwidth = 25MHz & Channel Spacing 200kHz Out of Total 125 Frequencies & 1 frequency is Guard Band and remaining 124 are used for GSM
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What Governs Distance?

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Distance of propagation or radio coverage is governed by many factors like : Theradiostechnology Thestrengthofthetransmittedsignal Theradiosthresholdspecifications Theradiosfrequencyofoperation Output power regulations Obstacles between the end points Climate/Terrain The antenna pattern

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Wireless Link Design Process

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The whole process is methodical, systematic and iterative, hence sometimes lengthy and may go through many redesign phases before the required quality and availability are achieved
Interference analysis

Frequency Planning
Rain attenuation

Propagation losses Branching losses

Link Budget Quality and Availability Calculations GSM Basics

Fading Predictions

Diffractionrefraction losses

Other Losses

Multipath propagation

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Antenna Radiation Pattern

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Antenna Radiation Pattern

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A side lobe refers to any lobe of energy other than the main lobe. The Front-to-Back Ratio (FBR), the difference between the power level at the peak of the beam and the power level at a point 180o from that point, can be read directly from the radiation pattern. A high FBR helps reduce interference between adjacent cell coverage areas.

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Radio Wave Propagation

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Reflection Refraction Scattering Diffraction Absorption Attenuation

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Modulation

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Modulation: The process, or result of the

process, of varying a characteristic of a carrier, in accordance with an information-bearing signal Influencing Factors Interference Antenna Height Attenuation Characteristics Attenuation for RF is lower than for Audio Frequency

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Modulation of Digital Signal

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ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

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Multiple Access

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Multiple Access refers the sharing of

common resources in order to allow simultaneous communication by multiple users and this common resource is the RF spectrum Applicable between BTS and MS FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
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The Access Network

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Local Switch or End Office

(E1)

BTS

Customer Premises

Radio Interface FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

Radio Access N/W

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Multiple Access Methods

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Long distance wireless access to subscribers using single channel systems Multiple Access techniques are then deployed to share the available spectrum in an efficient manner FDMA -Frequency Division Multiple Access Individual transmissions separated in frequency TDMA -Time Division Multiple Access - Individual transmissions are separated from one another in time CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access - Large number of transmissions are combined on the same R.F.channel at the same time but are separated by codes
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Multiple Access Methods

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FREQUENCY

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access eg. Analogue AMPS Each user defined full-time use of part of the spectral allocation

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

Time

TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access eg. IS-136, GSM Each user has part time use of the spectral allocation

Time
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access eg. IS-95 Full time us of the full spectral allocation

Time
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Mobile Phone ! What ?

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Phone on the move Allows to communicate to people with anybody while on move

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Objectives of Mobile Communication

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Any time Any where Mobility & Roaming High capacity & Subs density Efficient use of Radio Spectrum Seamless Network Architecture Low Cost Flexibility Innovative Services Standard Interfaces

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Cellular Mobile Tele Systems

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Cellular mobile Systems are Based on "Re-useofavailablefrequency Allows greater density of users Presently available Networks 1 . Analogue Cellular Radio 2 . Digital Cellular Radio
Standards being Used 1. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), by ETSI 2. International Mobile Telecommunication System (IMTS) by ITU
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PSTN GSM N/W Comparison

VOICE PSTN SWITCH PSTN SWITCH

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SIGNAL

DB
BTS

DB

DB

BTS

BSC

MSC

BTS

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Mobile Generations

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1G - Analogue (Cellular revolution) - Only Mobile Voice Services - Used FDMA technique - E.g., AMPS, NMT system 1G Limitations : Low service quality Long call set up time Inefficient use of band-width Interference Bulky & Expensive equipments Insecurity
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2G

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Digital (Breaking Digital Barrier) - Mostly Voice services & Data delivery Possible FDMA & TDMA technique E.g., GSM, IS-95 (used in USA) 2G Advantages : Better service quality Efficient use of band-width Support data, speech & FAX services Security mechanism Support power control Advance mobility management
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3G

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Voice & Data (Breaking Data Barrier) Provide both speech & data at very high speed Integrate all kinds of services (speech, data, audio, video, fax etc.) Smaller call set up time

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Generations of Cellular Technologies

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Cellular

PCS Broadband Multimedia Wireless

Integrated Fixed/Mobile Networks

Voice + Data PCS

Digital PCS

Analog ue Cellular
1G 2G 2.5 G 3G 4G

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Cellular Systems
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Cell is a Base Station (Transmitter) having a number of RF channels Usually a Hexagonal shape COVERAGE AREA : Each Cell covers a limited number of Mobile Subs within the Cell boundaries CELL RADIUS : Radial distance of a Cell Approximately :35 KMs ( Start up ) 200 m+ ( Mature )

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Cellular Systems

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In reality cell coverage is an irregular shaped circle Exact coverage of the cell depend on the terrain and many other factors For design and as a first order approximation we assume that coverage areas are regular polygons Any regular polygon such as equilateral triangle, a square, or a hexagon can be used for cell design
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Cell Representation

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Hexagonal cell is used for two reasons. A hexagonal layout requires fewer cells and therefore fewer transmitters sites A hexagonal layout is less expensive compared to square and triangular cells
Theoretical Cell Shape Actual Cell Shape

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Applications
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Large cells are planned in remote areas, coastal regions, area with few subscribers & large areas to be covered with min. cells. Small cells are planned in urban areas, high sub. density & as advantage low transmission power required.

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Advantages of Cellular Systems

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Mobility to mobile subscriber Flexibility to mobile subscriber Expansion flexibility to network provider

Efficiency in using the spectrum

Easy to re-configure

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Cell Sectorisation
Sectorisation splits a single site into a number of cells , each cell has Trans & receive antennas

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Cell with Omni Antenna (360 degree)

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Three Cell site with Directional Antennas (120 degree)

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GSM Network Structure

GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area Location Area Cell Sector

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Relation between GSM Areas

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CELL Area Served by BTS Location Area MSC Service Area

PLMN Service Area

GSM SERVICE AREA

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Mobile Identities
Subscriber Identity Module

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SIM

MSISDN Mobile Station International Subscriber

Directory Number
IMSI TMSI IMEI MSRN

International Mobile Subscriber Identity Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity -- International Mobile Equipment Identity Mobile Station Roaming/Routing Number

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Summary

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In this module the basic concepts related to wireless transmission are discussed. The purpose & facility of various modulation & multiple access techniques are covered Important information related to cellular principles, GSM areas ,mobile identities are covered in this module.

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