Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

4.1

UNDERSTANDING THE USES OF THE CATHODE RAY O S C I L L O S C O P E ( C . R . O . )

What is thermionic emission?

__________________________________________________________________________________ (a) Label the figure of a vacuum tube:

Figure 9.1

(b) emitted are accelerated .. the anode by the high between the cathode and anode. What is cathode rays? A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum

Properties of Cathode Rays 1. What is the characteristics of the cathode rays? . (i) .. (ii) . (iii) What it working principle of the cathode ray oscilloscope ? Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 1. Label all parts of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

Figure 9.3 2. Fill in the blank all components and its functions.

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Physics Module Form 5 What is the energy change?

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

1 Kinetic Energy change mv2 2

Potential Energy change eV

The principle of conservation of energy is the change of ____________ electric energy to ________ energy.

1 2 mv eV , 2
How to measure voltage? To measure a D.C voltage: The unknown voltage, V = (Y-gain) h To measure a A.C voltage: Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) h Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains)

1 (h) 2

Short time intervals, t = no. of divisions between two pulses time-base value. Examples 1. The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is set at 2 V/div and the time base is off. Calculate the value of : (a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp (b)Peak voltage, Vp. Solution:

How to measure short time intervals?

2. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and reflected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 150 ms cm-1. The diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The speed of sound in water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea? Solution:

Figure 9.11 4-3

Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

4.2
What is semiconductor?

UNDERSTANDING SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

It is ................................. ............................................................................................

What is the doping process?

1. Fill in the blank for the statement below. (a) n-type semiconductor

Silicon like Silicon doped with atoms such as or phosphorus. The phosphorus atoms have .. valence electrons. The fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has ... as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type semiconductor. (b) p-type semiconductors

What is semiconductors diodes?

Semiconductor like Silicon doped with .. atoms such as or indium has more positive holes. The Boron atoms have only . valence electrons with missing an electron. The majority charge-carriers in this semiconductor are the ..................... and this semiconductor known as a p-type semiconductor.

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Physics Module Form 5 Semiconductor Diode

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

A diode is a component (device) that allows _______________to flow in ________ direction only. A diode acts like a one-way valve to electric current.

The following figure shows structure and the symbol of a semiconductor diode :

What is the function of diodes?

Draw the symbol for a semiconductor diode.

How does the p-n junction diode work? Any further movement of _____________ across the boundary in the depletion layer will be repelled by the charges in the layer.

The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the __________ region(the electrons) from crossing the boundary. Similarly , the positive charge layer in the n-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the __________region(the holes) from crossing the boundary in the opposite direction.

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

Thus, a potential difference ,known as the ___________.In its normal state a p-n junction delivers no ____________ since the charges are in equilibrium. The effect of this junction voltage is to _________ charge carriers from drifting across the junction. What is the use of diodes as rectifiers? Diode as a Rectifier A diode can act as a rectifier because it can convert _______________ into _________________ The process of converting a.c. to d.c. is called _______________. There are two types of rectification process : (1) _____________ rectification (2) _______ - wave rectification

Half- wave rectification

For half of the cycle, A is more positive than B ,the diode conducts. For the other half cycle, A is more negative than B , no current can flow. Full-wave rectification

For half of the cycle, A is more positive than B ,the diode D1 and D3 ___________ and the ___________flows through the resistance. For the other half cycle, A is more negative than B , the diodes D2 and D4 conduct and current flows through the resistance in the same direction as before. In the circuit above, using arrows to draw the flow of current.

What is the use of a capacitor in a rectifier circuit?

Capacitor A capacitor is device which can (1) (2) (3) __________ electric __________ ____________ out waveform in the rectified output separate the ________and d.c (as a filter) 4-6

Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

Smoothing output wave by a capacitor By connecting a capacitor parallel to the resistance , the half-wave and the full-wave rectified waveform could be partially _____________ out. Label the output below.

For half of the cycle, the capacitor is charged up.___________is stored in the capacitor. For the other half cycle, the capacitor_________ its __________ (discharges) So the capacitor can produced a steady output or output is stabilised.

UNDERSTANDING TRANSISTORS
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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

4.3
What is the type of transistors? 1. Draw and label the symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.

Transistor as an Automatic Switch. 1. Complete the statement below.

RX Battery voltage Base voltage RY IB

IC

IE

Figure 9.23 The circuit shown in figure, a resistor, RX and a . are being used to form a potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is . and the transistor switches . If the resistance of the variable resistor is increased, the base voltage will. When the base voltage reached a certain minimum value, the base current, IB switches on the transistor. A large collector current, IC flows to light up the bulb. 2. State the transistor used in this circuit. 3. Light Controlled Switch (i) Complete the statement below.

10 k

R 1k LDR
Figure 9.24

IC 6V IE

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

The ...... (LDR) has a very high resistance in the . and a low resistor in ... R is a fixed . The LDR and R form a potential divider in the circuit. Voltage across the LDR is enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the ............. automatically at ................. In bright light, the LDR has a very . ................... compared to R. Then, the base voltage of the transistor is too .. to switch on the transistor. (ii) Complete the table below. Condition Daylight Darkness Remember Ic >>>>Ib RLDR VLDR Transistor (ON or OFF)

9.2.4 Transistor as a Current Amplfier 1. Complete the statement below. R2

A mA

IC

R1 IB IE Figure 9.25

A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a larger current. ., IC is primarily determined by the .., IB. A .. change in the base current, IB will cause a .. change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows:

Current Amplification

I C I B

2. What will happened to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, A when the resistance of R is reduced? .

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

4. 4

ANALYSING LOGIC GATES

What is logic gate?

A circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal and is applied in a computer and other electronic devices. This gates use in switching on and off operations. Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0). Binary 0 represents 0 V and a binary 1 represents a non zero voltage.

What is the combination of the logic gate?

1. Complete the table below.

Gates Symbol Truth table

Input A AND gate Output is ON only when both input A and B are switch ON. B

Output Y

Input A OR gate Output is ON when either one of inputs or both is ON. B

Output Y

Input A NOT gate

Output Y

Output is ON when input is OFF and vice versa.

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

Input A B

Output Y

NAND gate

It output is OFF when both inputs are both ON.

Input A NOR gate Output is ON when both input are OFF. B

Output Y

What is the application of logic gate control systems?

1. Diagram shows a simple electronic control system that is used as an automatic and manual switches to switch on the street lights when it is dark. The control system allows the street lights either to switch on manually by a switch at any time, or automatically by a light sensor when it is dark. Light sensor : daytime =1 Dark/ night = 0

Switch on = 1 Switch off = 0 Switch A

Light sensor B

Output ofinverter, C

Output

Street light on = 1 Street light off = 0 4-11

Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

2. A student would like to construct a logic gate circuit to switch on an air conditioner in his home automatically. He has chosen a light-sensitive device to detect daytime and night and a heat sensitive device to detect the surrounding temperature. He has constructed a truth table to show the function of the logic gate circuit to switch on the conditioner. Draw the logic gate circuit that will switch on the air conditioner based on the function stated in the truth table. Input P Night =0 Night =0 Day=1 Day=1 Input Q Cold = 0 Hot = 1 Cold = 0 Hot = 1 Output R Off = 0 On = 1 On = 1 On = 1

3.

The figure below shows a circuit consisting of three different logic gates.

(a) Name the logic gates Logic gate P Q R (b) Complete the truth table for the system shown above. Input A 0 0 B 0 1 Output Name of the logic gate

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Physics Module Form 5 1 1

Chapter 4- Electronics 0 1

GCKL 2010

(c) (i)

The combination of the logic gates above can be replaced by a single logic gat What is this equivalent logic gate?

(ii)

Give the Boolean equation for the logic gate in your answer in ( c)(i) above.

4.

Input A B P

Output Q Y

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

Check Yourself 1

1. Which of the following is a method to produce cathode ray? A. Heat a metal filament. B. Magnetise a metal plate in vacuum. C. Incident light on the surface of a metal. D. Bombard a metal with high speed particles. 2. What is the function of the electron gun in a cathode ray oscilloscope? A. To deflect the electron beam. B. To produce a narrow beam of electrons. C. To ionise the air molecules. D. To shoot the electrons in all the directions. 3. Which of the following quantities cannot be measured by the cathode ray oscilloscope? A. The speed of sound wave in air. B. The potential difference across a resistor. C. The electric current in a conductor. D. The short time interval between two hand claps. 4. In a pure semiconductors A. There are more free electrons than holes. B. There are equal numbers of free electrons and holes. C. There are more holes than free electrons. D. The resistance increases with temperature. 5. In a p-type semiconductor A. The number of holes is less than the number of free electrons. B. The number of holes is equal to the number of free electrons. C. The number of holes is more than the number of free electrons. 6. A. B. C. D. Which of the following concerning cathode ray is true? It is light rays from hot filament. It consists of positively charged particles. It can be deflected by a magnetic field. It is a radiation from nuclear decay.

7. Figure shows the trace on the screen of a C.R.O. with its Y-gain control adjusted at 5 V/ div. What is the peak value of the voltage measured?

A. 5.0 V

B. 10.0 V

C. 12.5 V

D. 20.0 V

8. Which of the following is not a characteristics of a diode? A. It only allows electricity to flow through it in one direction. B. It is formed by joining a p-type and an n-type semiconductor together. 4-16

Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

C. It can rectify an A.C. D. It emits electrons when heated. 9. A beam of electrons is deflected by a vertical electric field between two horizontal parallel metal plates P and Q as shown in Figure. Which of the following is true?

A. B. C. D.

The potential at P is positive. The potential at Q is positive. The deflection increases when the potential difference between PQ is reduced. The deflection increases when the speed of the electrons is increased.

10. Figure shows the trace on the screen of a C.R.O. with the Y-gain set at 2V/ cm. and the time base set at 2 ms/ cm. What is the peak voltage and frequency of the voltage measured?

Peak Voltage A. 2 V B. 4 V C. 2 V D. 2 V

frequency 0.25 Hz 125 Hz 500 Hz 250 Hz

11. The sound waves produced by clapping of hands are recorded by a microphone which is connnected to a C.R.O. with a time-base setting of 150 ms cm -1. The trace on the screen of the C.R.O. is shown in Figure. What is the time interval between the hand claps?

A. 300 ms

B. 450 ms

C. 6000 ms

D. 12000 ms

12. A transistor has three terminals. The terminals are called A. live, neutral and Earth B. base, emitter and Earth 4-17

Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

C. emitter, collector and base D. emitter, collector and Earth 13. When an A.C. signal is connected to the input terminals of a C.R.O., the trace shown on the screen is as shown in Figure. The time-base of the C.R.O. is set at 4 ms?cm. What is the frequency of the A.C. signal?

A. 27.8 Hz

B. 36 Hz

C. 62.5 Hz

D 83.3 Hz

14. Which of the following is not true about an n-type semiconductor ? A. It is formed by adding pentavalent impurities. B. It has more holes than free electrons. C. Its majority charged carriers are electrons. D. Its minority charged carriers are holes. 15.

The function of the capacitor in fhe figure above as A a rectifier B an amplifier C a current filter D a voltage smoother 16. one of the uses of semiconductors is to make of a transistors. In an npn transistor, two types of semiconductors are used to make the electrodes. Which of the following combination below is the correct sequence of the semiconductors used? Emitter collector base A. p-type n-type n-type B. n-type n-type p-type C. n-type p-type n-type D. p-type p-type n-type Structures 1. The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. power supply connected to Y-input of a CRO.

(a) What is 4-18

Physics Module Form 5 (i)

Chapter 4- Electronics the frequency of the current?

GCKL 2010

(i)

the peak voltage of the current?

(b) Draw the waveform display on the screen of the CRO in figure below when (i) the time-base switch is off.

(ii)

the time-base switch is on and the a.c. power supply is replaced by a d.c. generator.

ssay 1 (a) Figure shows a light bulb connected to a resistor R, two switches A and B and a LED.

The states of the switches A and B determine whether the LED emits light or not. The circuit represents a logic gate. (i) What is a logic gate?

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Physics Module Form 5

Chapter 4- Electronics

GCKL 2010

(ii) Write down the states of the switches A and B when the LED is switched on and the states of A and B when the LED is switched off. Construct a truth table to show the state of A and B for the effect on the LED. Hence name the logic gate that produces a similar truth table and draw the symbol of the logic gate. A B LED

(c) Figure below shows the combination of two logic gates, X, to form a single logic gate.

(i) Name the logic gate X. (ii)Complete the truth table given in Table belowP Q R S

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