1.0 WAVES 1.

1 UNDERSTANDING WAVES
WAVES Cause by vibrations or oscillations. Transport energy without permanently displacing the medium. Can either be a Mechanical waves which require a medium to travel eg. Sound wave or Electromagnetic waves which do not require a medium to travel. There are two types of waves:

Transverse Waves: The vibration of the particles of the medium is perpendicular (up and down ) to the motion of the wave. eg. Water waves, light waves,rope waves and waves on springs. (MC,MG 1-1)

Longitudinal Waves: The vibration of the particles of the medium is along the same direction (parallel) as the motion of the wave. eg.Waves on springs and sound waves.

Direction of oscillations

Direction of wave

Direction of oscillations Direction of wave

Oscillations are at right angles to direction of motion

Push C Right Crest (puncak) Direction of vibration Trough (lembangan) Left Pull R C

In longitudinal waves,particles oscillate along line of wave

Direction of wave motion of a slinky.

Direction of wave motion of a slinky

C- Compression, R- Rarefactions

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WAVEFRONTS
An imaginary line representing all the points of a wave that are in the same phase. For example a wavefront can be drawn by joining all the crests of a wave. The direction of wave travel is always perpendicular to the wavefront. Figures below show how circular wavefronts and plane wavefronts are produced.

Circular Wavefronts
(MC,MG 1-2)

Plane Wavefronts

Upwards

Oscillations of A loaded spring and a pendulum

X
Downwards

Graph below shows the displacement of the above rope along its length at a certain instant of time.

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Displacement/m
+A

Crest

Crest

Amplitude A

Distance/m
Amplitude -A

-B

Trough

Term Amplitude Wavelength Crests and troughs Symbol a Explanations The maximum displacement of the oscillator from its equilibrium position. Distance between any two successive wave crests,troughs or points which are in phase. High points and low points that characterize transverse waves only.

DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH

Displacement/m T Q

+a a
Mean Position R R Time/s Q P

-a
Term Period Frequency

Positive displacement Negative displacement

Symbol T f

Unit Explanation Second(s) The time required for one complete cycle. Hertz(Hz) The number of complete cycles per second

f=

1 T

and

T=

1 f
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Displacement

DISPLACEMENT DISTANCE GRAPH

Amplitud

Amplitud

Distance

In one period (T), a crest will have moved a distance of one wavelength (). Therefore the speed of the wave, v is given by: V=

(but

1 = f) T

Therefore Wave velocity

Worked example 1:

V=

0.3m

The above figure shows waves moving on a slinky with frequency 3 Hz and a wavelength of 0.3m.What is
the wave speed? Given frequency of wave, f = 3 Hz Wavelength of wave, = 0.3 m The wave speed v = f = (3)(0.3) = 0.9 ms-1

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DAMPING AND RESONNANCE

Energy transfer in vibration system X Potential energy is maximum. Y Kinetic energy is maximum Z Potential energy is maximum

X Y
A Simple Pendulum
Displacement x/cm

a1

a2

a3

a4

Time/s

a1>a2> a3> a4
Damping occurs if a vibrating system gradually loses its energy in overcoming resistance to its motion and will eventually stop vibrating.Decreasing amplitude is due to energy loss.

Example: An empty swing that is swinging will eventually come to a stop after sometime if it is not pushed.

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RESONANCE

Natural frequency: The frequency that an object tends to oscillate at when disturbed by an external force.

The tendency of an object to absorb more energy when the frequency of the oscillations matches the objects natural frequency of vibration therefore causing its amplitude to grow larger and larger rapidly

Forced Oscillation: An oscillation caused by external force acting on the system.

Resonance: A phenomenon that happens when a vibration system is forced to vibrate with its natural frequency.

Resonance: Can be observed using a Bartons Pendulum.The Driving Pendulum forces six pendulums of different lengths to vibrate.

l1 x

l2

l3

l4 l5

Driving pendulum

l6

Bartons Pendulum : Each of the six pendulum has its natural frequency.The pendulum that vibrates with the largest amplitude is said to be in resonance with the driving pendulum.

Pendulum with various length

Example: If an Opera sings at the same frequency as the natural frequency of a glass, the glass tends to absorb more and more energy and eventually will break.

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TRUE STORY (video)

On the morning of November 7, 1940, the four month old Tacoma Narrows Bridge began to oscillate dangerously up and down. A reporter drove out on the bridge with his cocker spaniel in the car. The bridge was heaving so violently that he had to abandon his car and crawl back to safety on his hands and knees. At about 11:00 the bridge tore itself apart and collapsed. It had been designed for winds of 120 mph and yet a wind of only 42 mph caused it to collapse. How could this happen? No one knows exactly why. However, the experts do agree that somehow the wind caused the bridge to resonate. It was a shocking calamity although the only loss of life was the cocker spaniel.

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1.2
WATER WAVES

ANALYSING REFLECTION OF WAVES.

Incident wavefronts

Reflected rays

Incident rays

Reflected wavefronts Normal Direction of reflected wave

Reflection of a wave occurs when a wave strikes an obstacle (penghalang). The wave undergoes a change in direction of propagation when it is reflected.

LIGHT WAVES
Reflected light ray Incident light ray i r

Shiny smooth plane

SOUND WAVES

Flat hard surface to reflect sound wave.

Card board tube

Stop watch

Ear Soft surface to absorb sound wave.

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LAWS OF REFLECTION 1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, i.e. i = r.

EFFECTS OF REFLECTION OF WAVE

Velocity, v Frequency, f Wavelength, Remain the same before and after reflections

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