185

Append|x A Ler|ved ormu|ae

Appendix A: Derived formulae
Flexure: beams and slabs
Singly reinforced sections
he rectangu|ar stress ||oc| shown |e|ow |n l|gure A! may |e used
h
A
s2
A
s
d
a) Section b) Strain c) Forces
neutral axis
d
2
e
c
e
sc
lx
e
s
x
nf
cd
F
c
z
F
st
F
sc
Figure A1
Strains and forces in a section
Fig. 3.5
lor grades o concrete up to CS0/60, e
cu
0003S, n ! and l 0S
|
cd
a
cc
|
c|
/g
C
0SS |
c|
/!S
3.1.6(1), 2.4.2.4(1)
& NA
|
yd
|
y|
/ g
S
|
y|
/!!S 0S/|
y|
2.4.2.4(1) & NA
lor s|ng|y re|norced sect|ons, the des|gn equat|ons can |e der|ved as o||ows
Lever arm, z
z = d 0.4x
F
st
F
c
0.8x
Figure A2
Beam lever arm
/
c
(0SS |
c|
/!S) / (0S\) 04S3|
c|
/\
/
st
0S//
s
|
y|
Cons|der moment

, /, a|out the centre o the tens|on orce

/ 04S3|
c|
/\
Now J 04\
\ 2S(J )
/ 04S3|
c|
/2S(J )
!!333 (|
c|
/J |
c|
/
2
)
let / ///J
2
|
c|
!!333 (|
c|
/J |
c|
/
2
)//J
2
|
c|
!!333(J
2
)/J
2
0 !!333|(/J)
2
(/J)| /
(/J)
2
(/J) 0SS23S/

ln pract|ce the des|gn moment, /

ld
wou|d |e used
A1
A1.1
186
So|v|ng the quadrat|c equat|on
/J |! (! 3S29/)
0S
|/2
J|! |! 3S29/)
0S
|/2
Table C5
/| / con/JeeJ qooJ ooc|/ce /n |/e c/ |o //m/| /J |o o mo\/mam o| 09'J I// qaoJ oqo/n|
e/,/nq on .e, |//n ec|/on o| conce|e u//c/ o| |/e e\|eme |oo o| o ec|/on mo, /e o|
ae|/ono//e |enq|/j Io//e q/./nq .o/ae o| /J onJ \/J |o .o/ae o| / mo, /e aeJ
Area of reinforcement, A
s
a||ng moments a|out the centre o the compress|on orce
/ 0S//
s
|
y|

/
s
//(0S/|
y|
)
Limiting value of relative exural compressive stress, K'
Assum|ng no red|str||ut|on ta|es p|ace, a ||m|t|ng va|ue (on the strength o concrete |n
compress|on) or / can |e ca|cu|ated (denoted /) as o||ows
e
cu3
concrete stra|n 0003S
e
s
re|norcement stra|n
S00/(!!S 200 !0
3
) 00022
lrom stra|n d|agram, l|gure A!
\ 0003SJ/(0003S 00022)
06J
lrom equat|ons a|ove
/ 04S3|
c|
/\
/ 04S3|
c|
/ 06J (J 04 06 J)
020/|
c|
/ J
2
/ 020/
lt |s oten cons|dered good pract|ce to ||m|t the depth o the neutra| ax|s to avo|d 'over-
re|norcement' (|e to ensure that the re|norcement |s y|e|d|ng at a||ure, thus avo|d|ng |r|tt|e
a||ure o the concrete) Oten \/J |s ||m|ted to 04S h|s |s reerred to as the |a|anced sect|on
|ecause at the u|t|mate ||m|t state the concrete and stee| reach the|r u|t|mate stra|ns at the
same t|me
|3!|
h|s |s not a lurocode 2 requ|rement and |s not accepted |y a|| eng|neers
Nonethe|ess or \ 04SJ
lrom equat|ons a|ove
/ 04S3|
c|
/\
/ 04S3|
c|
/ 04SJ (J 04 04SJ)
0!6/|
c|
/J
2
/ 0!6/
Cl. 5.5(4)
\/J |s a|so restr|cted |y the amount o red|str||ut|on carr|ed out lor |
c|
< S0 Mla
d ~ 04 (06 000!4e
cu
)\
u
/J
where
J red|str||uted moment/e|ast|c |end|ng moment |eore red|str||ut|on
\
u
depth o the neutra| ax|s at 0lS ater red|str||ut|on
e
cu
compress|ve stra|n |n the concrete at 0lS
h|s g|ves the va|ues |n a||e A!

Table 3.1
187
Append|x A Ler|ved ormu|ae
A1.2
A2
A2.1
Table A1
Limits on with respect to redistribution ratio, d
d 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7
% redistribution 0 S !0 !S 20 2S 30
K' 020S 0!9S 0!S2 0!6S 0!S3 0!3/ 0!20
l / > / the sect|on shou|d |e res|.ed or compress|on re|norcement |s requ|red ln ||ne w|th
cons|derat|on o good pract|ce out||ned a|ove, this publication adopts a maximum value
of K' = 0.167
Compression reinforcement, A
s2
he ma|or|ty o |eams used |n pract|ce are s|ng|y re|norced, and these |eams can |e des|gned us|ng
the ormu|a der|ved a|ove ln some cases, compress|on re|norcement |s added |n order to
lncrease sect|on strength where sect|on d|mens|ons are restr|cted, |e where / > /
o reduce |ong term de|ect|on
o decrease curvature/deormat|on at u|t|mate ||m|t state
A
s2
A
s
Figure A3
Beam with compression reinforcement
v|th reerence to l|gure A!, there |s now an extra orce
/
sc
0S//
s2
|
y|
he area o tens|on re|norcement can now |e cons|dered |n two parts, the |rst part to |a|ance
the compress|ve orce |n the concrete, the second part to |a|ance the orce |n the compress|on
stee| he area o tens|on re|norcement requ|red |s thereore
/
s
/' |
cu
/J
2
/(0S/|
y|
) /
s2
where
|s ca|cu|ated us|ng /' |nstead o /
/
s2
can |e ca|cu|ated |y ta||ng moments a|out the centre o the tens|on orce
/ / 0S/|
y|
/
s2
(J J
2
)
/ / |
cu
/J
2
0S/|
y|
/
s2
(J J
2
)
kearrang|ng
/
s2
(/ /) |
c|
/J
2
/|0S/ |
y|
(J J
2
)|
Shear
Shear resistance (without shear reinforcement), V
Rd,c
\
kd,c
|C
kd,c
/(!00r! |
c|
)
!/3
/
!
s
cp
| /
w
J ~ (.
m|n
/
!
s
cp
) /
w
J Exp. (6.2)
where
C
kd,c
0!S/g
C
0!S/!S 0!2
NA
/ ! (200/J)
0S
< 20
188
A2.2
A2.3
r
!
/
s
/(/
w
J) < 002
/
!
0!S
s
cp
0 or non-prestressed concrete
.
m|n
003S/
!S
|
c|
0S
\
kd,c
0!2/(!00 r
!
|
c|
)
!/3
/
w
J ~ 003S/
!S
|
c|
0S
/
w
J
Shear capacity
Exp. (6.9)
he capac|ty o a concrete sect|on w|th vert|ca| shear re|norcement to act
as a strut, \
kd,max

\
kd,max
a
cw
/
w
?v
!
|
cd
/(cot y tan y)
Cl. 6.2.3(3) Note 1,
Exp. (6.6N) & NA
where
a
cw
!0
v
!
v 06 |! |
c|
/2S0|
|
cd
a
cc
|
c|
/g
C
!00 |
c|
/!S
\
kd,max
040 /
w
|
c|
|! |
c|
/2S0|/(cot y tan y)
kearrang|ng th|s equat|on g|ves
y 0S s|n
!
|.
ld.
/(020|
c|
|! |
c|
/2S0|)| ~ cot
!
2S
where
.
ld.
\
ld
// \
ld
/(/09J)
ln most cases, where cot y 2S, y 2!S
.
kd,max,cot y 2S
0!3S/
w
|
c|
|! |
c|
/2S0|
or
.
kd,max,cot y 2S
0!3S|
c|
|! |
c|
/2S0|
where
.
kd,max,cot y 2S
\
kd,max,cot y 2S
/(/)
\
kd,max,cot y 2S
/(09/J)
vhere cot y > 2S, the ang|e o the strut and .
kd,max
shou|d |e ca|cu|ated, or .
kd,max
may |e
|oo|ed up |n ta||es or charts (eg a||e C/ or l|gure C!)
Shear reinforcement
Exp. (6.13) \
kd,s
(/
sw
/)|
ywd
(cot y cot a)s|n a ~ \
ld
where
/
sw
cross-sect|ona| area o the shear re|norcement
spac|ng
|ever arm (approx|mate va|ue o 09J may norma||y |e used)
|
ywd
|
yw|
/g
S
des|gn y|e|d strength o the shear re|norcement
a ang|e o the ||n|s to the |ong|tud|na| ax|s lor vert|ca| ||n|s,
cot a 0 and s|n a !0
kearrang|ng or vert|ca| ||n|s
/
sw
/ ~ \
ld
/|
ywd
cot y
or
/
sw
/ ~ .
ld,.
/
w
/ |
ywd
cot y
M|n|mum area o shear re|norcement
Exp. (9.5N) & NA
/
sw,m|n
/(/
w
s|n a) ~ 00S|
c|
0S
/|
y|
where
|ong|tud|na| spac|ng o the shear re|norcement
/
w
|readth o the we|
189
Append|x A Ler|ved ormu|ae
A3

a ang|e o the shear re|norcement to the |ong|tud|na| ax|s o the mem|er lor vert|ca|
||n|s s|n a !0
kearrang|ng or vert|ca| ||n|s
A
sw,m|n
/ ~ 00S/
w
s|n a |
c|
0S
/|
y|
Columns
a) Strain diagram b) Stress diagram
n ax|s
|
cd
a
cc
n|
c|
/g
C
J
2
J
c
\
/
J
2
s
sc
s
st
e
cu2
e
sc
e
y
e
c
/
s!
/
s2
Figure A4
Section in axial
compression and
bending
Fig. 6.1
lor ax|a| |oad
/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
/
s2
s
sc
/
s!
s
st
but as /
s2
/
s!
/
sN
/2
/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
/
sN
(s
sc
s
st
)/2
/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
/
sN
(s
sc
s
st
)/2
(/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
)/(s
sc
s
st
) /
sN
/2
/
sN
/2 (/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
)/(s
sc
s
st
)
/
sN
/2 (/
ld
a
cc
n|
c|
/J
c
/g
C
)/(s
sc
s
st
)
lor moment a|out centre o co|umn
/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
(//2 J
c
/2) /
s2
s
sc
(//2 J
2
) /
s!
s
st
(//2 J
2
)
but as /
s2
/
s!
/
sM
/2
/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
(//2 J
c
/2) /
sM
(s
sc
s
st
)(//2 J
2
)/2
/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
(//2 J
c
/2) /
sM
(s
sc
s
st
)(//2 J
2
)/2
|/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
(//2 J
c
/2)|/(s
sc
s
st
)(//2 J
2
) /
sM
/2
/
sM
/2 |/
ld
a
cc
n|
c|
/J
c
(//2 J
c
/2)/g
C
|/|(s
sc
s
st
)(//2 J
2
)|
So|ut|on
lterate \ such that /
sN
/
sM
Note
lor sect|ons who||y |n compress|on, the stra|n |s ||m|ted such that average stra|n
e
cs
000!/S (assum|ng ||||near stressstra|n re|at|onsh|p)
Cl. 6.1(6), Fig. 6.1,
Table 3.1