3

Chng 1
GII THIU CHUNG V CUNG CP IN

in nng ngy cng ph bin v d dng chuyn thnh cc dng nng lng khc
nh: c, ha, nhit nng; c sn xut ti cc trung tm in v c truyn ti n
h tiu th vi hiu sut cao.
Trong qu trnh sn xut v tiu th in nng c mt s c tnh:
- in nng sn xut ra thng khng tch tr c, do phi c s cn bng gia
sn xut v tiu th in.
- Cc qu trnh v in xy ra rt nhanh v nguy him nu c s c xy ra, v vy
thit b in c tnh t ng v i hi an ton v tin cy cao.

Hnh 1.1. H thng in
Nhng yu cu v ni dung ch yu khi thit k h thng cung cp in:
Mc tiu chnh ca thit k cung cp in l m bo cho h tiu th lun in
nng vi cht lng trong phm vi cho php v mt phng n cung cp in c
xem l hp l khi tha mn cc nhu cu sau:
- Vn u t nh, ch tit kim ngoi t v vt t him.
- m bo tin cy cung cp in ty theo tnh cht h tiu th.
- Chi ph vn hnh hng nm thp.
- m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
- Thun tin cho vn hnh v sa cha
- m bo cht lng in nng.
- Ngoi ra, cn phi ch n cc iu kin khc nh: mi trng, s pht trin
ca ph ti, thi gian xy dng
Mt s bc chnh thc hin mt phng n thit k cung cp in:
- Xc nh ph ti tnh ton nh gi nhu cu v chn phng thc cung cp
in.
- Xc nh phng n v ngun in.
- Xc nh cu trc mng.
- Chn thit b.
- Tnh ton chng st, ni t chng st v ni t an ton cho ngi v thit b.
- Tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
- Tip theo thit k k thut l bc thit k thi cng nh cc bn v lp t, nhng
nguyn vt liu cn thit Cui cng l cng tc kim tra iu chnh v th nghim
cc trang thit b, a vo vn hnh v bn giao.

4

1.1. Li in v li cung cp in:
1.1.1. Khi nim:
H thng in gm 3 khu: sn xut, truyn ti v tiu th in.
Ngun in l cc nh my in (nhit in, thy in, in nguyn t) v cc
trm pht in (diesel, mt tri, gi)
Tiu th in gm tt c cc i tng s dng in trong cng, nng nghip v
i sng
Li in truyn ti in t ngun n h tiu th, li gm ng dy truyn
ti v cc trm bin p.
Li in Vit nam hin c cc cp in p: 0,4; 6; 10; 22; 35; 110; 220 v 500kV.
Tng lai s ch cn cc cp: 0,4; 22; 110; 220 v 500kV.
1.1.2. Phn loi:
C nhiu cch phn loi li in:
-Theo in p: siu cao p (500kV), cao p (220, 110kV), trung p (35, 22, 10,
6kV) v h p (1,2kV; 0,69kV; 0,4kV).
-Theo nhim v: li cung cp (500, 220, 110kV) v li phn phi (35, 22, 10, 6
v 0,4kV).
Ngoi ra, c th chia theo khu vc, s pha, cng nghip, nng nghip
1.2. Nhng yu cu chung v li cung cp in:
1.2.1. tin cy cung cp in:
Ty theo tnh cht ca h dng in c th chia thnh 3 loi:
- H loi 1: l nhng h rt quan trng, khng c mt in nh sn bay, hi
cng, khu qun s, ngoi giao, cc khu cng nghip, bnh vin
- H loi 2: l cc khu vc sn xut, nu mt in c th nh hng nhiu n kinh
t
- H loi 3: l nhng h khng quan trng cho php mt in tm thi.
Cch chia h nh vy ch l tm thi trong giai on nn kinh t cn thp km,
ang hng n mc tiu cc h phi u l h loi 1 v c cp in lin tc.
1.2.2. Cht lng in:
Cht lng in c th hin qua hai thng s: tn s (f) v in p (U). Cc tr s
ny phi nm trong phm vi cho php.
Trung tm iu quc gia v cc trm in c nhim v gi n nh cc thng s
ny: Tn s f c gi 50 0,5Hz v in p yu cu lch |U|= U U
m
5%U
m
.
Lu lch in p khc vi tn tht in p (hiu s in p gia u v cui
ngun ca cng cp in p).










Hnh 1.2. lch v tn tht in p


5

1.2.3. Tnh kinh t:
Tnh kinh t ca mt phng n cung cp in th hin qua hai ch tiu: vn u t
v chi ph vn hnh:
- Vn u t mt cng trnh in bao gm tin mua vt t, thit b, tin vn
chuyn, th nghim, th nghim, mua t ai, n b hoa mu, tin kho st thit k,
lp t v nghim thu.
- Ph tn vn hnh bao gm cc khon tin phi chi ph trong qu trnh vn hnh
cng trnh in: lng cho cn b qun l, k thut, vn hnh, chi ph bo dng v
sa cha, chi ph cho th nghim th nghim, do tn tht in nng trn cng trnh
in.
Thng thng hai loi chi ph ny mu thun nhau. Phng n cp in ti u l
phng n dung ha hai chi ph trn, l phng n c chi ph tnh ton hng nm
nh nht.
( ). . min
vh tc
Z a a K c A = + + A
trong :

vh
a : h s vn hnh, vi ng dy trn khng ly 0,04; cp v trm bin p ly
0,1.
tc
a : h s thu hi vn u t tiu chun
1
tc
T
= , vi li cung cp in 5
tc
T = nm.
K: vn u t.
A A : tn tht in 1 nm.
c: gi tin tn tht in nng (/kWh).
1.2.4. Tnh an ton:
An ton thng c t ln hng u khi thit k, lp t v vn hnh cng trnh
in. An ton cho cn b vn hnh, cho thit b, cng trnh, cho ngi dn v cc cng
trnh xung quanh.
Ngi thit k v vn hnh cng trnh in phi tuyt i tun th cc quy nh an
ton in.
Bng 1.1. Mt s k hiu thng dng:
Thit b K hiu Thit b K hiu
My pht in hoc nh
my in

ng c in

My bin p 2 cun dy

Khi ng t

My bin p 3 cun dy

My bin p iu
chnh di ti

My ct in

Cu ch.

Cu dao cch ly

Aptmt


6

My ct ph ti

Cu ch t ri

T iu khin

T in b

T chiu sng cc b

T chiu sng lm
vic

T phn phi

T phn phi ng
lc
n si t

n hunh quang

cm in

Cng tc in

Khng in

My bin dng in

Dy cp in

Dy dn in

Thanh dn (thanh ci)

Dy dn tn s
50Hz

Dy dn mng hai dy

Dy dn mng 4 dy.

ng dy in p
U 36V.

ng dy mng
ng lc 1 chiu

Chng st ng

Chng st van



Cu hi n tp chng 1.
Cu 1. Trnh by c im v qu trnh bin i nng lng ca cc nh my in?
Cu 2. Nu v phn tch c im nng lng in v c im cng ngh ca h
thng in?
Cu 3. phn loi cc h tiu th in x nghip ngi ta cn c vo nhng ch tiu
no? Nu v phn tch c im v phng n cp in cho cc h tiu th in.
Cu 4. Nhng yu cu v ni dung ch yu khi thit k h thng cung cp in.

7

Chng 2
CC LOI LI IN

Li in truyn ti in t ngun n h tiu th, li in gm ng dy
truyn ti v cc trm bin p. Li in Vit nam hin c cc cp in p: 0,4kV;
0,69kV; 1,2kV; 6kV; 10kV; 22kV; 35kV; 110kV; 220kV v 500kV. Tng lai s ch cn
cc cp: 0,4kV; 22kV; 110kV; 220kV v 500kV.
C nhiu cch phn loi li in, sau y cp n cch phn loi theo i tng
cp in:
2.1.Li in th
Thng s dng cp in p trung p l 35kV; 22kV; 10kV; 6kV.
tng tin cy cung cp in, li trung p thnh ph thng c cu trc mch
vng kn vn hnh h.
m bo an ton v m quan th, thng s dng cp ngm cho mng trung v
h p. Thng dng trm bin p kiu xy. Tuy nhin chi ph u t v vn hnh s cao
hn nhiu.
thun li cho phn phi v t nh hng n giao thng cc trm bin p thng
ch cung cp in cho mt bn ng v c t gc hay gia on ng.










Hnh 0.1. Trm bin p t gc ph.
2.2. Li in nng thn:
nng thn, mi huyn thng c cp in t 1 hay 2 trm bin p trung gian,
hin nay thng s dng cp 10kV; 22kV v 35kV c cu trc dng cy.
Tt c cc tuyn dy u l ng dy trn khng. Cc trm bin p thng dng
kiu trm ct. d qun l v vn hnh trm bin p phn phi thng c t gia
thn.
2.3. Li in x nghip:
Cc x nghip cng nghip l nhng h tiu th in tp trung, cng sut ln, in
nng cung cp cho cc x nghip c ly t cc trm bin p trung gian bng cc ng
dy trung p.
S cung cp in cho x nghip c th phn thnh 2 phn: bn trong v bn ngoi.
- S cung cp in bn ngoi: l phn cung cp in t h thng n trm bin p
chnh hay trm phn phi trung tm ca x nghip.
Li trung p in x nghip c cu trc khc nhau ty vo quy m x nghip. i
vi nhng x nghip c ti vi trm kVA, ch cn t 1 trm bin p. i vi nhng x
nghip ln cn t nhiu trm bin p, mi trm cung cp cho mt hoc vi phn xng.

8

a)
b) c)
d)

Hnh 0.2: S cung cp in bn ngoi x nghip
a) khi cp in p s dng ca nh my trng vi in p cung cp t h thng; b)
cc trm bin p phn xng nhn in trc tip t h thng v h xung 0,4kV s
dng; c) c trm bin p trung tm trc khi phn phi n cc trm bin p phn xng;
d) khi x nghip c my pht in d phng.

- S cung cp in bn trong: t trm phn phi trung tm n cc trm bin p
phn xng. C 3 kiu s thng dng: s hnh tia, lin thng v s hn hp.



S. Hn hp

Hnh 0.3. S cp in bn trong
Li h p x nghip chnh l li in bn trong mi phn xng. cp in cho
phn xng ngi ta t cc t phn phi nhn in h p t cc my bin p v cp cho
cc t ng lc, t t ny cung cp in cho cc thit b.
2.4. Cc loi dy v cp in:
ti in ngi ta dng dy dn v cp. So vi dy dn ti in bng cp t
tin hn nhng m quan hn, v th cp trung v h p thch hp cho li in th v
x nghip. Ti in bng dy dn r tin, d sa cha v thay th thng c dng trn
li trung p v khu vc nng thn.

9












Hnh 0.4: Cp v dy trn
2.4.1. Cc loi dy dn:
Dy dn gm hai loi: dy bc cch in v dy trn.
- Dy bc cch in: thng dng trn li h p. Dy bc c nhiu loi: mt si,
nhiu si, dy cng, mm, n, i Vt liu thng dng l ng v nhm.
K hiu: M(n, F), trong : M l dy ng; n l s dy; F l tit din dy.
- Dy trn: dng cho mi cp in p. C cc loi nh: nhm, thp, ng v nhm li
thp. Trong dy nhm v nhm li thp c dng ph bin cho ng dy trn
khng, trong phn nhm lm nhim v dn in v phn thp tng bn c hc.
K hiu: Loi dy (A, AC) - F, trong : A l dy nhm; AC dy nhm li thp; F l
tit din.
K hiu cho mng in: loi dy (n.F +1.F
o
) vi n l s dy pha v F
o
tit in dy
trung tnh.
2.4.2. Cc loi cp:
2.4.2.1. Cu to cp: Cp lc gm cc phn t chnh sau: li, cch in v lp v bo v.
- Li (rut dn in): Vt liu c bn dng lm rut dn in ca cp l ng hay
nhm k thut in. Rut cp c cc hnh dng trn, qut, hnh mnh. Rut c th gm
mt hay nhiu si.
- Lp cch in: Lp vt liu cch in cch ly cc rut dn in vi nhau v cch ly
vi lp bo v.
Hin nay cch in ca cp thng dng l nha tng hp, cc loi cao su, giy cch
in, cc loi du v kh cch in.
- Lp v bo v: Lp v bo v bo v cch in ca cp trnh m t, trnh tc
ng ca ha cht do du tm thot ra do h hng c hc cng nh trnh n mn, han g
khi t trong t. Lp v bo v dy dn l ai hay li bng thp, nhm hay ch, ngoi
cng l lp v cao su hoc nha tng hp.
2.4.2.2. Phn loi cp: Cp c th phn loi theo nhiu cch:
- Theo s li: mt, hai, ba hay bn li, thng thng cp cao p ch c mt li.
- Theo vt liu cch in: giy cch in (c tm hay khng tm), cch in cao su
hay nha tng hp v cch in t hp.
- Theo mc ch s dng: h, trung v cao p, ngoi ra cn c cp rado v cp thng
tin.
- Theo lnh vc s dng: cp dng cho hng hi, hng khng, du m, hm m, trong
nc hay cho cc thit b di chuyn (cn cu, cn trc)

10

2.5. Cu trc ng dy ti in:
ng dy ti in trn khng k hiu l DK. ng dy ti in trn khng bao
gm cc phn t: dy dn, s, x, ct, mng, cn c th c dy chng st, dy no v b
chng rung.











Hnh 0.5: ng dy ti in trn khng
- ng dy truyn ti in trn khng: cng trnh xy dng mang tnh cht k thut
dng truyn ti in nng theo dy dn, c lp t ngoi tri. Dy dn c kp
cht nh s, x ct v cc chi tit kt cu xy dng. ng dy h p cn c thm mt
dy trung tnh ly c in p pha v in p dy. Nu ph ti 3 pha i xng th ly
dy trung tnh bng dy pha cn khi ph ti pha khng cn bng th tit din dy trung
tnh ly bng tit din dy pha.
- Khong cch tiu chun: gm cc khong cch ngn nht gia dy dn c cng
v t, gia dy dn c cng v cng trnh xy dng, gia dy dn v ct, gia cc
dy dn vi nhau.
- vng trn dy: l khong cch theo chiu thng ng t ng thng ni 2 im
treo dy trn ct ti im thp nht ca dy dn do tc dng ca khi lng dy.
- Lc cng dy: l lc cng ko dy v kp cht c nh dy dn trn ct.
- Ch lm vic bnh thng: l ch lm vic m dy dn khng b t.
- Ch s c: l ch m dy dn b t d ch mt dy.
- Khong vt trung gian ca ng dy: khong cch mt phng ngang gia 2 ct.
- Khong no cht: l khong cch mt phng nm ngang gia 2 ct chu lc gn
nhau. Cc ct chu lc bao gm cc ct u tuyn, cc ct cui tuyn v cc ct gc dy
dn chuyn hng i.
2.5.1. Cu trc ng dy trn khng
- Ct: li cung cp in trung p dng 2 loi ct: ct vung v ct ly tm, k hiu
H v LT.
+ Ct vung (ct ch H): thng ch to c 7,5 v 8,5m. Ct H7,5 dng cho li h
p v H8,5 dng cho li h p v li 10kV.
+ Ct ly tm (ct trn): cc ct c c di 10 v 12m, cc ct di 6, 8 v 10m.
Ct v c ni vi nhau nh cc mng xng hay mt bch, t c th c cc ct
10, 12, 16, 20, 22m. Cc ct cn c phn loi thnh A, B, C, D theo kh nng chu lc
(c tra cc bng).
- X: dng dy dn v c nh khong cch gia cc dy, c lm bng st
hoc b tng kch thc ty vo cp in p. Trn x c khoan sn cc l bt s,

11

khong cch gia hai l khoan (cng l khong cch gia hai dy) t 0,30,4m i vi
ng dy h p, t 0,81,2m vi ng dy 10kV, t 1,52m vi ng dy 35kV.
- S: s c tc dng va lm gi cho cc b phn mang in va lm vt cch
in gia cc b phn vi t. V vy s phi bn, chu c dng ngn mch
ng thi phi chu c in p ca mng k c lc qu in p.
S cch in thng c thit k v sn xut cho cp in p nht nh v c chia
thnh hai dng chnh: s hay s treo dng hay treo thanh ci, dy dn v cc b
phn mang in; s xuyn dng dn nhnh hay dn xuyn qua tng hoc nh.
+ S : thng dng cho ng dy c in p t 35kV tr xung, khi ng dy
vt sng hay ng giao thng th c th dng s treo.
+ S treo: c th phn thnh s thanh v s a. S thanh c ch to c chiu di
v chu c mt in p xc nh trc. Chui s c kt li t cc a v s lng
c ghp vi nhau ty thuc in p ng dy. u im ca vic dng chui s cho
ng dy cao th l in p lm vic c th tng bng cch thm cc a s vi chi ph
nh.


Hnh 0.6. Mt s dng s
Khi cn tng cng v lc ngi ta dng cc chui s ghp song song, khi tng
cng cch in ngi ta tng thm s a. Vic kp dy dn vo s ng c thc
hin bng cch qun dy hoc bng ghp kp dy chuyn dng. Vic kp dy vo s treo
c thc hin bng kha kp dy chuyn dng.
ng dy c in p 110kV tr ln dng s treo. Chui s treo gm cc a s tu
theo cp in p m chui s c s a khc nhau.
Bng 2.1. Cc a s theo cp in p
in p (kV) S a s
3-10 01
35 03
110 07
220 13
Ti s l chi tit c gn vo s ng bng cch vn ren v chn ximng, ct c
dng lm tr kp cht s vi x trn ct in. Ti s c lm bng thp, c sn ph
hay m chng g.
- Mng ct: c nhim v chng lt ct. Trong vn hnh ct in chu lc ko ca dy
v lc ca gi bo.

12

- Dy no: ti cc ct no (ct u, cui v gc ng dy), tng cng chu lc
ko cho cc ct ny cc dy no c t ngc hng lc ko dy.
- B chng rung: chng rung cho dy dn do tc dng ca gi.
B chng rung gm 2 qu t bng gang ni vi nhau bng cp thp, on cp c
kt vo ng dy nh kp.



Hnh 0.7: B chng rung v mng ct
Ngoi ra, trn ct v cc x cn c lp t cc tit b in phc v cho vic
vn hnh v bo v hot ng ca li in nh: cc cu ch t ri, my ct ph ti, dao
cch ly, thit b t ng li
2.5.2. Cu trc mng cp:
Cp c ch to chc chn, cch in tt, li c t di t hoc trong hm
cp nn trnh c cc va p c kh v nh hng ca kh hu. in khng ca cp nh
hn so vi ng dy trn khng cng tit din nn gim c tn tht cng sut v tn
tht in p. Nhc im chnh ca cp l gi thnh cao, thng gp 2,5 ln so vi
ng dy trn khng cng tit din, do cp c dng nhng ni quan trng. Thc
hin vic r nhnh cp cng rt kh khn v chnh ti ch thng xy ra s c, v vy
ch nhng cp c in p U
m
< 10kV v tht cn thit th mi thc hin r nhnh. Hin
c rt nhiu cc loi cp khc nhau do nhiu hng ch to: cp cch in bng cao su;
cch in bng du; PVC; PE; XLPE hay cp cch in bng kh...


Cu hi n tp chng 2
Cu 1. Cch phn loi li in v cc yu cu chung v li cung cp in ?
Cu 2. Nu v phn tch kt cu ng dy trn khng? So vi kt cu mng cp th kt
cu ng dy trn khng c nhng u, nhc im g ?
Cu 3. Cc dng s cung cp in? So snh u, nhc im v phm vi ng dng ca
cc s cung cp in. V sao trong thc t ngy nay ngi ta u tin s dng s
dn su ?


13

Chng 3
TNH TON PH TI IN

Nhim v u tin khi tnh ton thit k cung cp in l xc nh nhu cu in (gi
l ph ti tnh ton). Nu ph ti tnh ton nh hn ph ti thc t s lm gim tui th
thit b i khi c th gy chy n do qu ti thit b, ngc li th thit b c chn s
qu ln gy lng ph vn u t.
Ph ti tnh ton ca mt nhm thit b in, ca mt phn xng... l ph ti s
dng thit k cung cp in cho nhm thit b in , ph ti tnh ton cn dng
la chn my bin p, dy dn v cc thit b ng ct. iu c ngha l h thng
cung cp in c xc nh theo cng sut tnh ton ny.
C hai loi ph ti tnh ton:
- Ph ti tnh ton theo pht nng cho php: L ph ti lu di khng thay i tng
ng vi ph ti thc t v hiu qu nhit.
- Ph ti tnh ton theo iu kin pht nng: Cn gi l ph ti nh nhn, n gy ra
tn tht in p ln nht trong mng in v cc iu kin lm vic nng n nht cho
mng in.
3.1. Cc khi nim chung.
3.1.1. Ph ti in:
Thng thng cng sut vn hnh khc vi cng sut thc t do nhiu yu t khc
nhau v l mt hm theo thi gian. Nhng cn phi xc nh ph ti in cho vic tnh
ton cung cp in. Cng sut tnh ton c gi l cng sut tnh ton (P
tt
).
- Nu P
tt
< P
thc t
: thit b mau gim tui th, c th chy n.
- Nu P
tt
> P
thc t
: lng ph vn u t.
C nhiu phng php xc nh ph ti in, cng c nhiu thng tin cng la chn
c phng php chnh xc. Thng thng c hai nhm phng php l phng php
kinh nghim v phng php da trn xc xut thng k.
3.1.2. Cc c tnh chung ca ph ti in.
Mi mt ph ti c nhng c trng ring ca n, v c 3 c trng m cc
phng n cung cp phi xt n:
- Cng sut nh mc: thng c ghi trn nhn ca thit b. i vi ng c,
cng sut nh mc l cng sut trn trc ca ng c, cng sut in P

=P
m
/
m
.
Thng
m
=0,8 0,85; trng hp ng c nh c th xem P

=P
m
.
- in p nh mc: in p lm vic ca thit b phi ph hp vi li in ni
t thit b.
- Tn s: tn s lm vic ca thit b khc nhau nhiu t 0Hz (in DC) n hng
triu Hz thit b cao tn.
3.1.3. th ph ti.
3.1.3.1. Khi nim
th ph ti in c trng cho s tiu dng nng lng in ca cc thit b ring
l, ca nhm thit b, ca phn xng hoc ca ton b x nghip. N cho bit quan h
theo thi gian ca cng sut tc dng P, phn khng Q, biu kin S, hay dng in I ca
ph ti.
3.1.3.2. Phn loi: c nhiu cch phn loi
- Theo i lng o: th ph ti tc dng P(t), phn khng Q(t) v in nng A(t).

14

- Theo thi gian kho st: th ph ti hng ngy, hng thng v hng nm.
3.1.3.3. Cc loi th ph ti thng dng:
- th ph ti ngy: nh hnh a) c ghi bng my; b) c ghi v v li bi cc
vn hnh vin v c) th hin dng bc thang thng s trung bnh trong mt khong thi
gian.
b) a) c)
Hnh 3.1. th ph ti ngy
+ th ph ti hng ngy cho bit tnh trng lm vic ca thit b t sp xp
li qui trnh vn hnh hp l nht, lm cn c tnh chn thit b, tnh in nng tiu
th.
+ th ph ti ngy c 5 thng s c trng: ph ti cc i, h s cng sut cc
i, in nng tc dng v phn khng ngy m, h s cng sut tng ng v h s
in kn ca th ph ti.
- th ph ti hng thng: c xy dng theo ph ti trung bnh ca tng thng
ca x nghip trong mt nm lm vic.
th ph ti hng thng cho ta bit nhp sn xut ca x nghip. T c th
ra lch vn hnh sa cha cc thit b in mt cch hp l nht, nhm p ng cc yu
cu ca sn xut.













Hnh 0.1: th ph ti thng

15

- th ph ti nm: thng c xy dng dng bc thang, xy dng trn c s
ca th ph ti ngy m in hnh (thng chn 1 ngy in hnh vo ma ng v
vo ma h).


Hnh 0.2: th ph ti nm
th ph ti nm c cc thng s c trng nh: in nng tc dng v phn khng
tiu th trong nm, thi gian s dng cng sut cc i T
max
, h s cng sut trung bnh
v h s in kn ph ti.
3.1.4. Cc i lng v h s thng gp
3.1.4.1. Cc i lng c bn:
- Cng sut nh mc P
m
: Cng sut nh mc ca cc thit b tiu th in thng
c cc nh ch to ghi sn trn nhn hiu my hoc trong cc l lch my. i vi
ng c, cng sut nh mc ghi trn nhn hiu my chnh l cng sut c trn trc ng
c. Cng sut t l cng sut u vo ca ng c, vy cng sut t trn trc ng c
c tnh nh sau:
P

=
dc
dm

P
(3.1)
trong :
P

: Cng sut t ca ng c (kW).
P
m
: Cng sut nh mc ca ng c (kW).
n
dc
: Hiu sut nh mc ca ng c.
Trn thc t, hiu sut ca ng c tng i cao (n
dc
= 0,85 0,95) nn ta c th
xem P

~ P
m
.
+ i vi cc thit b chiu sng: Cng sut t l cng sut c ghi trn n. Cng
sut ny bng cng sut tiu th ca n khi in p trn mng in l nh mc.
+ i vi cc thit b lm vic ch ngn hn lp li (nh cu trc, my hn v.v...)
khi tnh ton ph ti in ca chng, ta phi quy i v cng sut nh mc ch lm
vic di hn.
C ngha l quy i v ch lm vic c h s tip in % = 100%. Cng thc quy
i nh sau:
+ i vi ng c: P
'
m
= P
m
. % (3.2)
+ i vi my bin p hn: P'
m
= S
m
.cos . % (3.3)
trong :
P
'
m
l cng sut nh mc quy i v ch lm vic di hn.
- Ph ti trung bnh P
tb
: Ph ti trung bnh l mt c trng tnh ca ph ti trong
mt khong thi gian no . Tng ph ti trung bnh ca cc thit b cho ta cn c

16

nh gi gii hn di ca ph ti tnh ton. Trong thc t, ph ti trung bnh c tnh
ton theo cng thc sau:
p
tb
=
t
P A
; q
tb
=
t
Q A
(3.4)
trong :
P A , Q A : in nng tiu th trong khong thi gian kho st, kW, kVAr.
t: thi gian kho st, h.
+ Ph ti trung bnh cho c nhm thit b:
P
tb
=

=
n
1 i
tbi
p ; Q
tb
=

=
n
1 i
tbi
q
(3.5)
Bit c ph ti trung bnh ta c th nh gi c mc s dng thit b, xc
nh ph ti tnh ton v tnh tn hao in nng.
- Ph ti cc i P
max
: Ph ti cc i l ph ti trung bnh ln nht c tnh trong
khong thi gian tng i ngn (t 5-30 pht). Thng thng ly thi gian l 30 pht
ng vi ca lm vic c ph ti ln nht trong ngy. Ph ti cc i tnh tn tht cng
sut ln nht, chn cc thit b in, cc dy dn v dy cp theo mt kinh t.
- Ph ti nh nhn: Ph ti nh nhn (P
nh
) l ph ti cc i xut hin trong
khong thi gian rt ngn (1 2s). Thng xy ra khi m my ng c. Ph ti ny c
dng kim tra dao ng in p, iu kin t khi ng ng c, chn dy chy
cu ch, tnh dng khi ng ca rle bo v.
Ph ti nh nhn cn lm nh hng n s lm vic ca cc thit b khc trong
cng mt mng in.
- Ph ti tnh ton P
tt
: Ph ti tnh ton c tnh theo iu kin pht nng cho php,
l ph ti gi thit lu di khng i ca cc phn t trong h thng cung cp in (my
bin p, ng dy) tng ng vi ph ti thc t bin i theo iu kin tc dng ln
nht. Ni cch khc ph ti tnh ton cng lm nng dy dn ln ti nhit ln nht do
ph ti thc t gy ra.
Do vy m bo an ton trong mi trng thi vn hnh, trong thc t thit k ta
ch s dng ph ti tnh ton theo cng sut tc dng.
P
tb
s P
tt
s

P
max
(3.6)
3.1.4.2. Cc h s thng gp:
- H s s dng k
sd
: H s s dng l t s gia ph ti tc dng trung bnh vi cng
sut nh mc ca thit b.
+ i vi mt thit b: k
sd
=
dm
tb
p
p
(3.7)
+ i vi nhm thit b: k
sd
=
dm
tb
P
P
=

=
=
n
1 i
dmi
n
1 i
tbi
p
p
(3.8)
Nu c th ph ti th h s s dng c ton nh sau:
k
sd
=
) t ... t (t P
t P ... t P t P
n 2 1 dm
n n 2 2 1 1
+ + +
+ + +
(3.9)

17

H s s dng ni ln mc s dng, mc khai thc cng sut ca thit b in
trong mt chu k lm vic v l s liu tnh ph ti tnh ton.
- H s ph ti k
Pt
: H s ph ti (cn gi l h s mang ti) l t s gia cng sut
thc t vi cng sut nh mc. Thng ta phi xt n h s ph ti trong khong thi
gian no .
Nn: k
pt
=
dm
th-ct
P
P
=
dm
tb
P
P
=

=
=
n
1 i
dmi
n
1 i
tbi
p
p
(3.10)
Nu c th ph ti th h s s dng c tnh nh cng thc sau:
k
pt
=
) t ... t (t P
t P ... t P t P
n 2 1 dm
n n 2 2 1 1
+ + +
+ + +
(3.11)
H s ph ti ni ln mc s dng, mc khai thc cng sut ca thit b in
trong khong thi gian ang xt.
- H s cc i k
max
: H s cc i l t s gia ph ti tnh ton v ph ti trung bnh
trong khong thi gian ang xt:
k
max
=
tb
tt
P
P
(3.11)
H s cc i ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, ch yu l s thit b hiu qu n
hq
v h s
s dng k
sd
v hng lot cc yu t c trng cho ch lm vic ca cc thit b trong
nhm lm rt phc tp nn khi tnh ton thng tra theo ng cong: k
max
= f(n
hq
, k
sd
).
- H s nhu cu k
nc
:H s nhu cu l t s gia ph ti tnh ton v cng sut nh
mc.
k
nc
=
dm
tt
P
P
=
tb
tt
P
P
.
dm
tb
P
P
= k
max
.k
sd
(3.12)
H s nhu cu thng c dng tnh cho ph ti tc dng. Trong thc t h s nhu
cu thng do kinh nghim vn hnh tng kt li.
- H s thit b hiu qu n
hq
: H s thit b hiu qu l s thit b gi thit c cng
cng sut v ch lm vic. Chng i hi ph ti bng ph ti tnh ton ca nhm ph
ti thc t (gm cc thit b c ch lm vic khc nhau):
n
hq
=
2
n
1 i
2
dm
n
1 i
dmi
) (P
P

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
(3.13)
Khi s thit b dng in trong nhm n >5, th tnh n
hq
theo cng thc trn kh phc
tp nn ngi ta tm n
hq
theo bng hoc ng cong.
Trnh t tnh nh sau:
Trc ht tnh: n
*
=
n
n
1
; P
*
=
P
P
1
(3.14)
trong :
n: S thit b trong nhm.
n
1
: S thit b c cng sut khng nh hn mt na cng sut ca thit b c
cng sut ln nht trong nhm.

18

P, P
1
l tng cng sut ng vi n v n
1
thit b.
Sau khi tnh c n
*
v P
*
tra bng hoc ng cong tm c n
*
hq
, t tnh n
hq
theo
cng thc sau:
n
hq
= n.n
*
hq
(3.15)
S thit b hiu qu l mt trong nhng s liu quan trng xc nh ph ti tnh
ton.
3.1.5. Cc phng php tnh ph ti tnh ton.
Hin nay, c nhiu phng php tnh ph ti tnh ton. Nhng phng php n
gin, tnh ton thun tin thng kt qu khng chnh xc. Ngc li, nu chnh xc
c nng cao th phng php tnh phc tp. V vy tu theo giai on thit k, tu theo
yu cu c th m chn phng php tnh cho thch hp, sau y l mt s phng php
xc nh ph ti tnh ton thng dng nht.
3.1.5.1. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo cng sut t v h s nhu cu:
Cng thc tnh:
P
tt
=k
nc
.

=
n
1 i
di
P (3.16)
Q
tt
= P
tt
.tg (3.17)
S
tt
=
tt
2
tt
2
Q P + =
cos
P
tt
(3.18)
Mt cch gn ng c th ly P

= P
m
nn:
P
tt
= k
nc
.

=
n
1 i
dmi
p (3.19)
trong :
P
i
, P
mi
: Cng sut t, cng sut nh mc ca thit b th i (kW).
P
tt
, Q
tt
, S
tt
: Cng sut tc dng, cng sut phn khng, cng sut ton phn
tnh ton ca nhm c n thit b, (kW, kVAr, kVA).
n : S thit b trong nhm.
k
nc
: H s nhu cu, tra s tay k thut.
tg : ng vi cos c trng cho nhm thit b, tra s tay k thut.
Nu h s cng sut cos ca cc thit b trong nhm khng ging nhau th phi tnh
h s cng sut trung bnh theo cng thc sau:

n 2 1
n n 2 2 1 1
tb
P ... P P
cos P ... cos P cos P
cos
+ + +
+ + +
=

(3.20)
H s nhu cu ca cc my khc nhau thng c cho trong cc s tay.
Phng php ny c u im l n gin, tnh ton thun tin. Tuy nhin, nhc
im ch yu ca phng php ny l chnh xc khng cao. Bi v h s nhu cu k
nc

tra trong cc s tay l c nh cho trc khng ph thuc vo ch vn hnh v s thit
b trong nhm. Trong lc , theo cng thc trn ta c k
nc
= k
max
.k
sd
, c ngha l h s
nhu cu ph thuc nhiu yu t k trn.
3.1.5.2. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo sut ph ti trn mt n v din tch.
Cng thc tnh:
P
tt
= p
0
.F (3.21)
trong :

19

p
0
: Sut ph ti trn 1m
2
n v din tch sn xut (kW/m
2
).
F : Din tch sn xut (m
2
).
Gi tr p
0
c cho sn trong bng, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ph ti phn tch theo
s liu thng k.
Phng php ny ch cho kt qu gn ng. N c dng tnh cc ph ti, cc
phn xng c mt my mc sn xut phn b tng i u nn ch p dng trong
giai on thit k s b.
3.1.5.3. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo sut tiu hao in nng cho mt n v sn
phm:
Cng thc tnh:
P
tt
=
max
0
T
M.w
(3.22)
trong :
M: S n v sn phm sn xut ra trong 1 nm (sn lng).

0
w : Sut tiu hao in nng cho 1 n v sn phm (kWh/n v sn
phm).
T
max
: Thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht (h).
Phng php ny thng dng tnh ton cho cc thit b in c th ph ti t
bin i hay khng thay i nh: qut gi, my nn kh... khi ph ti tnh ton gn
bng ph ti trung bnh v kt qu tng i chnh xc.
3.1.5.4. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo h s cc i v cng sut trung bnh.(phng
php s thit b hiu qu):
Khi khng c cc s liu cn thit p dng cc phng php tng i n gin
nu trn hoc khi cn nng cao chnh xc ca ph ti tnh ton th nn dng
phng php ny.
Cng thc tnh:
P
tt
= k
max
.k
sd
.P
m
(3.23)
trong :
P
m
: Cng sut nh mc (kW).
k
sd
: H s s dng, tra trong s tay k thut.
k
max
: H s cc i, tra trong s tay k thut theo quan h:
k
max
= f(n
hq
, k
sd
).
Phng php ny cho kt qu tng i chnh xc v khi xc nh s thit b hiu qu
n
hq
, chng ta xt ti hng lot cc yu t quan trng nh nh hng ca s lng thit
b trong nhm, s thit b c cng sut ln nht cng nh s khc nhau v ch lm
vic ca chng.
3.1.5.5. Hng dn cch chn cc phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton:
Tu theo s liu v u bi m ta chn phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho
hp l.
Khi xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho tng nhm my in p thp (U < 1000 V) nn
dng phng php tnh theo h s cc i k
max
(tc l phng php tnh theo h s hiu
qu) bi v phng php ny c kt qu tng i chnh xc.
Khi ph ti phn b tng i u trn din tch sn xut hoc c s liu chnh xc
sut tiu hao in nng cho mt n v sn phm th c th dng phng php sut tiu

20

hao in nng cho mt n v sn phm tnh ph ti tnh ton. Cc phng php trn
cng thng c p dng cho giai on tnh ton s b c lng ph ti cho h tiu
th.
Trong giai on thit k s b thng cn phi nh gi ph ti chung ca cc h
tiu th (phn xng, x nghip, khu vc, thnh ph ...) trong trng hp ny nn dng
phng php h s nhu cu k
nc
.
3.2. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc nng thn:
i tng s sng in ph bin nng thn l: trm bm, trng hc v sinh hot.
3.2.1. Ph ti in trm bm:
Cc my bm nng nghip thng c cc thang cng sut: 14, 20, 33, 45, 55, 100,
200kW. Vi my bm cng sut nh (< 100kW) s dng in h p, my bm cng sut
ln tr ln thng s dng in 6 hay 10kV.
Trm bm thng chia thnh hai loi: trm bm ti v trm bm tiu.
Ph ti trm bm tnh theo cng thc sau:
1
. v .
n
tt dt ti dmi tt tt
i
P K K P Q P tg
=
= =

(3.24)
trong :
tt
P ,
tt
Q : cng sut tc dng v phn khng tnh ton ca trm bm.

dt
K : h s ng thi,
dt
nlv
K
n
= =s my lm vic/tng s my.

t
K : h s ti ca my bm, ring i vi trm bm tiu ly bng 1.
3.2.2. Ph ti trng hc:
thit k cp in cho trng hc cn xc nh ph ti tng phng hc, tng tng,
tng dy nh hc v ton trng hc.
- Ph ti cho tng phng hc xc nh theo cng thc:
0
* v *
p p p
P P S Q P tg = = (3.25)
H s cng sut cho: n ng + qut cos= 0,8; n si t + qut cos= 0,9.
- Ph ti tnh ton mt tng nh gm n phng:
1
n
T dt pi
P K P =

(3.26)
Vi:
dt
K l h s ng thi.
- Ph ti tnh ton cho mt ta nh gm m lu:
1
m
N dt Ti
P K P =

(3.27)
3.2.3. Ph ti chiu sng sinh hot
- Ph ti tnh ton cho mt thn, xm hoc lng c xc nh:

0 0
* v *
tt tt
P P H Q Q H = = (3.28)
trong H: s h dn trong lng, thn.
P
0
: sut ph ti tnh ton cho mt h.
- Ph ti tnh ton cho x bao gm cc thn xm c xc nh.

2 2
1 1
; v
n n
X dt tti X dt tti X X X
P K P Q K Q S P Q = = = +

(3.29)
3.3. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc cng nghip:
3.3.1. Trong giai on d n kh thi:

21

Thng tin thu nhn trong giai on ny thng khng chnh xc. xc nh ph ti
in cho vic thit k, xy dng ng dy cao p v trm bin p trung gian ngi ta
da vo din tch hoc sn lng.
- Xc nh ph ti in cho khu CN, ch xut cn c vo din tch:
0
*
tt
S S D = (3.30)
trong : S
0
sut ph ti trn n v din tch, ty ngnh CN m S
0
chn
100400(kVA/ha).
D: din tch khu CN, ch xut (ha).
- i vi x nghip, nu bit sn lng s sn xut, cng thc xc nh ph ti in
nh sau:

max
.
tt
a M
P
T
= (3.31)
trong : a: sut in nng chi ph sn xut ra mt n v sn phm (kWH/sp).
M: sn lng.
T
max
: thi gian s dng cng sut cc i. T
max
v a thng c tra bng.
3.3.2. Trong giai on xy dng nh xng:
Thng tin nhn c trong giai on ny l cng sut t ca tng phn xng, din
tch ca tng xng.
- Ph ti in ng lc ca tng phn xng c xc nh theo cng thc:
. v .
tt nc d tt tt
P K P Q P tg = = (3.32)
trong :
nc
K : h s nhu cu (tra bng).

d
P : cng sut t ca phn xng. Vi .
d dm
P P n =

dm
P v n: cng sut nh mc ca ng c v s ng c.
- Ph ti in chiu sng trong phn xng c xc nh theo din tch:
0
. v .
cs cs cs
P P D Q P tg = = (3.33)
trong : D: din tch xng.

0
P : sut chiu sng trn mt n v din tch (W/m
2
). Ty theo v tr, mc
ch s dng chn
0
P = 530 W/m
2
.
- Ph ti in cho ton phn xng:
v
PX tt cs PX tt cs
P P P Q Q Q = + = + (3.34)
- Ph ti in cho ton x nghip c n phn xng:
2 2
1 1
. ; . v
n n
XN dt XNi XN dt XNi XN XN XN
P K P Q K Q S P Q = = = +

(3.35)
3.3.3. Trong giai on thit k chi tit:
y l cng on cui cng trong qu trnh thit k cp in cho x nghip cng
nghip. giai on ny bit hu ht cc thng tin v i tng s dng in.
- Ph ti tnh ton xc nh cho mt nhm my, c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
max max
1
. = . .
n
tt tb sd tbi
P K P K K P =

(3.36)
trong :
tb
P : cng sut trung bnh trong thi gian kho st.

max
,
sd
K K : tra bng.
3.4. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc th:

22

3.4.1. Ph ti in cc h gia nh:
Cc h gia nh l i tng s dng in ln nht th.
- Trong giai on xy dng c s h tng: thng tin nhn c l mt bng quy
hoch ng ph, cng thc xc nh ph ti nh sau:
0
. v .
tt tt tt
P P L Q P tg = = (3.37)
trong : L: chiu di on ph.

0
P : cng sut ph ti trn mt mt chiu di.
- Trong giai on thit k chi tit, thng tin nhn c tng i chnh xc, xc
nh ph ti in c hai phng php tnh ton:
- Phng php 1: Tnh ph ti t cn h ri n khu vc.
- Phng php 2: Tnh ngc li t khu vc ri n cn h.
3.4.2. Ph ti in cc trng i hc, trung hc chuyn nghip:
i vi khu vc ging ng, hnh chnh vn phng, phng th nghim ph ti c
xc nh theo cng thc:
0
*
p
P P S = vi
0
P = 2040 W/m
2
. Sau c cng vi ph ti
ca xng in, c kh, k tc xta c ph ti cho trng hc.
3.4.3. Cc loi ph ti khc:
Cc ph ti in khc nh: khu vn phng, khch sn siu th, nh hng cng vin
c tnh ton tng t bng cch chn cng sut ph ti n v (
0
P ) ph hp.


Cu hi n tp chng 3
Cu 1. Ph ti tnh ton l g, mi quan h gia ph ti tnh ton vi cc i lng khc ?
Cu 2. Trnh by cc phng php tnh ton xc nh ph ti in so snh ch ra u
nhc im v phm vi ng dng ca tng phng php ?
Cu 3. Th no l th ph ti in ngy, thng, nm ? Mc ch nghin cu v phng
php xy dng cc th ph ti ?
Cu 4. Bi tp tnh ton ph ti in ?

23

Chng 4
TRM BIN P

4.1. Khi qut v phn loi trm in
4.1.1. Khi qut
Trm bin p l mt phn t rt quan trng ca h thng in, n c nhim v tip
nhn in nng t h thng, bin i t cp in p ny sang cp in p khc v phn
phi cho cc mng in tng ng. Trong mi trm bin p ngoi my bin p cn c rt
nhiu thit b hp thnh h thng tip nhn v phn phi in nng. Cc thit b pha cao
p gi l thit b phn phi cao p (my ct, dao cch ly, thanh ci vv.) v cc thit b
pha h p gi l thit b phn phi h p (thanh ci h p, aptomat, cu dao, cu chy...).
Trm tng p thng t ti cc nh my in tng in p t 0,4kV 6,3kV
ln cc cp cao hn vi mc ch truyn ti in nng i xa; Trm bin p trung gian l
trm gim p, tip nhn in nng t li 35kV-220kV cung cp cho cc li phn
phi 6kV-22kV; Trm bin p tiu th, hay trm bin p phn xng c nhim v tip
nhn in nng t mng phn phi 6kV -22kV v cung cp cho li in h p.
4.1.2. Phn loi
- Theo nhim v, c th phn trm thnh hai loi:
+ Trm bin p trung gian hay cn gi l trm bin p chnh: trm ny nhn in
35220kV t h thng bin i thnh cp in p 10, 6 hay 0,4kV.
+ Trm bin p phn xng: nhn in t trm bin p trung gian bin i thnh cc
cp in p thch hp phc v cho ph ti phn xng. Pha s cp thng l 35, 22, 15,
10, 6kV; cn pha h p c th l 660, 380/220 hay 220/127V.
- Theo cu trc, cng c th chia thnh hai loi:
+ Trm bin p ngoi tri: trm ny, cc thit b cao p u c t ngoi tri, cn
phn phn phi in p thp c t trong nh hoc trong cc t chuyn dng ch to
sn.
+ Trm bin p trong nh: trm ny tt c cc thit b u c t trong nh. Chi
ph xy dng trm trong nh thng cao hn trm ngoi tri nhiu.
4.2. S ni dy trm bin p
S ni dy ca trm phi tha mn cc iu kin sau:
+ m bo lin tc cung cp in theo yu cu ph ti.
+ S ni dy r rng, thun tin trong vn hnh v lc x l s c.
+ An ton lc vn hnh v sa cha.
+ Cn bng gia cc ch tiu v kinh t v k thut.
4.2.1. Trm h p trung gian:
S ni dy pha s cp ca trm loi ny ph thuc cc thng s: in p cung
cp, s lng v cng sut my bin p, ch lm vic, tin cy yu cu, s pht trin
trong tng lai Do vy c rt nhiu phng n gii quyt vn , tuy nhin rt t
hoc khng c phng n no tha ht cc yu cu.
Sau y l mt s s ni dy trm bin p thng dng. Cc trm ny thng c
thc hin theo dng sau:
+ Ni n h thng bng mt hoc hai l. Hai l n thng khng c thanh ci.

24

+ Pha in p th cp (in p phn phi) ngi ta dng s vi thanh ci n hay
thanh ci kp.
+ Trm nm trong phm vi x nghip, thanh ci cao p ngoi ni vi h thng cn ni
vi nh my in a phng hay t my pht in ring. Thanh ci c th l n hay
kp vi my ct phn on. Do c ni vo ngun ln nn cc ph ti c th lp cc
cun khng gim dng ngn mch nu c.
4.2.2. Trm phn phi chnh:
- Trm phn phi trung gian:
i vi cc x nghip c nhiu phn xng nm ri rc v phn tn, th cn c cc
trm bin p trung gian phn phi in nng t cc trm chnh n cc phn xng.
Vic kt ni gia trm trung gian v trm phn phi chnh nh cc l chnh.


Hnh 0.1: S trm h p trung gian v trm phn phi chnh
4.2.3. Trm h p phn xng:
Trm h p phn xng thng c mt hay hai my bin p, khi trm c nhiu (> 3)
my bin p th c th c thanh ci phn on.
4.2.3.1. Trm h p vi mt my bin p: trm ny thng phc v cho h loi 2, loi 3,
tr trng hp lm ngun d phng cho h loi 1 c cng sut nh nh s dng t ng
ng.
c im ca s trm h p mt my bin p phn xng l cch ni ca my
bin p n ng dy cao p, thng thng c 3 cch ni sau:
+ Thng qua dao cch ly v my ct in: cch ny t s dng do my ct t tin, phi
tnh ton n nh ng v n nh nhit khi c ngn mch.
+ Ni qua dao cch ly v cu ch: thng s dng, dao cch ly c nhim v ct dng
khng ti. Nhc im l do bo v qu ti v ngn mch nh cu ch nn c nhy
thp.
+ Ni qua dao cch ly v cu ch v my ct ph ti: s ny c dng my ct ph ti
do ch thit k ct dng ph ti nn b phn dp tt h quang c cu to n gin, chi
ph khng cao.

25

4.2.3.2. Trm h p vi nhiu my bin p: phc v cho tt c cc loi h dng in.
Ty theo s my bin p, s l cung cp, loi h c cung cp m c mt s dng s
ph bin nh hnh 4.2.
4.2.3.3. Trm h p dng cc t ch to sn: Cc t ch to sn thng c ch to
thnh nhiu ngn. Mi ngn bao gm: my ct, dao cch ly, thit b o lng v bo v.
Ty theo dng ph ti m my ct c th l my ct du, khng kh v i khi l my ct
chn khng nh hnh 4.3.

Hnh 0.2: Trm c mt v trm nhiu my bin p


Hnh 0.3: Trm vi t ch to sn

4.3. Cu trc trm:
Khi thit k xy dng trm phi tit kim chi ph tuy nhin mt s ch tiu sau phi
c m bo:
- Chn ng trang thit b in, lp rp ng quy phm v tha cc iu kin vn hnh.
- Tn trng khong cch gia cc phn dn in vi nhau v vi xung quanh.
- Kh nng loi nhanh ha hon v cc s c khc.
- Thun tin trong thao tc v cc hnh lang thi cng, sa cha.
- Phi thc hin ni t bo v.

26

- Phi s dng cc tn hiu cn thit.
4.3.1. Trm h p phn xng ngoi tri:
Thng p dng cho x nghip b, li in cung cp t ng dy trn khng. C
hai dng ph bin l my bin p c treo trn ct v t ngay di chn ct.
- Dng treo ct: khi cc my bin p ba pha hay mt pha (t 25240kVA) v cc
trang b cng kh c in c tng trng lng nh (khong 3001800kg). Ton b trang
b ca trm c treo trn cc gi mc vo mt, hai hay bn ct bng g hay xi mng
ct thp.
- Dng t di chn ct; i vi cc my bin p qu ln hay khng m bo c
cn bng trng lng khi treo trn ct th my bin p c t trn mt nn g hay xi
mng ngay di chn ct, xung quanh c ro li cao 2,5m ngn ngi hay vt n
gn trm.

Hnh 0.4: Trm bin p treo v T ch to sn
4.3.2. Trm h p phn xng trong nh:
i vi trm cng sut ln (hn 320MVA), khi c cc yu cu trong vn hnh, hoc
trong iu kin c bit nh khng kh c hi trong qu trnh sn xut, khng gian b tr
trm qu t th trm trong nh c chn xy dng; trm dng ny tt c cc thit
b c t trong nh.
Trm ny thng c s ni dy n gin, ch s dng thanh ci khi c ph ti in
p cao. Cc kh c phn cao p l cu ch ng, my ct ph ti vi cu ch, my ct du
hay kh nn.
Trm c th c mt hay nhiu bung ty theo s lng my bin p. Cc bung phi
c h thng thng gi vi chiu cao ph hp.
i vi cc thit b c cha du nh my bin p, mt ct c cha du phi c h
thng gp du v b cha du phng khi c s c hay ha hon.
Vic ni dy gia cc my bin p v bung phn phi in p cao (nu c), cng
nh vic ni dy n bng in p thp c th thc hin bng cc thanh dn hay cp.
4.3.3. Trm h p phn xng ch to sn thnh t:
Loi ny gm c: mt hay hai my bin p h p c t trong bung con bng kim
loi hoc h nu my bin p c du. H thng phn phi in p cao (6 10kV) gm
mt hay nhiu t con c gia cng v lp t sn theo mt s ni no . H thng
phn phi in p thp cng gm cc t cu kin gia cng sn. ng dy ni gia cc
my bin p v trang b in l cc thanh trn t bn trong cc khung bng kim loi ca
t ny.

27

4.4. La chn my bin p cho trm:
La chn my bin p bao gm chn s lng v cng sut ca my bin p. Vic
la chn ph hp vi loi h tiu th, ph hp vi ch tiu k thut v kinh t (ph u t
v vn hnh).
4.5. Ni t trm v ng dy ti in:
Trong li cung cp ngi ta thc hin ni t vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau: ni t
lm vic, an ton v chng st.
Trang b ni t bao gm cc in cc v dy dn ni t. Cc in cc ni t bao
gm: in cc thng c ng su vo trong t v in cc ngang c chn ngm
mt su nht nh. Cc dy ni t dng ni lin cc b phn c ni t vi cc
in cc.
4.5.1. Ni t trm bin p:
H thng ni t trong trm bin p thc hin c ba chc nng: lm vic, an ton v
chng st. Theo quy phm in tr ni t (R

) ca h thng ni t phi t nh sau:

+ Vi trm bin p phn phi: R

4.
+ Vi trm bin p trung gian c U
m
35kV: R

1.
+ Vi trm bin p trung gian c U
m
110kV: R

0,5.
Kt cu h thng ni t ca trm thng dng mch vng gm cc cc di 2,5m
ng ngp su 0,7m, cc cc cch nhau 2,5m v c hn ni vi nhau bng cc thanh
thp to thnh mch vng.
i vi cc trm t h ph th phng n ni t hnh tia c thc hin.
4.5.2. Ni t ng dy ti in:
- Ni t chng st v an ton: cc DK trung p tr ln tt c cc ct u phi ni
t, vi DK 0,4 kV phi ni t cc ct i qua khu vc ng dn.
Quy phm quy nh R

ca mt ct nh sau: Vng ng bng: R

10; Vng trung

du: R

15; Vng ni: R

20. Vi vng ng bng, in tr sut ca t nh, mi

ct ch cn ni t 1 cc l t tr c cho php, vng trung du v vng ni phi tng s
cc theo hnh tia n khi t tr s cho php.
- Ni t trung tnh lp li: l hnh thc ni t ring cho DK 0,4kV phng mt
trung tnh ti trm bin p lm chy cc thit b dng in. Theo quy phm, c khong 4
hay 5 ct phi thc hin ni t trung tnh lp li.
Lu : cn phn bit ni t trung tnh l ni t ng dy trung tnh xung cc ni
t; ni t chng st v an ton l ni t x dy xung cc ni t.

Cu hi n tp chng 4
Cu 1. Trnh by cch phn loi trm bin p ? Khi xc nh la chn v tr, s lng v
cng sut trm bin p phi tho mn nhng yu cu g ?
Cu 2. Nu c im ca cc s ni dy c bn ?
Cu 3. Nu v phn tch cu trc trm: Trm treo, trm bt, trm vi t ch to sn ?

28

Chng 5
TNH TON TN THT IN

Tnh ton v in l xc nh thng s ch ca li in. Tnh ton v in bao
gm tnh cc loi tn tht trong h thng nh tn tht in p, tn tht cng sut, tn tht
in nng cng nh cc tnh ton v phn b cng sut, la chn tit din dy dn v
cp, cc ch vn hnh.
Tnh ton in phc v cho cng tc nh gi cc ch tiu k thut ca h thng
cung cp in, xc nh tng ph ti, chn cc phn t ca mng in, xc nh phng
n b cng sut phn khng.
Ty mc ch s dng m chnh xc ca cc tnh ton i hi khc nhau.
khi lng tnh ton gim bt c th s dng cc biu , bng tnh c sn trong cc
sch tra cu.
Cc bc thc hin ln lt: x l cc d kin ban u (cp in p, loi dy dn,
s mng), xy dng s thay th, thc hin tnh ton v x l kt qu.
5.1. S thay th li cung cp in:
5.1.1. Khi nim:
Thnh lp s thay th cho mt li in bt k gm c: la chn s tnh ton
cho mi phn t ca li v tnh ton cc thng s ca chng, sau lp cc s thay
th theo ng trnh t trong li, cui cng l quy i cc thng s trn s v cng
cp in p.
S thay th ca ng dy v my bin p s c ln lt trnh by, y l hai
thnh phn chnh ca li truyn ti v phn phi.
5.1.2. S thay th ng dy:
5.1.2.1. Cc thng s ca ng dy:
- in dn G: l thng s phn nh hin tng tn tht cng sut tc dng trong
s v in mi. Phn cng sut tn hao trong s ca ng dy trn khng mi cp
in p rt b v c th b qua. Mt phn tn tht cng sut na l tn tht do vng
quang, thng ch xy ra cp in p 110kV trong mt s iu kin nht nh. i
vi dy cp c th b qua in dn.
- Dung dn B: dung dn ng dy th hin in dung gia cc dy dn. Dung
dn ny t l vi dng in chuyn dch (hay l dng in np ca ng dy), sinh ra
cng sut phn khng trn ng dy. Dng in in dung ca cp thng ln hn
ng dy trn khng, do vy i vi cp t 20kV tr ln phi xt n dung dn khi lp
s thay th.
- in tr R: in tr ng dy, ph thuc chiu di v thng c cho bi nh
ch to.
- in khng X: th hin hin tng tn t. Khi ti dng in xoay chiu ba pha s
xut hin xung quanh cc dy dn mt t trng, to ra lc in ng trong mi dy dn
v ph thuc khong cch tng h gia cc dy dn. i vi cc ng dy t 330kV
tr ln, gim in khng ngi ta thng p dng k thut phn pha.
5.1.2.2. S thay th:
Cc thng s ca ng dy: in tr, in khng, in dn v dung dn hu nh
phn b dc theo ng dy. d dng trong tnh ton, ty theo loi ng dy mt s

29

thng s c th xem l tp trung hay b qua. Cc s thay th v trng hp p dng
c tm tt trong bng 5.1.
- Tnh thng s ng dy:
( ) . . .
o o
Z R j X r x l = + = + ; r
o
v x
o
in tr v in cm khng trn n v chiu di
(km).
( ) . . .
o o
Y G j B g b l = + = + ; g
o
v b
o
in dn v dung dn trn n v chiu di (km).
+ in dn G: c xc nh theo tn tht cng sut tc dng
2
U
vq
P
G
A
= (5.1)
Trong
vq
P A l tn tht vng quang xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim.
Bng 5.1. Cc s thay th ng dy
S Trng hp p dng
U
1
I
1
, cos
1
I
2
, cos
2
U
2
R+jX

S ng dy.
2
Gn
2
Bn
2
Gn
2
Bn
U
1
I
1 I
n
Rn Xn
Iy Iy
I
2
U
2

S thay th hnh p dng cho
ng dy trn khng 300km hay cp
50km.
Z= R + j.X
.
2 2 2
G Y B
j = +
2
Bn
U
1
I
1 I
n
Rn Xn
I
B
I
2
U
2
2
Bn
I
B

S hnh b qua in dn, do:
+ in dn gy bi tn tht trong s v
in mi rt b.
+ Tn tht vng quang thng ch xy
ra ng dy trn khng > 200kV.
U
1
I
Rn Xn U
2

S thay th mng a phng b
qua tng dn.
U
1
I
Rn U
2

S thay th cho cp 610kV b
qua tng dn

- Dung dn b
o
:
6
10
7, 58
1
.10
.
log .
o
tb
b
km
D
R

(
=
O
(5.2)
Trong :
tb
D khong cch trung bnh hnh hc gia cc dy dn,
| |
3
12 13 23
. . ,
tb
D D D D mm =
R l bn knh dy dn, [mm].
Nu ng dy c dy dn phn nh, th tr s R c thay th bng
1
.
n
n
dt tb
R Ra

=
Trong : R
t
: bn knh ng tr ca cc dy dn trong mt pha.
n: s dy dn trong mt pha.
a
tb
: khong cch trung bnh hnh hc gia cc dy dn trong mt pha.
R: bn knh thc ca mi dy phn nh.

30

- in tr r
o
: thng c cho bi nh ch to hay tnh theo
( )
20
1 20
t
r r t o = + (

(5.3)
Trong : r
t
: in tr nhit t.
r
20
: in tr nhit 20
o
C, c tra cc bng cho sn.
: h s nhit in tr, c tra cc bng cho sn, i vi ng, nhm,
nhm li thp = 0,004.
- in khng x
o
:
10
0,1445.log . 0, 0157,
tb
o
D
x
km
R
O (
= +

(5.4)
Nu ng dy c dy dn phn nh, khi :
10
0, 0157
0,1445.log . ,
tb
o
dt
D
x
km
R n
O (
= +


5.1.3. S thay th my bin p:
5.1.3.1. Cc thng s ca my bin p:
- Tng tr ca my bin p: l .
T T T
Z R j X = + phn nh hin tng tn tht cng
sut tc dng do hiu ng Joule v hin tng tn tht cng sut phn khng do tn t
trong cc cun dy. Trong :
T
R l in tr,
T
X l in cm khng.
- Tng dn ca my bin p: .
T T T
Y G j B = + phn nh hin tng tn tht cng sut
trong li thp my bin p: tn hao do dng Foucault v tn hao t. Tn tht trong li
thp hu nh khng ph thuc vo ti ca my bin p v bng lc khng ti. Vi:
T
G l
in dn,
T
B l cm dn.
Cc thng s ca my bin p c th tnh theo cc s liu ca my bin p nh: tn
tht ngn mch
k
P A , tn tht khng ti
o
P A , in p ngn mch %
k
U , dng in khng
ti %
o
I . Cc s liu l kt qu ca th nghim ngn mch v th nghim khng ti.
5.1.3.2. S thay th v tnh cc thng s cho my bin p hai cun dy:
My bin p ba pha hai cun dy l loi c dng ph bin trong h thng cung cp
in. Khi tnh ton dng s hnh nh hnh v.
T
G
R
T
X
T
T
B
R
T
X
T
T
T T
S P j Q A = A A
b) a)

Hnh 5.1. S thay th my bin p 2 cun dy
y:
'
1 2 T
R R R = + v
'
1 2 T
X X X = + (
' '
2 2
v R X l in tr v cm khng ca cun dy
th cp 2 quy i v cun dy s cp 1. Sau y s nu cc cng thc tnh thng s
my bin p (
T
R ,
T
X ,
T
G v
T
B ) thng qua cc s liu (
k
P A ,
o
P A , %
k
U v %
o
I ) ca n:
Tnh
T
R : ta c
2
2
2
3 . .
dm
k dm T T
dm
S
P I R R
U
A = = , do
2
2
.
k dm
T
dm
P U
R
S
A
= (5.5)
Tnh vi n v thng dng:
| |
| |
2 2
3
2 2
.
.10 ,
k dm
T
dm
P KW U KV
R
S KVA
( A

= O
(



31

Tnh
T
X : ta c
.
% .100
3
dm T
k
dm
I X
U
U
= , do
| |
| |
2 2
%.
.10,
k dm
T
dm
U U KV
X
S KVA
(

= O (5.6)
Tnh
T
G : mt cch gn ng
0
2 T
dm
P
G
U
A
= (5.7)
Tnh
T
B : mt cch gn ng
0
2 T
dm
Q
B
U
A
= (5.8)
Trong :
| |
0
0
%.
,
100
dm
I S
Q KVA A ~
5.1.3.4. S thay th v tnh cc thng s cho my bin p ba cun dy v t ngu:
i vi my bin p ba cun dy v t ngu, nh ch to cho nhng s liu sau:
dm
S : cng sut nh mc my bin p.
Cdm
U ,
Tdm
U ,
Hdm
U hay
1dm
U ,
2dm
U ,
3dm
U : in p nh mc cc cun cao, trung v
h.
%
o
I : dng in khng ti tnh theo phn trm so vi dng in nh mc.
12
P A ,
13
P A ,
23
P A : tn tht ngn mch ng vi ba trng thi th nghim ngn mch.
12
% U ,
13
% U ,
23
% U : in p ngn mch ng vi ba trng thi th nghim ngn
mch.
R
1
X
1
0
S A
1
I
1
U
1
R
2
X
2
2
I
2
U
2
R
3
X
3
3
I
3
U
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
a)
b)
c)

Hnh 5.2. S thay th my bin p ba cun dy v t ngu
a) My bin p ba cun dy; b) MBA t ngu;
c) S thay th hnh sao
S thay th hnh sao c t lng tn hao trong thp:
0
.
Fe Fe Fe
S S P j Q A = A = A + A (5.9)
Tn tht cng sut tc dng khi ngn mch v in p ngn mch ca my bin p ba
cun dy v t ngu c tnh theo cc dng ngn mch sau:

32

- Khi cun 2 b ngn mch, cun 3 h mch, cun 1 c t vo mt in p sao cho
trong cun 1 v 2 c dng nh mc. Ngi ta o c
12
P A v
12
% U , vi:
+
12 1 2
P P P A = A +A trong
1
P A v
2
P A l tn tht cng sut tc dng trong cun 1 v
2.
+
12 1 2
% % % U U U = +
- Cho h mch cun 2, ngn mch cun 3 v cun 1 c t vo mt in p sao
cho trong cun 1 v 3 c dng nh mc ta thu c:
13 1 3
P P P A = A +A v
13 1 3
% % % U U U = + .
- Tng t khi cho cun 1 h mch, cun 3 ngn mch v t in p vo cun 2 sao
cho trong cun 2 v 3 c dng nh mc ta c:
23 2 3
P P P A = A +A v
23 2 3
% % % U U U = + .
Gii h cc phng trnh trn ta tnh c tn tht ngn mch v in p ngn mch
i vi tng cun dy theo s liu cho:

( )
1 12 13 23
2 12 1
3 13 1
1
2
P P P P
P P P
P P P

A = A + A A

A = A A
`

A = A A

)
(5.10)

( )
1 12 13 23
2 12 1
3 13 1 1
1
% % % %
2
% % %
% % %
U U U U
U U U
U U U

= +

=
`

=

)
(5.11)
Sau p dng cng thc (5-5) v (5-6) tnh cc thng s ca my bin p.
5.2. Tnh ton tn tht in p:
Khi truyn ti in nng t ngun n h tiu th th mi phn t mng in do c
tng tr nn u gy tn tht cng sut v in p.
Tn tht cng sut gy tnh trng thiu ht in nng ti ni tiu th, lm tng gi
thnh truyn ti in v lm cho hiu qu kinh t km.
Tn tht in p lm cho in p ti cc h tiu th b gim thp, nh hng cht
lng in.
Sau y ln lt gii thiu s lc phng php tnh ton tn tht in p, cng sut
v in nng trn mng phn phi in.
5.2.1. Tn tht in p trn ng dy ba pha c ph ti tp trung:
Tn tht in p l i lng phc:
. U U j U o
-
A = A +
Gi thit mng lm vic ch i
xng, do ch cn nghin cu mt pha.
Tng tr dy dn: | | . Z R j X = + O v
ph ti tp trung cui ng dy
| | . S P j Q KVA = + .








Hnh 0.1. th vect tn tht in p

Trn hnh v biu din vect in p ca ng dy:

33

+ Vect Oa: in p U
p2
cui ng dy.
+ Vect Oc: in p U
p1
u ng dy.
+ Tn tht in p c xc nh bng tam gic tn tht abc, trong :
+ Vect ab: l tn tht in p trn in tr, trng pha vi vect dng in I, ln =
I.R.
+ Vect bc: l tn tht in p trn in khng, vung gc vi vect ab, c ln =
I.X.
+ Vect ac: tn tht in p tng 1 2 . p p p U U j U A = c th phn tch thnh hai thnh
phn:
Tn tht in p dc: on ad, l hnh chiu ca U A ln trc.
Tn tht in p ngang
p
U o : on cd.
Lc ny tnh ton tn tht in p c th phn thnh hai trng hp:
+ Trng hp 1: i vi li c in p 35kV, thng rt b do c th b qua
tn tht in p ngang.
Tn tht in p pha:
1 2
(xem )
p
U ad af fd A = = + = = . .cos . .sin I R I X = +
Tn tht in p dy: ( ) 3 3 . .cos . .sin
p
U U I R I X A = A = +

| |
. . . .
3
3 3
dm dm dm
P R Q X P R Q X
V
U U U
| |
+
= + =
|
|
\ .
(5.12)
Tnh theo %:
2
. . 100
% .
1000
dm
P R Q X
U
U
+
A = , vi P[kW], Q[kVA], R v X[], U
m
[kV].
+ Trng hp 2: i vi li c in p > 35kV, phi xt n tn tht in p
ngang
p
U o :
Tn tht in p ngang: cos sin
p
U cd cg dg cg bf IX IR o = = = =
Tn tht in p ngang i vi in p dy: ( ) 3 3 cos sin
p p
U U IX IR o o = =
3
3 3
dm dm dm
PX QR PX QR
U U U
| |

= =
|
|
\ .

Do vy: . .
dm dm
PR QX PX QR
U U j U j
U U
o
-
+
A = A + = + (5.13)
5.2.2. Tn tht in p trn ng dy ba pha c nhiu ph ti tp trung:

Hnh 5.4. ng dy c hai ph ti tp trung
Trng hp ng dy c nhiu ph ti tp trung, gi tr tn tht in p l tng tn
tht in p cc on dy, ta c cc cng thc sau:
( ) ( )
2
1 1
1 100
. . hay % . .
1000.
dm
n n
i i i i i i i i
i i
dm
U P r Q x U P r Q x
U U
= =
A = + A = +

(5.14)
Trong : ,
i i
P Q cng sut chy trn on th i, n v [kW], kVAR].
,
i i
r x in tr v in khng ca on th i, n v [].

34


dm
U in p dy nh mc, [kV].
( ) ( )
2
1 1
1 100
. . hay % . .
1000.
dm
n n
i i i i i i i i
i i
dm
U p R q X U p R q X
U U
= =
A = + A = +

(5.15)
trong : ,
i i
p q cng sut ca ph ti ti im th i, n v [kW], kVAR].
,
i i
R X in tr v in khng k t u ngun n im th i, []

dm
U in p dy nh mc, [kV].
5.2.3. Tn tht in p trn ng dy ba pha c ph ti phn b u:
i vi ng dy c ph ti phn b u, ta c:

| |
. .
2.
dm
P R Q X
U V
U
+
A = (5.16)
Trong : , P Q tng cng sut ca ph ti trn ng dy, n v [kW], kVAR].
, R X in tr v in khng ca ng dy, []

dm
U in p dy nh mc, [kV].
5.2.4. Tn tht in p trong my bin p:
Tng t nh tnh tn tht in p trn ng dy c ph ti tp trung, tn tht in
p trong my bin p l:
2
. . 100
% .
1000
dm
P R Q X
U
U
+
A = (5.17)
Trong : , P Q cng sut do my bin p truyn ti, n v [kW], kVAR].
, R X in tr v in khng MBA quy i v cp in p tng ng, []

dm
U in p nh mc, [kV].
5.3. Tnh ton tn tht cng sut:
5.3.1. Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy:
Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy l mt i lng phc: . S P j Q
-
A = A + A , trong :
+ P A : tn tht cng sut tc dng do pht nng trn in tr ng dy.
+ Q A : tn tht cng sut phn khng do t ha ng dy.
xc nh tn tht cng sut trn ng dy, ta dng s thay th hnh .
+ Trng hp 1: xt mng in khu vc c in p t 110 220kV do c th b
qua thng s in dn G (nh hnh a).

Hnh 0.2. S thay th tnh tn tht cng sut
Theo hnh v, d dng tnh c:
" " "
2 2 2
.
c
S P j Q P jQ jQ = + = +
y:
2 2
2 2 2 2
3 . .
2 2
c c dm
B B
Q I U U U = = ~

35

Tn tht cng sut tc dng v phn khng khi c dng in ba pha chy qua
. Z R j X = + :
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 . .
3 . .
S
P I R R
U
S
Q I X X
U

A = =

A = =

hay
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
" "
2
2 2
" "
2
.
.
P Q
P R
U
P Q
Q X
U

A =

+
A =

(5.18)
Vy:
( ) ( )
' " " " ' '
. S S S P P j Q Q P jQ = +A = +A + +A = +
V:
' ' '
1 1 1 1 c c
S S jQ P jQ jQ P jQ = = + = + vi
2 2
1 1 1 1
3 . .
2 2
c c dm
B B
Q I U U U = = ~
+ Trng hp 2: i vi ng dy a phng ta c th b qua tng dn B, nh hnh
b, khi tn tht cng sut c xc nh theo cng sut ti
2 2
P jQ +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
.
.
P Q
P R
U
P Q
Q X
U

+
A =

A =

(5.19)
Lu : Nu ng dy phn phi c ph ti phn b u (nh ng dy chiu sng
ngoi ng), c tng dng I v in tr R, th tn tht
2
P I R A =
5.3.2. Tn tht cng sut trong my bin p:
Tn tht cng sut trong my bin p bao gm tn tht khng ti (tn tht trong li
thp hay tn tht st) v tn tht c ti (tn tht trong dy qun hay tn tht ng).
5.3.2.1. Thnh phn tn tht khng ti:
Thnh phn tn tht trong li thp khng i khi ph ti thay i v bng tn tht
khng ti:

0 0 0
. S P j Q A = A + A (5.20)
Vi:
0
0
%.
100
dm
I S
Q A = ta c:
0
0 0
%.
.
100
dm
I S
S P j A = A +
5.3.2.2. Tn tht c ti i vi my bin p hai cun dy:
i vi my bin p hai cun dy, tn tht cng sut tc dng trong cc cun dy khi
ti nh mc bng tn tht cng sut ngn mch: P
cun dy nh mc
= P
K
.
Tn tht cng sut phn khng trong cc cun dy, nu xem R
T
<<X
T
, c xc nh
nh sau: Q
cun dy nh mc
%.
100
K dm
K
U S
Q = = A
V my bin p lm vic vi Spt khc vi ti nh mc nn khi xc nh tn tht trong
my bin p phi xt n h s ti:
pt pt
t
dm dm
S I
k
S I
= =
Khi tn tht trong cc cun dy: S
cun dy
2 2
%.
.
100
K dm
t K t
U S
k P j k = A +
Tng tn tht cng sut trong my bin p:
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0 0
. % . % .
100
dm
T cuonday t K t K T T
S
S S S P k P j I k U P j Q A = A + A = A + A + + = A + A (5.21)

36

5.3.2.3. Tn tht c ti i vi my bin p ba cun dy v t ngu:
Cc bc tnh ton c tun t thc hin:
Trc ht, tnh tn tht cng sut trong cun
dy 2 v 3 theo ph ti tng ng trung v h p:
2 2 2 2
' ' 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 ' '
2 2
2 2 2 2
' ' 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 ' '
3 3
. .
. .
P Q P Q
S R j X
U U
P Q P Q
S R j X
U U
+ +
A = +

+ +

A = +

(5.22)
y
' ' ' ' ' '
2 3 2 3 2 3
, , , , , U U R R X X l cc in p v
tng tr tng ng quy i v in p cun 1.
Cng sut:
" ' ' " "
1 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 1
. S S S S S S S P j Q = + = + +A +A = +

Hnh 5.6. Tn tht cng sut
trong my bin p ba cun dy

Tn tht cng sut trong cun 1:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
" " " "
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 2
1 1
. .
P Q P Q
S R j X
U U
+ +
A = + (5.23)
Ngoi ra, c th tnh tn tht cng sut trong my bin p ba cun dy v my bin p
t ngu mt cch trc tip theo cc lng nh mc v h s ti:
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3
0 1 1 2 2 3 3 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
. . % . % . %
100 100 100
dm dm dm
T t K t K t K t K t K t K
S S S
S P k P k P k P j Q k U k U k U
| |
A = A + A + A + A + A + + +
|
\ .

5.4. Tnh ton tn tht in nng:
5.4.1. in nng v tn tht in nng:
in nng l lng cng sut tc dng sn xut, truyn ti hay tiu th trong mt
khong thi gian. Trong thit k h thng thng ly thi gian l mt nm.
Nu cng sut P khng i trong thi gian kho st T th in nng: . A PT = (5.24)
Khi tn tht cng sut cng khng i v tn tht in nng: . A PT A = A
Trng hp cng sut thay i v c th biu din thnh hm theo thi gian, ta c:
( )
0
.
T
A P t dt =
}
v ( )
0
.
T
A P t dt A = A
}
(5.25)
Trong thc t, rt t khi c th biu din c cng sut cng nh tn tht cng sut
theo thi gian, ch c th xc nh tn tht in nng bng phng php gn ng v cn
tm t , T
max
.
T
max
: l thi gian nu h thng cung cp in ch truyn ti cng sut ln nht P
max
,
th s truyn ti c lng in nng ng bng lng in nng truyn ti trong thc t
1 nm.
Ta c:
max max
. P T A = hay
max
max
A
T
P
= (5.26)
Tuy nhin trong giai on thit k do cha bit A, nn gi tr T
max
thng c chn:
+ Tra s tay i vi ph ti cng nghip.
+ Chn 4000 5000h i vi h tiu th th.
+ Chn 2500 3000h i vi h tiu th nng thn.

37

t : l thi gian nu h thng cung cp in ch truyn ti cng sut ln nht th s gy
ra lng tn tht in nng ng bng lng tn tht in nng gy ra trong thc t mt
nm.
Ta c:
max
. P A t A = A (5.27)
t c xc nh gn ng theo T
max
:
( ) | |
2
4
max
0,124 10 .8760 T h t

= + (5.28)
5.4.2. Tn tht in nng trn ng dy:
Tn tht in nng trn ng dy c xc nh nh sau:
| | .
dd dd
A P KWh t A = A (5.29)
Trong :
dd
P A tn tht cng sut ln nht trn ng dy vi ph ti tnh ton [kW].
t thi gian chu tn tht cng sut ln nht, [h]
5.4.3. Tn tht in nng trong my bin p:
Tn tht in nng trong my bin p l: | |
2
max
0
. .
pt
T K
dm
S
A P t P KWh
S
t
| |
A = A + A
|
\ .
(5.30)
Nu my bin p lm vic sut nm t= 8760h.
Khi c n my bin p lm vic song song:
| |
2
max
0
1
. . . .
pt
T K
dm
S
A n P t P KWh
n S
t
| |
A = A + A
|
\ .
(5.31)
5.5. Cc gii php gim tn tht in nng:
Mun gim tn tht in nng cn phi gim tn tht cng sut tc dng: Cc gii
php thc hin u nhm vo mc ch tc ng vo cc i lng P, Q, R v U dn ti
lm gim P A .
- Tng in p truyn ti: c th s dng u phn p ca my bin p nhm nng
cao in p cung cp (khng cao qu 5%U
dm
). Nu c th ci to nng cp in p cho
ng dy truyn ti.
- Gim P: ct gim P c th dng cc gii php nh thay i dy chuyn cng
ngh hin i tiu tn in nng t hn, s dng cc thit b in cng ngh mi hiu sut
cao.
- B cng sut phn khng: gii php ny nhm gim lng Q truyn ti trn li
in. C th l: dng bin php hnh chnh v khuyn khch cc x nghip t t b
gim Q v tin hnh b kinh t trn li cung cp in.
- Gim tr s R: gim R c th dng cc gii php:
+ Dng cp ng thay cho cp nhm. Tng tit din dy dn.
+ Chn tit din dy theo J
kt
(dy s ln hn v R nh hn khi chn theo cc
phng php khc).

Cu hi n tp chng 5
Cu 1. V sao phi tnh ton tn tht trong h thng cung cp in. Trnh by cc dng
tn tht trong trm bin p v trn ng dy ti in ?
Cu 2. Nu v phn tch cc gii php gim tn tht in nng ?
Cu 3. Bi tp tnh ton tn tht trong trm bin p v trn ng dy ti in ?

38

Chng 6
TNH TON NGN MCH TRONG H THNG IN

6.1. Khi nim chung:
6.1.1. Khi nim v ngn mch:
Ngn mch l hin tng mch in b chp li mt im no lm cho tng
tr mch nh i, dng in trong mch s tng cao t ngt v in p gim xung.














Hnh 0.1. th bin thin dng in trong qu trnh qu .
Vic dng in tng cao qu mc s gy cc hu qu nghim trng:
+ Xut hin lc in ng ln c kh nng ph hy kt cu ca cc thit b in, tip
tc gy chm chp chy n.
+ Lm nhit tng cao ph hy cc c tnh cch in, vic ny li tip tc gy ra
cc ngn mch khc.
Nu khng nhanh chng c lp vng ngn mch th h thng chuyn sang ch
ngn mch duy tr.
Dng in ngn mch theo thi gian c th phn tch thnh 2 thnh phn: chu k v
khng chu k.
( ) ( ) ( )
N ck kck
i t i t i t = + (6.1)
Trong , thnh phn khng chu k s tt sau mt thi gian cn li thnh phn chu
k.
i: dng in siu qu ban u,
*
*
" i
E
x

=
Trong :
*
E

: sc in ng siu qu tng ng trong n v tng i.

*
x

: in khng tng hp trong n v tng i.
I
ckm
: bin ca thnh phn chu k, " 2.
ckm
I i =
i
xk
: l dng ngn mch ti t=T/2, do :
0,01
. . . 2. "
xk
Ta
ckm ckm xk ckm xk
i I I e k I k i

= + = =

39

Trong :
0,01
1
Ta
xk
k e

= + gi l h s xung kch, vi
.
x
Ta
wr
= l hng s thi gian.
Thng thng h s xung kch c tra t cc bng theo t s
x
r
ca mch, v tr ngn
mch v cc c trng ca mch in.
Trung bnh c th ly gi tr nh sau:
+ Ngn mch ti thanh gp in p my pht hoc u cao p ca my bin p tng:
k
xk
= 1,9.
+ Ngn mch cc thit b cao p xa my pht: k
xk
= 1,8.
+ Ngn mch pha th cp ca cc trm h p (S<1000kVA): k
xk
= 1,3.
i vi ng c khng ng b, suy gim ca cc thnh phn dng chu k v t
do n cung cp cho im ngn mch l gn nh nhau, c th ly:
+ ng c c ln : k
xk
= 1,8.
+ ng c c 100200kW: k
xk
= 1,51,6.
+ ng c c b v ph ti tng hp: k
xk
= 1.
6.1.2. Phn loi ngn mch:
C nhiu dng ngn mch: ngn mch 3 pha, ngn mch 2 pha, ngn mch 2 pha
chm t, ngn mch 1 pha chm ttrong ngn mch 3 pha l nguy him nht.
Bng 6.1. Cc loi ngn mch trong h thng cung cp in

Thng thng cc dng ngn mch phi c c lp khi h thng. Ring trong li
trung p 35, 10, 6kV l li c trung tnh cch in th dng ngn mch 1 pha nh v
ngi ta cho php tip tc vn hnh 2 gi k t khi ngn mch, nu sau 2 gi nu khng
pht hin v khc phc c s c th mi ct in. S c ny c pht hin nh my
bin p ba pha tam gic h.
6.1.3. Mc ch v yu cu ca tnh ton ngn mch:
Khi thit k v vn hnh cc h thng in, nhm gii quyt nhiu vn k thut
yu cu tin hnh hng lot cc tnh ton s b, trong c tnh ton ngn mch.
Tnh ton ngn mch thng l nhng tnh ton dng, p lc xy ra ngn mch ti
mt s im hay mt s nhnh ca s ang xt. Ty thuc mc ch tnh ton m cc
i lng trn c th c tnh mt thi im no hay din bin ca chng trong
sut c qu trnh qu . Nhng tnh ton nh vy cn thit gii quyt cc vn sau:
+ So snh, nh gi, chn la s ni in.
+ Chn cc kh c, dy dn, thit b in.

40

+ Thit k v chnh nh cc loi bo v.
+ Nghin cu ph ti, phn tch s c, xc nh phn b dng...
Trong h thng in phc tp, vic tnh ton ngn mch mt cch chnh xc rt kh
khn. Do vy ty thuc yu cu tnh ton m trong thc t thng dng cc phng php
thc nghim, gn ng vi cc iu kin u khc nhau tnh ton ngn mch.
Chng hn tnh chn my ct in, theo iu kin lm vic ca n khi ngn mch
cn phi xc nh dng ngn mch ln nht c th c. Mun vy, ngi ta gi thit rng
ngn mch xy ra lc h thng in c s lng my pht lm vic nhiu nht, dng
ngn mch gy nn dng ln nht, ngn mch l trc tip, ngn mch xy ra ngay ti u
cc my ct gii quyt cc vn lin quan n vic chn la v chnh nh thit
b bo v rle thng phi tm dng ngn mch nh nht, lc y tt nhin cn phi s
dng nhng iu kin tnh ton hon ton khc vi nhng iu kin nu trn.
6.1.4. Tnh ton ngn mch
Trong tnh ton ngn mch, kt qu thu c l gn ng, mc chnh xc ph
thuc vo cch thc thit lp s thay th tnh ton v chnh xc ca phng tin
tnh ton.
V d:
Nu khng k n ph ti v cc phn t khc th gi tr dng ngn mch tnh ton s
ln hn 2-7% so vi gi tr chnh xc.
Nu khng k n in tr v ph ti (khi tnh ton chnh xc sc in ng), th
dng ngn mch ba pha s ln hn gi tr thc khong 20%.
Nu ch khng lu n s khc nhau v module v argument ca sc in ng
(xem cc my pht in l nh nhau v c sc in ng bng 1,05E) th gi tr tnh ton
dng in ngn mch ba pha s nh hn khong 10% so vi gi tr chnh xc.
Nu khng k n s khc nhau v module v argument ca sc in ng (sc in
ng bng 1,05E), ng thi khng k n s khc nhau ca ph ti, th dn n kt qu
dng in ngn mch ba pha nh hn so vi gi tr chnh xc khong 5-8%.
Nu dng nh l my pht in tng ng (Thevenin) tnh ton th dng ngn
mch s l:
k
nm
k sun
U
I
Z Z
=
+

Trong :
+ U
k
: in p ca thanh gp s c ch lm vic trc khi pht sinh ngn mch.
+ Z
k
: tng tr tng ng ca s th t thun c nhn t ch s c.
+ Z
sun
: tng tr mch sun tng ng ca ch s c.
S sai lch ca dng in ngn mch tnh ton so vi gi tr thc t nm trong phm
vi trn c th chp nhn c khi nghin cu mt s phm tr tnh ton nh vic xc
nh cng sut dng in ngn mch ca my ct in.
Tuy nhin trong vic tnh ton, la chn c tnh cho cc bo v khong cch, so
lchcn phi tnh ton dng ngn mch mt cch chnh xc.
tnh ton dng ngn mch c th p dng cc phng php thc dng gn ng
nh phong gii tch v phng php ng cong tnh ton, khi cn chnh xc cao
phng php dng ma trn v my tnh c dng.
+ Phng php gii tch.
+ Phng php ng cong tnh ton.

41

+ Phng php dng ma trn v my tnh tnh ton.
6.2. Cc phng tnh ton gn ng dng in ngn mch:
Cc phng php tnh thng thng u phi tun t thc hin cc bc sau:
Xy dng cc gi thit, cc gi thit ph hp vi phng php tnh, mc ch tnh
ngn mch, ph hp vi tng trng hp c th
Chn h n v tng i.
Thnh lp s thay th v thc hin cc php bin i c th tnh c in
khng t ngun n im ngn mch.
Tnh cc thnh phn ca dng ngn mch cn thit.
Sau y s gii thiu khi qut hai phng php tnh gn ng dng ngn mch l
phng php gii tch v phng php ng cong tnh ton.
6.2.1. Phng php gii tch:
6.2.1.1. Xy dng cc gi thit: Khi xy ra ngn mch s cn bng cng sut t in,
c in b ph hoi, trong h thng in ng thi xy ra nhiu yu t lm cc thng s
bin thin mnh v nh hng tng h nhau. Nu k n tt c nhng yu t nh
hng, th vic tnh ton ngn mch s rt kh khn. Do , trong thc t ngi ta a ra
nhng gi thit nhm n gin ha vn c th tnh ton. Mi phng php tnh
ton ngn mch u c nhng gi thit ring ca n. y ta ch nu ra cc gi thit c
bn chung cho vic tnh ton ngn mch.
- Mch t khng bo ha: gi thit ny s lm cho phng php phn tch v tnh
ton ngn mch n gin rt nhiu, v mch in tr thnh tuyn tnh v c th dng
nguyn l xp chng phn tch qu trnh.
- B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p.
- H thng in 3 pha l i xng.
- B qua dung dn ca ng dy: gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, ngoi tr
trng hp tnh ton ng dy cao p ti in i cc xa th mi xt n dung dn ca
ng dy.
- B qua in tr tc dng: ngha l s tnh ton c tnh cht thun khng. Gi thit
ny dng c khi ngn mch xy ra cc b phn in p cao, ngoi tr khi bt buc
phi xt n in tr ca h quang in ti ch ngn mch hoc khi tnh ton ngn mch
trn ng dy cp di hay ng dy trn khng tit din b. Ngoi ra lc tnh hng s
thi gian tt dn ca dng in khng chu k cng cn phi tnh n in tr tc dng.
- Xt n ph ti mt cch gn ng: ty thuc giai on cn xt trong qu trnh qu
c th xem gn ng tt c ph ti nh l mt tng tr khng i tp trung ti mt nt
chung.
- Cc my pht in ng b khng c dao ng cng sut: ngha l gc lch pha
gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in gi nguyn khng i trong qu trnh ngn
mch. Nu gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in tng ln th dng
trong nhnh s c gim xung, s dng gi thit ny s lm cho vic tnh ton n gin
hn v tr s dng in ti ch ngn mch l ln nht. Gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln,
nht l khi tnh ton trong giai on u ca qu trnh qu (0,1 0,2 sec).
6.2.1.2. Chn n v tng i: Bt k mt i lng vt l no cng c th biu din
trong h n v c tn hoc trong h n v tng i.
Tr s trong n v tng i ca mt i lng vt l no l t s gia n vi mt
i lng vt l khc cng th nguyn c chn lm n v o lng.

42

i lng vt l chn lm n v o lng c gi i lng c bn.
Nh vy, mun biu din cc i lng trong n v tng i trc ht cn chn cc
i lng c bn. Khi tnh ton i vi h thng in 3 pha ngi ta dng cc i lng
c bn sau:
S
cb
: cng sut c bn 3 pha. Z
cb
: tng tr pha c bn.
U
cb
: in p dy c bn. t
cb
: thi gian c bn.
I
cb
: dng in c bn.
cb
: tc gc c bn.
Cc i lng ny lin h vi nhau qua cc biu thc sau:
1
3. .
3.
v
U
S U I Z t
I e
= = =
Do thng thng chn ba i lng c bn l S
cb
, U
cb
,
cb
cc i lng cn li
c tnh t cc biu thc trn.
S
cb
: thng c chn bng 100MVA, 1000MVA hay c th chn bng cng sut
nh mc ca mt trong cc ngun cung cp.
U
cb
: ly theo thang in p trung bnh nh mc: 500; 330; 230; 115; 37; 22; 18;
15,75; 13,8; 6,3; 3,15 v 0,4kV.
Sau khi c cc i lng c bn, c th tnh cc i lng tng i t cc i
lng thc theo cc cng thc sau:
*( ) *( )
;
cb cb
cb cb
E U
E U
U U
= =
*( ) *( )
;
cb cb
cb cb
S I
S I
S I
= =
*( ) 2
3.
. .
cb cb
cb
cb cb cb
I S Z
Z Z Z
Z U U
= = =
Mt s tnh cht ca h n v tng i:
- Cc i lng c bn dng lm n v o lng cho cc i lng ton phn cng
ng thi dng cho cc thnh phn ca chng.
V d: S
cb
dng lm n v o lng chung cho S, P, Q; Z
cb
- cho Z, R, X.
- Trong n v tng i in p pha v in p dy bng nhau, cng sut 3 pha v
cng sut 1 pha cng bng nhau.
- Mt i lng thc c th c gi tr trong n v tng i khc nhau ty thuc vo
lng c bn v ngc li cng mt gi tr trong n v tng i c th tng ng vi
nhiu i lng thc khc nhau.
- Thng tham s ca cc thit b c cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn
l nh mc ca chng (S
m
, U
m
, I
m
). Lc :
*( ) 2
3.
. .
dm dm
dm
dm dm dm
I S Z
Z Z Z
Z U U
= = =
- i lng trong n v tng i c th c biu din theo phn trm, v d nh
khng in, my bin p...
*( )
3.
% 100. . .100
3.
% . .100 %
dm
K dm K
dm
dm
B B N
dm
I
X X X
U
I
X X U
U
= =
= =

6.2.1.3. Thnh lp s thay th v bin i s : S thay th l s cho php
th cc mch lin h nhau bi t trng bng mt mch in tng ng bng cch qui
i tham s ca cc phn t cc cp in p khc nhau v mt cp c chn lm c

43

s. Cc tham s ca s thay th c th xc nh trong h n v c tn hoc h n v
tng i, ng thi c th tnh gn ng hoc tnh chnh xc.
Trnh t qui i nh sau:
+ Chn cng sut c bn S
cb
chung cho tt c cc on trn s .
+ Trn mi on ly U
m
= U
tb
ca cp in p tng ng.
+ Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i theo cc biu
thc gn ng.
Bng 6.2. Cng thc tnh quy i cho cc phn t.



Sau khi quy i, thc hin cc php bin i c th tnh ton in khng t
ngun n v tr ngn mch.
Cc php bin i: Cc php bin i s thay th c s dng trong tnh ton
ngn mch nhm mc ch bin i nhng s thay th phc tp ca h thng in
thnh mt s n gin nht tin li cho vic tnh ton, cn gi l s ti gin. S
ti gin c th bao gm mt hoc mt s nhnh ni trc tip t ngun sc in ng
ng tr E n im ngn mch thng qua mt in khng ng tr (tng hp) X.
.
K
x? E?

- Nhnh ng tr: Php bin i ny c dng ghp song song cc nhnh c
ngun hoc khng ngun thnh mt nhnh tng ng.
Trong :
1
1 1
.
1
;
n
k k
k
dt dt n n
k k
k k
E Y
E X
Y Y
=
= =
= =

Vi
1
k
k
Y
X
= l in dn nhnh k.

44

+ Bin i Y - : Bin i s thay th c dng hnh sao gm 3 nhnh (hnh a)
thnh tam gic (hnh b) theo cc biu thc sau:


Ngc li, bin i s c dng hnh tam gic sao thnh hnh sao dng cc biu
thc sau:

+ Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch:
Nu ngn mch trc tip 3 pha ti im nt c ni mt s nhnh, th c th tch ring
cc nhnh ny ra khi vn gi u mi nhnh cng ngn mch nh vy. S nhn
c lc ny khng c mch vng s d dng bin i. Tnh dng trong mi nhnh khi
cho ngn mch ch trn mt nhnh, cc nhnh ngn mch khc xem nh ph ti c sc
in ng bng khng. Dng qua im ngn mch l tng cc dng tnh cc nhnh
ngn mch ring r. Phng php ny thng dng khi cn tnh dng trong mt nhnh
ngn mch no .

+ Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s :
Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s ta c th ghp chung cc nhnh mt cch n
gin hn hoc c th b bt mt s nhnh m dng ngn mch khng i qua.

6.2.1. 4. Tnh ton ngn mch:
Sau khi tnh c in khng tng hp v sc in ng siu qu , ln lt tnh:
+ Dng in ngn mch siu qu tng i:
*
*
" i
E
x

=
+ Dng in ngn mch: | | . "
N cb
I I i kA =
+ Dng in xung kch: | | . 2.
xk xk N
i k I kA =
6.2.2. Phng php ng cong tnh ton:

45

Phng php ny da trn c s s dng mt s ng cong c bit, c th xc nh
gi tr chu k ca dng in ti bt k thi im no ty theo in khng tnh ton ca s
.
ng cong tnh ton l ng cong biu din tr s tng i ca thnh phn chu k
trong dng ngn mch ti nhng thi im ty ca qu trnh qu ph thuc vo mt
in khng - in khng tnh ton
*
"
tt d N
x x x = + v ( )
* *
,
ckt tt
I f x t =

Cu trc ca ng cong c v da trn s n gin (hnh v) v cc gi thit:
Trc lc ngn mch, my pht in mang ti nh mc vi cos= 0,8 v in p
nh mc, tng ng vi gi thit l ph ti khng i 0,8 0.6 136 8
o
pt
Z j = + = .
Nhnh b ngn mch 3 pha ti im N c in khng x
N
khng mang ti trc khi xy
ra ngn mch.
Cho x
N
cc gi tr khc nhau, theo cc biu thc bit hoc bng m hnh tnh I
ck
ti
im ngn mch cc thi im khc nhau. T kt qu tnh c, xy dng h ng
cong ( )
* *
,
ckt tt
I f x t = . Cc tham s u tnh trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l
nh mc ca my pht: U
cb
= U
tb
v S
cb
= S
mF
. ng cong tnh ton c xy dng
ring cho cc my pht nhit in v thy in
Cc bc tnh ton ngn mch theo phng php ng cong tnh ton:
Tnh ton theo mt bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo bin i chung. Phng php
ny s dng khi khong cch gia cc my pht n im ngn mch gn nh nhau, lc
s tt dn ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ca cc my pht l gn nh
nhau, cho nn c th nhp chung tt c cc my pht thnh mt my pht ng tr c
cng sut tng tnh ton. Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
+ Lp s thay th trong n v tng i theo php qui i gn ng (vi cc lng
c bn S
cb
, U
cb
= U
tb
):
- in khng ca my pht ly bng x
d
.
- Khng cn t bt k sc in ng no trong s .
- Ph ti c th b i, tr trng hp nhng ng c c ln ni trc tip vo im
ngn mch th tnh ton nh my pht c cng cng sut.
+ Bin i s thay th, a n v dng n gin nht tnh in khng ng tr x
*

ca s i vi im ngn mch.
+ Tnh i v in khng tnh ton:
* * tt
dm
cb
x x
S
S

=

Trong : S
m
- tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht.
T in khng tnh ton x
*tt
v thi im t cn xt, tra ng cong tnh ton s tm
c I
*ckt
. Tnh i v n v c tn (nu cn) vi lng c bn lc ny l S
m
v U
tb
:

46

* *
. .
3.
ckt ckt ckt
dm
dm
tb
I I I
S
I
U

= =

6.3. Khi qut v s dng my tnh trong tnh ton ngn mch
My vi tnh c s dng ngy cng nhiu trong vic nghin cu cc ch ca
h thng in. Nu my tnh mnh n c th tnh ton cc bi ton vi s lng vi
chc nt ch trong vi pht.
tnh ton cc bi ton ca h thng in bng my tnh, u tin phi xy dng
cc ma tng dn (Y) hay tng tr (Z), sau gii bi ton (I)= (Y)(U) hay (U)= (Z)(I)
bng phng php lp Seidel Gauss.
6.4. Phng php tnh ngn mch trong mng in p thp n 1000V:
Tnh ngn mch trong mng in di 1000V thng l la chn cc kh c in
v cc b phn c dng in i qua. i vi mng ny khng th b qua thnh phn in
tr khi tnh ton ngn mch v nu b qua sai s s rt ln. in tr ca cc phn t
trong mch nh my bin p, dy dn, thanh dn, bin dng in, bin in p o
lng u phi c k n.
Tnh ton ngn mch trong mng h p c th gi thit in p pha s cp my bin
p l khng i khi xy ra ngn mch v nn dng n v c tn n gin v ch c
mt cp in p: Z (R, X) [m]; U [kV, V]; I [kA, A]; S [kVA].
6.4.1. Tnh in khng:
- Tnh in khng h thng: | |
3 2 3
cat
cat
.10 .10
3.
ht
tb tb
dm
dm
X
U U
m
S
I
= = O

Trong :
tb
U l in p trung bnh (0,23; 0,4; 0,525; 0,69 kV).
cat dm
I ,
cat dm
S : dng in v cng sut nh mc ct ca my ct in t
pha cao p my bin p, tnh bng kA v kVA.
- in tr v in khng my bin p:
| |
2
3
2
.
.10 ,
k dm
T
dm
P U
R m
S
A
= O | |
2
%.
.10,
x dm
T
dm
U U
X m
S
= O
Trong :
k
P A tn tht ngn mch ca my bin p (W).
dm
U ,
dm
S : in p v cng sut nh mc my bin p (kV, kVA)
%
x
U thnh phn phn khng ca in p ngn mch, tnh theo
2 2
% % %
x k r
U U U = , vi: %
k
U l % in p ngn mch v thnh phn tc dng ca
n:
3
% .100
10. 10 .
k k
r
dm dm
P P
U
S S
A A
= =
- in tr v in khng ng dy h p:
i vi ng dy h p, mt cch gn ng c th ly x
o
= 0,3[/km] cho ng
dy trn khng v x
o
= 0,07[/km] cho cp. in tr
0
1
. ,[ / ] r km
F
= O .

47

- in tr v in khng cc thnh phn khc: nh cun dng in ca p-t-mt,
cun s cp ca my bin dng, in tr tip xc ca cc tip imc th tra cc
cm nang.
6.4.2. Tnh dng in ngn mch:
Sau khi xc nh c in khng v in tr tng hp ca mch in ngn
mch, tnh c:
Thnh phn chu k ca dng in ngn mch:
(3)
2 2
1000.
,[ ]
3.
tb
ck
U
I A
r x

=
+

Dng in xung kch:
.
2.
xk xk ck
i k I = vi
0,01
1 ;
.
a
T
xk a
x
k e T
r e

= + = .

Cu hi n tp chng 6
Cu 1. Ngn mch l g ? Phn tch cc trng thi ngn mch trong h thng cung cp
in v ch ra trng thi ngn mch nguy him nht ?
Cu 2. Mc ch, yu cu v cc phng php tnh ton ngn mch trong h thng cung
cp in ?
Cu 3. Bi tp tnh ton ngn mch mng in h p ?

48

Chng 7
LA CHN THIT B IN TRONG LI CUNG CP IN

Trong iu kin vn hnh cc kh c in, s cch in v cc b phn dn in khc
c th mt trong ba ch :
- Ch lm vic lu di: cc thit b in s lm vic tin cy nu chng c chn
theo ng in p v dng in nh mc.
- Ch qu ti: dng in qua cc thit b cao hn bnh thng, thit b cn tin cy
nu gi tr v thi gian in p hay dng tng cao cn nh hn gi tr cho php.
- Ch ngn mch: cc thit b cn tin cy nu trong qu trnh la chn thit b c
xt n iu kin n nh ng v n nh nhit. Ring i vi my ct in cn phi la
chn thm kh nng ct ca n.
Vic la chn cc thit b v b phn dn in cn phi tha mn yu cu hp l v
kinh t - k thut.
7.1. Khi qut chung
7.1.1. iu kin chung chn thit b in
7.1.1.1. Chn theo in p nh mc:
in p nh mc thit b in thng c ghi trn nhn thit b, ngoi ra thit b
thng c ch to c th chu c mt qu in p nht nh. Do thit b c
chn tha:
U
mKC
+ U
mKC
U
m mng
+ U
m mng

Trong : U
mKC
l in p nh mc kh c in.
U
mKC
: tng in p cho php ca kh c in.
U
m mng
: in p nh mc mng in ni thit b lm vic.
U
m mng
: lch in p so vi in p nh mc.
Bng 7.1. Tr s lch in p cho php tng i ca mt s thit b.
Cp in lc: 1,1U
m

Chng st: 1,25U
m

S cch in: 1,15U
m

Dao cch ly: 1,1U
m

My ct in: 1,25U
m

Khng in: 1,15U
m

My bin dng in:
1,1U
m

My bin in p:
1,1U
m

Cu ch:
1,1U
m

Ring trng hp khi cc thit b t cao hn 1000m so vi th in p cho
php ch c ly bng in p nh mc.
7.1.1.2. Chn theo dng in nh mc:
Dng in nh mc kh c in I
mKC
do nh ch to cho sn. Chn dng in nh
mc s m bo cho cc b phn ca n khng b t nng nguy him khi lm vic lu
di nh mc.
Nh vy, chn thit b c I
mKC
I
lv max
(dng lm vic cc i).
Dng nh mc cc kh c in c gi thit khi vn hnh nhit mi trng
xung quanh l 35
o
C. Trng hp nhit khc th phi hiu chnh:
Nu
xq
> 35
o
C th.
cp xq
cp
-
-35
u u
u

Nu
xq
< 35
o
C th I
cp
c th tng ln 0,005. cho mi (khng qu 0,2 I
mKC
).

49

7.1.2. Cc iu kin kim tra thit b khi xy ra ngn mch:
7.1.2.1. Kim tra n nh lc in ng:
Khi xy ra ngn mch thit b c dng ngn mch i qua s chu mt lc in ng
ln hn bnh thng nhiu. Mi kh c in c dng in cc i cho php, chn I
max

I
xk
, dng ngn mch xung kch.
7.1.2.2. Kim tra n nh nhit:
Dy dn v kh c in s b nng ln v c cc tn tht cng sut. Cc tn tht ny
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nhng ch yu ph thuc vo bnh phng dng in, do
khi ngn mch dng in tng cao lm cho thit b pht nng rt nhanh. Khi nhit kh
c in v dy dn qu cao s lm cho chng b h hng hay gim thi gian phc v. Do
, cc thit b c quy nh nhit lm vic cho php khi lm vic bnh thng cng
nh khi xy ra ngn mch.
7.2. La chn my ct in:
7.2.1. La chn v kim tra my ct in in p cao hn 1000V:
My ct in l thit b dng trong mng in p cao ng, ct dng in ph ti
v ct dng in ngn mch.
Bng 7.2. Cc iu kin chn v kim tra my ct:
Th
t
i lng la chn v kim tra K hiu
Cng thc chn v kim
tra
1 in p nh mc (kV) U
mMC
U
mMC
U
m mng

2 Dng in nh mc (A) I
mMC
I
mMC
I
lv max

3
Dng in n nh lc in ng
(kA)
I
max
I
max
I
xk

4 Dng in n nh nhit (A) I
n
I
n

dn
.
gt
t
I
t

5 Cng sut ct nh mc (MVA) S
mct
S
mct
S
N(tN)

Ch thch:
Dng n nh nhit ca my ct trong l lch my cho ng vi thi gian 1; 5 v 10s.
Cng sut ngn mch ti thi im ct S
N(tN)
c th xem l cng sut ti thi im
my ct hot ng.
7.2.2. La chn v kim tra my ct ph ti:
My ct ph ti l thit b ng ct n gin v r tin hn my ct. N gm b phn
ng ct iu khin bng tay v cu ch, trong cu ch ng vai tr ct dng ngn
mch.
Bng 7.3. Cc iu kin chn v kim tra my ct ph ti:
Th
t
i lng la chn v kim tra K hiu
Cng thc chn v kim
tra
1 in p nh mc (kV) U
mMCPT
U
mMCPT
U
m mng

2 Dng in nh mc (A) I
mMCPT
I
mMCPT
I
lv max

3
Dng in n nh lc in ng
(kA)
I
max
I
max
I
xk


50

4 Dng in n nh nhit (A) I
n
I
n

dn
.
gt
t
I
t

5 Dng in nh mc cu ch(A) I
mCC
I
mCC
I
lv max

6
Cng sut ct nh mc cu ch
(MVA)
S
mct CC
S
mct
S
Ch thch: S= 3 .I. U
m mng
, vi I l gi tr hiu dng ban u ca thnh phn chu
k dng in ngn mch.
7.3. La chn cu ch, dao cch ly:
7.3.1. La chn dao cch ly:
Nhim v ch yu ca dao cch ly l to ra khong h cch in trng thy c gia
b phn ang mang in v b phn ct in. Dao cch ly ch ng ct khi khng c
dng in. Dao cch ly c ch to vi nhiu cp in p khc nhau, mt pha hay ba
pha, lp t trong nh v ngoi tri.
Dao cch ly c chn cc iu kin nh mc: dng v p cng iu kin n nh
ng v n nh nhit.
7.3.2. La chn cu ch:
Cu ch l kh c in bo v mch in khi ngn mch. Thi gian ct ca cu ch
ph thuc vo vt liu lm dy chy. Cu chi l thit b bo v n gin, r tin nhng
nhy km n ch tc ng khi dng ln hn nh mc nhiu ln (ch yu l dng ngn
mch).
Bng 7.4. Cc iu kin chn v kim tra cu ch:
Th
t
i lng la chn v kim tra K hiu
Cng thc chn v kim
tra
1 in p nh mc (kV) U
mCC
U
mCC
U
m mng

2 Dng in nh mc (A) I
mCC
I
mCC
I
lv max

3
Cng sut ct nh mc cu ch
(MVA)
S
mct CC
S
mct
S
Lu : Khi chn cu ch dng bo v ng c in th dng nh mc phi tha
mn hai iu kin l dng lm vic bnh thng v dng m my.
7.4. La chn v kim tra s cch in:
S c tc dng va lm gi cho cc b phn mang in va cch in chng vi
t. Do s cch in phi c bn c v c v in. S c phn thnh s , s
treo cc thanh ci, dy dn v cc b phn mang in.
Ngoi ra cn c x xuyn dng dn thanh ci hay dy dn xuyn qua tng nh
hay v thit b.
Bng 7.5. Cc iu kin chn v kim tra s:
Th
t
i lng la chn v kim tra K hiu Cng thc chn v kim tra
1 in p nh mc (kV) U
m s
U
m s
U
m mng

2
Dng in nh mc i vi s
xuyn v s u ra (A)
I
m s
I
m s
I
lv max

3 Lc cho php tc dng ln u s F
cp
F
cp
F
tt
= k.F
tt

4 Dng in n nh nhit cho php I
n
I
n
I

51

i vi s xuyn v s u ra
Trong :
F
cp
: lc cho php tc dng ln u s, F
cp
= 0,6.F
ph
, vi F
ph
l lc ph hng s.
F
tt
= lc tc dng ln u s.
k: h s hiu chnh.
7.5. La chn thanh dn:
Thanh dn c th bng ng, nhm hay thp ty theo cng cng nh mi trng
lm vic s c chn thch hp.
Tit din S ca cc thanh dn thng c chn theo mt dng kinh t (tra bng),
ng thi phi kim tra cc iu kin pht nng v n nh ng.
7.6. La chn dy dn v cp:
C nhiu loi cp dng cho cc cp in p khc nhau. Li cp thng bng ng
hoc nhm gm mt, hai, ba hay bn li. cp 110 220kV cch in cp thng l
du hay kh. Cp trn 10kV thng c ch to tng si ring l trong khi cp di
10kV c th gm ba pha bc chung mt v ch. Cp di 1000V thng c cch in
bng giy tm du hoc bng nha.
Dy dn trn khng thng l dy trn mt hay nhiu si, c hay rng rut.
Trong mng in x nghip dy dn v cp thng c chn theo hai iu kin:
+ Chn theo iu kin pht nng.
+ Chn theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php.
Khi chn tit din dy dn theo iu kin ny th kim tra li bng iu kin kia.
Ngoi ra cn c th chn tit in dy dn theo mt dng kinh t. Sau y gii thiu
phng php chn tit din dy theo iu kin pht nng.
La chn dy dn theo iu kin pht nng: Nhit cho php ca dy dn v cp
thng trong khong 55 80
o
C, ty thuc vo nhit mi trng v iu kin lm
vic.
Do , tit din dy dn v cp c chn tha iu kin: k.I
cp
I
lv max
Trong : k: h s iu chnh khi nhit mi trng khc 25
o
C (tra s tay k thut).
I
cp
: dng in cho php ng vi dy dn c chn.
7.7. La chn cc thit b khc:
7.7.1. La chn v kim tra khng in:
Khng in l cun dy in cm khng li thp c in khng ln hn in tr rt
nhiu. in khng dng hn ch dng in ngn mch hay hn ch dng in m my
ca cc ng c in.
Khng in c chn theo in p nh mc, dng in nh mc v gi tr in
khng x
k
%, cui cng c kim tra n nh ng v n nh nhit.
7.7.2. La chn v kim tra bin dng in:
My bin dng in c nhim v bin i dng in c tr s ln xung tr s nh
cung cp cho cc dng c o lng, bo v rle v t ng ha.
Cun s cp ca BI c mc ni tip vi mng in v c s vng dy rt nh
(thng ch vi vng), cun dy th cp c nhiu vng hn.
Dng in nh mc th cp ca my bin dng l 5A, trng hp c bit l 1 hay
10A.

52

My bin dng c chn theo in p nh mc, dng in s cp nh mc, ph ti
nh mc. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn kim tra lc n nh ng v n nh nhit khi c dng
ngn mch chy qua.
7.7.3. La chn v kim tra bin in p:
My bin in p c nhim v bin i in p t tr s cao xung tr s thp phc v
cho o lng, bo v rle v t ng ha. in p th cp ca my bin in p ch
khong 100V khng k in p s cp nh mc l bao nhiu.
Nguyn l lm vic tng t nh my bin p thng thng ch khc l cng sut ca
n rt nh ch hng chc hay vi trm VA. Tng tr mch ngoi ca my bin in p rt
ln.
My bin in p thng c ch to thnh loi mt pha, ba pha hoc ba pha nm
tr nhiu cp in p. My c chn theo loi, in p, cp chnh xc v cng sut
th cp.


Cu hi n tp chng 7
Cu 1. Nhng iu kin chung la chn thit b in. Ti sao phi la chn thit b
bo v trong cc mng in ?
Cu 2. Trnh by phng php la chn v kim tra my ct, my ct ph ti v cu ch ?
Cu 3. Nu cc phng php la chn dy dn trong mng in h p v trung p ?
Cu 4. Bi tp tnh ton la chn tit din dy dn ?

53

Chng 8
BO V H THNG IN

Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng in c th xut hin tnh trng s c v ch
lm vic khng bnh thng ca cc phn t.
Cc s c thng ko theo hin tng dng in tng cao v in p gim thp. iu
ny lm ri lon hot ng bnh thng ca h thng. Mun duy tr hot ng bnh
thng ca h thng v h tiu th cn nhanh chng pht hin s c v cch ly n ra
khi h thng.
Thit b bo v rle l loi thit b t ng bo v c chc nng thc hin nhim v
trn.
Ngoi ra h thng in cn c th b h hi nghim trng khi b st nh, h thng
chng st c nhim v gim thiu cc h hng khi c st nh vo cc phn t in.
8.1. Bo v relay:
8.1.1. Cc yu cu i vi h thng bo v rle:
Cc bo v rle cn phi tha mn mt s ch tiu k thut nht nh:
- Tnh nhanh chng: nhm ct nhanh vng s c khi h thng, gim thiu cc h
hng.
- Tnh la chn: ct ng vng s c khi h thng.
- Tnh m bo: bo v phi tc ng khi cn, khng tc ng sai hoc tc ng
khng ng lc.
- nhy: tc ng gn vi tr s c chnh nh s hot ng, tr s tc ng cng
st chnh nh th nhy cng cao.
- c lp vi cc iu kin vn hnh: bo v phi hot ng ng trong cc iu kin
vn hnh khc nhau.
Ngoi ra, h thng bo v phi t yu cu v kinh t, gn nh, linh hot trong vic
thay i tnh nng
Theo lch s pht trin t cc rle in c n rle in t v ngy nay l s kt hp
vi s iu khin ca my tnh cc h thng bo v ngy cng c hon thin.
8.1.2. Nhng bo v chnh bng rle:
8.1.2.1. Bo v dng in: tc ng trong trng hp dng in ca mch bo v tng
ln do qu ti hay ngn mch.
Rle s tc ng khi dng in trong mch tng qu mt gi tr c xc nh, gi l
dng in khi ng k hiu I
kBv
, dng ny phi ln hn dng nh mc cng nh
dng ph ti cc i ca mch.
Nh vy dng khi ng rle
CT
kdBv
kdR
I
I
n
= vi n
CT
l t s bin dng in.
8.1.2.2. Bo v in p: bo v in p cc tiu v cc i l hai loi rle bo v in p.
- Bo v in p cc tiu: l bo v s tc ng trong trng hp in p gim i do
xut hin dng ngn mch hay c s c. Bo v s tc ng khi in p ca mch nh
hn in p khi ng bo v U
kBv
, in p ny nh hn in p nh mc v in p
nh nht ca mng. in p khi ng rle
PT
kdBv
kdR
U
U
n
= vi n
PT
l t s bin in p.

54

- Bo v in p cc i: l bo v s tc ng trong trng hp in p tng qu
in p khi ng ca bo v, t s dng ch yu cc nh my thy in v cc ng
dy in p rt cao.
8.1.2.3.Bo v c hng: kt hp vi cc bo v khc nhm tng tnh chn lc cho cc
bo v. Hot ng nh xc nh lch pha gia vect dng in v in p.
8.1.2.4. Bo v so lch: bo v ny tc ng khi xut hin s sai lch gia nhng gi tr
ca dng in t hai u ca vng c bo v. trng thi lm vic bnh thng, hiu
dng in qua hai bin dng bng 0, nu ngn mch xy ra trong vng bo v th hiu
ny s khc 0 v rle s tc ng bo v.
8.1.2.5. Bo v khong cch: bo v ny thc hin bng rle tng tr, rle tc ng khi
tng tr ca mch bo v c bo v b gim. Bnh thng tng tr mch cao, khi c
ngn mch th in th gim trong khi dng in li tng do t l Z= U/I gim mt
cch ng k, khi rle tng tr s tc ng.
8.1.2.6. Bo v bng rle nhit: khi nhit tng cao thng khi c ngn mch hay qu
ti i vi cc phn t in, rle nhit s tc ng, thng c dng cho cc ng c
in.
8.1.2.7. Bo v bng rle hi: l rle thng c trang b cho cc my bin p du
cng sut ln. Rle ny lp trn ng ng ni gia my bin p v thng du ph. Khi
c s c trong my bin p th tc hi du i qua trong ng ni tng c th lm nghin
rle c th gy ng cc tip im t trn rle, nu nh th ng tip im bo ng
trng hp nng i tc ng ct my bin p.

Hnh 8.1. Bo v my bin p bng rle hi

Bng 8.1. Bng gii thiu m s ca mt s rle thng dng
M s Rle M s Rle
21 Bo v khong cch 51 Bo v qu dng c thi gian
27 Bo v in p gim 67 Bo v qu dng c hng
32 Rle nh hng cng sut 79 T ng ng tr li (TL)
40 Rle bo v mt t trng 81 Rle tn s
49 Bo v qu nhit 87 Bo v so lch
50 Bo v qu dng ct nhanh 96B Rle kh Buchholz
8.2. Chng st v ni t:
8.2.1. Qu in p thin nhin v c tnh ca st:
St l s phng in trong kh quyn gia cc m my v t, hay gia cc m my
mang in tch tri du.

55

Hai tham s quan trng ca dng in st l bin Is v dc u sng a. Bin
Is thng khng qu 200 300kA v thng gp < 100kA. Trong tnh ton thit k
thng chn mc 50 100kA v dc chn a= 30kA/s.
Qu in p kh quyn pht sinh khi st nh trc tip vo cc vt t ngoi tri
(ng dy ti in, thit b phn phi) cng nh khi st nh gn cc cng trnh. Qu
in p kh quyn xy ra trong thi gian ngn vi in p tng cao lm ph hy cch in
ca thit b in, do cn phi thc hin chng st cho cc cng trnh ni chung v
cng trnh in ni ring.
thc hin chng st cho mt cng trnh phi thc hin 6 im sau:
- u thu st (dy thu st): t trn cao ti nhng v tr mong mun.
- Dy dn dng st t u thu st xung t.
- Tiu tn nng lng dng st vo t nh h thng ni t.
- Thc hin li ni t ng th loi tr cc chnh lch in th.
- Bo v thit b khi st lan truyn theo ng dy ti in.
- Bo v thit b khi st lan truyn theo cc ng dy tn hiu.
Sau y gii thiu cng tc phng chng st cho trm v ng dy ti in:
8.2.2. Bo v st nh trc tip i vi trm bin p:
bo v st nh thng vo trm ngi ta dng cc ct thu li cao c nh nhn
bng kim loi (i khi kt hp vi c dy chng st) v c ni n h thng ni t.
Phm vi bo v c ph thuc vo chiu cao ct thu st, s ct thu st. Sau khi b tr
mt s ct thu v chiu cao nht nh, ngi ta tnh ton kim tra phm vi bo v c th
bo v ht cc thit b cn bo v cha? Nu cha, th c th t thm cc ct b sung
hoc nng cao ct thu st v tnh ton kim tra li.
Tuy nhin st nh theo xc sut v chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t, do vy rt kh
m bo bo v hon ton trm.
8.2.3. Bo v chng st ng dy ti in:
Trong vn hnh, s c ct in do st nh vo ng dy ti in trn khng l kh
ln.
Do cn thit phi bo v st nh vo ng dy trn khng.
bo v chng st cho ng dy, c th treo dy chng st trn ton tuyn (kh
tn km) v thng ch dng cho ng dy 110 220kV ct st v ct b tng ct st.
ng dy 35kV thng t c bo v ton tuyn, thng dng kt hp cc bin
php nh: ni t ct, t chng st ng ti mt s ct, tng thm bt s nhng ni
cch in yu nhng ct vt cao. Ty theo cch b tr dy dn trn ct c th treo mt
hay hai dy chng st. Cc dy chng st c treo bn trn ng dy ti in sao cho
dy dn ca c ba pha u nm trong phm vi bo v ca dy chng st.
8.2.4. Bo v chng st lan truyn theo ng dy vo trm:
bo v cc thit b trong trm bin p trnh sng qu in p truyn t ng dy
vo phi dng cc thit b chng st. Cc thit b chng st ny s h thp bin sng
qu in p n tr s an ton cho cch in cn c bo v. Thit b chng st lan
truyn cho trm ch yu l chng st van (CSV), chng st ng (CSO) v khe h phng
in.
- Khe h phng in: l thit b chng st n gin nht, gm c hai in cc: mt
in cc ni vi mch in, cn in cc kia ni t.

56

- Chng st ng: khe h phng in c t trong ng lm bng vt liu sinh kh,
khi xy ra phng in h quang sinh ra lm nng ng, ng sinh ra nhiu kh lm tng p
sut trong ng v thi tt h quang.
- Chng st van: gm c hay khng khe h phng in v in tr phi tuyn. Khi c
qu in p chc thng cc khe h khng kh v i qua in tr phi tuyn xung t.
bo v st lan theo ng dy thng kt hp t chng st ng cho on dy gn
vo trm v chng st van ngay trc my bin p.
8.2.5. Ni t cho trm v ng dy:
chng st t hiu qu cao th h thng ni t cho trm v ng dy phi t
mt s iu kin nht nh (xem thm mc 4.5) nh:
- i vi trm c trung tnh ni t trc tip in p t 110kV tr ln th R

0,5.
- i vi trm c trung tnh cch in, in p di 110kV th R

4.
- i vi trm c b th R

10.

Cu hi n tp chng 8
Cu 1. Trnh by cc dng s c trong trm bin p, trn ng dy ti in ?
Cu 2. V sao phi t cc thit b bo v bng rle? Nu cc yu cu c bn i vi thit
b bo v rle ?
Cu 3. Trnh by cc hnh thc bo v rle trong h thng cung cp in ?
Cu 4. Xy dng s bo v rle bo v trm bin p v ng dy ti in ?
Cu 5. Trong h thng cung cp in c nhng hnh thc ni t no ? V sao phi tnh
ton ni t cho trm bin p v ng dy ti in ?
Cu 6. Bi tp tnh ton bo v rle ?


57

S
P
Q

Chng 9
NNG CAO H S CNG SUT

Hin nay cht lng in nng ngy cng c quan tm. Cht lng in nng c
nh gi trn hai ch tiu l cht lng in p v cht lng tn s.
Cht lng in p: nh gi cht lng in p thng qua 5 i lng: lch in
p, dao ng in p, khng hnh sin ca sng in p, khng i xng ca
in p v lch trung tnh.
Cht lng tn s: c nh gi qua i lng l lch tn s v dao ng tn
s.
9.1. H s cng sut v ngha vic nng h s cng sut:
9.1.1. H s cng sut:
Cc i lng biu din cng sut c lin quan mt thit vi nhau qua tam gic cng
sut:





Hnh 9.1. Tam gic cng sut

trong : S l cng sut ton phn.
P: cng sut tc dng.
Q: cng sut phn khng.
: gc gia S v P.
Trong thc t tnh ton khi nim h s cng sut cos c dng. Khi cos cng
nh th lng cng sut phn khng tiu th hoc truyn ti cng ln v cng sut tc
dng cng nh v ngc li.
9.1.2. ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut:
Nng cao h s cng sut l mt trong nhng bin php quan trng tit kim in
nng. Do ng c khng ng b, my bin p cng vi ng dy trn khng l nhng
thit b ch yu tiu th cng sut phn khng Q ca h thng in. trnh truyn ti
mt lng Q ln trn ng dy, cc thit b b c t gn ph ti cung cp Q
trc tip cho ph ti v c gi l b cng sut phn khng, lm nng cao h s cng
sut cos. Vic nng cao h s cng sut a n cc hiu qu:
- Gim c tn tht cng sut trong mng in, do
2 2
2
.
U
P Q
P R
+
A = (9.1)
- Gim c tn tht in p trong mng in, do
. .
U
P R Q X
U
+
A = (9.2)
- Tng kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy v my bin p, do kh nng truyn ti ph
thuc vo tnh trng pht nng v t l vi bnh phng dng in,
2 2
3U
P Q
I
+
= (9.3)
Ngoi ra, n cn dn n gim c chi ph kim loi mu, gp phn n nh in p,
tng kh nng pht in ca my pht

58

9.2. Cc gii php b cos:
9.2.1. Cc gii php b cos t nhin:
- Thay ng c thng xuyn non ti bng ng c c cng sut b hn.
- Gim in p cho nhng ng c lm vic non ti.
- Hn ch ng c chy khng ti.
- Dng dng c ng b thay th ng c khng ng b.
- Nng cao cht lng sa cha ng c.
- Thay th nhng my bin p lm vic non ti bng nhng my bin p dung
lng nh hn.
9.2.2. Cc thit b b:
Thit b pht Q thng dng trn li in l my b v t b. My b hay cn gi
l my b ng b v t b. My b thng ch dng cc trung tm in duy tr n
nh cho h thng in. T b dng cho li in x nghip, dch v v dn dng. Mc
ch b cos cho x nghip sao cho cos ln hn 0,85. T c th ni tip hay song song
vo mng in.
B dc: mc ni tip t vo ng dy, bin php ny nhm ci thin thng s ng
dy, gim tn hao in p. Lc ny thng s ng dy:
( )
L C
Z R j X X = + (9.4)
B ngang: mc song song t vo ng dy, c nhim v cung cp Q vo h thng,
lm nng cao in p cng nh cos. D thy lc ny tn tht in p gim xung:
( )
b
. .
U
P R Q Q X
U
+
A = (9.5)
9.3. B cng sut cho li in x nghip:
Cng sut cn b cho x nghip nng h s cng sut t cos1 ln h s cng sut
cos2:
( )
b 1 2
Q P tg tg = (9.6)
Cc v tr c th t t b trong mng in x nghip:
- t t b pha cao p x nghip: tuy gi t cao p r nhng ch gim tn tht in
nng t pha cao p ra li.
- t t b ti thanh ci h p ca trm bin p x nghip gip gim in nng trong
trm bin p.
- t t b ti cc t ng lc: lm gim c tn tht in p trn ng dy t t
n trm phn phi v trong trm.
- t t b cho tt c cc ng c: phng php ny c li nht v gim tn tht in
nng nhng tng chi ph u t, vn hnh v bo dng t.
Trong thc t vic tnh ton phn b b ti u cho x nghip l phc tp v ty theo
quy m v kt cu li in x nghip c th c thc hin theo kinh nghim nh sau:
- Vi mt xng sn xut hoc x nghip nh nn tp trung t b ti thanh ci h p
ca trm bin p x nghip.
- Vi x nghip loi va c 1 trm bin p v mt s phn xng cng sut kh ln
cch xa trm nn t t b ti cc t phn phi phn xng v ti cc cc ng c c
cng sut ln (vi chc kW).

59

- i vi x nghip c quy m ln gm nhiu phn xng ln, c trm phn phi
chnh v cc trm phn xng. Vic b thng thc hin ti tt c cc thanh ci h p
ca trm phn xng.
- i khi c th thc hin b cho c cao v h p ty vo gi thnh ca t.


Cu hi n tp chng 9
Cu 1. Trnh by cc bin php nng cao h s cng sut cos ? b cng sut phn
khng ngi ta s dng nhng loi thit b no. u, nhc im v phm vi ng dng
ca t b v my b ng b ?.
Cu 2. Nu, gii thch ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut cos? V sao khi truyn
ti in nng i xa ngi ta phi b cng sut phn khng ?.
Cu 3. Bi tp tnh ton dung lng b v b ti u cho mng in ?.

60

Chng 10
TNH TON CHIU SNG

Trong bt k nh my x nghip no, ngoi chiu sng t nhin cn phi s dng
chiu sng nhn to. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng n in chiu sng nhn to bi
v chng c nhng u im: Thit b n gin, s dng thun tin, gi thnh r, to c
nh sng gn nh sng t nhin. Trong cc nh my x nghip, cc phn xng nu
khng nh sng s gy trng thi cng thng cho mt, hi sc khe... v kt qu lm
gim nng sut lao ng, gy ra ph phm. V vy nh sng c nghin cu trn
nhiu lnh vc chuyn su: Ngun sng, chiu sng cng nghip v dn dng.
10.1. Khi nim chung:
10.1.1. Khi nim v phn loi:
Chiu sng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng. C nhiu cch phn loi cc hnh thc
chiu sng:
Cn c vo i tng cn chiu sng: chiu sng dn dng v chiu sng cng
nghip.
Cn c vo mc ch chiu sng: chiu sng chung, chiu sng cc b v chiu sng
s c.
Ngoi ra cn c th phn thnh chiu sng trong nh, chiu sng ngoi tri, chiu
sng trang tr, chiu sng bo v
Mi hnh thc chiu sng c yu cu ring, c im ring dn n phng php tnh
ton cch s dng cc loi n v b tr khc nhau.
10.1.2. Mt s i lng dng trong tnh ton:
10.1.2.1. Quang thng: l nng lng ca ngn sng pht ra qua mt n v din tch
trong mt n v thi gian.
0
. . F V e d

=
}
. n v ca quang thng l Lumen (lm).
Trong : : bc sng.
V

: r ca bc sng.
e

: hm phn b nng lng.

10.1.2.2. Cng nh sng: nu c mt ngun sng S bc x theo mi phng, trong
gc d (steradian) n truyn i mt lng quang thng dF th cng nh sng ca
ngun sng
dF
I
de
= , (cd).
Bng 10.1. Cng sng ca mt s ngun sng thng dng:
Ngun sng
Cng sng
(cd)
Ghi ch
Ngn nn 0,8 Theo mi hng
n si t 40W/220V 35 Theo mi hng
n si t 300W/220V
c b phn x
400
1500
Theo mi hng
gia chm tia
n iot kim loi 2kW
c b phn x
14800
250000
Theo mi hng
gia chm tia


61

10.1.2.3. ri: ngi ta nh ngha mt quang thng ri trn b mt l ri, c
n v l lux:
dF
E
dS
= (1 lux=1 lm/m
2
).
Bng 10.2. Quy nh v ri cho mt s khu vc (t/c Php):
i tng
chiu sng
ri (lx)
i tng
chiu sng
ri
Phng lm
vic
400 600
Phng hc, th
nghim
300 500
Nh 150 300
Phng v, siu
th
750
ng ph 20 50
Cng nghip
mu
1000
Ca hng, kho
tng
100
Cng vic vi
cc chi tit rt
nh
>1000
Phng n 200 300

10.1.3. Cc loi n:
10.1.3.1. n si t: cn gi l n dy tc c dng rng ri do cu to n gin, d
lp t.
- u im: ni trc tip vo li, kch thc nh, r tin, cos cao, sng nhanh
- Khuyt im: tn in, pht nng, tui th ph thuc in p.
10.1.3.2. n hunh quang:
- u im: hiu sut quang hc ln, din tch pht quang, tui th cao, quang
thng t b nh hng khi in p dao ng trong phm vi cho php.
- Khuyt im: ch to phc tp, gi thnh cao, cos thp, khi ng in n
khng sng ngay.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi n khc nh n kh Natri p sut cao, p sut thp, n
halogen kim loi
10.1.3.3. Cc loi chao n:
Chao n bao bc ngoi bng n, dng phn phi li quang thng ca ca bng
n mt cch hp l v theo cc nhu cu nht nh.
C th phn thnh: chao n trc tip, phn x v khuch tn.
10.1.4. Ni dung thit k chiu sng:
Ni dung thit k chiu sng bao gm ba bc chnh sau:
- La chn loi n, cng sut, s lng bng n.
- B tr n trong khng gian cn chiu sng.
- Thit k li in chiu sng (s nguyn l li chiu sng, chn dy dn, CB,
cu ch)
Vic chn dy dn s theo iu kin pht nng cho php ca dy dn, K
1
.K
2
.I
cp
I
tt
.
Trong : K
1
: h s iu chnh nhit (so vi mi trng ch to v s dng).
K
2
: h s iu chnh khi k n s dy i trong mt ng.
I
cp
: dng cho php ca dy dn c chn.
CB v cu ch c lc chn theo cc iu kin: in p, dng nh mc lm vic v
nh mc ct (chng 7).

62

10.2. Thit k chiu sng dn dng:
Chiu sng dn dng l chiu sng cho cc khu vc nh: nh , hi trng, trng
hc, c quan, vn phng, siu th, bnh vin Cc khu vc ny khng yu cu tht
chnh xc v ri cng nh cc thng s k thut khc.
Ty theo kinh ph m thit k c th t yu cu m quan cng nh a dng cc loi
n c s dng.
Trnh t thit k chiu sng nh sau:
- Chn sut ph ti chiu sng P
o
(W/m
2
) ph hp i tng cn chiu sng, tnh
c tng cng sut chiu sng cho khu vc thit k: P
cs
= P
o
.S.
- Chn loi n, cng sut n P

, xc nh lng n cn:
cs
d
P
P
n = .
- B tr v tr n theo mt bng cn chiu sng.
- V s u dy v s nguyn l cho thit k.
- La chn v kim tra cc phn t trn s (CB, cu ch, thanh ci, dy dn).
10.3. Thit k chiu sng cng nghip:
i vi cc nh xng thng thit k chung km vi chiu sng tng cng ti
im cn chiu sng cc b. Thit k c yu cu kh chnh xc v ri ti mt bng
cng tc. Phng php h s s dng thng c dng, trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
- Xc nh treo cao n: H= h h
1
h
2

trong : h l cao ca nh xng.
h
1
: khong cch t trn n bng n.
h
2
: cao mt bng lm vic.
- Xc nh khong cch L gia hai n k nhau theo t s L/H:
Bng 10.3. Khong cch L gia hai n k nhau theo t s L/H
Loi n v ni s
dng
L/H b tr nhiu
dy
L/H b tr mt dy Chiu rng gii hn
ca nh xng khi
b tr mt dy Tt nht
Max cho
php
Tt nht
Max cho
php
Nh xng dng chao
m hoc st trng men
2,3 3,2 1,9 2,5 1,3H
Nh xng dng chao
vn nng
1,8 2,5 1,8 2,0 1,2H
Chiu sng c quan vn
phng
1,6 1,8 1,5 1,8 1,0H
- Cn c vo s b tr n, xc nh h s phn x ca trn v tng
tr
,
t
(%).
- Xc nh ch s ca phng (c kch thc a.b):
( )
a.b
H. a+b
=
- T
tr
,
t
v tra bng tm h s s dng K
sd
.
- Xc nh quanh thng ca n,
sd
K.E.S.Z
n.K
tt
F =
Trong : K: h s d tr, tra bng.
E: ri theo yu cu ca nh xng (lx).
S: din tch nh xng (m
2
).

63

Z: h s tnh ton (chn 0,8 1,4).
n: s bng n.
- Tra s tay tm cng sut bng c F
tt
F >
- V s cp in chiu sng trn mt bng.
- V s nguyn l chiu sng.
- La chn cc phn t trn s nguyn l.


Cu hi n tp chng 10
Cu 1. Phn loi cc hnh thc chiu sng trong cng nghip? Trnh by cc phng
php tnh ton chiu sng ?.
Cu 2. V sao trong chiu sng cng nghip ngi ta thng s dng thit b chiu sng
l n si t, so snh u nhc im ca n si t vi n hunh quang ?.
Cu 3. Bi tp tnh ton chiu sng ?.

64

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Ng Hng Quang (2007), Gio trnh cung cp in, Nh xut bn Gio Dc.
[2]. Nguyn Xun Ph (2006), Cung cp in, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut.
[3]. Dng V Vn - Trn Hong Lnh L Thanh Hoa (2006), Hng dn thit
k chng st v thit k phn in cho Nh my in, Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia.
[4]. L Kim Hng - on Ngc Minh T (2009), Ngn mch trong h thng in,
H Bch Khoa Nng.
[5]. L Kim Hng (2007), Bo v cc phn t trong h thng in, H Bch
Khoa Nng.
[6]. Patrick Vandeplanque (2000), K thut chiu sng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc
K thut.