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TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
0. Introduction
Terminological analysis is central to the subject-field research process. It involves: identifying the terms specific to the field of study and analyzing the contexts in which they appear.
1. Identification of Terms
A term or terminology unit is the name or
designation of a concept specific to a subject field. The terminology of a given field includes all means of expression peculiar to that field: simple terms, complex terms and terminological phrases.
Distinguish essential determinants from inessential (not always clear-cut to discuss charitable in the expressions charitable institution and charitable man). Establishing whether a determinant is essential or inessential requires a thorough analysis of the concept in question and of its place in the conceptual framework of the subject field.
(1) Terminology units are considered part of spoken or written messages; various forms of a term may be used in context. One form is often less lexicalized than the others. For example, the author of an article on network environments may vary his terms and speak of security of networks, network security or simply security. (2) The terminology of many developing fields is usually evolving. As a result, terminology units are not as set as lexical units, hence the appearance of more or less lexicalized variants (see lecture on synonymy). For example, the same article on network environments is just as apt to refer to validation in real time as real-time validation. These variants are important to note, as they indicate the forms of expression that are used in context.
Basic reasons:
Highly lexicalized terms representing a precise concept in a given field are almost invariably terminology units. However, a low degree of lexicalization does not necessarily preclude an expression from being a terminology unit.
Thus, terminology units are identified in relation to other terminology units and the concepts they represent. In all these cases, the determinants are essential as they serve to specify the relationships in question.
Note:
SA Standard CAN/CSA-Z780-92, Principles and Methods of Terminology (Toronto: Canadian Standards Association, June 1992), identifies two types of relationships among concepts: hierarchical, which includes generic and partitive, and non-hierarchical. Generic rel.: between systematic sampling and its various types (systematic sampling = broader concept) Partitive rel.: between loom and its components (loom = the whole; its components = the parts). Non-hierarchical rel.: first-phase sample and second-phase sample (the two concepts are part of the same process)
A collocation or co-occurring expression is made up of two or more terms which typically appear in combination in a particular field. E.g. (the field of telematics, i.e., ICT) to acknowledge receipt of a message, to clear a buffer and to
1.4 Collocation
formulate a query.
Collocations are not always verbal phrases but can be other parts of speech, e.g., request for copyright clearance (nominal phrase). Collocated terms are considered to be terminology units because they are subject-specific expressions which frequently occur together.
2. Contextual Analysis
Once a term has been identified, the context in which it is found must be analyzed to determine the concept it represents and establish whether it belongs to the research subject. This step is also useful in detecting synonyms and variants, and in selecting the context to be entered on the terminology record.
A defining context contains the term and sufficient semantic features to provide a clear idea of its meaning. It does not necessarily constitute a formal definition. E.g., a defining context for weaving: "Weaving is a method of producing cloth by interlacing two or more sets of yarns. . . at right angles to each other." This context provides certain essential characteristics of the concept, i.e. the nature (method), the purpose (producing cloth), and the means by which it is achieved (interlacing sets of yarns at right angles).
3. Conclusion
In identifying terminology units, it is important to examine the relationship between the determinant and determinatum, to bear in mind that terminology units can be less lexicalized than lexical units, and to be on the look-out for co-occurring expressions. In analyzing the contexts in which terminology units appear, it is essential to zero in on the semantic features that best describe the concept.
Term identification and contextual analysis together form the cornerstone of all terminological analysis.
(Evelyn E. Stout, Introduction to Textiles, 3rd ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons,1970, pp. 317-318)
WEAVING
Weaving is a method of producing cloth by interlacing two or more sets of yams, at least one warp and one filling set, at right angles to each other. The warp is also called ends, and the filling is also called picks, or weft. The warp runs from front to back of the loom and lengthwise in a woven fabric. Extra warp yams at each side form a selvage during weaving. Filling yams run across from side to side, or from selvage to selvage.
concept in the production of woven fabric.) -interlacing sets of yarns (to interlace sets of yarn) (Co-occurring expression which is broken down below.) -interlacing (to interlace) (Basic concept in the production of woven fabric.) -set of yarns (Basic concept in the production of woven fabric.)
woven fabric.) - warp set (Unit inferred from "Weaving is a method of producing cloth by interlacing two or more sets of yarns, at least one warp and one filling set. . ." Set applies to both warp and filling, and is short for set of yarn. Warp set is in opposition to filling set.) - filling set (Filling is an essential determinant as it indicates the function of the yarn and distinguishes it from the warp. Here again, set is short for set of yarn.)
- warp; ends (Warp is short for warp yarn below. Ends is given as a synonym of warp. Warp and ends are marked as terms by italics.) - filling; picks; weft (Filling is short for filling yarn below. Picks and weft are given as synonyms of filling. Here too, filling, picks and weft are marked as terms by italics.) - -woven fabric (Woven is an essential determinant, specifying the type of fabric, as opposed to knitted, bonded or felt, for example, and the means by which it is produced.)
-warp yarn (Long form of warp above. Extra in extra warp yarn is inessential
as it does not significantly modify the meaning of warp yarn.) -selvage (Basic concept in the production of woven fabric; marked as a term by italics.) -filling yarn (Long form of filling above.)
The machine for weaving is a loom, of which there are several types, varying in complexity. All looms, from the most primitive to the most modern, operate on similar principles. [. . .]
Essential parts of the loom include the warp beam, on which the warp yams are wound; the cloth beam, on which the cloth is wound as it is woven; harness frames which carry the heddles, and which move up or down to form the weaving shed; heddles, each with an eye in the center, through which the individual yams are threaded, usually one yam to a heddle; the reed, which keeps the warp yams separated, helps to determine cloth width, and acts as a beater; and shuttles or bobbins for carrying the filling yarns across from side to side. []
woven fabric; marked as a term by italics.) -warp beam (Partitive relationship to loom, opposed to cloth beam; marked as a term by italics.) -cloth beam (Partitive relationship to loom, opposed to warp beam; marked as a term by italics.) marked as a term by italics.)
-to form the weaving shed (Would be entered on the terminology record as to form a weaving shed. Co-occurring expression; basic concept in the production of woven fabric.) -weaving shed ( Weaving is an essential determinant as it specifies a vital aspect of shed.) -heddle (Partitive relationship to loom; marked as a term by italics.) -reed (Partitive relationship to loom; marked as a term by italics.) '
-shuttle; bobbin (Partitive relationship to foom; bobbin is given as a synonym of shuttle. Both
are marked as terms by italics.) -eye of the heddle (Would be entered on the terminology record as eye of a heddle. Less lexicalized expression similar to eye of a needle; correct in eye of the correct heddle is inessential. -pattern (Basic concept in the production of woven fabric.) -threading (Basic concept in weaving preparation.)
-cloth beam apron (Partitive relationship to cloth beam.) -to form a shed (Short for to form a weaving shed
above.) -shed (Short for weaving shed above; marked as a term by italics.) -harness (Short for harness frame above.) -frame (Short for harness frame above.) -tied-in knot (Tied-in is an essential determinant as it indicates the type of knot.) -cloth apron (Short for cloth beam apron above;)
weaving
Weaving is a method (nature) of producing cloth (purpose) by interlacing (means) two or more sets of yarns (material). . . at right angles to each other (means). (Defining)
set of yarn
Weaving is a method of producing cloth by interlacing two or more sets of yarns. . . at right angles to each other. (Associative)
(For. Def. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn)
The brain has the consistency of firm jelly, and therefore is protectively encased in a thick, bony skull. The brain literally floats in about 150 millilitres (mL) of CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) secreted by the choroid plexus. Approximately 500 mL of CSF is secreted daily, which slowly circulates down through the four ventricles, up through the subarachnoid space and exits into the cerebral veins through the arachnoid villi. The brain has no lymphatic system, so the CSF serves as a partial substitute.