CHNG 1

GII THIU CHUNG

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

1. Tng quan v H VI X L

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

1. Tng quan v H VI X L

Central Processing Unit

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Read Only Memory

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Random Access Memory

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Mch in giao tip

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Thit b ngoi vi (xut/nhp)

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Bus a ch

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Bus d liu

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Bus iu khin

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

2. B nh bn dn trong H Vi X L B nh ch c (ROM)
Ch cho php c thng tin ra t ROM. Lu gi chng trnh iu khin hot ng ca h thng. Thng tin trong ROM khng b mt ngay c khi ngun in cung cp khng cn.

B nh truy xut ngu nhin (RAM)

Thng tin trong RAM s b mt ngay khi ngun in cung cp khng cn. Cho php ghi thng tin vo RAM v c thng tin ra t RAM. Lu gi d liu, mt phn chng trnh iu khin h thng, cc ng dng v kt qu tnh ton.

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

Cu trc v phn loi ROM RAM ROM RAM

A0 AN: cc chn a ch (Address - N: s chn a ch). D0 DM: cc chn d liu (Data - M: s chn d liu). OE: ng vo cho php xut (Output Enable). CS: ng vo cho php IC hot ng (Chip Select). WR: ng vo cho php ghi (Write) ch c RAM

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

MROM (Mask ROM):

ROM mt n.

PROM (Programmable ROM): ROM khng xa. EPROM (Eraseable PROM): ROM lp trnh v xa c.
UV-EPROM (Ultra Violet EPROM): ROM xa bng tia cc tm. EEPROM (Electric EPROM): ROM lp trnh v xa bng tn hiu in. Flash ROM: ROM lp trnh v xa bng tn hiu in.

ROM

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

SRAM (Static RAM): RAM tnh. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): RAM ng. RAM

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

3. Cch xc nh dung lng b nh bn dn 8 bit a. Cn c vo s chn a ch

DUNG LNG = 2N x M (bit) N: s chn (bit) a ch. M: s chn (bit) d liu. V d: B nh bn dn 8 bit c 15 ng a ch. Cho bit dung lng ca b nh l bao nhiu? Gii S chn (bit) a ch: 15 chn N = 15 S chn (bit) d liu: 8 chn M=8 15 Dung lng = 2 x 8 (bit) = 32.768 x 8 (bit) = 32 (KB)

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

b. Cn c vo m s
M S = XXYYYY XX: xc nh loi b nh. 27: UV-EPROM 28: EEPROM 61, 62: SRAM 40, 41: DRAM YYYY: xc nh dung lng.
DUNG LNG = YYYY (Kbit)

V d: B nh bn dn 8 bit c m s 27256. Cho bit dung lng ca b nh l bao nhiu? Gii B nh thuc loi UV-EPROM XX = 27

Dung lng = 256 (Kbit) = 32 (KB)

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG

4. Phn bit b VI X L VI IU KHIN a. Cu trc phn cng (Hardware architecture) Vi x l (Microprocessor)

n v x l trung tm (CPU).

Vi iu khin (Microcontroller)
n v x l trung tm (CPU). B nh chng trnh (ROM). B nh d liu (RAM). Mch giao tip ni tip. Mch giao tip song song. Mch iu khin ngt. Cc mch iu khin khc.

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

b. Cc ng dng (Applications) Vi x l (Microprocessor)

ng dng ln, tnh ton phc tp.

Vi iu khin (Microcontroller)
ng dng nh, tnh ton n gin.

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

c. Cc c trng ca tp lnh (Instruction Set Feature) Vi x l (Microprocessor)

C nhiu kiu nh a ch. di t d liu x l: Byte, Word, Double word,

Vi iu khin (Microcontroller)
C t kiu nh a ch. di t d liu x l: Bit, Byte.

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

5. Tiu ch chn loi VI IU KHIN khi thit k Cc loi Vi iu khin thng dng
68xxx ca Motorola. 80xxx, AVR, ARM ca Intel. Z8xx ca Zilog. PIC16xxx, PIC18xxx ca Microchip Technology.

Cc tiu ch c bn khi chn b Vi iu khin

p ng yu cu tnh ton mt cch hiu qu v kinh t. C sn cc cng c pht trin phn mm (chng trnh m phng, trnh bin dch, trnh hp dch v g ri). Kh nng p ng v s lng hin ti cng nh tng lai.

10

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

Cc tham s k thut cn ch
Tc . Kiu IC: DIP, QFP, (DIP: v dng hai hng chn, QFP: v vung dt). Cng sut tiu th. Dung lng b nh ROM v RAM tch hp sn trn chip. S chn vo/ra v b nh thi trn chip. Kh nng d dng nng cao hiu sut hoc gim cng sut tiu th. Gi thnh trn mt n v khi mua s lng ln.

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

6. Gii thiu v PIC

- PIC (Programmable Intelligent Computer) ngha l My tnh thng minh kh trnh xut pht t Vi iu khin PIC u tin PIC1650, do hng General Instrument t tn. - Sau hng Microchip tip tc pht trin loi PIC ny v cho ra i gn 100 loi PIC n nay. - Cc dng PIC hin nay: + Dng PIC 12Cxx c di lnh 12bit (Basic-line). + Dng PIC 10F, 12F, 16F c di lnh 14bit (Mid-range). + Dng PIC 18F c di lnh 16bit (High-End). + Dng dsPIC l dng PIC mi hin nay.

11

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

7. Kin trc PIC

- Hai kin trc VK ph bin l Von Neumann v Harvard. + Von Neumann: b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh c cu to chung nhau, do s dng chung ng truyn bus, nn tc x l d liu hn ch. + Harvard: 2 b nh c cu to c tch ri, do c th x l 2 b nh cng lc trong cng mt thi im, nn tc x l c ci thin rt nhiu.

12

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG - Ngoi ra, i vi kin trc Harvard th cu trc Tp lnh c th c ti u ty theo dng VK m khng ph thuc vo cu trc B nh d liu.

V d:
- i vi kin trc Harvard: PIC 16F c di lnh lun l 14bit ( trong khi cu trc b nh d liu l Byte). - Von Neumann: di lnh lun l bi s ca Byte ( v cu trc ca b nh d liu c chia theo tng Byte).

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

8. RISC v CISC
- Tp lnh PIC (kin trc Harvard) c thit k sao cho m lnh vi s lng bit nht nh, to ra t lnh hn,lnh n gin v ngn hn nhm ci thin thm v tc . - Do , VK c t chc theo kin trc Harvard cn c gi l Vi iu khin RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) hay VK c tp lnh rt gn. - VK c t chc theo kin trc Von Neumann cn c gi l Vi iu khin CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) vi m lnh lun l bi s ca Byte.

13

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

9. Pipelining
- L c ch x l lnh ca cc vi iu khin. Mt chu k lnh s c 4 xung clock. Nu s dng thch anh c tn s 4Mhz th tn s xung lnh 1Mhz(chu k 1us). Gi s ta c on chng trnh:
MAIN MOVLW 0X05 MOVWF REG1 CALL SUB1 ADDWF REG2 SUB1 MOVF PORTB,W RETURN SUB2 MOVF PORTC,W RETURN

Pre-Fetched Instruction

Executing Instruction

movlw 0x05

Instruction Cycles

Example Program
1 2 3 4 MAIN movlw movwf call addwf 0x05 REG1 SUB1 REG2

T0 Fetch

51 SUB1 movf PORTB,w 52 return 53 SUB2 movf PORTC,w 54 return

14

Pre-Fetched Instruction

Executing Instruction

movwf REG1

movlw 0x05
Instruction Cycles

Example Program
1 2 3 4 MAIN movlw movwf call addwf 0x05 REG1 SUB1 REG2

T0 Fetch

T1 Execute Fetch

51 SUB1 movf PORTB,w 52 return 53 SUB2 movf PORTC,w 54 return

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

9. Pipelining
- Thng thng thc thi 1 lnh ta cn 1 chu k lnh gi n v 1 chu k xung clock gii m thc hin lnh. Nhng vi c ch pipelining th mi lnh c xem nh ch thc thi trong mt chu k lnh. - i vi cc lnh m qu trnh thc thi lm thay i gi tr thanh ghi PC (Program Counter) cn 2 chu k lnh.

15

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

10. Cc dng PIC v cch la chn VDK Pic

Cc k hiu ca VDK PIC PIC12XXXX: di 12 bit PIC16XXXX: di 14 bit PIC18XXXX: di 16 bit C: PIC c b nh EPROM F: PIC c b nh FLASH LF: PIC c b nh hot ng in p thp LV: tng t LF nhng y l k hiu c.

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

10. Cc dng PIC v cch la chn VDK Pic

Mt s VDK c k hiu l xxFxxx l EEPROM, nu c ch A l Flash. V d: PIC16F877 l EEPROM, cn PIC16F877A l flash. Dng PIC mi l dsPIC

16

CHNG 1: GiI THIU CHUNG

11. Ngn ng lp trnh cho PIC

Ngn ng lp trnh cp thp: asm Ngn ng lp trnh cp cao: C,PASCAL,BASIC v..v

17