Amplitude Modulation * In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the

message signal, where frequency & phase of the carrier constant AM Wave Equation Mathematically we can represent a AM wave by means of the following equations. * modulating signal Vm (t) = Vmcos m t ..............2 * Carrier signal Vc(t) = VC cos c t .....................3 * modulated wave V(t) = V cos c t V = Vc + Vm(t) V = Vc + Vm cos m t = Vc(1+Vm/ Vc cos m t) = Vc( 1 + ma cos m t) .. 4 Substitute 4 in 3, we get V(t)=Vc sin c t+ maVC/2[cos (c - m )t+cos (c + m)t]...................................................5 The AM wave basically consists of three terms. *The first term is the un -modulated carrier term. * The second term is called as lower sideband and *The third term is called as upper sideband term. * ma represents modulation index. * % modulation = Vm / VC x 100 Modulation Index * modulation index is a measure of depth of modulation. * Modulation index may be defined as the ratio of modulating signal amplitude to carrier signal amplitude. ma= Vm / Vc ma = modulation index, Vm = modulating signal amplitude V c = carrier signal amplitude. * 0< m a 1. *for 100 % modulation *for over modulation Vm = Vc Vm>Vc ma= 1 ma>1 1 ma = Vm/Vc

Modulation index terms of modulated wave ma= (Vmax Vmin) / (Vmax + Vmin) *Where Vmax and Vmin are the maximum and minimum values of the amplitude of the modulated wave.

PowerRelations in Amplitude Modulated Wave. * Now total power in the modulated wave is given as from equation 4 Pt = Pcarrier + PLSB + PUSB Pcarrier = 2 /R PLSB= 2/R PUSB= 2/R s

R is antenna resistance