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Trends E1/T1 Guide

T-Carrier
U.S. and Canada Japan 97728 97728 kbps Kbps J4 x3 T3 44736 kbps x7 T2 x3 32064 kbps J3 x5

Pocket Guide for E1 and PDH Testing

PDH
worldwide E4 139264 kbps x4 E3 34368 34368 kbps Kbps x4 E2 8448 8448 kbps Kbps

AuroraTango E1 A hand-held Telecom and Datacom tester up to 2 Mbit/s with double analyser. G.703 balanced and unbalanced, V.11, V.24, V.35, V.36 and EIA530 interfaces. All the features needed for in-depth analysis, from Pulse mask check to jitter generation and analysis, including transfer and tolerance tests. VictorPlus A hand-held analyzer and generator for Telecoms and Data networks of 2 Mbps and below, with physical interfaces for G.703, V.11, V.24, V.35 and V.36, it can perform inservice and out-ofservice measurements. It can be remotely managed through a TCP/IP network. VictoriaFamily A touch-screen hand-held family of testers which includes all ETSI/ANSI interfaces up to 2.5 Gbps with functions such as TCM, APS, M/N alarms G.783 sequences, frequency deviation and n x 64 and n x 56kbps tests at E1 and DS1 levels. Remote control through a TCP/ IP network.

6312 6312 kbps Kbps J2 x2 3152 kbps J1c x2

x4 E1 2048 kbps

x3

T1c

x30
Single Channel

T1 x24

1544 kbps

J1

64 kbps

Figure 1

PDH and T-carrier hierarchies

Figure 2

The E1 frame is the first hierarchy level.

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Multiplexer A
Errors 64 kbps . . . 2 CRC-4 Writer Error Indication Reader 64 2 Mbps REBE (bit E=1) 2 . . . 64 64 kbps

Multiplexer B

CRC-4 Reader Error Indication Writer

Figure 3

The A multiplexer calculates and writes the CRC code, and the multiplexer B reads and checks the code.

E1 64 kbps
x 30 or x 31 .64 2 Mbps x4 2 8 2

E2
8 Mbps x4 34 8

E3
34 Mbps x4 140 34

E4
140 Mbps

E1
2 Mbps x 16 34 2

E3
34 Mbps 34

E4
140 Mbps

140

E1
2 Mbps x 64 2

E4
140 Mbps

Figure 4

140

The PDH hierarchy

Standard G.704/732 G.742 G.751 G.751

Binary Rate 2,048 kbps50 ppm 8,448 kbps30 ppm 34,368 kbps20 ppm 139,264 kbps15 ppm

Size 256 bits 848 bits 1536 bits 2928 bits

Frame/s 8,000 9,962.2 22,375.0 47,562.8

Code HDB3 HDB3 HDB3 CMI

Amplitude 2.37-3.00V 2.37V 1.00V 1.00V

Attenuation 6 dB 6 dB 12 dB 12 dB

Table 1

The PDH hierarchy figures

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Figure 5

The higher PDH hierarchies. A bit-oriented justification process is used to fit tributaries created with clock impairments.

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Multiplexer
8448 kbps (+5 ppm) 8448 kbps (+7 ppm) 8448 kbps (+2 ppm) 8448 kbps (-10 ppm)

8
34368 kbps (-10 ppm)

34
1 n

FAS

A S T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T4 J1 J2 J3 J4 T1 T4 J1 J2 J3 J4 R1 R2 R3 R4 T1 T4

R1 R2 R3 R4 Ji

4 justification bits, one per tributary Justification control bit of the ith tributary

Figure 6

PDH hierarchies are not synchronous, and variations can be expected in the bit rate clock in this case a justification mechanism is implemented. If all Ji=1, then the Ri bit does not contain information. If all Ji=0, then Ri contains information.

Alarm Management:
Network Element Multiplexer A Multiplexer B Network Element

NE

LOF RAI (bit A=1)

AIS NE

AIS Formats:

:X :1 RAI Formats:
Frame 0 1 2 3

2 Mbps

2 Mbps CAS

8, 34, 140 Mbps

Time Slot 0 C1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 A S S S C2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 A S S S

1 S 1 S

1 S 1 S

Time Slot 16 0 0 0 0 S A S S a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 a16 b16 c16 d16 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 a17 b17 c17 d17 a 3 b 3 c 3 d 3 a18 b18 c18 d18

FAS

A S T1 T2 T3 T4 T1

Figure 7

When a multiplexer detects an LOS or LOF, it sends an RAI to its partner multiplexer and forwards an AIS to the next NE.

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ID Detection Criteria Alarm Indication Signal. It is detected if there are two or less zeros (ITU-T G.775). Loss of Frame alarm. It is raised after three consecutive frames with FAS error or three consecutive signalling bits (ITU-T G.706). Loss of Frame Signal alarm. Remote Alarm Indication. It is detected after three consecutive frames with the A bit equal to 1 (ITU-T G.732). Frame Alignment Signal error, indicating an incorrect bit in the alignment word. Bit sequence mismatch (when the transmitted pattern is known). Violation on coding sequence. Cyclic Redundancy Checksum - Loss of Multiframe. Activated if there is LOF, and deactivated after one correct FAS and two correct CRC-MFAS (ITU-T G.706). Channel-Associated Signalling - Loss of Multiframe. Raised after two consecutive MFAS errors or two multiframes with time slot 16 bits equal to 0 (ITU-T G.732). Channel-Associated Signalling - Multiframe Remote Alarm Indication. Detected after two consecutive frames with the MRAI bit equal to 1 (ITU-T G.732). Channel-Associated Signaling - Multiframe Alarm Indication Signal. Detected if there are less than three zeros in the time slot 16 during two consecutive multiframes. Cyclic Redundancy Check error. Raised if one or more bits are erroneous, whenever CRC-LOM is off (ITU-T G.706). Remote End Block Error. Raised if the first bit of the frames 14 and 16 is 0 (ITU-T G.706).

AIS LOF LOS RAI FAS error Bit error Code error CRC-LOM CAS-LOM CAS-MRAI CAS-MAIS

CRC error REBE

Table 1

2 Mbps events: alarms, errors and event indications

ID

Explanation Alarm Indication Signal. This is detected if less than six zeros in a frame in the case of 140 Mbps, or less than three zeros in 34 Mbps and 8 Mbps. Loss of Frame alarm. Raised after four consecutive frames with FAS error

AIS LOF LOS RAI FAS error

Remote Alarm Indication. Detected after two consecutive frames with A equals1 Frame alignment signal error. One or more incorrect bits in the alignment word.

Table 2

PDH events: alarms, errors and event indications for all the hierarchies

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Loss of Frame Signal alarm

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DS0
64 kbps x 24 DS0 M1 DS1

T1
1.544 Mbps x4 DS1 M12 DS2

T2
6.312 Mbps x7 DS2 M23 DS3

T3
44.736 Mbps

DS0
64 kbps x 24 DS0 M1 DS1

T1
1.544 Mbps x2 DS1 M11c DS1c

T1c
3.152 Mbps

DS0
64 kbps x 24 DS0 M1 DS1

T1
1.544 Mbps x 28 DS1 M13 DS3

T3
44.736 Mbps

Figure 8

T-Carrier hierarchy (US)

Figure 9

The T1 frame and superframe

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Figure 10

The DS2 frame or M12 multiplexing and DS3 frame.

Code 00110010 11111111 00011110 11111111 00000000 11111111 00001010 11111111 00011100 11111111 00101010 11111111 00111100 11111111 00000000 11111111 00101100 11111111

Event Type DS3 equipment failure DS3 equipment failure DS1 equipment failure DS1 equipment failure DS3 LOS Multiple DS1 LOS Single DS1 LOS DS3 OOF DS2 AIS

Explanation Service Affecting (SA), requires quick attention Non-Service Affecting (NSA) Service Affecting (SA), requires quick attention Non-Service Affecting (NSA) Loss of Signal Multiple Loss of Signal in the DS1 tributaries Loss of Signal received from a DS1 Out of Frame in the DS3 signal Alarm Indication Signal received from a DS2

Table 3

C-bit parity: alarm and status signal codes

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Test and Measurement

In-Service-Measurement (ISM) E1 NE 140
Double or simple, frame analyzer

Ref: 700706 02 05.05

E4

E1 NE

140
Test Equipment

2 Out-of-Service-Measurement (OOSM) NE E1 140

Pattern Generation Error Detection

E4

E1 NE

140

Performance Measurement
%R OU TE ALLO C A TIO N

OK

DEGRADED

BAD

SER IAL O U TPU T

LIMIT OK

LIMIT BAD

Acronyms
AIS CAS CCS CRC
Alarm Indication Signal Channel-Associated Signalling Common Channel Signalling Cyclic Redundancy Check

LOS NE PDH RAI

Loss of Signal Network Element Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Remote Alarm Indication

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More information in: Installation and Maintenance of SDH/SONET, ATM, XDSL, and Synchronization Networks. 2003 (c) Artech House, ISBN:1580535259