1

2
Mc ch ca tr tu nhn to:
Theo Winton: mc ch chnh ca tr tu nhn
to l lm cho cc my tnh in t thng minh
hn, c ch hn ! gi"# $hm #h cc %uy lu&t
!' $h( n)ng hot *ng tr tu ca con ng+,i- T.
y /0 tc *ng tr1c ti2# lm cho con ng+,i
thng minh hn, hot *ng c hiu %u( hn-
3
G
i
a
i q
u y e t v a
n

e

R
o
b
o
t
G
a
m
e
s
N
h
a
n

d
a
n
g
H
e

c
h
u
y
e
n

g
i
a
H e u ! i s t i c
" i e #u d i e $n
t ! i t h % &c
' a ( ) u a n
* o n g c u
t h % c h i e n
+ a &y , N e - ! a )
N g o n n g % ., / ! o ) o g
0
M hnh c hnh:
1
2 n t e ) ) i g e n c e
3 y s t e m
4 n o - ) e d g e 5 n g i n e e ! i n g
6 * o n g n g h e v e t ! i t h % &c 7
8 ! t i 9 i c i a ) 2 n t e ) ) i g e n c e
6 : ! ; t u e n h a n t a o 7
< =n g d u n g
4 y .t h u a t
4 h o a h o c
0
Vai tr tr tu nhn to:
>
Cc nh ngha
Tr tu nhn to: tr tu nhn to c th uc nh
ngha nhu mt h thng my mc c kh nng thc
hin nhng hnh ng ca con ngui uc xem I
thng minh.
Thng minh: s nghin cu, s thu thp thng tin
tiu biu nhu: c gng hc nhng tung x I ca
b no con ngui, bao gm c vic nghin cu s vt
c tung, c ngha, c s ch , nhn dng, hiu
vn v sng to ra vn .
?

Ghi Nh@&
:;nh :oa&n
:Am 4iem
3uy 'uan

May tnh hien nay chmi lam c phan nay
Nhn to: C ngha I c gng s dng
my tnh xy dng nhng h thng
nhn to bt chuc c tnh ca vic thu
thp thng tin mt cch thng minh.
Cc nh ngha (tt)
B
D LIEU 3 4h5 ci, con /6, h7nh (nh ri8ng r0,
r,i rc, $hng mang m*t 9 ngh:a no-
THNG TIN 3 4c ;5 liu +<c /=# >2# theo
m*t %uan h no -
TRI THC 3 m6i %uan h gi5a cc ;5 liu +<c
>c ?nh m*t cch t+,ng minh-
C
V DU :
D LIU : 1, 1, 3, 5, 2, 7, 11, ...
THNG TIN : 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ....
TRI THC : U
n
= U
n-1
+ U
n-2
.
D
D LIEU
THNG TIN
TRI
THC

t
r

u

t

n
g
S

n
g
1E
Mt s thut ton:
1.Phuong php gii quyt vn theo hung xc nh trc tip
Ii gii:
@# ;ng m*t cng thAc c thB B tnh ra l,i gi(i trong mCi tr+,ng
h<# +<c / ;ng- Dy l #h+ng #h# t6t nhEt Ftheo ngh:a cc cng
thAc t7m ra ! +<c chAng minh /0 cho l,i gi(i trong mCi tr+,ng h<#-G
! h5u hiu nhEt-
H ;: I&# ch+ng tr7nh tnh J 3 K L M L N L O L n Fn PG
WriteFQPh&# n3QGR
Sea;lnFnGR
WriteFQ J 3 Q, nTFnUKGVMGR
11
Mt s thut ton (tt)
2. Phuong php Vt cn:
Wi( / ch"ng ta gi(i Xi ton Y tr8n mi'n D, >Z
[+\c K: >Z, YF>G "ng: in $2t %u( ! ;.ng F/ucce//G-
[+\c M: Z :3 Z ] ^>_: Ioi tr+,ng h<# ny n2u /ai-
[+\c N: `iBm tra Z ^_
L D"ng : Woto X+\c K-
L Jai: Z.ng FaailG-
I+u 9: D6i !\i #h+ng #h# ny, !ic gi\i hn Z cng nhb gi(i cng nhanh-
H ;: T7m cc /6 c Xa ch5 /6 thba: abc=a
3
+b
3

+c
3
Ta c Z: K a c
d X, c c
eor a :3 K To c Zo
eor X :3 d To c Zo
eor c:3K To c Zo
fa FKddTaLKdTXLc 3 aTaTa L XTXTX L cTcTcG then
WritelnFa,X,cGR
12
Mt s thut ton (tt)
N- Yh+ng #h# %ui:
D?nh ngh:a $iBu %ui:
H ;: D?nh ngh:a /6 t1 nhi8n:
K l /6 t1 nhi8n
n l /6 t1 nhi8n th7 FnUKG cgng l /6 t1 nhi8n-
hm %ui: hm a +<c gCi l %ui
n2u: aF>G 3 aF>, aF>iGG
13
Mt s thut ton (tt)
4. Phuong php ngu nhin (phuong php
Monte - CarIo):
Bi ton: Tnh din tch ca hnh M bt k.
+ C th bao hnh M ni tip trong mt hnh
vung c cnh I 1 on v.
+ Pht ngu nhin N im vo trong hnh
vung.
+ C N
m
im nm trong hnh M.
11
Mt s thut ton (tt)
V n !" ln# $%n t&'( )*+,
*-. (/n( 0 !' t&n( n(
12u:
M hnh
S

vuong hAnh
+ hAnh +
3
3
N
N
=
1>
Mt s thut ton (tt)
2
0
R
S
=
F6F
E
Gy
E
7
H
F
y
V d: Tnh : din tch hnh trn S
0
= R
2
vi R = 1/2 = 4S
0
1?
Mt s thut ton (tt)
Function Pi:ReaI;
Var
m, i : Integer;
x, y : ReaI;
Begin
m := 0;
For i := 1 To N Do {Pht ngu nhin N im}
Begin
x := random; {x (0,1)}
y := random; {y (0,1)}
If (x
2
+ y
2
) 1 Then
m := m + 1;
End;
Pi := 4*m/N;
End;
1B
Cc tnh cht ca mt thut ton:
`hi >y ;1ng m*t thu&t ton ! ch+ng tr7nh
t+ng Ang B gi(i m*t Xi ton cjn #h(i #hn
tch:
L Tnh "ng =n ca thu&t ton: #h(i ;kng
cng c ton hCc B chAng minh l "ng-
L Tnh n gi(n ca thu&t ton: ;l hiBu, ;l
l&# tr7nh, ;l hiu chmnh-
L Tnh t6i +u ca thu&t ton Fn2u c nhi'u
thu&t tonG-
1C
Cc tnh cht ca mt thut ton:
Luu :
Th,i gian ! X* nh\ l M i l+<ng tn l ngh?ch, n8n
nhi'u $hi tnh cng n gi(n cng lm ch&m ch+ng
tr7nh-
Th,i gian th1c hin m*t thu&t ton #h thu*c rEt
nhi'u y2u t6:
L `ch th+\c ca ;5 liu-
L `iBu lnh
L T6c * > l9 ca my-
L Pgn ng5 l&# tr7nh-
L Tr7nh Xi8n ;?ch-
1D
K thut tm kim
Mt s bi ton
[i ton m8 cung:
2E
K thut tm kim (tt)

Cc tiu ha gi thnh: Ngui ua thu cn xc

nh hnh trnh i ngn nht sao cho mi thnh ph
i n ng mt In v quay v thnh ph xut
pht.

Tr choi: Tic-tac-toe (c caro).

Bi ton t mu:

Cho mt bn , t mu cho mi nuc trn bn sao

cho hai nuc Ing ging (c chung ung bin gii)
c hai mu khc nhau.
Vn : s mu cn dng ti a I bao nhiu?

1976 ngui ta dng my tnh chng minh uc

I chi cn dng ti a I 4 mu.
21
K thut tm kim (tt)
Bi ton taci:
22
Biu din bi ton:


Giathuyet

Ket luan


3
E
3
1

3
2

IIII

3
n



START

GOAL

Trang thai bat au Trang thai ket thuc
23
Biu din bi ton (tt)

hju h2t cc Xi ton 'u c thB #ht XiBu

;+\i ;ng /au: t. m*t trng thi >uEt #ht
hoy t7m +,ng ;pn 2n m*t trng thi $2t
th"c mong mu6n- Hic t7m +,ng i ny l
m*t ngh thu&t B gi(i %uy2t !En ', Xao
gqm cc X+\c /au:

4hCn +<c $hng gian t7m $i2m thch h<#-

Ti2n hnh t7m $i2m c h th6ng ! c hiu %u(

trong $hng gian t7m $i2m-

J ;ng trit B cc nguqn tri thAc c li8n %uan

trong %u tr7nh t7m $i2m t+ng Ang !\i mi'n i
l+<ng c thB-
21
Biu din bi ton (tt)

`hng gian t7m $i2m ca m*t !En ' gi(i

tr8n my tnh th+,ng +<c XiBu ;iln Xri
m*t q th? hosc m*t ;ng sc Xit ca q th?
FcyG- Jau $hi Xi ton +<c XiBu ;iln ;+\i
;ng q th? Fhosc cyG th7:
K- tui mnh l m*t giai on ca %u tr7nh gi(i
Fhay l trng thiG-
M- tui cung l m*t tc *ng Xi2n vi %u tr7nh
t. giai on ny /ang giai on $hc-
2>
Biu din bi ton (tt)
1
2 3
1
> ? B
C
1 2 3
1
> ? B
C
3 : 8 R : G H 8 '
2?
1
2 3
1
> ? B
C
1
2 3
1
> ? B
C
1
2 3
1
> ? B
C 1
2 3
1
> ? B
C
C
2 3
1 2 3
1
> ? B
C
1
1
2 3 1
> ? B
C
1
1 2 3
1
> ?
B C
1 2 3
1
> ? B
C
C
B
G H 8 '
2B
T7m $i2m r*ng (Breadth-first search)
Hin thc: FIFO queue-
2C
[rea;thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: FIFO queue-
2D
[rea;thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: FIFO queue-
3E
[rea;thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: FIFO queue-
31
T7m $i2m /u (Depth-first search)
Hin thc: LIFO queue
32
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
33
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
31
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
3>
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
3?
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
3B
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
3C
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
3D
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
1E
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
11
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
12
Ze#thUair/t /earch
Hin thc: LIFO queue
13
T7m $i2m /u ;jn: (Iterative
deepening search)
`2t h<# ca t7m $i2m r*ng ! t7m $i2m /u
tr8n c /r cho Xi2t mAc /u n rqi t7m $i2m
r*ng Ang m\i mAc /u -
11
fterati!e ;ee#ening /earch l 3d
1>
fterati!e ;ee#ening /earch l 3K
1?
fterati!e ;ee#ening /earch l 3M
1B
fterati!e ;ee#ening /earch l 3N
1C
L3 4t '56 47 t8 '9' '(:n l;2 '< t(=
t(;' (%n tr>ng 4? @' '"2 Au9
tr/n( g8 @3 t>9nB
Ton b cy tm kim uc tung trung bng
mt hnh tam gic.
V tr bt u nh, v tr kt thc y
1D
S5u
Rng
>E
S5u
Rng
C< t(= ! C3> '9' ngD#
n(9n( 'Et )F(7ng t(= !
tG, !' nH2. Au26 lu
I(7ng 'Jn Au26 lu
C(- Au2n t54 !Gn (ng !
!K '(:nB
Lu2n t54 !Gn t+t '8 (ng
! tn @ n( != lu trH
>1
S5u $Jn
HMn '(G trNng (, ! Au9 15u 43 gO, n(9n( 'Et
Pt tn @ n( (QnB
TRn $Eng !' u !=4 SrngT '"2 ,(Qng ,(9,
t/4 t(U> '(Vu rngB
su gii hn bao nhiu l ?
>2
C(Ot n(9n(
L>M @W (ng t/4 FG4 '(X' '(Xn F(7ng $Yn !Gn lN g8B
T/4 FG4 C tr t(Z' @[ 1ung
\u t]n ! t(U> (ng '< tr=n C:ng n(+t# (6 C:ng 1^ !Gn lN
g8 n(2n( (Qn# trNng (, *+u n(+t Au26 CV C_t 'MnB
(nh th no l trin vng nht?)